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j*      m  PROPERTY     OP       ym 

Miwsitpof 

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THE 


GENTLEMAN'S   MAGAZINE. 


JAHTTABY— JOTE,  1861. 


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.£3 


PmiKTID  BT  mSSRS.  PARESB,  OOSVlf  ABKBT,  OXFORD. 


GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

By  SYLVANUS  URBAN,  Gent. 

M  DCCC  LXI. 

JANUARY  to  JUNE  inclusive. 

BEING   VOLUME  X.  OF   A  NEW  SERIES, 

AND  THE  TWO-HONORED- WTO-TENTH  SINCE  THE  COMMENCEMENT. 


LON  DO  N: 

JOHN    HENRY    and    JAMES    PARKER. 

1861. 


ft? 

¥ 

.£3 


FBIHTBD  BT  KB8SBS.  PABESB,  OOBYBUBnT,  0X70BD. 


PREFACE. 


Oncb  again  Sylvanus  Urban  offers  a  new  volume  to  his  friends, 
by  whom  he  trusts  that  it  will  be  as  favourably  received  as  its  pre- 
decessors have  ever  been. 

In  it,  with  the  assistance  of  competent  contributors,  he  has 
treated  of  many  subjects  that  cannot  fail  to  interest  the  scholar 
and  the  gentleman.  With  reference  to  the  earliest  (indeed  pre- 
historic) times,  he  has  considered  the  Traces  of  our  Remote  An- 
cestors, as  now  existent  on  the  Yorkshire  moors,  as  well  as  the 
Flint  Implements  in  the  Drift,  and  the  Crannoges,  or  Ancient 
Lake  Dwellings  of  Ireland  and  other  countries.  He  has  spoken 
of  Military  Architecture  and  of  Monumental  Brasses,  and  he  has 
collected  together  many  interesting  details  concerning  West- 
minster Abbey,  which  will  shew  that  much  more  remains  of  the 
work  of  Edward  the  Confessor  than  is  usually  supposed.  He  has 
also  discussed  the  question  of  the  architect  and  the  architecture  of 
Lincoln  Minster  (very  important  in  its  bearing  on  the  history  of  the 
art)!  and  he  has  illustrated  these  discussions  by  carefully  executed 
engravings,  which  will  greatly  assist  in  coming  to  sound  conclu- 
sions on  the  subject.  In  the  same  spirit  he  has  treated  the  very 
interesting  topic  of  Medieval  Tiles,  as  also  several  remarkable 
existing  specimens  of  Domestic  Architecture,  more  particularly 
the  fine  Medieval  Houses  near  Clevedon. 

Among  Documents,  beside  continuing  the  Wood  and  Aubrey 
Correspondence,  he  has  commenced  a  series  of  Irish  Wills,  temp. 
Elizabeth,  which  will  be  found  incidentally  to  afford  much  curious 
information  as  to  the  manners  of  the  time. 

To  his  Reports  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  various  Archaeological 
Societies  he  refers  with  some  pride.     There  are  now  but  few 


VI  PREFACE. 

Societies  of  any  note  whose  Transactions  do  not  appear,  in  sub- 
stance, in  his  pages ;  and,  as  he  has  before  said,  he  would  gladly 
welcome  the  rest,  so  as  to  render  this  portion  of  his  labours  still 
more  generally  useful. 

It  is,  as  of  old,  his  desire  to  give  Obituary  notices  of  all  emi- 
nent persons,  as  soon  after  death  as  conveniently  may  be.  He 
spares  no  trouble  to  obtain  the  requisite  particulars,  but  it  would, 
of  course,  add  to  the  value  of  these  memoirs  if  relatives  or  friends 
would  in  all  cases  put  themselves  in  communication  with  him. 

His  Correspondence,  he  is  happy  to  say,  continues  of  the  same 
high  class  as  ever,  and  he  looks  with  confidence  for  its  still  main- 
taining its  character.  He  feels  assured  that  the  many  eminent 
men  who  have  so  long  honoured  him  with  their  valued  communi- 
cations will  still  assist  in  preserving  for  his  work  its  distinctive 
motto, 


a 


E  PLURLBU8  UNUM." 


LIST   OF  ENGRAVINGS. 


Page 

Paintings  on  the  "Wall  op  Islip  Church,  of  the  1  4th  Cent,  (plates) : — 

Adoration  of  the  Magi 4 

The  Weighing  of  Souls  in  the  Balance ib. 

The  Resurrection ib. 

The  Cat.    From  the  Laws  of  Howel  Dha,  (MS.)    ....         8 

Death-bed  of  Sir  Richard  Whittington 11 

Military  Architecture  : — 

Part  of  Carcassonne  defended  by  Wood- work  when  a  Breach  was 

made 26 

Curtain-wall  with  Battlements  and  Loopholes  ....  27 
Curtain-wall  flanked  by  towers,  and  with  wet  moat    ...       28 

Costume  in  England  : — 

Roman  Provincial  Costume,  40;  Jambe  and  Solleret — Coif  de 
mailles,  mode  of  fastening,  42 ;  Tabard  and  Hauberk,  43 ;  Slashed 
Dress,  Sixteenth  Century,  44;  Ruff  and  its  framework,  45; 
Gingling  Spur — Dress  of  a  Lady,  1613,  46;  Dress  of  a  Lady, 
reign  of  William  III. — Dress  of  a  Lady  affecting  Male  costume      .       47 

Ewer  of  the  Fourteenth  Century 54 

Medieval  Teles  and  Pavements  : — 

Minton,  Hollins,  and  Co.'s  Tiles  (plate) 118 

Maw  and  Co.'s  Tile  Pavements  (plate) ib. 

Labyrinth  in  the  Cathedral  of  Chartres,  circa  1250      .         .        .120 

Labyrinth  in  the  Cathedral  of  Poitiers 121 

Pavement  in  Canterbury  Cathedral 122 

Pavement  in  the  Abbey  Church  of  Pontigny,  c.  1200  .  .  .123 
Tile  Paving  in  the  Lady-chapel  of  St.  Denis,  near  Paris,  12th  Cent.  124 
Tile  Paving  in  the  Church  of  Vivoin,  Department  of  Sarthe,  c.  1 220  125 
Tile  Pavement  in  the  Castle  of  Coucy,  13th  Cent.  .  .  .126 
Tile  Pavementof  the  Treasury  of  the  Cathedral  of  Amiens,  15th  Cent,      ib. 

Ancient  Lake  Dwellings  of  Ireland  : — 

Section  of  the  Island  in  Ardakillin  Lough  .  .  .  .135 
Plan  of  the  Islands  in  Drumaleague  Lough  .  .  .  .136 
Section  of  a  Crannoge ib. 

Arms  of  the  Town  of  Hadleigh 150 

Implements  from  the  Drift  : — 

Clamp  with  Iron  Nails,  from  the  Roman  Cemetery  at  St.  Acheul,257; 
Long  Hatchet  or  Knife,  from  Menchecourt,  near  Abbeville — Rough 
hewn  Hatchet,  from  Abbeville — Knife,  from  the  Moulin-Quignon 
— Flint  Knife  shewing  traces  of  the  action  of  water,  from  Abbe- 
ville, 260;  Flint  Implement  of  spear-shape  form,  from  near 
Amiens — Flint  Flake,  from  Menchecourt,  Abbeville — Flint  Imple- 
ment of  oval  form,  from  near  Abbeville — Flint  Implement  of 
spear-shape  form,  from  near  Amiens,  261 ;  Flint  Implements 
fixed  in  handles,  262 ;  Section  of  the  Soils  at  Menchecourt .         .     263 

Lincoln  Cathedral: — 

Exterior  of  one  bay  of  the  Choir,  1 190— 1200     .         .  .239 

Arcades  in  South  Aisle  of  Choir  and  South  Transept,  1 190—1200     ib. 


•  •• 


Vlll  LIST  OF   ENGRAVTNG8. 

Pago 

Great  North  Window,  1190— 1200— Foliage  in  Mouldings  of 
Choir — Tooth-ornament  in  Arch-mouldings  of  Choir — Ornamental 
Mouldings  from  Galilee  Porch,  c.  1220,  312 ;  Pillar  in  the  Choir, 
1190— 1200  — Capital  of  Pillar— Section  of  Pillar— Crockets 
behind  Detached  Shafts 313 

Monumental  Brasses  : — 

Sir  John  de  Creke  and  Lady,  c.  1325,  Westley  Waterless    .  382 

Floriated  Cross.     John  Lumbarde,  Rector  of  Stone,  Sent,  1408  .     388 
Effigy  of  Robert  Thurbern,  Warden  of  Winchester,  1450— Sir 
Hugh  de  Holes,  1415,  Watford— Elizabeth  Knevet,  Eastington, 
1518 390 

Punt  Implements  in  the  Drift  : — 

Sections  of  the  Quarries  at  St.  Acheul 436 

Quarry  in  Window  at  East  Hendred 439 

Sepulchral  Remains  at  Canton  : — 

Sketch  Map 483 

Mirror.  Half  size — Silver  chased  Hair-pins,  back  and  front.  Half 
size — The  Vaults  in  situ 485 

Medieval  Houses  near  Clevedon  : — 

Plan  of  Clevedon  Court 488 

Roof  of  the  Hall,  Clevedon  Court 490 

Back  of  Tickenham  Court 491 

The  Hall,  &c,  Tickenham  Court 492 

Plan  of  Manor-house,  Clapton-in-Gordano — View  of  Manor-house, 
Clapton-in-Gordano.  The  Tower,  1442,  493;  Wooden  Screen, 
Clapton-in-Gordano,  c.  1310 — Details  of  Manor-house,  Clapton- 
in-Gordano,  c.  1310.  Arms  of  the  family  of  Arthur,  494 ;  Porch 
of  the  Rectory-house,  Congresbury — Details  of  Porch,  Congresbury 
— Shields,  Congresbury 496 

Pottery  from  Malta       .........     553 

Ground-plan  and  Section  of  Tomb  at  Malta 554 

Cromlech  at  Pagan 557 

Westminster  Abbey  : — 

Part  of  the  South  Walk  of  the  Cloisters,  11th  and  14th  Centuries 

{plate) 595 

Part  of  the  Refectory,  1 1th  and  14th  Centuries  {plate)       .  601 

Part  of  the  Roof  of  the  Hall  of  Abbot  LiOington,  1 376—1 386     .     603 
Initials  of  Abbot  Litlington  in  a  Window  in  the  Hall  .         .     604 

Old  Carved  Woodwork  at  the  end  of  the  Hall     .         .         .  ib. 

Window  of  the  Hall  of  the  Abbot's  House  ....      ib. 

The  old  Screen  of  the  Hall 605 

Fireplace  in  the  Kitchen ib. 

Vaulting  of  the  Cellars  of  Abbot  Litlington's  Work     .         .         .     606 
Archway,  now  forming  the  Passage  from  Little  Dean's-yard  to 

Great  Dean's-yard 607 

Vaulting  of  the  Cloisters  over  the  Lavatory,  1376—1386    .         .     608 

Map  of  the  Scene  of  Combat  between  Edmund  Ironside  and  Canute 

the  Dane 632 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL   REVIEW. 

JANUARY,  1861. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 
MINOR   CORRESPONDENCE.  — Coat  Armour  Ascribed  to  Our  Saviour.  — St  Hugh  of 

Lincoln.— Able  and  Ible.— Erratum 2 

•The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society 3 

The  Authentic  History  of  Whittington  and  his  Cat 8 

The  History  of  Dumbartonshire 13 

The  Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages    24 

Some  Illustrations  of  the  Sixteenth  Century,  from  the  Records  of  the  County 

of  Middlesex 31 

Costume  in  England 39 

Discovery  of  Roman  Remains  in  York 48 

The  Liverpool  Town  Museum 49 

ORIGINAL  DOCUMENT.— Letter  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester  to  Lord  Burghley    51 

ANTIQUARIAN   AND   LITERARY   INTELLIGENCER Society  of  Antiquaries,  53; 

London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological  .Society,  58 ;  The  Oxford  Architectural  and  His- 
torical Society,  62 ;  Archaeological  Institute,  61 ;  British  Archseological  Association, 
67  ;  London  and  Middlesex  and  Surrey  Archaeological  Societies   69 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  STLVANUS  URBAN.—  Hachettcs  Diluviennes  et  Industrie.Prl- 
mitive,  74;  ••  W.  8.  N."  and  the  ••  National"  Reviewer,  75;  St.  Frideswide's  Shrine, 
Oxford  Cathedral,  76 ;  Ancient  Lake-Dwellings 77 

THE  NOTE-BOOK  OF  STLVANUS  URBAN  78 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS.— Fergusson's  Illustrated  Handbook 
of  Architecture,  81 ;  Harris's  Victorian  Architecture,  89 ;  Gouger's  Personal  Narrative 
of  Two  Years'  Imprisonment  in  Burmah,  90 ;  Sedding's  Collection  of  Antient  Christ- 
mas Carols— Christian  Knowledge  Society's  Almanacs  91 

APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS   92 

BIRTHS   93 

MARRIAGES 95 

OBITUARY.— H.R.H.  the  Count  of  Syracuse— The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  E.M.,  98 ;  Baron  de 
Bun«cn,  100 ;  A.  E.  Chalon,  Esq.,  R.A.,  101 ;  Sir  C.  Fellows,  103 ;  The  Rev.  George 
Croly,  LL.D.,  104 ;  James  Peto,  Esq.— John  Adey  Repton,  Esq.,  F.8.A. 107 

CLERGY  DECEASED    HO 

DEATHS  ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER    HI 

Eegistrar-Generars  Return  of  Mortality  and  Births  in  the  Metropolis— Markets,  115; 

Meteorological  Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks 116 

By  STLVANUS  URBAN,  Gent. 


MIXOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


COAT  ARMOUR  ASCRIBED  TO  OUR 
SAVIOUR. 

We  have  been  requested  to  state  that 
this  paper,  in  onr  December  number,  which 
has  attracted  considerable  attention,  was 
drawn  np  some  years  ago  by  the  late 
Robert  Lucas  Pearsall,  Esq.,  of  whom  an 
Obituary  notice  will  l>e  found  in  the 
Gent.  Mao.  for  October,  1856  (p.  511), 
and  was  communicated  to  us  by  the  Rev. 
H.  T.  Ellacombe,  F.S.A.,  Rector  of  Clyst 
St.  George,  Devon. 

ST.  HUGH  OF  LINCOLN. 

We  print  the  subjoined  note  just  as  we 
have  received  it.  Our  correspondent  *s  con- 
jecture is  iugcnious,  but  can  hardly  be 
sound,  since  Oxford  was  not  an  episcopal 
see  in  the  thirteenth  centnrv. 

Vol.  ccix.  p.  641.  Surely,  Bovensem 
should  be  rendered  Oxford,  not  Roffensem, 
Rochester. — I  am,  Ac, 

NoriomatjMs.  Delfra  Nikxud. 

ABLE  AND  IBLE. 

Mr.  Urban, — As  no  one  has  vet  an- 
swered  a  question  in  your  Minor  Corre- 
spondence for  October,  a  few  words  on  it 
are  now  submitted  to  you. 

"  A.  B."  wished  to  know  whether  there 
be  any  general  rule  for  the  compounds  of 
able,  when  to  have  that  precise  termina- 
tion, and  when  to  change  a  letter  and  say 
ible.  As  a  general  fact  it  may  be  held 
that,  when  such  a  compound  is  from  the 
Latin,  and  is  derived  from  a  verb  of  the 
first  conjugation,  it  ends  in  able  ;  when  it 
is  not  from  the  Latin,  it  also  ends  in 
able ;  when  it  is  from  the  Latin,  and  is 
derived  from  a  verb  not  of  the  first  conju- 
gation, it  ends  in  ible.  To  begin  with  the 
querist's  two  instances.  We  say  com- 
mendable  as  being  from  commend  art,  of 
the  first  conjugation ;  and  intelligr'6/0,  as 
being  from  inielligere,  of  the  third.    Let 


some  adjectives  be  added  which,  from 
their  sound  or  their  meaning,  suggest  one 
another.  Two  in  frequent  use  seem,  when 
pronounced,  to  have  no  other  difference 
than  that  the  first  letter  of  the  oue  it 
wautiug  in  the  other;  but  there  is  the 
additional  circumstance  that  in  the  two 
the  fourth  letter  from  the  end  is  not  the 
same.  Laud<?&fe  is  from  laudare,  of  the 
first  conjugation,  and  audible  from  audire, 
of  the  fourth.  Compare  the  latter  with  a 
word  not  from  the  Latin :  we  have  and- 
ible  and  henrahle.  Two  words  which,  sub- 
stantially agreeing,  have  not  quite  the 
same  application,  are  edible  and  eatable. 
The  former  is  from  edere,  of  the  third 
conjugation;  the  latter  is  not  from  the 
Latin.  We  may  compare  poss/ik,  pasa- 
ible,  in&able.  Of  these  the  first  and 
second  are  from  the  Latin,  being  from  an 
irregular  verb,  and  from  one  of  the  third 
conjugation;  the  third  is  not  from  the 
Latiu.  In  correspondence  to  the  general 
rule,  the  vowel  in  question  is  in  the  first 
two  i,  and  in  the  third  a.  As  derived  from 
where  of  the  thin!  conjugation,  the  regu- 
lar derivative  is  aalvible.  Grant  that 
solvable  may  also  be  found,  that  is  not 
strange.  Exceptions  are  frequent  in 
grammatical  rules,  and  it  is  allowed  that 
not  a  few  occur  in  the  present  case.  The 
vowel,  indeed,  ns  in  ta\uble,  may  be  nei- 
ther a  nor  #.  But  the  explanation  is,  that 
m  is  a  contraction  for  rt  or  ca. — I  am,  &c, 

J.  T. 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  13,  I860. 

ERRATUM. 

In  the  Minor  Correspondence  of  last 
month,  last  line  but  one,  for  "  ambiguity,** 
read  "  antiquity.' 


»> 


Several  Reports,  Reviews  and  Obitu~ 
aries,  which  are  in  type,  are  unavoidably 
deferred  till  next  month. 


THE 


Gentleman's   Jftapzine 

AJSTD 

HISTORICAL   REVIEW. 


THE  OXFORD  ARCHITECTURAL  AND  HISTORICAL 

SOCIETY. 

In  our  last  Number  we  gave  a  full  report  of  the  meetings  of  this  Society 
under  its  new  name,  which,  however,  only  expresses  more  distinctly  than 
before,  the  real  range  of  objects  for  which  it  was  founded.  Owing  to 
various  circumstances  to  which  we  shall  presently  advert,  the  Society  has 
received  less  notice  and  encouragement  in  the  University  of  Oxford  than 
might  reasonably  have  been  expected,  and  hence  it  has  not  been  in  its 
power  to  come  so  frequently  before  the  world  with  useful  publications  as 
was  desirable,  and  as  many  of  its  hard-working  members  were  willing  to  do. 
One  of  its  earliest  works  was  "  A  Guide  to  the  Architectural  Antiquities  in 
the  Neighbourhood  of  Oxford/9  the  first  part  of  which  appeared  in  1842. 
This  was  followed  by  the  issue  of  a  valuable  series  of  working  drawings  of 
various  churches,  as  Lit  tie  more,  Shottesbroke,  and  Wilcote ;  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  Society  brought  out  a  Memoir  on  Dorchester  Abbey 
Church,  and  another  produced  a  Manual  of  Monumental  Brasses,  which 
described  some  500  rubbings  in  the  possession  of  the  Society.  The  last  of 
these,  however,  was  issued  several  years  ago,  and  persons  not  intimately 
acquainted  with  Oxford  were  led  to  believe  that  the  Society  was  extinct,  or 
at  least  in  a  fair  way  of  becoming  so.  This  misapprehension  will  be  at 
once  removed,  if  they  will  make  themselves  acquainted  with  the  work  men- 
tioned in  the  note*.  It  is  a  new  edition  of  Fart  I.  of  the  Society's  earliest 
publication,  and  it  treats  of  the  sixteen  churches  in  the  Deanery  of  Bicester. 
We  learn  from  a  brief  notice  added  to  the  original  Introduction,  that  all 
the  churches  have  been  revisited  for  the  preparation  of  the  new  edition,  and 
that  such  alterations  have  been  introduced  as  were  rendered  necessary  by 
changes  made  since  the  work  was  first  published.  Men  of  real  talent  are 
always  modest,  and  hence  we  have  an  estimate  of  what  the  Society  has 
done,  which  strikes  us  as  inadequate,  and  which  we  shall  endeavour  to  sup- 
plement by  particulars  that  we  conceive  cannot  be  uninteresting.     We  shall 

•  "A  Guide  to  the  Architectural  Antiquities  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  Oxford. 
Part  I.  Deanery  of  Bicester.  Second  Edition."  (Oxford  and  London :  J.  H.  and  Jas. 
Parker.)  A  new  edition  of  the  Manual  of  Brasses,  much  enlarged,  is  also  nearly  ready. 


4  The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.       [Jan. 

detail  the  formation,  the  progress,  and  the  present  state  of  the  Society, 
and  shew  how  it  has  been  beneficial  alike  in  giving  the  needful  impetus  to 
the  study  of  architecture  on  sound  principles,  and  in  checking  the  too  ardent 
zeal  without  knowledge  of  beginners,  who  are  in  danger  of  destroying  good 
old  examples,  and  by  their  reckless  proceedings  of  bringing  the  very  name 
of  "  restoration"  into  bad  odour.  To  point  out  all  the  places  where  this- 
edition  differs  from  the  former  one  would  be  a  weighty  task ;  it  will  suffice 
to  say  that  it  is  substantially  a  new  book,  but  we  only  do  right  in  calling 
attention  to  two  plates  of  mural  paintings  from  Islip  Church,  which  are 
among  the  additions,  and  with  which  we  are  glad  of  the  opportunity  of  em- 
bellishing our  pages.  The  one  represents  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi,  and 
is  a  good  specimen  of  the  decorative  art  of  the  latter  part  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  other  plate  is  of  later  date,  and  represents  St.  Michael 
weighing  Souls,  and  the  Resurrection. 

This  publication  may  be  taken  as  an  earnest  that  the  Oxford  Archi- 
tectural Society  has  started  afresh,  with  new  life  and  vigour  derived  from  the 
wider  field  on  which  it  has  entered  by  combining  the  study  of  History  with 
that  of  Architecture.  In  this  manner  its  proceedings  will  become  far  more 
generally  interesting  and  important ;  there  are  so  many  points  in  which 
the  one  illustrates  the  other  that  the  idea  of  combining  the  two  Societies  in 
one  appears  to  us  an  extremely  happy  one,  more  especially  in  Oxford, 
where  History  has  always  formed  an  important  part  of  the  studies  of  the 
place.  The  change  which  is  now  taking  place  appears,  however,  to  call 
for  some  notice  of  the  origin  and  proceedings  of  this  Society,  of  which,  we 
believe,  a  more  perfect  record  will  be  found  in  our  pages  than  can  be  ob- 
tained elsewhere,  even  by  the  Members  themselves.  Sylvaxus  Urbax  has 
always  watched  this  Society  with  peculiar  interest,  and  has  been  careful  to 
record  the  proceedings  of  every  meeting. 

More  than  twenty  years  have  elapsed  since  we  first  began  to  register 
these  proceedings,  and  we  have  always  felt  that  the  Society  has  carried  out 
its  original  purpose  with  much  energy  and  remarkable  success.  No  one 
can  be  blind  to  the  great  and  happy  change  in  the  architecture  of  our 
country  which  has  taken  place  during  these  eventful  years ;  nor  can  any 
candid  person  deny  that  the  Society  has  had  considerable  influence  in 
bringing  about  this  great  change  in  the  public  taste.  The  Society  origi- 
nated with  a  few  zealous  students  and  enthusiastic  lovers  of  medieval  art, 
who  used  to  meet  and  make  excursions  together  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Oxford,  visiting  perhaps  half-a-dozen  churches  in  a  day  and  returning  to  a 
late  dinner.  It  was  at  one  of  these  dinners,  at  Mr.  Parker's,  after  a  hard 
day's  work,  that  the  idea  of  forming  a  Society  for  this  special  purpose  was 
first  started  by  the  late  Reginald  Courtenay,  of  Exeter  College.  The  la- 
mented Manuel  Johnson,  afterwards  Radcliffe  Observer,  was  one  of  the 
party,  and  wrote  the  first  prospectus,  which  all  pronounced  excellent,  but 
agreed  to  submit  it  for  consideration  to  Mr.  Copeland  of  Trinity  College, 


1861.]     The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.  5 

the  senior  member  of  the  party.  He  was  studying  hard  at  the  time,  and  a 
vexatious  delay  of  some  weeks  was  caused,  by  his  losing  this  valuable  MS. 
between  the  leaves  of  a  folio  belonging  to  Trinity  College  Library,  where  it 
will  probably  turn  up  Bome  day  or  other.  Johnson  wrote  another  prospectus, 
but  always  declared  that  he  could  not  remember  what  he  had  written  in 
the  first,  and  that  he  was  sure  it  waB  much  better  than  the  second.  This 
was  soon  after  the  publication  of  the  second  edition  of  Mr.  Parker's 
44  Glossary  of  Architecture,"  which  had  been  very  cordially  received,  and 
helped  to  make  these  young  men  take  an  interest  in  the  subject.  A  public 
meeting  was  next  called  at  Wyatt's  room  in  the  High-street :  it  was  very 
well  attended,  and  a  sufficient  number  of  names  were  entered  at  once  to 
form  a  Society ;  a  Committee  was  then  appointed,  and  rules  drawn  up  by 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Hawkins  of  Pembroke  College, — now,  we  believe,  a  chaplain 
in  the  West  Indies.  The  new  Society  was  called  "  The  Oxford  Society  for 
Promoting  the  Study  of  Gothic  Architecture,"  and  it  was  suggested  in  the 
prospectus  that  other  local  Societies  should  be  formed  for  the  same  object. 

A  few  months  afterwards  a  similar  Society  was  started  at  Cambridge,  and 
called  the  "  Cambridge  Camden  Society/'  It  was  more  active,  or  at  least 
it  made  more  noise  in  the  world  than  the  Oxford  Society,  and  consisted 
more  exclusively  of  junior  members ;  at  Oxford  a  larger  proportion  of 
seniors  had  joined  it  from  the  first,  and  gave  it  a  tone  of  greater  sobriety 
and  good  sense.  Many  thought  that  the  young  men  at  Cambridge  allowed 
their  zeal  to  outrun  their  discretion,  and  mixed  up  the  architectural  move- 
ment with  the  theological  questions  of  the  day,  an  error  which  the  Oxford 
Society  had  studiously  avoided ;  men  of  all  parties  in  politics  and  religion 
belonged  to  it,  and  it  was  a  favourite  boast  of  this  Society  in  its  early  days 
that  their  room  was  the  only  neutral  spot  in  Oxford  where  all  parties  could 
meet  on  friendly  terras  and  discuss  archaeological  questions.  They  thought, 
also,  that  their  over- zealous  friends  at  Cambridge  were  driving  things  on 
too  fast,  giving  needless  offence  to  wholesome  prejudices,  which  would 
otherwise  have  naturally  died  out  before  advancing  knowledge,  and  urging 
on  the  young  clergy  to  restore  their  churches  before  there  were  either 
architects  or  workmen  capable  of  doing  the  work  properly,  by  which  means 
much  irreparable  mischief  was  done. 

The  example  set  by  the  two  Universities  was  soon  followed  in  other 
places,  until  now  almost  every  diocese  has  its  Architectural  Society ;  and  it 
will  be  well  when  these  are  systematically  organized  as  a  necessary  part  of 
the  practical  working  of  the  Church ;  when  every  Archdeacon  and  Rural 
Dean  will  he  a  member  of  his  diocesan  Society,  and  ashamed  to  be  ignorant 
of  a  subject  which  forms  an  essential  part  of  his  duty.  In  the  present  day 
a  clergyman  who  is  ignorant  of  Gothic  Architecture  is  as  much  an  ignorant 
man  as  one  who  is  unable  to  read  his  Greek  Testament ;  and  although  it  is 
said  that  we  have  at  the  present  day  some  bishops  and  their  examining 
chaplains  who  are  in  that  predicament,  the  indignation  with  which  such 

Ctarr.  Hag.  Vol.  CCX.  b 


6  The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.      [Jan. 

appointments  have  been  received  is  a  proof  that  they  will  not  long  be 
tolerated,  and  that  the  English  clergy  are  not  about  to  change  their  cha- 
racter from  that  of  the  most  learned  clergy  in  Europe  to  that  of  the  moat 
ignorant,  which  some  began  to  fear  would  soon  be  the  case. 

The  Oxford  Society  has  undergone  several  trials  and  changes  during 
these  twenty  years,  and  has  slightly  altered  its  title  more  than  once,  having 
been  long  since  incorporated  with  the  Heraldic  and  Archaeological  Society, 
as  it  is  now  with  the  Historical,  but  these  changes  have  arisen  naturally 
from  its  position,  without  ever  causing  it  to  lose  sight  of  its  original  object, 
namely,  to  "  promote  the  study  of  Gothic  Architecture/'  and  make  it,  if 
possible,  a  necessary  part  of  the  studies  of  the  University :  an  object  in 
which  it  seems  likely  to  succeed,  when  we  observe  that  the  Professor  of 
Modern  History  (Mr.  Ooldwin  Smith),  and  the  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
History  (Dr.  A.  P.  Stanley),  have  just  joined  it. 

With  a  view  to  assist  real  students,  the  Society,  from  its  earliest  days, 
began  to  form  a  library  of  the  best  books  upon  the  subject,  which  is  now 
very  complete,  and  includes  a  large  collection  of  engravings  and  drawings. 
Not  satisfied  with  this,  and  seeing  plainly  that  to  enable  Btudents  really  to 
understand  the  various  changes  which  took  place  in  each  century,  no  books 
or  drawing*  would  suffice,  but  that  tangible  objects  were  necessary,  they 
formed  also  a  collection  of  plaster  casts  of  the  mouldings  and  details  charac- 
teristic of  each  style  or  period,  and  arranged  them  in  chronological  order, 
under  each  king's  reign.  The  practical  value  of  such  a  collection  to  the 
real  student  can  hardly  be  overrated.  These  mouldings  and  details  are  the 
grammar  of  the  subject,  the  only  things  by  which  the  date  of  a  building 
can  be  ascertained,  and  the  power  of  referring  to  a  chronological  series  of 
them  would  enable  a  student  to  make  more  progress  in  a  week  than  he 
could  make  in  a  year  without  such  assistance. 

This  collection  of  casts  necessarily  occupies  a  good  deal  of  space,  and  at 
the  authorities  of  the  University  have  hitherto  declined  to  find  a  room  for 
them,  the  cost  of  such  a  room,  and  the  payment  of  a  servant  or  keeper  to 
look  after  it,  has  fallen  too  heavily  on  the  funds  of  the  Society,  which  has 
been  unable  to  continue  its  useful  publications,  or  even  to  print  the  reports 
of  its  proceedings. 

We  sincerely  hope  and  believe  that  the  new  blood  which  is  now  being 
infused  will  give  more  life  to  the  Society.  It  has  done  a  great  work  with 
very  small  means,  and  its  value  and  importance  has  been  recognised  by  the 
country  at  large,  far  more  than  by  the  authorities  of  the  University  itself. 
We  cannot  believe  that  such  a  Society,  which  has  originated  a  movement 
that  has  spread,  not  merely  all  over  the  country,  but  over  the  greater  part 
of  Europe  also,  and  which  has  been  considered  on  all  sides  as  redounding 
to  the  credit  of  the  University,  will  be  any  longer  suffered  to  languish  from 
the  lukewarraness  of  those  who  ought  most  earnestly  to  support  it ;  still 
less  do  we  fear  that  it  will  be  stifled  by  any  petty  jealousy.     The  oppor- 


1861.]     The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.  7 

tunity  which  is  now  offered  by  the  removal  of  the  specimens  of  Natural 
History  from  the  Ashmolean  Museum  to  the  new  Museum  of  Science,  should 
not  be  lost.  Elias  Ashmole  was  one  of  our  earliest  antiquaries.  He  bought 
"  Tradescant's  Ark"  and  presented  it  to  the  University,  and  there  is 
strong  reason  to  believe  that  he  also  paid  for  the  building  to  receive  the  col- 
lections which  bear  his  name.  His  own  taste  was  much  more  for  antiquities, 
and  his  intentions  could  not  be  better  carried  out  than  by  now  converting 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  into  an  Historical  and  Archaeological  Museum,  for 
which  the  materials  are  ready  prepared,  at  least  sufficient  to  form  a  very 
good  foundation  to  work  upon.  The  collection  of  the  Architectural  Society 
would  come  in  most  opportunely  to  form  a  part  of  a  chronological  series. 
We  have  reason  to  know  that  the  British  Consul  at  Athens  (Sir  T.  Wise) 
is  ready  to  send  casta  of  anything  that  the  University  may  wish  for  as  part 
of  such  a  series.  The  British  Consul  at  Rome  (Mr.  C.  T.  Newton)  was  an 
early  and  active  member  of  the  Society,  as  were  the  present  Dean  of  Christ 
Church  (Dr.  Liddell),  the  Master  of  University  College  (Dr.  Plumptre), 
Dr.  Acland,  Dr.  Sewell,  and  so  many  other  leading  members  of  the  Univer- 
sity, that  it  appears  to  us  incredible  that  the  idea  can  be  seriously  entertained 
of  erasing  the  name  of  Elias  Ashmole  and  turning  his  building  *  into  ex- 
amination schools;  and  yet  we  are  told  by  friends  in  Oxford  that  there 
is  serious  danger  of  this  being  done,  that  a  small  number  of  persons  high 
in  office  in  the  University  are  bent  upon  doing  it,  and  their  influence  may 
prevail,  if  a  strong  effort  is  not  made  at  once  to  stop  such  proceedings. 

*  We  understand  that  there  is  some  doubt  whether  he  supplied  the  funds  for  erect- 
ing this  building,  which  has  always  borne  his  name :  it  is  i&id  in  the  Oxford  Calendar 
to  have  been  built  "  at  the  charge  of  the  University  in  1683  f  but  it  is  certain  that 
the  University  Chest  at  that  period  had  no  funds  available  for  such  a  purpose.  It  may 
have  been  built  by  public  subscription,  for  "Tradescant's  Ark"  was  extremely  popular; 
H  had  long  been  exhibited  in  the  neighbourhood  of  London,  and  was  perhaps  the 
earliest  collection  of  objects  of  Natural  History  in  this  country.  The  increase  of  know* 
ledge  in  all  branches  of  Natural  Science  has  far  outgrown  the  limits  supposed  when 
this  building  was  erected,  and  the  New  Museum  for  that  purpose  had  become  a  neces- 
sity. But  for  the  purpose  of  an  Archaeological  Museum,  which  would  be  an  invaluable 
aid  to  students  in  Oxford,  the  present  building  would  suffice  for  many  years,  and  is 
extremely  well  adapted  for  that  purpose  in  every  way.  The  valuable  collection  of 
Greek  and  Latin  inscriptions,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Arundel  Marbles,  which  have 
so  long  been  interred  in  one  corner  of  the  Schools,  where  nobody  ever  sees  them  or 
hears  of  them,  would  naturally  form  a  part  of  an  Archaeological  Museum,  and  a  room 
would  thus  be  set  at  liberty  either  for  the  purpose  of  Examinations,  or  as  an  addition 
to  the  Bodleian  Library,  where  more  space  is  much  wanted.  Nor  can  we  see  any 
reason  why  Public  Examinations  should  not  be  held  in  a  Museum.  The  walls  might 
be  covered  with  objects  of  archaeological  interest,  and  glass  cases  arranged,  leaving  all 
the  central  part  of  the  rooms  open  for  the  small  tables  necessary  for  the  use  of  the 
students  to  write  their  examination  papers.  So  that  the  one  object  does  not  exclude 
the  other;  at  least  for  a  time,  until  new  Examination  Schools  are  built. 


8 


[Jan. 


THE  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY  OF  WHITTINGTON  AND 

HI8  CAT*. 


-— ■-   ■- -. *'X>,  Hi 


The  Cat.     From  tho  Law*  of  Howd  Dlia.  MS 


"Who  does  not  know  the  story  of  Whittington  and  his  Cat  ?  and  who  will 
not  be  glad  to  learn  that  it  is  a  true  story,  and  not  a  mere  fable,  invented 
for  the  amusement  of  children,  as  had  been  too  hastily  assumed  by  several 
recent  writers  on  the  subject  ?  Mr.  Lysons  has  been  at  the  pains  thoroughly 
to  investigate  the  matter,  and  he  has  succeeded  in  establishing  the  main 
facts  of  Whittington's  life  beyond  all  cavil  from  authentic  documents,  at  the 
same  time  that  he  has  placed  the  episode  of  the  cat  in  a  light  to  satisfy 
favourable  critics. 

Richard  Whittington  was  the  third  son  of  Sir  William  Whittington,  of 
Pauntley  in  Gloucestershire,  descended  of  a  good  and  ancient  family,  who 
had  possessed  several  other  estates  in  that  county  and  in  Herefordshire, 
but  who  were  then  in  straitened  circumstances ;  and  Sir  William  died  an 
outlaw  when  Richard  was  only  two  years  old. 

Trade  was  then,  as  now,  a  common  resource  for  the  younger  sons  of  good 
families,  and  as  there  were  no  roads  and  no  stage  coaches  in  the  days  of 
Edward  III.,  and  it  is  not  probable  that  a  mere  boy,  the  younger  son  of  a 
reduced  house,  could  afford  to  have  a  horse  of  his  own,  there  iB  no  impro- 
bability in  the  story,  that  he  set  out  to  walk  to  London,  and  gladly  availed 
himself  of  a  lift  on  a  pack-horse  on  the  way.  Mr.  Lysons  also  adduces 
what  appear  to  him  good  reasons  for  believing  that  the  story  of  his  cat  is 
literally  true,  and  this  is  evidently  his  great  point.  We  will  not  quarrel  with 
him  about  it,  for  he  has  at  all  events  clearly  proved  other  matters,  as  that 
Whittington  did  marry  his  master's  daughter,  and  that  he  was  three  times 

•  "The  Model  Merchant  of  the  Middle  Ages,  exemplified  in  the  Story  of  Whitting- 
ton and  his  Cat:  being  an  Attempt -to  rescue  that  Interesting  Story  from  the  region 
of  Fable,  and  to  plaoo  it  in  its  Proper  Position  in  the  Legitimate  History  of  this 
Country.  Ry  the  Rev.  Sumuel  Lysons,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Rorimarton,  Gloucestershire, 
and  Perpetual  Curate  of  St. Lake's,  Gloucester;  Author  of  'The  Romans  in  Glou- 
cestershire/ ' iEttop' s  Fables  Christianized/  &c."  8vo.,  95  pp.  (London:  Hamilton, 
Adams,  and  Co.     Gloucester :  A.  Lea.) 


1861.]    The  Authentic  History  of  Whittington  and  his  Cat.  9 

Lord  Mayor  of  London.  He  was  one  of  the  most  wealthy  of  the  great 
merchant  princes  of  his  day,  and  also  one  of  the  most  pious  and  most  muni- 
ficent He  frequently  lent  large  sums  of  money  to  the  king,  as  is  proved 
by  extracts  from  the  Rolls ;  and  the  story  of  his  burning  the  bonds  may 
ilso  be  true.  He  was  a  mercer  by  trade,  and  supplied  the  wedding 
trorutcaux  to  the  Princesses  Blanche  and  Philippa,  daughters  of  Henry  IV. 
That  he  built  the  nave  of  Westminster  Abbey  is  proved  by  the  royal 
commission  for  this  purpose,  a.d.  1415,  printed  in  the  appendix  to  this 
Tolume ;  he  also  huilt  and  endowed  the  church  of  St.  Michael,  Paternoster, 
in  which  he  was  buried  ;  he  also  built  the  chapel  attached  to  Guildhall,  and 
glazed  the  windows  of  the  hall  itself;  he  founded  and  endowed  a  college, 
and  he  left  money  to  rebuild  the  prison  of  Newgate. 

Bat  it  is  time  that  we  let  Mr.  Lysons  speak  for  himself.  His  book  is 
written  in  such  an  amusing,  gossiping  style,  and  is  so  full  of  collateral  in- 
formation, that  we  hope  it  will  meet  with  the  success  that  it  deserves : — 

"Whether  Richard  really  found  his  resources  so  utterly  fail  him  on  his  arrival  in 
London  that  be  was  obliged  to  undertake  a  menial  situation,  we  do  not  know,  except 
from  the  story-book,  though  it  is  not  improbable,  because  every  junior  position  in 
a  boose  of  trade  in  those  days  was,  to  a  certain  degree,  what  we  should  now  call 
neniaL  Whittiugton's  journey  from  Pauntley  to  London  must  have  occupied  him 
'ally  four  days.  When  roads  first  became  fit  for  wheels,  it  took  a  week  or  ten  days 
fcr  a  ooach  to  go  from  York  to  London,  and  the  travellers  generally  made  their  wills 
before  they  set  out  on  so  perilous  an  expedition.  The  inns b  were  such  that  travellers 
often  bought  their  own  meat,  and  got  it  cooked  at  the  inn ;  and  as  to  accommodation 
6r  the  night,  none,  except  the  highest  nobility,  disdained  to  sleep  two  or  three  in 
*  bed,  whence  arose  that  old  saying, — '  Poverty  acquaints  men  with  strange  bed- 
fellows  V— (pp.  22,23.) 

"There  appears  to  liave  existed  almost  an  absolute  necessity  that  apprentices  should 
W  of  gentle  blood,  at  least  if  they  were  ever  to  expect  to  become  master  tradesmen, 
for  <tn  enactment  was  repeatedly  promulgated,  even  so  late  as  11th  Richard  II., 
U».  1388,  that  no  serf  should,  under  any  circumstances  whatsoever,  be  admitted  to  the 
freedom  of  the  CityV  and  without  the  freedom  of  the  City  I  suspect  none  could 
legally  carry  on  a  trade  on  his  own  account.  This,  one  would  think,  would  be  con- 
daare  evidence  that  Richard  Whittington  was  not  himself  of  low  birth,  even  if  we 
sad  no  other  proofs  of  the  respectability  of  his  parentage." — (p.  49.) 

*  There  is  another  portrait  of  Richard  Whittington  extant,  in  an  engraving  (repro- 
•seed  especially  for  this  biography,  from  a  copy  in  my  possession,)  by  Reginald 
Bstnek,  who  flourished  in  1690.  It  professes  to  be  a '  vera  effigies,  or  true  likeness 
of  that  most  illustrious  gentleman,  Richard  Whittington,  Knight,'  and  I  see  no  reason 
to  doubt  the  statement.  In  this  portrait  our  hero  is  represented  in  his  robes  as  Lord 
JUyor,  with  a  collar  of  &S.,  and  his  hand  resting  on  a  very  pretty  cat.  This  again 
back  the  connection  of  Whittington  with  a  cat  to  the  times  when  two  genera* 
only  might  have  sufficed  to  have  handed  it  down." — (pp.  42,  43.) 


fc  "  Frnes  Morrison. 

'  *The  celebrated  bed  at  the  inn  at  Ware,  Hertfordshire,  existing  at  that  time, 
*■  t-rehre  feet  square,  and  would  accommodate  a  goodly  number  of  bedfellows. — 
*W  (Sfctopadia,  unoVr  Ware. 

4  "Introduction  to  Riley's  edition  of  the  Liber  Alius y  p.  21." 


10  The  Authentic  History  of  fVhittington  and  his  Cat.     [Jan. 

"  Pennant,  after  mentioning  the  rebuilding  of  Newgate  by  Whittington's  executor*, 
says,  *  his  Statue  with  the  Cat  remained  in  a  uiche  to  its  final  demolition,  on  the  re- 
building of  the  present  Prison.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  1666  and  rebuilt  in  its 
late  form/"— (p.  47.) 

M  Now  in  all  these  instances,  unless  there  are  some  extraordinary  connection  between 
Whittington  and  a  cat,  I  do  not  think  so  much  pains  would  have  been  taken  to 
repeat  it ;  and  if,  as  some  preteud,  his  fortune  was  not  made  through  means  of  the 
animal,  but  by  a  ship  of  that  name,  I  think  we  should  have  had  him  represented  in  his 
portraits  with  a  ship,  and  not  with  a  cat." — (p.  49.) 

"  But  some  persons  may  say,  why  take  all  this  trouble  about  the  cat  P  The  answer  is 
simply  this,  that  the  truth  or  falsehood  of  our  histories  and  traditions  depends  upon 
our  being  able  to  confirm  them  in  their  minutest  particulars  by  concurrent  testimony. 
History  is  made  up  of  details,  and  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  that  those  details 
should  be  able  to  stand  the  test  of  the  closest  investigation.  Both  in  sacred  and  secular 
history,  the  sceptic  is  widely  on  the  alert,  anxious  to  undermine  its  truth,  by  loosening 
its  proofe :  it  is  part  of  his  system.  If  the  foundations  of  secular  history  can  be 
readily  sapped,  then  those  of  Scripture  history  they  hope  will  speedily  follow.  .  .  •  . 
I  would  add  also,  that  it  requires  some  one  willing  to  give  the  time  and  labour  neces* 
sary  for  the  investigation  of  the  facts,  and  I  believe  that  such  facts  are  worth  in* 
vestigating,  both  for  their  historical  and  archaeological  value. 

"  Let  me  then  recapitulate  the  evidences  as  to  the  probability  of  the  truth  of  the 
story  of  a  cat,  and  we  find  them  to  be  as  follows : — 1st,  From  the  ancient  and  generally 
received  tradition ;  2nd,  From  the  scarcity  and  value  of  domestic  cats  at  that  period ; 
3rd,  Prom  its  not  being  a  solitary  instance  of  a  fortune  made  by  such  means;  4th, 
From  the  ancient  portraits  and  statues  of  Whittington  in  connection  with  a  cat,  some 
of  which  may  be  reasonably  traced  up  to  the  times  and  orders  of  his  own  executors."— 
(p.  48.) 

M  It  is  questionable  whether  Whittington  was  Lord  Mayor  more  than  three  times* 
Those  authors  who  have  so  stated  have  probably  erroneously  included  his  shrievalty, 
or  they  have  reckoned,  as  one  of  his  mayoralties,  the  portion  of  the  year  in  which  he 
was  appointed  by  King  Richard  II.  to  fill  up  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Adam 
Baunne.  In  that  sense  it  is  true  that  he  was  Lord  Mayor  four  times.  His  last 
attendances  which  are  recorded  at  City  meetings  were  in  September  and  October, 
1422,  at  the  election  of  the  Sheriffs  and  the  Lord  Mayor.  The  following  spring 
brought  him  to  the  grave." — (p.  61.) 

"  He  appears  by  the  '  Issue  Bolls,'  copies  of  which  will  appear  in  the  Appendix,  to 
have  supplied  the  wedding  trousseau  of  the  Princess  Blanche,  King  Henry  the  Fourth's 
eldest  daughter,  on  her  marriage  with  the  son  of  the  King  of  the  Romans.  And,  again, 
he  supplied  the  wedding  dresses,  pearls,  and  cloth  of  gold  for  the  marriage  of  the 
Princess  Philippa,  the  King's  daughter,  Queen  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  with  the  King 
of  the  Romans.  In  short,  Whittington  appears  to  have  been  the  great  Howell  and 
James  of  his  day,  dealing  in  rich  dresses  and  fancy  articles,  and  to  have  had  no  deal- 
ings whatever  in  coal  that  we  can  discover.'' — (p.  42.) 

M  He  began  to  rebuild,  during  his  lifetime,  the  prison  of  Newgate,  which,  we  read  in 
the  Patent  Rolls  of  Henry  VII.,  'was  then  so  small  and  infected  that  it  occasioned  the 
death  of  many/  The  City  itself  (a~d.  1420)  had  become  alarmed  at  the  pestilence 
likely  to  ensue  from  the  overcrowding  of  prisoners,  and  it  petitioned  the  king's  council 
for  permission  to  remove  the  prisoners  out  of  Newgate,  in  order  to  rebuild  that  prison, 
agreeably  to  the  will  of  Sir  Richard  Whittington,  late  Lord  Mayor  of  London;  and  the 
petition  being  granted,  the  work  was  performed  under  the  inspection  of  Sir  Richard's 
executors."— (pp.  65,  56.) 

"  In  1421  Whittington  began  the  foundation  of  the  library  of  the  Grey  Fmr* 
Monastery,  in  Newgate-street.     This  noble  building  was  129  feet  long,  31  feet  m 


1861.]    The  Authentic  History  of  Wkittmgton  and  his  Cat.  11 

Wtadth,  entirely  ceiled  with  wainscot,  with  twenty-eight  wainscot  desks  and  sight 
inohle  mi  1 1 1  ■  The  coat  of  famishing  it  with  boolu  was  £668  10*.,  four  hundred 
ponds  of  which  (equal  to  £4,000  of  oar  present  money)  waa  subscribed  by  Whi  tting- 
tna.  This  edifice  itUl  remains  in  tolerable  preservation,  and  forma  the  north  aide  of 
bm  great  cloister  of  Cbriaf  s  Hospital,  baring,  in  two  places,  an  aacntcheon  with  the 
ansa  of  Whittington."- (pp.  66,  67.) 


a1W  drawing  hen  introduced,  which  represents  the  death -bed  of  "Whittington,  is  an 
inanimation  npon  the  Ordinances,  or  rales,  for  the  foundation  and  regulation  of  his 
CsDsge.  In  the  centre  of  the  picture  is  seen  Whittington,  stretched  on  a  totter  bed, 
kabodj  naked,  and  emaciated  with  sickness;  he  hai  a  nightcap  on  his  head,  of  the 
■nat  shape  a*  those  still  worn  bj  gentlemen,  (when  they  wear  any  at  all,)  and  he  is 
■averted  by  a  short  pillow  and  a  longer  pillow,  or  bolster.  His  bedside  is  surrounded 
by  his  executors,  whom  there  is  no  mistaking,  for,  according  to  the  custom  of  early 
nuntinga  and  illuminations,  their  names  are  written  on  their  robes,  and  the  likenesses 
we  Amis  lii  original.  White's  Dame  atone  is  absent,  fant  his  clerical  robe  and  tonsure 
amply  the  defect.  Grovo  is  a  man  of  considerable  stature,  of  grave  and  venerable 
■■Met,  with  a  goodly  beard,  inclining  to  grey,  his  hands  apparently  lifted  in  the  atti- 
tatt  af  auering  counsel,  or,  more  probably,  of  approval  of  the  suggestion  of  the  dying 
■an,  who  describes  with  the  finger  of  his  right  hand  sgainst  bio  left  arm,  with  as  much 
■nphaais  as  his  ailing  breath  wul  allow,  how  bis  wishes  on  certain  points  are  to  be 
earned  out.  Coventre  stands  at  the  bed's  head,  on  the  right-hand  side,  in  the  attitude 
of  tat  greatest  attention,  the  curtain  being  drawn  aside  on  purpose,  and  his  head  bent 
"*«srt  toward*  the  pflloxr  that  he  may  catch  every  whisper  of  his  dying  friend.    On 


12     '    The  Authentic  History  of  Whittington  and  his  Cat.     [Jan. 

Whittington's  left,  occupying  a  prominent  feature  of  the  background,  is  a  man  in  the 
habit  of  a  lay  brother,  who  is  doubtless  the  physician  (medicine  haring  been  the  study 
of  the  monks  of  those  days) ;  with  his  left  hand  he  appears  to  be  reaching  down  a  bot- 
tle of  medicine,  and  holding  it  up  to  the  light,  or  shaking  it,  that  the  ingredients  may 
be  well  mixed.  The  rest  of  the  group  is  formed  of  twelve  bedesmen,  recipients  of  this 
pious  man's  charities ;  the  foremost  of  them  carries  in  his  right  hand  a  rosary,  and  in 
his  left  a  staff;  the  sorrow  depicted  on  the  countenances  of  this  group  is  as  well  ex- 
pressed as  so  minute  an  illumination  will  admit.  One  is  inclined,  on  looking  on  this 
picture,  to  utter  the  exclamation, '  let  me  die  the  death  of  the  righteous,  and  let  my 
last  end  be  like  his.'  The  drawing  bears  the  strictest  examination  of  a  powerful  mag- 
nifying glass,  when  the  character  of  each  individual  comes  out  with  very  striking 
effect,  especially  that  of  John  Carpenter,  small  in  stature,  (bearing  out  his  soubriquet 
of  Jenkin,  or  little  John,)  active,  zealous,  with  his  hands  stretched  out,  evidently  full 
of  admiration  of  his  friend's  munificent  disposal  of  his  worldly  substance,  and  fully 
purposed,  as  far  as  he  is  concerned,  to  discharge  faithfully  the  trust  reposed  in  him. 
The  tapestry  of  the  room,  the  worked  border  of  counterpane,  the  marqnetrie  of 
the  floor,  are  all  indications  of  the  wealth  of  the  proprietor  of  such  a  chamber." — 
(pp.  68—70.) 

"  In  the  midst  of  these  acts  of  charity  it  might  be  supposed  that  he  would  have  had 
no  means  to  spare  for  the  embellishment  and  improvement  of  the  City ;  far  from  it, 
he  was  one  of  the  first  to  advance  improvements,  architectural  and  otherwise,  in  the 
city  in  which  he  had  acquired  his  wealth.  We  find,  from  Stow,  that  his  executors 
had  instructions  for  glazing  and  paving  Guildhall.  Now  this  was  indeed  progress,  for 
at  that  time  few  houses  were  glazed,  glass  having  been  but  recently  introduced,  and 
paving  in  public  buildings  was  scarcely  known ;  the  floors  of  churches  generally  re- 
mained in  their  original  clay,  strewed  from  time  to  time  with  fresh  layers  of  rushes. 
So  high  was  the  king's  opinion  of  Whittington's  good  judgment  and  taste  with  regard 
to  the  improvements  in  the  City,  that  we  find  the  following  entry  in  the  MimUet  of 
the  Council  at  the  Tower  of  London,  27th  May,  3rd  Henry  V.,  1415 :— '  Item  q'  le  dit 
maire  ne  face  riens  en  la  d'te  citee  touch'  la  demolic'on  d'aucuns  lieu  ou  mura  en  la  d'te 
citee  sans  l'avis  de  Whittington,'  &c  — Bibl.  Cotton  Cleopatra,  F.  iii.  f.  145,  a  con- 
temporary MS.  Such  was  the  confidence  which  King  Henry  V.  placed  in  this  illus- 
trious citizen,  that  he  had  no  person  to  whom,  for  sterling  integrity,  for  taste  in  archi- 
tecture, and  zeal  for  improvement,  he  could  better  intrust  the  repair  of  that  noble 
fabric  the  Abbey  Church  at  Westminster,  the  nave  of  which  had  been  burnt  down  in 
a  former  reign,  and  had  remained  in  ruins  for  many  years."— (pp.  59,  60.) 

Thus  the  Model  Merchant  and  his  cat  are  vouchsafed  for  by  evidence 
which  ought  to  convince  the  most  sceptical,  and  we  hope  that  the  good  old 
tale  will  never  more  be  called  in  question.  But  even  if  it  is,  Mr.  Ly sons' 
book  may  always  be  advantageously  referred  to  as  a  collection  of  authentic 
documents  and  pedigrees,  which  really  have  a  great  degree  of  interest,  and 
which  have  been  arranged  with  much  care  and  labour. 

It  is  gratifying  to  find  such  a  work  proceeding  from  one  of  the  respected 
name  of  Lysons,  the  son  and  nephew  of  two  of  the  best  antiquaries  of  the 
last  generation.  To  Sylvanus  Urban  it  is  especially  gratifying  to  see  that 
his  own  pages  have  been  of  use  in  such  a  work,  and  that  the  engraving  of 
the  house  of  Whittington  is  copied  from  his  66th  volume. 


1 


1861]  13 


THE  HISTORY  OF  DUMBARTONSHIRE*. 

Eyet  the  research  of  an  Edinburgh  Reviewer  must  fail  to  redeem 
Scotsmen  from  the  charge  of  having  greatly  neglected  their  local  as  dis- 
tinguished from  their  national  history.  Of  a  nation  with  so  many  great 
historic  families,  so  many  antique  monuments,  and  so  many  scholars  both 
of  the  past  and  the  present  day,  it  is  remarkable,  but  still  it  is  an  undeniable 
fact,  that  very  few  works  are  to  be  found  in  its  literature  which  will  bear 
a  comparison  with  those  noble  monuments  of  lifelong  devotion  to  a  worthy 
pursuit,  the  English  County  Histories — such  as  we  owe  to  Atkyns,  Bloom- 
field,  Brydges,  Clutterbuck,  Hasted,  Morant,  Nichols,  Ormerod,  or  Surtees. 
The  Reviewer  that  we  allude  tob  enumerates  but  six  works  of  the  kind,  and 
they  cover  only  a  small  part  of  the  realm  of  Scotia ; — Buchan,  Fife,  and 
Kinross  in  the  east,  Roxburgh  in  the  south,  and  Ayr  and  Dumbarton  in  the 
west  appear  to  be  the  only  regions  thus  illustrated,  but  there  are  some 
points  about  the  last  of  these  that  seem  to  justify  us  in  thinking  that 
a  better  state  of  things  is  at  hand,  while  the  district  itself  is  to  the  full  as 
interesting  as  any  of  the  others, — we  think,  more  so  than  some.  Therefore 
we  shall  introduce  our  readers  to  Mr.  Irving's  work  as  one  well  deserving 
attention  for  the  mode  of  its  execution,  and,  in  the  fact  of  its  being  a  second 
edition,  as  an  earnest  that  the  study  of  Scottish  local  antiquities,  if  pursued 
by  competent  investigators,  will  meet  with  a  due  share  of  public  support. 

The  "  History  of  Dumbartonshire"  is  a  quarto  volume  of  more  than  six 
hundred  pages,  handsomely  printed ;  it  is  embellished  with  a  number  of 
engravings,  some  of  Roman  antiquities,  while  others  are  views,  portraits, 
and  autographs.  A  map  of  the  county,  and  a  plan  of  Dumbarton,  of  course 
appear ;  and  there  are  beside,  pedigrees,  and  armorial .  bearings  of  the 
county  families,  of  one  of  which  (Dennistoun  of  Colgrain)  the  proud  boast 
is  recorded,  "  Kings  have  come  of  us,  not  we  of  kings/'  alluding  to  the 
marriage  of  a  daughter  of  the  house  with  Robert  the  Steward  of  Scotland. 
Thus  the  treatment  of  the  subject  is  much  the  same  as  in  English  County 
Histories ;  the  volume  in  size  is  equal  to  the  largest  of  those  issued  by  the 
Bannatyne  and  Maitland  Clubs,  and  the  author  is  quite  justified  in  saying 
that,  "  so  far  as  appearance  is  concerned,  it  is  among  the  most  magnificent 
works  ever  issued  in  connexion  with  a  Scottish  county."  To  this  we  can 
add,  in  perfect  good  faith,  that  the  research  and  taste  displayed  are  equal 
to,  and  worthy  of,  the  very  handsome  and  substantial  mode  in  which  the 

•  "The  Hiftory  of  Dumbartonshire,  Civil,  Ecclesiastical,  and  Territorial;  with 
Genealogical  Notices  of  the  Principal  Families  in  the  County :  the  whole  Based  on 
Authentic  Records,  Public  and  Private.  By  Joseph  Irving.  Second  Edition."  (Dum- 
barton :  Printed  for  the  Author.) 

*  Edinburgh  Review,  Oct.  1860. 

Qui.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  o 


14  The  History  of  Dumbartonshire.  [Jan. 

volume  is  brought  before  the  'public.  We  understand  that  the  work  has 
been  fairly  subscribed  to  among  the  local  gentry,  but  Dumbarton  is  only 
a  small  county,  and  to  be  even  moderately  successful,  it  must  be  indebted 
to  the  support  of  those  in  other  quarters  who  take  an  interest  in  the  pro- 
vincial annals  of  Scotland. 

The  first  edition  of  the  work  was  issued  at  the  sole  risk  of  the  indus- 
trious compiler,  and,  we  believe,  with  little  of  the  local  assistance  that  has 
been  accorded  to  the  present  volume.  It  fortunately  met  with  a  good 
sale,  and  has  been  for  some  time  out  of  print.  Like  a  true  antiquaiy,  Mr. 
Irving  had  continued  his  researches,  giving,  apparently,  more  prominence  to 
documentary  evidence  than  he  had  before  done,  and  the  result  has  been  such 
an  accumulation  of  materials  that  the  volume  before  us,  though  called  only 
a  second  edition,  is  substantially  a  new  work.  The  author  enumerates  the 
following  as  his  principal  MS.  authorities,  and  the  list  will  evince  that  he 
knows  well  where  the  true  "  materials  of  history"  are  to  be  found : — 

"  I.  The  Municipal  and  Territorial  Records  of  the  Burgh  of  Dumbarton. — These 
records  extend  in  a  wonderfully  perfect  condition  from  the  year  1627  till  the  present 
time,  and  some  single  documents — Charters,  Resignations,  and  Infefbments — relate  to 
a  period  much  earlier.  They  not  only  illustrate  every  event  of  importance  which  hap- 
pened  in  the  district,  but  in  their  quaint  completeness  throw  a  flood  of  light  upon  man- 
ners, customs,  and  superstitions  now  altogether  forgotten.  Besides  forming  the  foun- 
dation for  a  chapter  illustrative  of  Burgh  life  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  the  most  valuable  portion  of  the  excerpts  are  given  in  a  continuous  form  in 
the  Appendix. 

"  II.  Her  Majesty's  State  Paper  Office,  London. — By  permission  of  the  Keeper  of 
these  Records  a  careful  examination  has  been  made  of  many  important  documents  in 
this  repository  which  relate  to  Dumbartonshire  during  the  most  exciting  period  of  its 
history. 

"  III.  The  M88.  compiled  by  the  late  James  Dennistoun,  Esq.,  of  Dennistoun  (and 
Col  grain),  now  deposited  in  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh.— One  volume  of  these 
MSS.  relates  exclusively  to  the  topography  of  Dumbartonshire ;  another  to  the  gene- 
alogy of  the  old  County  families ;  a  third  is  composed  of  ancient  writs  connected  with 
the  County ;  and  a  fourth  of  transcripts  of  ancient  writs.  The  compilation  of  this 
mass  of  historical  information  connected  with  Dumbartonshire  was  for  many  years 
a  labour  of  love  with  Mr.  Dennistoun,  and  it  would  be  hardly  possible  to  point  to 
a  nobler  evidence  of  his  fine  taste,  untiring  industry,  and  enlightened  antiquarian 
knowledge. 

"  IV.  The  Macfarlane  MSS.,  also  deposited  in  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh. 
This  Collection,  a  considerable  portion  of  which  relates  to  Dumbartonshire,  was  made 
by  the  well-known  antiquary,  Walter  Macfarlane  of  Arrochar. 

u  V.  The  Record*  of  the  Scotch  Privy  Council,  presently  kept  in  the  Register  House, 
Edinburgh.  These  records  are,  in  many  instances,  the  only  evidence  extant  as  to  the 
proceedings  adopted  against  parties  connected  with  Dumbartonshire  tried  and  executed 
on  charges  of  treason  and  murder,  as  well  as  for  witchcraft  and  other  imputed  crimes. 

"  VI.  The  Books  of  the  Lord  Treasurers  of  Scotland,  shewing  the  different  visits 
made  by  the  Court  to  the  locality,  and  by  their  minute  details  of  expenditure  incurred 
on  these  occasions,  illustrating  with  great  exactness  the  social  economy  of  the  period." 

This  enumeration  will  convince  the  reader  that  h^js  on  safe  ground  with 
Mr.  Irving,  and  we  will  therefore  invite  him  to  follow  us  in  a  brief  retumS 


1861.]  The  History  of  Dumbartonshire.  15 

of  the  history  of  the  remote  south-west  of  Scotland,  so  long  as  it  keeps 
distinct  from  that  of  the  whole  realm.  Its  claims  on  our  attention  are  thus 
well  set  out  hy  the  author : — 

m  At  a  period  as  far  back  as  records  concerning  the  history  of  Britain  can  be  safely 
followed,  the  south-east  portion  of  the  modern  county  of  Dumbarton  was  a  limit  beyond 
which  the  arms  of  Rome  could  not  pass,  and  the  northern,  the  debateable  land  where 
many  a  sanguinary  conflict  took  place  between  the  wild  tribes  who  possessed  it  and  the 
well-trained  legions  of  the  Empire.  A  few  centuries  later,  when  the  Roman  troops  had 
been  recalled  to  protect  their  own  soil  from  invaders  as  fierce  and  cruel  as  any  they  had 
fought  with  in  Britain,  Dumbarton  was  the  capital  of  a  great  kingdom,  and  its  fortress 
the  residence  of  a  long  line  of  kings.  Of  these  rulers  of  Strathclyde,  history  has  pre- 
served few  records,  but  the  wise  sayings  and  valiant  deeds  of  some  of  them  seem  not 
indistinctly  alluded  to  in  the  rhapsodies  of  our  earliest  bards,  some  of  whom,  if  they 
ever  lived  and  sung  at  all,  lived  at  Alcluid,  and  sung  of  the  fame  of  its  kings.  At 
a  period  more  modern,  when  Fict  and  Briton  had  merged  into  a  race  more  powerful 
than  either,  the  county  was  one  of  the  great  battle-fields  where  England  struggled  for 
dominion  and  Scotland  for  independence.  Still  later,  when  internal  dissensions  threat- 
ened to  extinguish  her  nationality,  Dumbartonshire  continued  conspicuous  and  powerful. 
Its  inhabitants  exhibited  a  loyalty  as  free  from  servility  as  their  independence  was  from 
treason,  while  the  peculiar  position  of  their  natural  stronghold  made  it'  alternately 
a  prize  to  be  contended  for  and  a  possession  to  be  defended.  Even  in  our  own  day,  the 
county  retains  some  of  those  features  which  rendered  it  remarkable  in  ancient  times. 
It  is  still  the  recognized  western  boundary  between  the  fair  plains  peopled  by  the  de- 
scendants of  the  Saxon,  and  that  sterner  region  whose  native  population  pride  them- 
selves on  preserving  the  language  and  customs  of  the  Gael.  But  the  claim  of  the 
Lennox  to  high  distinction  is  not  alone  founded  on  the  fact  that  its  soil  was  for  cen- 
turies the  scene  of  fierce  contentions,  and  its  castle  used  alternately  as  a  palace  and 
a  prison.  If  peace  has  its  victories  no  less  renowned  than  war,  so  has  it  honours  equally 
graceful,  and  results  far  more  enduring.  The  fame  acquired  by  the  ancient  inhabitants 
on  the  battle-field  does  not  excel  that  achieved  by  their  descendants  in  the  quiet  pur- 
suits of  industry ;  and  the  historian  only  partially  fulfils  his  vocation  if,  in  recording 
the  many  patriotic  deeds  achieved  by  the  former  in  repelling  invaders,  he  forgets  that 
other  patriotism  which  increases  the  productiveness  of  the  soil,  and  extends  the  sphere 
of  commercial  enterprise.  It  will  therefore  be  our  duty  to  notice  the  changes  which 
succeeding  centuries  wrought  upon  the  condition  of  the  people — the  ameliorating  in- 
fluences which  followed  upon  the  introduction  of  Christianity,  the  establishment  of 
monastic  and  collegiate  institutions,  the  new  impetus  given  to  affairs  by  the  Reforma- 
tion, the  rise  and  progress  of  burghs,  and  the  many  privileges  conferred  by  Scottish 
monarchs  on  the  inhabitants,  who  were  so  often  called  upon  to  fulfil  the  higher  duties 
of  citizenship,  the  progress  of  the  industrial  arts  in  the  locality,  and  biographic  sketches 
of  individuals  belonging  to  the  district  who  have  made  contributions  to  any  of  the 
great  departments  of  human  knowledge ;  all  these  are  embraced  in  the  design  of  this 
work,  and  will  not  intentionally  be  overlooked." — (pp.  1,  2.) 

The  district  is  of  but  limited  extent,  some  260  square  miles,  and  it  is 
now  divided  into  twelve  parishes,  with  a  population  at  the  last  census  of 
46,995,  which  is  more  than  double  the  number  at  the  beginning  of  this 
century.  The  only  town  of  any  importance  is  Dumbarton,  famed  of  old 
for  its  castle,  and  now  for  its  ship-building  yards.  Helensburg,  a  sea- 
bathing resort,  lies  eight  miles  to  the  west  of  Dumbarton  ;  numerous  print 
and  bleaching  works  occupy  the  banks  of  the  Leven  and  other  streams,  but 


16  The  History  of  Dumbartonshire?  [Jan. 

Loch  Lomond,  with  its  picturesque  islands,  stands  girt  about  with  moun- 
tains, and  so  little  cultivation  is  there,  that  in  one  parish  (Arrochar),  of 
31,000  acres,  but  500  are  so  employed.  Consequently  the  statistics  of  the 
agriculture,  commerce,  navigation,  and  manufactures  of  Dumbartonshire 
are  not  of  a  very  important  character,  but  our  author  tells  us  all  that  it  if 
necessary  to  know  about  them. 

As  may  be  supposed,  Mr.  Irving  can  add  little  to  our  former  knowledge 
of  this  district  during  the  Roman  period,  but  he  has  a  remark  on  their  great 
work  there,  which  we  think  it  desirable  to  quote  : — 

"  The  researches  of  Gordon,  Horsley,  Roy,  and  Stuart,  while  they  furnish  corrobora- 
tive evidence  regarding  the  date  of  its  erection,  have  otherwise  made  the  Wall  of 
Antoninus  one  of  the  best  known  of  all  the  Roman  remains  in  Britain.  It  unfortu- 
nately happens,  however,  that  the  means  by  which  this  information  was  obtained 
tended  greatly  to  the  detriment,  and  in  many  places  to  the  destruction,  of  every  ves- 
tige of  this  interesting  antiquity.  In  quieter  times,  when  easy  communication  rather 
than  efficient  military  defence  came  to  be  required,  the  track  of  the  wall  marked  the 
leading  highway  between  the  Forth  and  Clyde.  It  was,  next,  the  best  route  engineer- 
ing skill  could  devise  for  a  canal  to  connect  the  two  seas ;  and  when  this  in  its  turn 
came  to  be  superseded  by  the  railway,  the  shortest  path  and  the  easiest  gradients  were 
still  marked  by  the  Wall  of  Antoninus.  Thus,  in  traversing  the  district,  the  traveller  of 
to-day  has  not  only  under  his  eye  all  the  means  of  communication  existing  in  the  island, 
but  an  opportunity  of  contrasting  the  triumphs  of  modern  science  with  a  work  charac- 
teristic at  once  of  the  power  and  forethought  of  imperial  Rome.  The  sculptured 
stones,  the  brazen  urns,  and  the  varied  coinage  buried  along  its  route,  were  the  only 
memorials  which  truly  enshrined  the  history  of  the  Wall,  and  though  its  destruction 
almost  invariably  preceded  their  discovery,  it  was  a  sacrifice  far  from  being  unprofit- 
able, however  grievous  it  might  be  to  the  enthusiastic  antiquary.  Instead  of  being,  as 
for  ages  it  was,  the  subject  of  dim  uncertain  tradition,  its  origin  and  uses  are  now  folly 
known,  and  its  history  better  ascertained  than  many  recent  erections." — (p.  7.) 

A  very  interesting  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  kingdom  of  Strathclyde,  and 
every  fragment  of  information  about  its  dim  annals  is  collected  with  praise- 
worthy industry.  We  are  glad  to  see  that  Mr.  Irving  does  not  disdain  to 
press  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  into  his  service ;  as  we  agree  with  Dr.  Lap- 
penberg  that  some  portions  of  true  historic  gold  are  to  be  found  in  him, 
though  they  require  careful  looking  for ;  and  by  collating  the  vague  state- 
ments of  Geoffrey  with  the  more  definite  notices  of  Bede  or  Simeon  of 
Durham,  our  author  has  been  able  to  give  us  a  better  picture  than  we  have 
before  seen  of  the  west  of  Scotland  from  the  fifth  to  the  tenth  century. 
The  whole  chapter  will  repay  perusal,  but  it  does  not  admit  of  a  summary. 

With  the  subjugation  of  Strathclyde  by  the  Scots  under  Kenneth  III.,  we 
enter  on  a  new  phase  of  history,  or  rather,  on  an  enlarged  one,  which  com- 
prises the  affairs  of  the  whole  realm.  This  is  often  a  difficulty  with  the 
local  historian,  but  Mr.  Irving  is  judiciously  brief  whenever  the  narrative 
does  not  bear  directly  on  Dumbartonshire,  and  he  avails  himself  of  some 
little  used  materials.  Thus  we  have  the  ravages  of  the  Danes  in  the  tenth 
century,  and  the  overthrow  of  the  Norwegian  expedition  at  Largs  in  the 
thirteenth,  both  illustrated  from  Irish  and  Northern  Annals  as  well  as  the 


18  The  History  of  Dumbartonshire.  [Jan. 

Bailing  his  vessels  on  the  Clyde,  or  harbouring  them  in  the  Lcven.  As  circumstances 
characteristic  of  the  nobility  and  simplicity  of  his  nature,  it  may  be  interesting  to  men- 
tion that  at  Cardross  Bruce  kept  a  lion  and  a  jester,  and,  as  his  household-books  shew, 
attended  regularly  to  the  wants  of  each.  He  appears  also  to  have  entertained  the 
clergy  and  barons,  who  visited  him  at  Cardross,  in  a  truly  royal  style ;  and  though  hit 
expenditure  was  arranged  with  order  and  economy,  his  huntsmen,  falconers,  dog- 
keepers,  gardeners,  and  rangers  shared  with  those  of  higher  rank  the  abundant  hospi- 
tality of  the  monarch.  His  largesses  to  the  higher  officers  of  his  household,  and  to 
some  others  of  his  favourite  friends,  were  frequent  and  ample ;  while  his  charity  ap- 
P'  are  to  have  been  as  extensive  as  it  was  no  doubt  well  directed,  and  a  pleasing,  though 
not  remarkable,  feature  in  his  character  is  presented  by  his  gifts  to  '  poor  clerks'  for 
the  purpose  of  enabling  them  to  carry  on  their  education  at  the  schools." — (pp.  63,64.) 

Many  were  the  regal  visits  to  Dumbarton,  and  all  the  light  that  records 
can  throw  on  them  is  conscientiously  supplied  by  Mr.  Irving.  Some  of  the 
entries  have  also  a  literary  interest,  as  they  relate  to  John  Smollet,  a  bur- 
gess of  Dumbarton,  in  the  time  of  James  IV.,  who  was  the  ancestor  of 
Tobias  Smollet ;  indeed,  a  history  of  the  Smollet  family  forms  no  unim- 
portant portion  of  the  volume ;  and  as  it  is  in  a  measure  made  up  of 
unpublished  letters  of  the  novelist,  it  is  a  very  interesting  part  also. 

The  burgh  of  Dumbarton  owes  its  origin  to  a  charter  of  Alexander  II., 
of  the  year  1221,  some  few  years  earlier  than  the  reservation  of  the  castle 
as  a  royal  stronghold,  which  has  been  already  mentioned.  Its  position 
nearer  to  the  sea  than  Glasgow  gave  rise  to  numerous  contests  between  it 
and  the  "  bishop's  men*1  of  that  town,  as  to  the  navigation  of  the  Clyde,  but 
in  most  of  them  it  had  support  from  the  crown,  and  its  burgesses  seem  to 
have  repaid  their  royal  protectors  with  steady  loyalty.  This,  of  course, 
now  and  then  brought  evils  on  them,  as  in  1425,  when  "  Big  James,"  one 
of  the  Lennox  family,  burnt  the  burgh  in  revenge  for  the  judicial  murder 
of  his  kinsmen ;  and  again,  in  1489,  when  Lord  Darnley,  who  was  be- 
sieged in  the  castle,  burst  out  and  laid  the  town  in  ashes.  But  royalty 
extended  its  patronage,  ample  charters  of  privilege  were  conceded,  and 
James  IV.  in  particular  often  made  Dumbarton  his  port  of  arrival  or  de- 
parture ;  many  curious  particulars  of  his  life  come  out  in  the  entries  of 
his  expenses,  as  printed  from  the  Lord  Treasurer's  books  by  Mr,  Irving. 
It  is  more  matter  of  general  than  of  local  history  that  Queen  Mary,  when 
a  child,  embarked  at  Dumbarton  for  France — that  the  castle  was  afterwards 
held  for  her  by  Lord  Fleming — that  it  became  a  state  prison  in  which  many 
proud  nobles,  and  "  mass  priests,"  and  stubborn  Covenanters,  in  turn,  were 
immured—  and  that  ten  years  ago  it  was  visited  by  Queen  Victoria,  when 
the  old  feud  between  Dumbarton  and  Glasgow  blazed  out  afresh,  we  hope 
for  the  last  time,  as  an  Act  of  Parliament  has  since  awarded  a  sum  of  £5,000 
to  the  burgh  for  the  formal  surrender  of  its  rights  and  claims  with  regard 
to  the  navigation  of  the  Clyde.  Mr.  Irving's  picture  of  the  burgh  as  it  was 
sixty  years  ago  and  as  it  is  now,  is  a  good  specimen  of  his  style,  and  we 
conceive  that  the  extract,  though  rather  long,  will  be  welcome : — 

°  So  far  as  the  town  itself  was  concerned,  the  outline  did  not  differ  much  from  that 


20  The  History  of  Dumbartonshire.  [Jan. 

an  old-fashioned  outside  stair,  at  the  top  of  which  was  fixed  the  juggs,  and  on  this  con- 
spicuous spot  offenders  who  were  condemned  to  that  form  of  punishment  performed 
penance  for  their  misdeeds'.  The  south  end  of  the  High-street  was  terminated,  as 
now,  by  the  parish  church.  Sixty  years  since,  and  for  twenty  years  after  that  date, 
the  parish  church  of  Dumbarton  was  the  same  building  which  had  witnessed  the  im- 
posing ceremonial  of  the  Romish  Church,  and  the  simple  observances  of  the  early  Re- 
formers. There  had  worshipped,  after  their  own  fashion,  Papist,  Prelatist,  and  Pres- 
byterian. Within  its  precincts  prayers  had  been  offered  up  for  the  Pope  and  the 
Virgin,  for  the  king  and  the  hierarchy,  for  a  covenant  broken  but  not  destroyed,  and 
a  Church  persecuted  but  not  forsaken.  In  the  midst  of  all  these  changes  the  old  church 
stood  entire.  It  had  been  at  no  time  a  foundation  remarkable  for  its  wealth,  yet  at 
the  same  time  the  building  fully  served  all  the  purposes  which  it  had  been  built  for. 
Thus  the  Catholic  was  compelled  to  be  content  with  a  simplicity  which  to  the  Reformer 
was  its  greatest  attraction,  and  it  passed  from  the  one  to  the  other  without  being  sub- 
jected to  any  of  those  violent  renovations  from  which  more  magnificent  structures  suf- 
fered so  severely.  With  its  plain,  tapering,  and  slated  steeple,  the  parish  church  was 
a  feature  of  some  importance  in  the  High-street,  and,  even  in  point  of  architecture, 
was  fully  entitled  to  occupy  the  conspicuous  site  which  had  been  accorded  to  it.  In 
the  base  of  the  tower  was  a  capacious,  vaulted  kind  of  apartment,  where  the  Presbytery 
and  Kirk  Session  occasionally  held  their  meetings.  This  apartment  was  also  occupied 
for  a  long  time  as  the  parish  school ;  but  about  the  period  spoken  of  the  building  at 
present  in  use  for  that  purpose  was  erected,  and  the  pupils  were  thereupon  removed. 
The  body  of  the  church,  which  extended  eastward,  was  in  shape  an  oblong  square,  but 
had  a  projecting  aisle  on  the  north  side,  which  aisle,  though  originally  a  burying-place, 
was  fitted  up  with  a  gallery  and  ground  pews,  and  occupied  by  the  first  heritor  in  the 
parish,  Lord  Stonefield,  proprietor  of  the  estate  of  Levenside.  On  the  south  side  stood 
the  old-fashioned  pulpit,  and  opposite  to  it  was  the  gallery  occupied  by  the  magistrates 
and  councillors.  At  the  east  end  were  the  galleries  occupied  by  the  guild  brethren, 
and  '  the  castle  loft/  occupied  by  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  garrison ;  and  at  the 
west  end  were  the  seats  occupied  by  the  incorporated  trades.  The  •  lofts'  occupied  by 
some  of  these  trades  bore  what  was  considered  appropriate  devices  or  inscriptions. 
Thus,  the  hammer-men  exhibited  several  implements  of  their  craft,  surmounted  by 
a  gilded  crown ;  and  on  the  tailors'  gallery  was  the  motto,  '  God  made  them  coats.' 
Beneath  the  trades'  galleries  were  several  seats  set  apart  for  the  grammar-school 
children,  who  on  Sundays  assembled  a  little  before  the  hour  for  commencing  service, 
and,  headed  by  their  teachers,  marched  in  a  body  into  the  church.  When  there  they 
continued  under  the  surveillance  of  the  head  master,  who  occupied  a  desk  so  placed  as 
to  overlook  the  whole.  In  modern  times  the  church  walls  were  decorated,  not  with 
paintings,  for  they  belonged  to  the  rejected  superstition,  but  with  spacious  black  boards, 
which  proclaimed  the  benevolence  of  those  who  in  their  prosperity  had  not  forgot  the 
poor  of  the  parish. 

"  Turning  from  ecclesiastical  to  municipal  affairs,  there  will  not  be  much  found  in 
the  condition  of  the  town  sixty  years  since  to  make  a  citizen  of  the  present  day  desire 
a  restoration.  So  far  as  the  governing  body  was  concerned,  the  burgh  was  under  the 
close  system  common  in  most  of  the  Scottish  towns  anterior  to  the  passing  of  the 
Reform  Bill.  There  was  a  form  gone  through  annually  of  an  election  of  councillors; 
but  with  such  election  even  the  burgesses  as  a  body  had  little  concern.  Next  in  im- 
portance to  the  honours  apportioned  among  the  councillors  were  the  honours  pertaining 
to  the  incorporated  trades.  Chief  among  these  was  the  deaconship ;  and  to  reach  this 
height  of  civic  felicity  contests  were  waged  both  long  and  keen,  indeed,  some  of  these 

c  "  The  Tolbooth  was  removed  in  1832,  and  on  its  site  was  reared  the  property  now 
known  as  '  Reggie's  Buildings.' " 
2 


22  The  History  of  Dumbartonshire.  [Jan. 

citizens.  There  was  no  end  to  its  capacity  for  work — there  was  no  end  to  the  duties 
it  exacted  from  the  people.  Not  that  Dumbarton  was  better  or  worse  in  this  respect 
than  other  local  governments  existing  in  Scotland  at  the  time.  It  was  the  fashion — 
it  was  the  failing  of  the  age.  Some  of  the  most  mischievous  features  of  the  system 
have  been  swept  away  only  recently,  and  in  certain  continental  cities  it  may  yet  be 
found  exercising  all  its  depressing  and  irritating  effects.  It  was  not  sufficient  that 
every  trader  should  be  a  burgess — that,  considering  all  things,  was  probably  rather 
a  redeeming  feature  than  a  defect — but  the  most  minute  details  of  his  business  were 

subject  to  control The  social  life  of  towns  like  Dumbarton  was  mads 

up  of  an  observance  of  minute  complex  laws  which  brought  burghs  and  burgesses  into 
frequent  conflict  with  each  other,  and  led  to  all  the  other  mischiefs  which  over-legis- 
lation invariably  produces The  self-elected  Council  was  the  tribunal 

which  regulated  how  goods  were  to  be  manufactured  and  used,  the  prices  at  which  they 
were  to  be  sold,  the  parties  who  might  traffic  in  them,  and  the  bounds  to  which  the 
traffic  was  to  be  restricted.  Aqua-vita)  and  ale  were  to  be  of  a  given  strength  and 
a  given  price ;  tallow  could  only  be  made  into  candle  upon  the  conditions  fixed  by  the 
Council:  nay,  the  very  wick  was  measured  and  weighed  according  to  its  regulations'. 
The  mischievous  results  of  over-legislation  are  probably  more  appa- 
rent in  the  case  of  Dumbarton  than  any  other  Scotch  burgh  of  the  time,  from  the  cir- 
cumstance that  she  was  by  her  Charter  of  Confirmation  not  only  empowered  to  levy 
dues  upon  all  vessels  entering  the  Clyde,  but  it  was  incumbent  upon  every  master  to 
enter  his  ship  at  the  port  of  Dumbarton  and  give  the  first  offer  of  his  cargo  to  the 
burgesses  of  that  place.  This,  as  might  be  expected,  gave  rise  to  endless  attempts 
for  eluding  both  the  one  impost  and  the  other.  Glasgow  claimed  and  ultimately 
secured  an  exemption,  so  far  as  her  own  burgesses  were  concerned,  but  as  they  had 
every  interest  to  increase  the  trade  of  thoir  own  port,  they  sought  practically  to  extend 
the  exemption  to  every  captain  with  whom  they  traded  and  every  vessel  with  which 
they  bad  the  remotest  connection.  The  entries  in  the  Records  regarding  offences  of 
this  description  would  fill  many  pages.  At  one  time  it  is  •  Glasgow  to  be  resisted,' 
then  it  is  '  a  commissioner  to  be  sent  to  Glasgow,'  next  there  is  '  Action  to  be  raised 
again  the  toun  of  Glasgow,'  till  at  length  the  incident  in  dispute  becomes  lost  in 
a  lengthy  '  Report  from  the  toun's  agent  in  Edinburgh  ancnt  the  actioan  again  Glas- 
gow,' then  raging  with  full  fury  in  the  law  courts.  The  duties  which  fell  naturally 
within  the  sphere  of  a  local  magistracy  seem  to  have  been  discharged  promptly  and 
uprightly;  not  that  they  were  always  successful  in  keeping  the  peace;  but  they  dis- 
creetly used  such  power  as  they  possessed  for  that  end.  In  a  state  of  society  which 
compelled  every  man  to  have  a  halbert  in  his  booth,  it  need  excite  no  astonishment 
that  acts  of '  turbulance'  were  frequent  and  bloody  ;  it  was  the  case  all  over  Scotland, 
and  neither  swift  nor  severe  punishment  seemed  to  make  any  improvement.  A  portion 
of  the  time  which  the  magistrates  could  spare  from  the  more  important  work  of  regu- 
lating trade  seems  to  have  been  spent  in  the  equally  profitless  task  of  trying  witches. 
Notices  of  several  will  be  found  in  the  '  Appendix.'  The  initiatory  proceedings  against 
the  unfortunate  creatures  were  taken  by  the  Council ;  and  if  they  found  the  '  common 
bruit'  established,  a  commission  was  appointed  to  try  the  verity  thereof,  with  the 
almost  invariable  result  of  a  conviction  and  an  execution  *.  So  frequent  indeed  were 
those  disgraceful  exhibitions,  that  in  March,  1632,  the  Council  resolved  upon  giving 
the  executioner  a  fixed  salary  for  his  '  thankful  services.'  The  other  incidents  of  burgh 
life  illustrated  by  the  '  Appendix'  are  too  numerous  for  special  notice,  but  the  reader 

*■ —  ■        i     — i  I,  —  

'  "  Burgh  Records,  2d  October,  1627— Appendix. 

r  "For  Witch  cases,  see  Burgh  Records  —  Appendix  —  Doc.,  1628;  9th  Jan., 
18th  Feb.,  19th  June,  7th  Sept.,  11th  Nov.,  27th  Nov.,  1629;  5th  March,  1632; 
30th  May,  1639;  and  Nov.  and  Dec,  1655." 


1861.]  The  History  of  Dumbartonshire.  23 

may  learn  from  them  bow  offences  against  the  law  were  created  and  how  they  were 
dealt  with ;  how  civil  war  originated  and  how  it  waa  conducted ;  how  property  wag 
acquired  and  how  it  was  protected ;  and  how  a  concern  for  education  can  be  allied  with 
superstition  and  intolerance ;  he  may  see  the  people  worshipping  in  the  church  and 
trading  in  the  market-place;  how  they  dressed,  how  they  lived,  and  how  they  talked; 
and  what  calamities  saddened  and  what  festivals  rejoiced  the  hearts  of  the  old  bur- 
gesses, who  live  again  in  the  pages  of  their  own  records." — (pp.  203 — 206.) 

These  extracts  leave  as  space  for  little  further  remark.  We  are  thus 
debarred  from  entering  into  any  particulars  of  the  history  of  the  country 
parishes  of  Dumbartonshire,  and  the  valuable  memoirs  of  their  principal 
families  ;  we  must  content  ourselves  with  calling  attention  to  Chapter  VIII., 
in  which  the  conflict  at  Glenfruin  between  the  Colquhouns  and  the  Mac- 
gregors  is,  as  it  appears  to  us,  accurately  told  for  the  first  time,  and  the 
cold-blooded  iniquity  of  the  proscription  of  the  unfortunate  clan  fully 
established ;  and  we  must,  though  unwillingly,  pass  over  a  somewhat  un- 
usual feature,  "  The  Lennox  Garland,"  a  collection  of  poetical  pieces,  one 
of  which,  entitled 

"  Dumbritton's  Castle  Doleful  Commendations 
To  all  the  Rascall  Rogues  within  thir  (?)  Nations." 

is  a  half-serious,  half-burlesque  account  of  the  sufferings  of  the  garrison 
which  in  1639  held  the  castle  against  the  Covenanters,  and  ends  thus  : — 

"  When  our  armie  returns  with  glad  victorie, 
And  a  gracious  peace  concluded  shall  bee ; 
When  Eden's  stronghold  to  our  countrie  shall  yeeld, 
When  truth  shall  triumph,  and  Rome  losse  the  field ; 
When  papists  and  atheists  court  grandeur  declines, 
That  day  you  shall  know  who  made  these  few  lines. 

Finis  quod  A.B.C.,  Sion's  friend." 

We  shall  only  further  remark  that  the  work  is  supplied  with  a  full  index, 
without  which,  as  Mr.  Irving  remarks,  books  of  reference  are  useless  ;  and 
he  has  compiled  his  with  a  degree  of  care  which  harmonizes  well  with 
all  the  rest  of  his  labours. 


24  [Jan. 


THE  MILITAKY  ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES*. 

No  man  in  our  day  has  achieved  a  higher  reputation  in  his  own  line,  or 
has  better  deserved  it,  than  M.  Viollet-le-Duc.  His  "  General  Dictionary ,M 
or  Encyclopaedia  of  Architecture,  of  which  this  work  formed  a  part,  is  by  far 
the  most  valuable  work  on  the  subject  in  any  language.  The  idea  of  it  was 
evidently  taken  from  Mr.  Parker's  "  Glossary,"  but  it  is  as  superior  to  that 
in  many  respects,  especially  in  the  scientific  knowledge  of  the  subject  which 
it  displays,  as  that  was  superior  to  Rickman's  work  or  any  other  in  our 
language.  Mr.  Parker  attempted  nothing  more  than  a  popular  work  for 
persons  of  ordinary  education,  and  gave  a  good  deal  of  useful  information 
in  a  popular  form,  judiciously  availing  himself  of  the  help  of  many  other 
persons,  each  conversant  with  his  own  department  of  a  wide  subject. 

M.  Viollet-le-Duc  takes  far  higher  ground,  and  gives  instruction  to  all 
the  architects  of  Europe.  His  work,  admirable  as  it  is,  belongs  rather  to 
the  class  of  professional  works  than  of  a  popular  work  for  ordinary  readers. 
Yet  this  applies  only  to  parts  of  the  work,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
special  subject ;  other  portions  are  of  an  extremely  popular  character,  and 
more  full  of  historical  and  archaeological  information  than  of  scientific  de- 
tails of  the  art  of  construction.  To  this  class  eminently  belongs  the  "  Mili- 
tary Architecture,"  which  has  therefore  been  selected  for  translation,  It  is 
full  of  amusing  anecdote  and  interesting  information  respecting  the  Middle 
Ages,  and  the  name  of  Architecture  hardly  gives  an  adequate  idea  of  its 
varied  contents.  It  is  not  merely  an  account  of  the  mode  of  constructing 
fortresses,  but  of  the  various  modes  of  attacking  and  defending  them 
adopted  in  different  ages.  No  one  can  read  this  work  without  learning  to 
take  a  fresh  interest  in  the  ruins  of  old  castles  which  are  scattered  every- 
where, and  understanding  the  motives  for,  and  uses  of,  many  things  which 
previously  were  quite  incomprehensible. 

The  great  use  which  was  made  of  timber- work  both  in  the  attack  and 
the  defence,  and  the  fact  that  many  of  the  stone  buildings  were  always  in- 
tended to  carry  timber  ones  to  complete  the  defences,  has  never  been 
brought  out  before,  and  is  here  shewn  in  the  most  clear  and  satisfactory 
manner.  The  account  of  the  fortifications  of  the  Romans  makes  many  of 
the  classical  authors  more  intelligible  than  they  were  before,  especially 
Caesar's  "  Commentaries."  Perhaps  the  most  interesting  part  is  that  which 
relates  to  the  castles  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries,  and  the  sieges 

*  "  An  Etaay  on  the  Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Age*.  Tranalated  from 
the  French  of  £.  Viollet-le-Duc,  by  M.  Macdermott,  Esq.,  Architect.  With  the  (151) 
original  French  Engravings."  8vo.,  xvi.  and  274  pp.  (Oxford  and  London :  J.  H. 
and  Jas.  Parker.) 


The  Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Age*.  [Jan. 


The  following  passage  farther  illustrates  the  use  of  wooden  platforms  and 
galleries,  and  shews  the  meaning  of  the  rows  of  put-log  holes,  which  we 
so  often  find  in  the  walls  of  old  castles  : — 

"  According  to  the  system  of  battlements  and  loopholes,  or  eyelets,  pierced  in  stone 
parapets,  it  was  not  possible  to  hinder  a  force  of  assailants,  when  bold  and  nnmeroua, 
and  protected  by  chair  covered  with  skins  or  cushions,  from  undermining  the  foot  of 
the  towers  or  curtain- walls,  inasmuch  a*  it  was  impossible  from  the  loopholes,  not- 
withstanding the  inclination  of  their  sectional  line,  to  see  tiio  foot  of  the  fortifications ; 
nor  was  it  possible  to  take  aim  through  the  battlements,  without  at  least  projecting 
one  half  of  the  body  beyond  the  lino  of  wall,  at  any  object  at  the  baae.  It  became 
necessary,  therefore,  to  construct  projecting  galleries,  well  provided  with  defences,  and 
which  would  allow  a  large  number  of  the  besieged  to  overhang  the  baae  of  the  wall,  so 
M  to  be  able  to  hurl  down  on  an  attacking  party  a  perfect  hail  of  stones  and  projectiles 
of  every  kind.  Let  Fig.  19  be  a  curtain- wall  crowned  by  a  parapet  with  battlements 
snd  loopholes,  the  man  placed  at  A  cannot  see  the  pioneer,  li,  except  on  the  condition  of 
advancing  bis  head  beyond  the  battlements ;  but  in  that  case  he  completely  uncovers 
himself,  and  whenever  pioneers  were  sent  forward  to  the  foot  of  a  wall,  care  was  taken 

the  hill,  to  the  barbican,  which  commanded  the  faubourg  lying  at  the  base  of  the 
escarpment.     See  the  plan  of  the  city  of  Carcassonne,  after  the  siege  of  1240." 


1861.]        The  Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages.  27 

to  protect  tbem  whilst  at  work  by  discharging  showers  of  arrows  and  cross-bolts 
wherever  the  besieged  were  visible.  Jo  time  of  siege,  from  the  date  of  the  twelfth 
century,  the  parapet*  were  provided  with  hoards,  C,  in  order  to  command  completely 
the  baae  of  the  walls  by  means  of  a  continuous  machicolation,  D.     Not  only  did  the 


hoards  perfectly  accomplish  this  object,  bnt  they  loft  the  defenders  entirely  free  in 
their  movements,  as  the  bringing  up  the  supplies  of  projectiles  and  the  circulation  was 
carried  on  behind  the  parapet  at  E.  Further,  when  these  hoards  were  constructed, 
beridea  the  continuous  machicolation,  with  loopholes,  the  order**,  or  arrow-slita, 
farmed  in  the  masonry  remained  uncovered  at  their  lower  extremity,  and  allowed  the 


28  Tlw  Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ayes.  [Jan. 


1861.]       The  Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Age*.  29 

archers  and  crossbow-men,  who  were  posted  within  the  parapet,  to  fire  upon  the  as- 
sailants. With  such  a  system  the  defence  was  as  active  as  possible,  and  nothing  but 
the  lack  of  projectiles  oould  afford  any  respite  to  the  besiegers.  We  most  not  there- 
fore feel  surprise  if,  daring  some  memorable  sieges,  after  a  prolonged  defence,  the  be- 
-  sieged  were  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  tearing  the  roofs  from  their  houses,  demolishing 
the  walls  of  their  gardens,  and  taking  np  the  pavement  of  the  streets,  in  order  to  keep 
the  hoards  supplied  with  projectiles,  and  thus  force  the  assailants  back  from  the  foot 
of  the  fortifications.  These  hoards  were  readily  and  easily  placed  in  position ;  in  times 
of  peace  they  were  removed. 

"  We  subjoin  the  representation  (fig.  20)  of  the  works  of  approach  of  a  curtain-wall 
flanked  by  towers  and  with  wet  moat,  in  order  to  render  intelligible  the  several  menns 
of  defence  and  attack  to  which  we  have  alluded.  In  the  foreground  is  a  cat,  A ;  this 
is  used  to  fill  up  the  moat,  and  advances  towards  the  foot  of  the  wall  upon  the  heaps 
of  fascines  and  materials  of  every  kind  which  the  assailants  are  constantly  engaged  in 
flinging  before  them,  through  an  opening  in  front  of  the  cat ;  a  wooden  boarding  which 
is  fixed  as  the  cat  advances  allows  of  its  being  moved  along  without  any  risk  of  its 
sticking  fast  in  the  mud.  This  engine  is  propelled  either  by  rollers  in  the  inside 
worked  by  levers,  or  by  cords  and  fixed  pulleys,  B.  In  addition  to  the  shed  which  is 
placed  in  front  of  the  cat,  palisades  and  moveable  mantelets  protect  the  labourers. 
The  cat  is  covered  with  raw  hides,  in  order  to  preserve  it  from  the  inflammable  mate- 
rials which  may  be  launched  by  the  besieged.  The  assailants,  before  sending  the  cat 
forward  against  the  curtain-wall  for  the  purpose  of  undermining  its  base,  have  de- 
stroyed the  hoards  of  this  curtain-wall  by  means  of  projectiles,  thrown  by  their  sling- 
ing machines.  Further  on,  at  C,  is  a  great  catapult;  it  is  directed  against  the  hoards 
of  the  second  curtain.  This  engine  is  ready  strung ;  a  man  places  the  sling  with  its 
stone  in  position.  A  lofty  palisade  protects  the  engine.  Close  by,  at  D,  are  crossbow-men 
behind  rolling  mantelets,  who  take  aim  at  any  of  the  besiegers  who  leave  their  cover. 
Beyond  these,  at  E,  is  a  turret  furnished  with  its  moveable  bridge,  covered  with  hides : 
it  advances  upon  a  prepared  floor,  the  boards  of  which  are  laid  down  according  as  the 
assailants,  protected  by  palisades,  fill  up  the  moat ;  it  is  moved,  like  the  cat,  by  ropes 
and  fixed  pulleys.  Still  further  is  a  battery  of  two  catapults,  which  are  hurling  barrels 
filled  with  incendiary  material  against  the  hoards  of  tho  curtain-walls.  Within  the 
town,  upon  a  great  square  tower  terminating  in  a  platform  at  the  summit,  the  besieged 
have  fixed  a  catapult  which  is  directed  against  the  turret  of  the  assailants.  Behind 
the  walls  another  catapult,  covered  by  the  curtains,  hurls  projectiles  against  the 
engines  of  the  assailants."— (pp.  60—64.) 

The  next  picture  is  even  better  than  this.  The  moveable  wooden  tower 
has  been  pushed  up  close  to  the  ditch  ;  the  drawbridge  from  it  is  let  down 
on  to  the  top  of  the  wall,  and  the  assailants  rush  in. 

These  extracts  must  suffice  to  give  some  idea  of  this  extremely  interest- 
ing and  important  work. 

The  manner  in  which  the  translation  is  executed  is  very  creditable  to  the 
translator,  Mr.  Macdermott,  who  must  have  resided  some  years  in  France, 
and  studied  architecture  there,  to  be  so  well  acquainted  with  all  the  tech- 
nical terms  in  both  languages ;  the  translation  of  such  a  book  was  no  easy 
matter,  and  we  rejoice  to  see  it  so  well  carried  out. 

One  word  has  struck  us  forcibly,  as  raising  a  curious  question, — in  which 
country  the  chief  technical  terms  originated.  The  French  word  hourds  is 
very  properly  translated  *  hoards :'  now  '  hoarding*  is  a  common  English 
word,  as  we  all  know  when  we  see  the  streets  of  London  interrupted  by  the 

Gnrr.  Mao.  Vox..  CCX.  ■ 


80  The  Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages.         [Jan. 

*  hoarding'  round  a  house  that  is  rebuilding,  and  is  clearly  equivalent  to 
'  boarding/  the  '  b'  and  the  •  h*  being  convertible  letters ;  but  the  French 
have  no  word  at  all  corresponding  with  this,  hourde  is  evidently  a  foreign 
word  to  them,  introduced  as  a  technical  word  from  6ome  other  country. 
Another  question  occurs  to  us, — the  word  voussoir  is  always  applied  in 
England  to  one  of  the  stones  of  a  vault  cut  in  a  particular  manner  to  fit  its 
place  in  a  segment  of  a  circle ;  this  is  evidently  a  French  word  originally, 
but  it  is  quite  unknown  to  Paris  workmen  in  this  sense :  does  this  arise 
from  the  fact,  pointed  out  by  M.  Viollet-le-Duc,  that  French  vaults  are 
constructed  on  quite  a  different  principle  from  English  vaults,  all  the 
stones  of  a  French  vault  being  square  and  resting  on  the  walls,  instead  of 
being  segments  of  circles  spreading  out  from  the  corbels,  as  in  England  ? 

Are  the  vaults  of  the  Chateau  Gaillard  and  of  Normandy  generally  con- 
structed after  the  fashion  of  England  and  Anjou?  or  of  Paris  and  the 
Domaine  Royale  ?  Perhaps  some  of  our  friends  in  Normandy  will  answer 
this  question  for  us.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  Parisian  fashion  in  this 
matter  is  much  cheaper  than  the  English,  and  this  is  probably  one  reason 
why  stone  vaulting  is  so  much  more  common  in  France  than  in  England. 
The  English  system  is  far  more  scientific  :  fan-tracery  vaulting  is  the  per- 
fection of  Gothic  construction,  and  cannot  be  constructed  on  the  Parisian 
principle ;  but  it  requires  skilled  hands,  and  is  necessarily  more  expensive 
than  the  rival  style. 

We  must  not  lead  our  readers  to  suppose  that  M.  Viollet-le-Duc  has 
entered  into  such  technical  questions  as  this  in  his  "  Military  Architec- 
ture ;"  he  evidently  intended  this  part  of  his  work  to  be  of  the  popular  and 
amusing  class,  and  reserved  such  technical  matters  for  other  parts  of  his 
great  work:  under  the  article  on  "Construction"  in  his  Dictionary  the 
matter  will  be  found  fully  explained,  but  he  has  not  entered  upon  the  par- 
ticular question  we  have  ventured  to  ask. 


1861.]  31 


SOME  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY,  FROM 
THE  RECORDS  OF  THE  COUNTY  OF  MIDDLESEX. 

Seen  through  the  county  records,  a  profligacy  of  manners  marks  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  irreconcilable  with  those  notions  of  purity  which  we 
usually  associate  with  this  particular  period  of  our  national  being;  a 
profligacy,  the  proofs  of  which  become  still  more  abundant  during  the  reign 
of  the  first  James.  The  law,  still  armed  with  the  terrors  of  many  barbar- 
ous modes  of  punishment,  was  yet  unable  to  restrain  the  passions  or  to 
excite  the  reverence  of  the  criminal.  The  justices  were  often  bearded  and 
reviled  upon  the  bench.  Crime  had  become  fashionable,  and  vices  which 
are  now  marks  of  the  lowest  degradation,  were  then  common  in  the  higher 
ranks  of  life.  A  large  proportion  of  magisterial  duty  consisted  in  the 
punishing  of  harlots,  and  adjudging  the  parentage  of  bastards.  To  de- 
generacy of  manners  were  added  excessive  vanity  and  an  inordinate  love  of 
dress,  which  the  smartest  pens  of  the  satirists  could  not  restrain,  which 
involved  its  victims  in  endless  embarrassments;  and  so  great  was  the 
vanity  and  so  low  the  morality  of  the  age,  that  men  of  birth  and  education 
were  not  ashamed  to  seek  in  the  meanest  artifices  of  the  gamester,  and  in 
the  wild  excitement  of  the  road,  plunder  with  which  to  defray  their  tavern 
bills,  or  squander  upon  the  newest  trappings  of  fashion.  Unfortunately, 
this  reprehensible  course  had  been  followed  by  men  whose  after  eminence 
gave  peculiar  iclat  to  such  depravity,  and  rendered  it  difficult  for  the  popu- 
lar mind  to  regard  a  gentleman  highwayman  with  the  same  feelings  that 
would  have  been  shewn  to  an  ordinary  thief.  Eminent  courtiers  had  been 
recognised,  in  spite  of  their  masked  faces,  on  the  road ;  even  the  dignity  of 
justice  was  marred  by  the  fact  that  some  of  her  administrators  had  in  their 
youth  followed  such  vicious  ways.  Sir  Roger  Cholmeley  and  Sir  Edward 
Popham  were  both  said  to  have  occasionally  practised  as  gentlemen  high- 
waymen. A  party  of  wild  young  fellows  being  taken  before  Chief  Justice 
Cholmeley,  one  of  them  had  the  effrontery  to  remind  the  judge  of  his  early 
irregularities. 

"  Indeed,"  answered  he,  "  in  youth  I  was  as  you  are  now,  and  I  had  twelve  fellowes, 
like  unto  myselfe,  bat  not  one  of  them  came  to  a  good  ende,  and  therefore  folowe  not 
my  example  in  youth,  bat  follow  my  counsel  in  age,  if  ever  ye  think  to  cam  to  this 
place  or  to  these  yeares  that  I  am  com  onto,  lest  ye  meet  with  povertie  or  Tiburne  in 
the  way*/' 

The  practices  of  Chief  Justice  Popham  were  more  notorious,  yet  instead 

of  being  hanged  for  a  highwayman,  he  lived,  says  Lord  Campbell,  to  pass 

death  upon  highwaymen.    Such  was  the  force  of  examples  so  eminent,  that 

notwithstanding  the  severity  inflicted  upon  some,  it  was  found  impossible  to 

stifle  the  practices  of  these  gentlemanly  freebooters,  who  exercised  over 

•  A&cham's  Schole  Master,  foL  18,  b. 


82  Some  Illustrations  of  the  Sixteenth  Century —  [Jan. 

society  a  system  of  absolute  terror :  it  was  even  found  impossible  to  pre- 
vent tbeir  increase. 

.    The  gentleman  highwayman  sought  for  higher  game  than  the  common 
herd  of  robbers  and  footpads,  who  lurked  behind  the  garden  walls  of  Hol- 
born  and  Islington,  and  infested  the  thickets  and  hedge. rows  of  the  Oxford 
Road.     To  have  cut  a  purse,  or  to  have  committed  a  burglary,  would  have 
been  regarded  as  acts  degrading  to  his  calling.     The  road  alone  was  recog- 
nised as  a  preserve — with  the  king's  liege  subjects  as  game — suitable  for 
gentlemanly  robbers,  and  there  was  as  much  difference  between  a  highway- 
man and  a  footpad  as  between  a  sportsman  and  a  poacher.     There  were 
indeed  many  gradations  of  robbers,  but  the  gentleman  highwayman  was 
the  first  in  rank,  who  only  plundered  on  a  costly  scale,  and  who  aimed  to 
charm  away  the  wrath  of  his  victim  by  the  urbanity  and  polish  of  his 
breeding.     He  thus  created  a  reputation  for  gallantry  which  vastly  in- 
creased the  popularity  of  his  calling.     Being  often  highly  connected,  he 
generally  escaped  from  Tyburn  by  the  intercession  of  his  friends.     It  is 
certain  that  the  rabble  but  seldom  enjoyed  the  luxury  of  following  a  gentle- 
man highwayman  along  the  Oxford  Road,  or  of  shouting  their  sympathy 
beneath  the  gallows.     We  have  an  exception  in  the  case  of  Sir  George 
Sandes,  an  incorrigible  freebooter,  who  had  long  been  a  terror  to  the 
London  suburbs.     He  had  several  times  been  convicted,  and  condemned  to 
be  hanged,  and  had  as  often  received  the  royal  pardon.     But  there  was  a 
limit,  beyond  which  even  James  I.  would  have  thought  it  dangerous  to 
have  extended  his  pardoning  grace.      The  gentlemen  of  the  road  were 
becoming  a  more  serious  pest  to  society  than  the  footpads  or  the  cutpurses ; 
and  with  the  king's  choice  of  favourites,  the  lax  morality  of  the  courtiers, 
the  affair  of  Somerset,  the  Overbury  murder,  and  the  hushing-up  of  crime 
in  high  places,  the  people  were  in  ill  humour  with  the  administrators  of 
justice  and  the  dispenser  of  grace.    When,  therefore,  in  1617  b,  Sir  George 
Sandes  was  again  convicted  of  several  highway  robberies  at  Kensington, 
the  King  refused  his  pardon.     His  case  was  a  bad  one.     His  son,  and 
even  my  Lady  George,   had  been  accessories  to  his  crime.     His  friends 
begged  hard  for  him,  but  to  their  surprise  his  Majesty  remained  firm.     He 
was  hanged  at  Wappingon  the  6th  of  March,  1618,  and  in  consideration 
of  his  birth  was  allowed  to  be  taken  to  the  place  of  execution  in  a  coach. 
But  this  is  an  exceptional  case ;  it  is  too  generally  recorded  on  the  in- 
dictment that  a  special  pardon  under  the  great  seal  saved  the  gentleman 
highwayman  and  his  friends  from  an  ignominy  from  which  his  less  polished 
companions  rarely  escaped.     There  appears  always  to  have  been  some 
about  the  Court  whose  early  habits  and  old  associations  prompted  them 
to  intercede  for  these  gentlemanly  but  dissolute  scoundrels. 

With  bad  roads  and  dense  thickets  yet  skirting  the  suburban  thorough- 

b  Sesuons  Book,  James  I.,  1613—1619,  fol.  91. 


1861,]  Becords  of  the  County  of  Middlesex.  33 

fares,  the  pursuits  of  the  highwayman  were  unattended  with  much  danger. 
He  ran  few  risks,  and  had  little  fear  of  interruption,  whilst  the  costly  dress 
of  fashion,  the  love  of  jewellery,  and  the  necessity  of  transmitting  wealth  by 
packmen  or  mounted  messengers,  offered  chances  of  the  richest  booty. 
Such  notices  as  the  following  abound  among  the  County  Records  : — 

"  William  Sendye  de  Londoni  generosus,"  indicted  for  robbing,  on  the 
Queen's  highway  at  Islington,  Richard  Braddeford,  servant  to  Nicholas 
Herick,  of  London,  goldsmith,  of  the  following  articles : — 

"Unum  jocale  auri  com  diversis  lapidibus  preciosis,  in  eodem  infixis,  ad  val.  c11. ; 
unum  jocale  ami  diversis  lapidibus  preciosis,  viz.,  an  aggett  ac  divers  alios  lapides  voc 
dymondes,  and  rubyes  in  eodem  jocale  infixis,  ad  val.  lxxxxu.  j  unum  jocale  auri  cum 
lapidibus  preciosis  in  eodem  infixis  ad  val.  cxxx11.;  unum  Cathenam  auri  ad  val.  liiij11.; 
duos  annulos  auri  cam  daobus  lapidibus  preciosis  voc  dymondes  ad  val.  c11. ;  unum 
alium  Cathenum  auri  et  margaritarum  ad  vaL  cu." 

William  Sendye,  however,  being  a  "gentleman,"  cared  little  for  the  in- 
dictment, and,  when  arraigned,  pleaded  a  pardon  under  the  great  seal, 
whilst  Richard  Clarke,  a  goldsmith,  who  had  merely  purchased  the  trinkets, 
was  sent  to  Tyburn  c. 

With  the  roads  beset  with  highwaymen,  still  more  dangerous  gangs  in- 
fested the  metropolis.  Taking  into  consideration  the  population  and  extent 
of  the  London  of  Elizabeth  and  the  London  of  Victoria,  the  number  of 
burglaries  almost  passes  belief.  One  sessions  roll  for  ajnonth  in  1580  con- 
tains forty-three  indictments  against  housebreakers,  which,  seeing  the  miser- 
able means  provided  for  the  detection  of  crime,  and  the  absence  of  any 
organized  system  of  constabulary,  can  only  represent  a  fraction  of  the  num- 
ber of  depredations  actually  committed.  There  were,  indeed,  many  circum- 
stances which  in  the  sixteenth  century  tended  to  the  encouragement  of  this 
class  of  offenders.  The  system  adopted  to  guard  the  property  of  the  citi- 
zens was  contemptible  ;  the  old  custom  for  every  man  to  take  his  turn  to 
watch  and  ward  was  fast  falling  into  disuse,  and  the  constables  were  a 
feeble  and  inefficient  force.  Whilst  no  improvement  was  attempted  in  this 
respect,  the  increase  of  personal  wealth,  and  the  augmentation  of  chattel 
property  among  all  classes  was  enormous.  'It  is  sufficiently  apparent  from 
the  records  that  the  appliances  of  home,  the  treasures  of  the  sideboard,  and 
the  contents  of  the  linen  chest,  presented  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  a 
marked  contrast  to  the  comforts  of  any  preceding  age. 

Thomas  Markes  was  indicted  for  stealing  from  the  house  of  John  Davys, 

of  Hackney — 

M  Twoe  gaily  earthe  cuppes  of  the  value  of  iiitf. ;  one  gaily  earthe  dishe  of  the  valuo 
of  ij*.  ivd. ;  twelve  latten  platters  bosed,  value  x*. ;  one  table  clothe  of  damaske,  value 
ii*.»  one  mazer  bowl  of  silver,  value  ttj#. d" 

John  Lewis  indicted  for  stealing  from  the  house  of  Godfrey  Wilson,  of 
St.  Katharine's,  the  contents  of  a  linen  chest,  viz., 

«  Kot.  31  Eliz.,  Mar.  6.  d  Rot.  8  Eliz. 


34  Some  Illustrations  of  the  Sixteenth  Century —  [Jan. 

"  Two  damaske  tableclothes,  containing  ten  yards,  valne  iiijli ;  one  diaper  tablecloth 
of  sixe  elles  longe,  valne  xl*. ;  two  shorter  tableclothes  of  the  worke  called  byrde's  eye, 
xxiU. ;  foure  other  tableclothes  of  an  other  worke,  value  xl#. ;  fonre  tableclothes  of 
cotton  woll  wroghte  with  red  and  blewe,  value  xl#. ;  two  linen  tableclothes  of  seaven 
quarters  brode,  value  xl*.,  one  other  tableclothe,  called  a  fyne  tableclothe,  of  five  yeardes 
longe  and  one  elle  and  halfe  brode,  value  xx*.,  one  towell  wroghte  with  blewe,  value 
is.,  one  fine  diaper  towell,  fringed  at  bothe  endes,  value  xiiii.  ivd.,  another  diaper 
towell,  value  x*.,  a  fyne  plaine  towell,  value  x#.,  one  dozen  and  a  half  of  linen  clothes, 
called  fyne  damaske  table  napkyns,  value  xxxvi*.,  two  dozen  diaper  napkyns  frynged, 
xl#.,  one  dozen  napkyns,  called  playne  diaper  napkyns,  xvi*.,  one  dozen  playne  napkyns, 
wroghte  with  ladye  worke,  value  xx*.,  one  dozen  napkyns,  wroghte  with  crosse  stiche, 
value  xiU.,  two  dozen  napkins,  called  playne  napkyns,  mingled  with  blewe,  value  xx*., 
two  dozen  called  home  made  napekyns,  value  xx*.,  twelve  payr  sheets,  value  viii11. •" 

It  is  evident  from  numerous  notices  among  the  records  that  these  luxu- 
ries were  becoming  common.  Jack  Lewis,  had  he  lived  half  a  century 
before,  would  have  found  no  such  plunder  in  the  home  of  a  mere  private 
gentleman. 

William  Smythe  indicted  for  stealing  from  the  house  of  Thomas  Brasye,  of  Edmon- 
ton, "one  silver  salte,  parcel  gilt,  value  iiiju;  one  silver  salte,  called  a  trencher  salte, 
iiu,  one  pot  of  silver,  value  iiiH  *#.,  four  silver  bowles,  value  viijh  x*.,  twelve  silver 
spoones,  value  vi"  vi*.,  three  dishes  of  silver,  value  vii11  x*.,  one  large  dishe  of  siluer, 
v11,  three  potts  garnished  with  silver,  with  covers,  ivH  x*.,  two  stone  potts  garnished  with 
silver  gilte,  value  Hi11,  one  silver  bole  parcel  gilte,  iiiju,  two  flat  siluer  boles  pounced  in 
the  bottoms,  value  vu,  one  depe  bole,  viju,  one  litel  bole  xxxvU.,  a  siluer  peper  box, 

• • • •      #  is 

xxnij*  ■• 

Articles  of  plate  were  no  rare  adornments  to  the  cupboards  of  the  trad- 
ing classes ;  they  are  frequently  mentioned  as  having  been  stolen  from  the 
homes  of  yeomen.  "  Gaily  cuppes"  often  occur,  which  were  of  the  china 
ware  then  coming  into  fashion  ;  porcelain  is  not  mentioned  earlier  than  the 
reign  of  James  I.  The  records  abound  with  hints  illustrative  of  the  appli- 
ances of  Elizabethan  homes.  The  carpets,  of  tapestry,  of  Turkey,  and  of 
needlework,  sometimes  ornamented  with  gold  thread,  were  favourite  articles 
with  the  burglar ;  so  were  the  cushions,  which  in  old  times  were  pet  items 
of  domestic  furniture,  and  displayed  the  choicest  needlecraft  of  the  fair ; 
"  a  quisshion  of  crimesine  Batten  and  clothe  of  golde,  a  windowe  quisshon  of 
crymsine  satten  ornamented  with  lace  of  silver,  and  one  of  purple  satten," 
ornamented  with  cloth  of  gold,  and  valued  at  some  ten  pounds,  were 
stolen  from  a  house  at  Willesden*.  The  plain  bench  was  going  out  of 
fashion,  and  a  few  years  later  luxury  had  so  increased  that  even  the  players 
of  interludes  at  the  booths  in  Bartholomew  Fair  covered  the  benches  with 
soft  cushions  for  their  customers  h.  Feather  beds  were  ordinary  household 
comforts,  and  "  quiltes  of  carnacion  taffata,"  and  other  rich  stuffs,  were  ele- 
gancies with  which  the  wives  of  country  gentlemen  loved  to  decorate  their 
chambers.     It  is  curious  to  read  of  burglars  carrying  off  cupboards  and 

•  Rot.  24  Eliz,  f  Rot.  30  Eliz. 

i  Rot  37  Eliz.  b  Sessions  Book,  1613,  fol.  2. 


1861.]  Records  of  the  County  of  Middlesex.  35 

settles,  chimney-pieces  and  glass  windows,  but  such  charges  are  often  em- 
bodied in  old  indictments.  One  was  accused  of  running  away  with  the  glass 
windows  belonging  to  the  house  of  Richard  Wilkinson,  of  Smithfield,  and 
another  for  taking  out  and  feloniously  carrying  away  those  belonging  to 
the  mansion  of  Godfrey  Newton,  of  the  Savoy. 

Bat  the  riches  of  the  wardrobe  displayed  still  greater  evidences  of  per- 
sonal luxury.  Fashion,  long  coy,  was  beginning  to  assume  her  coquettish 
sway,  and  old  writers  had  some  reason  for  growling  satirically  at  the 
u  garishe  colours"  which  she  invented  to  gratify  her  pride.  "  I  might," 
says  Harrison,  •*  name  a  sort  of  hewes  deuised  for  the  nonce,  herewith  to 
please  phantasticall  heads,  as  pease  poridge  tawnie,  popingaie  blue,  lustre 
gallant,  the  diuell  in  the  head,  and  such  like1."  We  find  ample  illustration 
of  this  "  phantasie"  in  the  description  of  coats  and  petticoats  in  old  indict- 
ments. We  read  of  garments  of  Shippes  russet,  of  popingaie  greene, 
popingaie  blew,  Wynchester  russett,  London  browne,  Kendall  greene, 
peaspod  greene,  French  black,  brynded  gore,  perwnyntell  blewe,  seawater 
grene,  mallard  watchett,  orange  tawnie,  and  a  host  of  others.  The  "  Scar- 
lett" or  "  crimisine"  petticoat,  sometimes  distended  with  a  '*  verdingale," 
too  often  occurs  to  be  forgotten. 

For  many  years  fashion  had  been  conservative  in  English  head-gear ;  the 
cappers  had  driven  a  busy  and  profitable  trade ;  but  in  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth the  fickle  goddess  put  other  notions  on  the  heads  of  the  people,  to 
the  utter  dismay  of  the  honest  folk  "  occupying  the  trade  and  scyence  of 
capping."  The  trade  fell  into  decay,  and  lost  its  status  among  the  pursuits 
of  industry.  The  round  o§p  of  the  yeoman,  and  the  flat  cap  of  the  citizen, 
were  regarded  with  supercilious  disdain  by  Elizabethan  beaux.  The  legis- 
lature cheered  the  capping  trade  for  a  time  with  one  of  those  old  enact- 
ments more  indicative  of  sympathy  than  wisdom.  Every  person  among 
the  commonalty  above  the  age  of  six,  except,  decreed  the  gallant  law- 
makers, "  maydens,  ladyes,  and  gentlewomen,"  were  to  "  weare  upon  the 
Saboth  and  Holy  Dayes,  upon  the  head,  one  cappe  of  woll  knygtt,  thicked 
and  dressed  in  England,  and  made  within  this  realmeV  But  it  would  not 
do— caps  became  significant  of  shopkeepers  and  artizans ;  and  the  felt- 
makers  were  pushing  their  trade,  and  attracting  favour  with  novel  head- 
gears of  all  shapes,  all  sizes,  and  all  colours.  "  Taffata  hattes,  value  vi d. 
a  piece,"  "  Spannyshe  felte  hattes,  value  hi*.  ivJ.,"  a  "  sylk  hatt  faced 
with  ▼eluet,  at  v*.,"  or  a  still  more  showy  "  taffata  hat  edged  with  golde 
and  lace,  with  a  bande  of  silke  and  golde,  value  xl*.1,"  put  the  "woll 
knytt"  cap  quite  in  the  shade.  Nor  were  they  all  of  sober  colour.  Proud 
must  have  been  the  fop  who,  perhaps  on  his  way  to  Paul's  Walk,  sauntered 


1  Rescript,  of  Britain,  fol.  172.  k  Statutes  of  Realm,  iv.  pt.  i.  p.  555. 

1  Rot.  var.  Eliz.    Such  notices  are  too  numerous  in  old  indictments  to  need  par- 
ticular reference. 


The  Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages.  [Jan. 


Ii.  The  rniMbov-uif 


1861.]  Records  of  the  County  of  Middlesex.  87 

Leicester  and  Essex,  and  probably  created  many  bitter  jealousies  by  tbe 
prodigality  of  her  favours.  Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford,  is  said  to  have  presented 
to  Queen  Elizabeth  the  first  pair  of  embroidered  gloves  ever  worn  in  Eng- 
land. We  may  examine  the  plunder  carried  off  by  Bill  Brooke  from  the 
shop  of  a  Westminster  haberdasher,  for  some  illustration  of  Elizabethan 
gloves  :— 

"Three  dozen  and  six  pair  of  gloves  called  Romane  gloves,  value  xlvi*. ;  three  dozen 
and  six  pair  of  kidd  leather  gloves,  value  xxxvij.;  nine  pair  of  gloves  wrought©  with 
■ilke,  value  ix#. ;  ten  paire  of  perfumed  kiddes  lether  gloves,  value  xv*. ;  three  p  tire  of 
kiddes  lether  gloves  wroughte  with  golde,  value  vU. ;  foure  paire  of  perfumed  lambes 
lether  gloves,  value  v#. ;  twelve  dozen  of  silke  poyntes  of  diverse  colors,  value  xliiiij. ; 
thirty  thousande  of  pynnes,  value  xxvii." ,"  &c. 

The  dandy  of  the  sixteenth  century  equally  prided  himself  upon  the 
texture  of  his  stockings.  Karsey  hose  were  sadly  out  of  fashion,  and  not 
to  be  worn  on  Paul's  Walk.  Those  imported  silken  rarities  occasionally 
found  among  the  treasures  of  royal  wardrobes  in  older  times,  were  now 
regarded  as  portions  of  a  gentleman's  attire.  Stubbes,  who  was  curious 
about  such  matters,  says,  "that  stockings  were  made  of  silk,  jarnsey 
worsted,  crewel,  or  at  least  fine  yarn  thread  and  cloth,  of  all  colours  and 
with  clocks  and  seams."  The  Marquis  of  Salisbury  has  in  his  possession 
the  pair  of  yellow  silk  stockings  presented  by  Lord  Hunsdon  to  Queen 
Elizabeth;  said  to  have  been  the  first  pair  ever  made  in  England.  The 
indictments  tell  us  that  Robert  Crosse,  a  gentleman,  walking  in  the  high- 
way at  Shoreditch,  was  robbed  of  "  three  dozen  and  seven  gold  buttons, 
value  xxu;  a  jewell  of  an  emeraldstone  withe  a  fayre  pearle  in  it,  value 
ziiih .  one  chain  of  pearle  goulde  and  emeralls,  value  xiiu ;  one  paire  silke 
stockinges  color  grasse  greene,  value  xx*.  *:"  and  from  the  wardrobe  of 
a  bean  at  Tottenham  were  stolen  stockings  of  carnation,  straw  peach,  and 
black  silk,  which  he  tied  up  with  garters  of  yellow  crimson  and  popingaie 
green.  These  things  were  evidently  attractive  booty  to  London  thieves. 
We  may  picture  to  ourselves  the  sad  plight  of  Master  Watts,  who,  strutting 
over  "  Mylke  wyfes  brydge"  was  stopped  by  a  highwayman,  who  not  only 
took  his  rapier,  but  requested  him  to  draw  off  his  pretty  stockings ! 

As  samples  of  Elizabethan  wardrobes,  and  of  the  little  bits  of  anti- 
qnarianism  preserved  among  the  records,  I  subjoin  a  few  extracts : — 

"  Stolen  from  Anthony  Gawde  of  the  Charterhouse,  one  pair  of  red  velvet  breeches 
drawn  oat  with  red  silk,  xl*. ;  one  pair  red  velvet  breeches  drawn  out  with  changeable 
coloured  silk,  value  iiiu ;  a  black  cloth  cloak  called  a  Span)  she  cloke  ornamented  with 
velvet,  value  xl». ;  one  pair  of  blewe  velvett  breeches  drawn  out  with  grene  silk, 
value  iiyu  •." 

•■  Prom  Godfrey  Wilson  of  St.  Katherines :  one  gown  of  Chamblett  ornamented  with 
velvet,  value  ixu  x#. ;  one  gown  ornamented  with  velvet,  iij11  x*. ;  one  piece  of  cloth 
called  frenche  blacke  vashe,  value  iiiju  x*. ;  one  tunic  of  red  cloth  ornamented  with 
velvet,  value  xlt.;  one  skarlctt  pet  ticote- clothe,  value  xx#.;  one  tunic  called  a  kyrteli 

•  Rot.  37  Eliz.  *  Rot.  32  Eliz.  »  Rot.  12  Eliz. 

Gurr.  Mack  Vol.  CCX.  f 


88  Some  Illustrations  of  the  Sixteenth  Century.  [Jan. 

of  satten  vast©,  value  lviii.;  one  pair  of  black  silk  sleeves,  called  blacke  satten 
vaste  and  cutte,  value  xxvi*.  viijrf. ;  one  doublett  of  black  sai  ten,  and  a  cloth  tunic 
calif d  a  fryse  jerkyn,  value  xl#. ;  one  cisculam  with  two  frencho  hoodes,  and  thirty 
pieces  of  velvet,  value  xl*. ;  sleeves  of  satten  for  a  man's  cote,  value  x*. ;  one  hat  of 
velvet  ornamented  with  bugles,  value  liiU. ; . . .  ten  holland  shirtes,  value  liij*.  *  " 

"  From  Richard  Wortley,  Esq.,  of  Tottenham :  one  doublett  of  black  velvet,  value 
iiiju ;  oue  doublett  of  madeu  heare  satten  laide  on  with  golde  lace  and  gold  buttons, 
value  li\jff.  iiijrf. ;  one  strawe  coloured  ffustian  doublett,  xxx*. ;  another  strawe  coloured 
fustian  doublett,  value  xxxiji. ;  one  pair  breeches  of  black  velvett,  value  xlvi*. ;  one 
pair  of  breeches  called  satten,  coler  mayden  heare,  value  x*. ;  one  cloak  of  black  velvet, 
value  viu ;  one  pair  of  rownde  paned  hose  of  black  velvet  the  scalings  and  drabing  owte 
of  crymson  satten,  value  lx#. ;  one  pair  of  leather  breeches  called  buckes  leather,  value 
xxxiij*. ;  another  pair  of  murrey  chamblett,  value  xviU. ;  another  pair  of  feasaunte 
coler  clothe,  xxiiij*. ;  one  silk  cloak  of  ritche  taffata  layde  on  with  golde  lace,  value  vi11 ; 
one  pair  of  garters  color  crymson,  value  v#. ;  one  payr  of  garters  color  poppingaye 
grene,  value  v*.  jld. ;  one  pair  of  garters  color  grassegrene,  v#. ;  one  pair  of  garters 
color  watchett,  value  v#.  v\d. ;  one  pair  garters  yellowe  color,  v*. ;  one  pair  of  stockyns 
of  carnacion  gilke,  value  xxx*. ;  one  pair  of  peache  coler  silk  stockyns,  xxx*. ;  one  pair 
of  strawe  color  silke  stockyns,  one  pair  of  black  silk  stockyns,  xxvU. ;  one  bande  of 
loomeworke,  value  xxx*.;  one  bande  of  linen  called  lawne,  xxxivi. ;  another  bande  of 
linen  called  cambricke,  value  iuj#. ;  two  fallinge><andes  of  curious  cutworke,  value 
xxvU. ;  four  pair  of  pumpes  and  pantables,  value  ih>.  v'id. ;  one  pair  of  corke  showes, 
value  xvijjd.  J,"  Ac. 

"  From  Thomas  Kellye  of  Ratclyff  were  stolen :  a  cloth  cloak  color  London  russett, 
value  iiij11 ;  a  doublett  of  strawe  colored  fustian,  value  xxj.  ;  a  pair  of  breeches  of 
Shornwell  laid  one  with  golde  lace,  value  It. ;  a  payr  of  paned  velvett  hose  drawen  oute 
with  cutt  sattin  imbrodered  with  silke,  value  U. ;  a  blacke  bever  hatte,  value  xxiiiji. ; 
a  skarfe  of  silke  sipres  color  tawney  fringed  with  golde,  value  xv*. ;  pair  of  garters 
of  silke  sypres  frynged  withe  golde  and  silver,  xxx«. ;  a  pair  of  cuffes  lyned  with 
silke  and  golde,  x*.;  one  Spanish  girdle  wroughte  with  grene  silke  and  golde  lace, 
viU. ;  a  jerkyn  of  tawneye  frysadowe  velvett  laide  on  with  buttons  of  silke  and  golde, 
value  iv11 »/'  Ac. 

*  Rot.  24  Eliz.  y  Rot.  26  Eliz.  *  Rot.  33  Eliz. 


1861.]  39 


COSTUME  IN  ENGLAND. 

Thx  .  history  of  dress  is  so  closely  connected  with  the  history  of  man 
himself  that  it  is  impossible  to  study  either  separated  from  the  other.  If  we 
consider  the  various  kinds  of  apparel  which  the  reason  of  man  has  adopted, 
or  made,  to  guard  himself  against  the  inclemencies  of  climates,  we  are  led 
to  contemplate  the  primeval  arts  of  weaving,  spinning,  dyeing,  and  the 
numerous  other  industrial  processes  by  which  the  raw  and  crude  materials 
supplied  by  nature  were  adapted  by  patience  and  ingenuity  to  provide  what 
had  been  given  to  the  lower  animals,  but  denied,  in  a  ready-made  state,  to 
man.  The  substances  used  for  clothing — the  skin,  wool,  and  hair  of  ani- 
mals, the  fibres  of  plants,  and  silk — afford  themes  intimately  connected  with 
civilization,  with  the  manufactures  and  trade  of  various  nations,  with  their 
social  condition  and  general  history. 

Upon  this  wider  field  of  inquiry  to  which  the  Res  Vettiaria  would  lead, 
we  are  not,  as  the  title  of  our  subject  indicates,  called  upon  to  enter ;  our 
range  is  limited  to  a  very  circumscribed  space,  but,  at  the  same  time,  to  a 
portion  of  the  globe  in  which  we  naturally  feel  the  highest  interest.  A 
knowledge  of  ancient  costume  is  one  of  those  qualifications  which  are  in- 
dispensable to  the  archaeologist  and  to  the  historian,  if  the  two  can  properly 
be  separated.  History  is  a  series  of  pictures  presented  to  the  inward  vision, 
the  value  of  which  consists  in  their  truthfulness.  It  is  remarkable  that  the 
ancients  themselves  were  satisfied  in  depicting  the  actors  in  scenes  of  the 
past  not  as  they  really  appeared,  but  in  the  apparel  of  those  who  portrayed 
them.  These  anachronisms  have,  however,  been  of  the  greatest  service  to 
the  modern  antiquary  when  other  sources  of  information  have  been  closed 
to  his  inquiries.  The  Anglo-Saxon  costume  is  well  understood  from  the 
illuminations  which  represent  scriptural  personages,  because  they  are  ar- 
rayed, not  in  the  garb  of  former  ages,  nor  in  conventional  drapery,  but  in 
the  costume  of  the  day  in  which  the  pictures  were  prepared.  Indeed,  down 
to  the  last  half-century,  propriety  and  truth  in  representations  of  the  dress 
of  the  ancients  were  altogether  disregarded.  The  finest  productions  of 
most  historical  painters  owe  their  charms  and  merits  to  artistic  excellences 
so  splendid  that  the  most  absurd  falsifications  of  costume  are  pardoned  and 
overlooked.  But  he  would  be  a  bold  painter  who  at  the  present  day 
would  clothe  the  actors  in  a  scene  of  the  days  of  Alfred  in  the  costume  of 
those  of  Louis  XIV.  The  stage  has  only  very  recently  been  stripped  of  its 
Use  clothing,  together  with  its  architectural  inconsistencies. 

We  owe  much  to  Strutt  for  the  large  amount  of  sound  information  he 
has  given  us  on  the  manners  and  dress  of  our  ancestors  ;  and  if  he  has,  in 
some  few  instances,  erred  as  to  dates,  he  is  nevertheless,  in  the  main,  a  sound 
tothority.     The  late  G.  A.  Stothard,  in  his  "  Monumental  Effigies,"  is  a 


40  Costume  in  England.  [Jan. 

model  of  accuracy  in  details.  Tci  the  same  good  school  may  be  referred 
Mr.  Plancbi'e  "  History  of  British  Costume,"  and  the  Messrs.  Waller's 
"Monumental  Brasses;"  and  it  would  be  inexcusable  not  to  mention  the 
papers  that  from  time  to  time  have  appeared  in  our  Magazine,  especially 
those  of  1858,  which  include  much  original  information  on  the  arms  and 
armour  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Mr.  Fairholt  has  also  brought  to  bear 
upon  the  general  subject  extensive  reading  and  study,  with  powers  of  de- 
scription and  a  fluent  attractive  style  so  indicative  of  an  author  who  writes 
from-u  pore  and  enthusiastic  love  of  bis  subject ;  and  although  in  the  Pre- 
face to  the  second  (and  much  improved)  edition  of  his  work*  he  very 
modestly  estimates  his  own  exertions,  the  public  will  know  how  to  appre- 
ciate them  as  they  deserve. 

The  dress  of  the  provincials  in  Gaul  and  Britain  during  the  Roman  sway 
cannot  be  altogether  understood  from  the  examples  supplied  by  popular 
sources  of  information-  Monuments  are  yet  to  be  found  such  as  have  been 
strangely  overlooked  or  but  imperfectly  studied,  which  furnish  most  in- 
teresting and  unlooked-for  facts  ;  and  Mr.  Fairholt  has  property  introduced 
into  this  new  edition  of  his  book  some  very  remarkable  examples,  one  of 
which,  taken  from  the  Collectanea  Antigua,  we  here  annex, by  permission 
of  the  Publishers. 

The  monument  which  supplies  this  example  of  Soman  provincial 
costume  is  preserved  in  the  public  Museum  of  Mayence.  It  represents 
on  one  aide  three  rowers  in  a  boat  propelled  by  paddles  such  as  are 


now  used  upon  the  Rhine  ;  and  an  inscription  informs  us  that  it  was 
erected  to  the  memory  of  a  mariner,  named  BIussus.  Upon  the  other 
side  are    the  effigies  shewn  in  the  above  cut,  and  the  bust  of  a   third. 

•  "Costume  in  England.  A  History  of  Drew  from  the  Earliest  Period  until  the 
Clou  of  the  Ei^'hteimih  Cantury.  To  which  is  appended  nn  Illustrated  Qlota&rj  of 
Term*.    By  F.  W.  Fnirholt,  P.S.A.    Second  Edition."    (London:   Chspman  and  Hall.) 


1861.]  Costume  in  England.  41 

Blnssus    wears  the    hooded    cloak,    or    bardocucullus,    resembling    the 
p&nula,  and   furnished   with  a  hood   or  cowl.      The  purse  in  his  hand 
and  ring  upon  his  finger  indicate  his  wealthy  position,  which  is  further 
certified  by  the  somewhat  gorgeous  adornments  of  the  wife,  and  by  the 
bulla  upon  the  breast  of  the  son.     As  Mr.  R.  Smith  observes,  "  The  cos- 
tume of  the  lady  is  particularly  interesting.      Probably  many  years  his 
junior,  she  seems  to  have  tempered  her  grief  with  judgment,  and  to  have 
taken  advantage  of  the  mournful  event  (her  husband's  death)  to  set  herself 
forth  to  the  world  in  her  gayest  dress.     She  has  evidently  dressed  carefully 
for  the  portrait.     She  wears  a  vest  fitting  closely  to  the  arms  and  bust,  and 
at  the  neck  gathered   to  a  frill,  which  is  enclosed  by  a   torques;    the 
cuffs  turn  back  like  the  modern  gauntlet- cuffs.     Over  this  hangs  a  garment 
which  falls  gracefully  down  in  front,  and  is  crossed  at  the  breast  over  the 
arms.     The  jewellery  of  the  widow  is  of  no  common  description,  nor  nig- 
gardly bestowed.     Upon  the  breast,  below  the  torques,  is  a  rose-shaped 
ornament  or  brooch,  and  beneath  that  a  couple  of  fibulae ;  two  more,  of 
similar  pattern,  fasten  the  upper   garment  near  the  right  shoulder  and 
upon  the  left  arm;  an  armlet  encircles  the  right  arm,  and  bracelets  the 
wrists.    The  personal  decorations  completed,  the  sculptor  has  typified  some 
of  the  lady's  domestic  virtues  by  the  implements  of  weaving  held  in  her 
hand,  and  the  pet  dog  (or  cat)  in  her  lap."     It  will  be  observed  there  are 
no  less  than  five  fibulae  upon  this  lady's  dress.     By  comparison  with  the 
examples  now  accessible  in  most  of  our  public  and  private  museums,  we  see 
that  they  bear  a  much  closer  resemblance  to  Saxon  than  to  Roman  work- 
manship ;  and  it  is  well  known  (from  discoveries  in  tumuli)  that  the  Saxon 
ladies  were  accustomed  to  wear  several  fibulae.     A  question  has  arisen  as  to 
whether  some  of  the  elegant  ornaments  found  in  the  earlier  Anglo-Saxon 
graves  may  not  be  the  work  of  Roman  artists ;  whether  they  are  Roman 
wholly  or  partly ;  or  whether  they  are  the  work  of  Saxon  artificers  influ- 
enced by  Roman  examples.     In  either  case  they  bespeak  refinement  and 
luxury  quite  incompatible  with  the  popular  notions  of  our  Saxon  forefathers. 
The  goldsmiths'  work  is  rich,  elegant,  and  tastefully  varied  in  pattern ; 
some  of  the  swords  are  richly  mounted,  and  the  belts  and  buckles  set  with 
gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones.    From  the  graves  alone  we  gain  this  curi- 
ous insight  of  the  personal  decorations  of  the  people  of  the  early  Saxon 
epoch,  which  is  not  illustrated  by  sculpture,  coins,  or  those  other  works 
which  often  throw  a  light  upon  Roman  costume. 

The  illuminated  MSS.  of  a  few  centuries  later  supply  authority  for 
costume,  which  in  most  cases  was  an  imitation  of  the  Roman.  In  the 
Norman  epoch  the  Bayeux  Tapestry  affords  a  mine  of  examples.  To  these 
Mr.  Fairholt  has  now  added  a  full-length  seated  portrait  of  the  Conqueror, 
from  a  manuscript  by  William,  Abbot  of  Jumi6ges,  preserved  in  the  public 
Library  of  Rouen.     Mr.  Fairholt  states : — 

0 

"  It  is  the  best  regal  figure  of  William  we  possess.    His  tunic  has  wide  sleeves  with 


42  Cottume  in  England.  [Jan. 

a  richly  ornamented  border:  a  mantle  ii  fattened  to  the  right  shoulder  by  a  brooch,  in 
fibula.  Hit  crown  is  of  lingular  shape,  a  combination  of  cap  and  crown ;  and  he  hold! 
in  hi*  left  hand  a  aceptro  of  somewhat  peculiar  form,  lib  face  ia  ao  carefully  drawn 
that  it  bear*  the  nutrka  of  portraiture." 

A  work  such  as  this,  extending  over  bo  long  a  period  of  time,  and  em- 
bracing such  a  variety  of  subjects,  a  perfect  com- 
prehension of  which  demands  that  the  eve  be 
appealed  to  in  almost  every  page,  can  hardly  be 
treated  ia  a  review  with  justice  at  all  commen- 
surate with  its  merits.  It  contains  nearly  700 
engravings.  From  these  we  select,  not  perhaps 
in  every  instance  the  most  striking,  but  some 
which  were  not  given  in  the  first  edition,  and 
without  reference  to  the  author's  scheme,  which 
is  a  division  into  periods  and  subdivisions  of  the 
various  classes  of  society. 

Having  described  the  long-toed  shoes  of  the 
time  of  the  Plantsgenets,  Mr.  Fairholt  adds ; — 

"  In  the  armoury  of  Lord  Loudeaborough  1b  b  jam  bo 
and  solleret  of  this  era,  a  singularly  curious  and  probably 
unique  illustration  of  tbe  fashion  at  carried  oat  in  war- 
caparison.  The  long  toe  of  the 
solleret  ia  furniihed  with  a  ring, 
to  allow  a  chain  to  be  fastened 
to  it,  which  m*y  be  aecured  to 
another  ring  in  the  centre  of  tbe  knee-cap.  I  have  never  seen  a  similar  example  of 
this  curious  fashion.  The  flexible  plate*  of  the  instep,  urnl  the  fragment*  of  chain-mail 
at  the  back  of  the  leg,  are  worthy  of  observation." 

Among  the  illustrations  of  the  same  epoch  are  introduced  the  two  fol- 
lowing:— 


Hit.  1-  Kg.  i. 

"Tile  effi/v  now  believed  lo  lie  thnt  of  William  Mareschal  tbe  younger,  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  fomiilic*  lie  with  the  excellent  example  (fig.  1}  of  the  way  in  which  tbe 
eoif  de  maillei  win  secured  on  tbe  head,  and  lapped  round  the  face,  being  fastened  to 
tlie  left  aide,  near  the  temple,  by  a  atrap  and  buckle.  In  Pershore  Church,  Worcester- 
shire, ia  an  equally  curious  effigy  of  the  same  era,  which  represent*  lbs  knight  with 
tbi*  lappet  unloosed  uud  reputing  on  the  breast.    It  is  a  valuable  additional  illustration 


1861.]  Costume  in  England.  43 

of  thii  peculiar  portion  of  earlj  military  costume,  The  form  assumed  by  the  coif  in 
covering  the  iron  skull-cap  worn  under  it  will  also  be  observed,  bi  well  as  the  bond 
which  pWJW  around  the  forehead,  and  seems,  by  the  bracing  springs  at  intervals  over 
it,  as  if  intended  to  keep  the  cap  in  its  proper  place.  These  cute  may  help  us  to  under- 
stand the  more  imperfect  representations  of  armed  knight*  in  the  Bayenx  Tapestry." 
Oar  early  poets  and  the  national  literature  in  general  have  been  ao  well 
studied  by  Mr.  Fairholt  that  nothing  relating  to  hit  subject  seems  to  have 
escaped  his  observation.  Chaucer,  as  might  have  been  expected,  is  often 
referred  to.  The  minutirc  of  a  knight's  costume,  described  in  the  following 
passage  in  his  "  Rime  of  Sire  Thopas,"  receive  explanation  in  the  annexed 
cuts: — 

" '  He  did  next  hii  white  lere b 

Of  cloth  of  lake  fine  and  clere, 

A  breche  and  eke  a  shirt. 

And  next  his  shirt  an  baketon. 

And  over  that  an  habergeon  ', 

For  piercing  of  his  heart  *  ; 

And  over  that  a  fine  hauberk. 

Was  all  wrought  of  jawea  work. 

Foil  strong  it  was  of  plate ;  I 

And  over  that  his  coat- armour", 

Aa  white  as  is  the  lily  flower. 

In  which  he  would  debate.' 
"  We  have  frequently  had  occasion  to  note  the  mutual 
illustration  afforded  by  the  art  and  literature  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  Thus  the  whole  of  the  articles  of  dress  above  men- 
tioned may  be  distinguished  on  an  effigy  of  the  Chaucerian 
era  in  Ash  Church,  Kent.     A  portion  of  this  figure,  from 

the  waist  to  the  knee,  is  here  engraved  (fig.  1).  The  hauberk  of  plate  is  the  upper- 
most covering,  over  which  the  fringed  tabard  is  drawn  tightly  by  a  silken  cord  at 
each  side." 

The  hauberk  itself  is  shewn  from  a  representation  in  the  Romance  of 


Heliadns  (Brit.  Mus.,  Add.  MSS  ,  12—  223).    Another  illustration  (fig.  2) 

*  He  puts  on  next  his  white  akin. 

'  This  word  yet  lingers  in  some  of  the  eastern  parts  of  Kent,  where 
applied  to  the  countryman's  frock. — Ed. 

'  That  is,  to  protect  it.  '  Or  tabard. 


44  Costume  in  England.  [Jan. 

gives  a  most  complete  conception  of  Chaucer's  description  of  a  knight's 
equipment  for  war,  of  which  the  above  quotation  is  a  portion  only. 

The  bas-reliefs  of  the  Hdtel  dii  Bourgtheroulde,  at  Rouen,  representing 
the  processional  meeting  of  Francis  I.  and  Henry  VIII.,  are  replete  with 
details  of  costume  of  both  man  and  horse,  which  have  heretofore  been 
somewhat  overlooked  by  our  writers,  but  they  can  now  be  advantageously 
studied  from  the  casts  in  the  Crystal  Palace.  The  commencement^of  the 
sixteenth  century  introduces  many  changes  and  innovations  in  the  dress, 
one  of  the  moat  marked  being  the  slashed  and  puffed  hose,  a  term  originally 
applied  to  the  upper  part  of  what  was  afterwards  termed  breeches,  the 
lower,  tight-fitting  portion  being  the  stocking.     Of  this  period, — 

"The  annexed  engraving  is  an  excellent  example;  and  ii  copied  from  a  figure  on 
one  of  the  columns  of  the  Ware  Chantry  (dated 
1532)  in  Boigrove  Chnrch,  Sussex.  The  various 
portions  of  the  dress  are  covered  with  slashes,  to 
■hew  the  under -clothing  of  silk  or  fine  linen ;  the 
sleeves  are  cut  into  strips,  and  were  generally  of 
different  colours,  a  fashion  originating  among  the 
Swim,  and  adopted  by  the  Court  of  France,  from 
whence  it  travelled  to  England.  Its  origin  is 
curiously  told  in  a  raw  little  boot  by  Henry 
Pescbara,  entitled '  The  Truth  of  our  Times,'  163S  i 
'At  what  time  tbe  Duke  of  Burgundy  received  his 
overthrow  (st  Nancy  in  1477),  and  the  Swiss  re- 
covered their  liberty,  he  entered  the  field  in  all 
the  state  and  pomp  be  could  possibly  devise.  He 
brought  with  him  all  his  plate  and  jewels;  all 
his  tents  were  of  silk,  of  several  colours ',  which, 
the  bottle  being  ended,  being  all  torn  to  pieces 
by  the  Swiss  soldiers,  of  a  part  of  one  colour,  they 
msde  them  doublets,  of  the  rest  of  the  colours 
breeches,  stockings,  and  caps,  returning  home  in 
that  habit ;  so  ever  in  remembrance  of  that  fa- 
mous victory  by  thorn  achieved,  even  to  this  day 

they  go  still  in  their  party  -colours,'  and  which,  he  further  says, '  consist  of  doublets  and 
breeches,  drawn  out  with  huge  puffs  of  taffatae  or  linen,  and  their  stockings  (like  the 
knaves  of  our  cards)  party-coloured  of  red  and  yellow,  and  other  colours.' " 

The  sumptuary  law  passed  by  Henry  VIII.  in  the  thirty-third  year  of  hi* 
reign  obliged  persons  who  displayed  in  their  dress  costly  forbidden  articles 
to  provide  horses  and  armour  for  the  wars,  under  the  penalty  of  a  heavy 
fine.  This  law  reached  both  sexes,  and  being  rigorously  enforced,  to  the 
great  hindrance  of  trade,  and  to  the  profit  of  the  royal  treasury,  helped  to 
strip  the  popular  costume  of  many  of  its  exuberances,  and  to  induce  more 
simple  fashions,  of  which  the  engraving  of  a  gentleman  from  an  incised  slab 
(1550)  in  Holiest  on  Church,  Staffordshire,  affords  an  example. 

1  In  M.  Jnbinnl's  Tupitsrrifi  anciemet  it  France  is  engraved  the  curious  em- 
blematic tapestry  which  lined  the  Duke's  tent. 


1861 .]  Costume  in  England.  45 

Mary  was  as  stringent  as  her  father  against  the  use  of  silk  ;  and  a  law 
was  passed  in  the  beginning  of  her  reign  inflicting  a  fine  of  ten  pounds  daily 
upon  every  one  (without  the  pale  of  the  privileged)  convicted  of  wearing 
any  kind  of  silk ;  and  a  fine  of  one  hundred  pounds  for  not  dismissing 
any  servant  guilty  of  the  offence  of  silk  wearing. 

™  I  quote  there  laws,"  says  Mr.  Falrholt,  "  as  much,  or  more,  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
tailing the  minntis  of  dress  in  those  times,  as  for  the  display  of  ignorant  despotism 
they  evince;  none  of  the  Cramers  of  these  sapient  enactments  imagining,  any  more 
than  the  clamorous  satirists,  that  the  excess  in  apparel,  which  they  declare  would  clothe 
many  poor  families,  would,  if  restrained,  never  be  applied  to  such  purposed,  while  the 
demand  by  the  wealth;  for  superabundance  clothed  and  fed  many  a  workman  who 
would  else  have  starved." 

The  reign  of  Elizabeth  introduced  many  extravagances  which  flourished, 
in  spite  of  the  blasts  of  the  satirists.     Among  these  the  most  energetic 
ia    Stubbe's  "  Anatomy  of   Abuses,"   who    complains    it  is    impossible 
to  know  "  who  ia  noble,  who  is  worshipful, 
who  ia  a  gentleman,  who  is  not,"  because  all 
persona  dress  in  "  silks,  velvets,  salens,  da- 
maskea,  taffeties,  and  euche  like,  notwithstand- 
ing that  they  be  both  base  by  birthe,  meane  by 
estate,  and  servile  by  calling ;  and  this  I  count 
a  great  confusion  and  a  general  disorder :  God 
be  merciful  unto  us."    It  is  impossible  to  think 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  dissociated  from  a  ruff;  but 
we  never  remember  having  seen  a  back  view 
of  this  article  of  attire,  or  rather  of  its  frame- 
work or  under-prop.     It  ia  here  introduced,  from  a  Dutch  engraving  of 
the  period. 

The  "  Costume  in  England"  is  by  no  means,  as  its  title  might  suggest, 
a  dry  and  lifeless  enumeration  and  explanation  of  the  ever-changing  para- 
phernalia of  the  venerable  goddess  of  Fashion.  Without  professing  to  aim 
at  so  much,  the  author  bas  succeeded  in  making  it,  by  constant  references  to 
popular  literature,  highly  instructive  and  amusing  as  a  commentary  on  cus- 
toms and  manners.  Oor  ancestors  file  in  review  before  us,  from  age  to 
age ;  we  see  them  as  they  were,  and  hear  the  opinions  their  contemporaries 
passed  upon  them  and  their  foibles.  The  following  extracts  from  the  chap- 
ters assigned  to  the  Tudors  and  the  Stuarts,  while  they  convey  some  no- 
tion of  the  author's  resources,  are  selected  chiefly  as  samples  of  the  new 
matter  in  the  present  edition : — 

"Hall,  (a.d.  1598,)  in  the  sixth  aitire  of  his  fourth  hook,  sgsin  notices  the  effemi- 
nacy of  the  (Lindies,  who  wish  to 

•  Wear  curl'd  periwigs,  and  chalk  their  face. 

And  still  are  poring  on  their  pocket  glass. 

Gbbt.  Mio.  Vox.  CCX.  a 


46  Costume  in  England.  [Jan. 

TirMi  with  pinn'd  rufls,  and  funs,  and  partlet h  strips, 

And  book* '  and  verdingalea  k  about  their  hips  ; 

And  tread  on  corked  "tilts  '  a  prisoner's  pace.' 
"In  8.  Rowland's  curious  tract,  'The  Letting  of  Humour's  Blood  in  the  Head 
Tains'  (1600),  the  twenty-sixth  epigram  gives  ns  a  good  picture  of  a  gallant  :— 
■  Behold  a  moat  acocomplish'd  cavalier. 

That  the  world's  age  of  fashion  doth  appear. 

Walking  the  streets  his  hamours  to  disclose, 

In  the  French  doublet  and  the  German  hcM  I 

The  muffai,  eloake,  Spanish  hat,  Toledo  blade, 

Indian  ruffe,  a  shoe  right  Flemish  made ; 

Like  lord  of  misrule,  when  he  conies  he'le  revel, 

And  lye  for  wagers,  like  the  lying'st  deviL' 
"  In  his  tl lirt j -third  epigram  he  laughs  at  a  dandy  : — 

1  How  cock-taile  proud  he  doth  his  head  advance  1 

How  rare  his  spurs  doth  ring  the  morris  dance  !' 

"  It  was  the  fashion  at  this  time  to  wear  gilded 
span  with  rowels  of  targe  size  and  fantastic  shape, 
which  clanked  aud  rang  as  the  gallants  walked 
like  the  bells  which  morris-dan  cera  fastened  to 
their  ankles.  *  I  had  spurs  of  mj  own  before,' 
says  Fungoso,  in  '  Every  Han  in  his  Humonr,' 
'  bat  they  were  not  ginglers.'  The  collection  of 
Lord  Loodesborough  tarnishes  us  with  a  specimen 
of  one  of  these  spars,  with  the  giagle  attached  to 
the  rowel  to  '  discourse  most  eloquent  music'  as 
its  owner  walked. 

"The  incised  brass  to  the  memory  of  Mrs.  Eliza. 
both  Bampfleld,  1618,  in  Shorwell  Chnrch,  Isle  of 
Wight,  kflbrda  as  a  good  illustration  of  the  easier 
costume  adopted  by  ladies  when  the  rigidly-laced 
body  and  wheel  -  farthingale,  as  worn  by  the 
Countess  of  Essex,  was  discarded.  The  light 
head-veil  of  the  time  of  Elisabeth  is  worn,  as 
well  as  the  point-lace  ruff:  the  jerkin,  which 
excited  the  anger  of  Stubbes,  is  seen,  and  the 
long  hanging  sleeves,  and  elegant  wristband.  The 
large  Open  gown  Calls  to  mind  FalstafTs  com- 
plaint (1  Hen.  IT.  iii.  8), '  My  skin  hangs  about 
me  like  an  old  lady's  gown,'  words  which  are 
well  illustrated  by  the  ample  robe  which  encases 
the  entire  figure,  and  exhibits  a  general  ease 
more  agreeable  to  the  eye  than  the  representa- 
tions of  ladies  we  have  seen  since  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth." 

■  Attired. 

h  A  partlet  was  a  neckerchief,  gorget,  or  loose  collar  of  a  doublet. 

'  Pieces  of  wood  or  whalebuoe,  worn  down  the  front  of  stays  to  keep  them  straight. 

1  Stuffed  trunk-hose,  which  set  out  like  a  lady's  farthingale. 

1  A  kind  of  high  shoe,  called  a  mogle . — "  Mullens,  a  shoe  with  a  high  sole,  which 
kings  and  noblemen  use  to  wcare,  now  common  among  nice  fellowca." — Juniut'M 
Someudator,  by  Fleming,  1665. 


1861.]  CoMtvme  in  England.  47 

From  Stuarts  and  Puritans  Mr.  Fairholt  conducts  ua  with  unflagging 
spirit  and  humour,  by  easy  steps,  down  to  the  early  daya  of  George  III. 

Hg.  1.  Kig.  1. 


From  the  reign  of  William  III.  we  select  an  example  (fig.  1)  of  the  or- 
dinary walking- dress  of  a  lady  ;  and  (fig.  2)  a  representation  of  a  lady  affect- 
ing male  costume,  a  taste  not  uncommon  both  in  earlier  and  in  later  timet, 
and  amenable  to  the  poet'a  interrogation  :— 

"  Sir,  or  Madam,  choose  jon  whether 

Ion  are  one  or  bath  together. " 

A  Glossary  of  upwards  of  250  pages,  well    illustrated,  completes  the 

Tolume,  the  readers  of  which — and  tbey  will  be  many — will,  we  think,  only 

disagree  with   the   author  on  one  point,   and  that  is,   the   self- accusation 

towards  the  close  : — 

"  Thai  fir,  with  rough  and  nil  unable  pen, 
Oar  bending  author  bath  punned  bii  itorj." 


48  [Jan. 


DISCOVERY  OF  ROMAN  REMAINS  IN  YORK. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Editor  of  the  "Yorkshire  Gazette"  for  the 
following  communication : — 

"About  the  end  of  last  November  the  workmen  engaged  in  the  erection  of 
Mr.  Lund's  new  houses  near  Monk  Bar,  whilst  removing  some  earth  forming  the 
ancient  rampart  of  the  city  walls,  discovered  a  mass  of  masonry,  which  on  being 
bared  was  found  to  be  of  Roman  workmanship,  and  to  be  part  of  the  walls  of 
Eboracum.  Already  a  depth  of  about  eight  feet  of  wall  has  been  excavated,  and 
it  is  in  most  perfect  preservation.  The  construction  is  of  a  most  compact  and  solid 
character,  with  alternate  courses  of  stone  and  rubble.  The  front  of  the  wall  is 
faced  with  stone;  its  width  is  irregular,  and  the  earth  has  not  yet  been  suffi- 
ciently cleared  away  to  ascertain  the  correct  dimensions.  Apparently  several  feet 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  wall  have  been  removed.  So  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  the 
wall  runs  parallel  with  the  present  city  walls  extending  to  Layerthorpe-bridge, 
and  this  discovery  fully  bears  out  the  conjectures  of  the  late  Mr.  Wellbeloved 
as  to  its  supposed  position  and  the  original  dimensions  of  ancient  York  under  the 
Romans. 

"  In  his  descriptive  account  of  the  antiquities  in  the  grounds  and  museum  of 
the  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society,  he  wrote — '  The  multangular  tower  with  the 
wall  adjoining  it  is  the  only  portion  of  the  fortifications  of  Eboracum,  or  Roman 
York,  existing  above  ground.  But  in  excavating  for  sewers  and  other  purposes, 
various  portions  of  the  foundations  of  such  fortifications  have  been  found ;  by 
meaus  of  which  the  exact  extent  of  one  side  and  the  direction  of  two  other  sides 
of  the  Roman  station  have  been  satisfactorily  ascertained.  No  distinct  traces  of 
a  fourth  side  have  yet  (1858)  been  found,  or  if  found,  noticed  by  any  antiquary. 
It  can  only  be  conjectured  that  it  nearly  coincided  with  the  rampart  and  wall  con- 
nected with  Monk  Bar  and  Layerthorpe-bridge.'  This  supposition  being  uow 
verified,  it  appears  that  '  Roman  York  occupied  comparatively  a  small  portion  of 
the  site  of  modern  York,  and  that  it  was  entirely  on  the  north  side  of  the  river 
Ouse ;  the  south  side  being  occupied  by  extensive  baths,  temples,  villas,  and  places 
of  burial,  on  the  road  leading  from  Eboracum  to  Calcaria  (Tadcaster),  the  next 
station  towards  the  south.' 

"  The  Roman  station,  as  conjectured  by  Mr.  Wellbeloved,  and  as  now  proved  to 
have  existed, '  was  of  a  rectangular  form  of  about  536  yards  by  about  470 ;  having, 
it  is  probable,  four  principal  gates  or  entrances,  four  principal  angle  towers,  and 
a  series  of  minor  towers  or  turrets,  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  in  number.' 

"  We  trust  that  some  efforts  will  be  made  by  the  City  Council  to  further  dc- 
velope  this  discovery,  by  tracing  the  course  of  the  wall  towards  Layerthorpe,  and 
by  bringing  to  view  the  faces  of  this  Roman  structure,  that  its  exact  dimensions 
and  construction  may  be  more  definitely  ascertained ." 


1861.]  49 


THE  LIVERPOOL  TOWN  MUSEUM. 

The  people  of  Liverpool,  stimulated  by  public  opinion  and  by  the 
munificent  gift  of  their  fellow  townsman,  Mr.  William  Brown,  have  at 
length  resolved  on  establishing  a  Free  Library  and  a  Museum.  It  is  said 
that  the  funds  already  provided  for  that  worthy  purpose  amount  to 
£100,000.  The  learned  and  energetic  Secretary  of  the  Historic  Society 
of  Cheshire  and  Lancashire  (Dr.  Hume),  has  printed  a  pamphlet  on  the 
subject a,  in  which  he  enters  very  fully  into  the  state  of  affairs  as  they  now 
stand,  or  very  recently  stood, — the  history  of  the  institution,  the  delibera- 
tions and  proposals  affecting  its  establishment  in  a  manner  creditable  to 
the  town  and  the  intelligence  of  the  age,  the  conflicting  opinions  or  in- 
terests which  would  seem  to  be  at  work  to  imperil  its  efficiency ;  and,  as 
if  the  people  of  Liverpool  were  not  fully  convinced  of  the  wisdom  of  such 
a  provision,  he  pleads  for  a  prominent  place  for  national  and  especially 
local  antiquities. 

"Nor,"  be  adds,  "should  Mau  himself  be  forgotten,  the  ethnological  collection 
illustrating  his  varieties.  This  does  not  mean  a  collection  of  rude  weapons  such  as 
would  fill  a  Salle  des  Sauvages,  but  one  actually  illustrative  of  past  and  present 
peoples,  whether  primitive  or  advanced.  Their  articles  of  commerce  would  harmonise 
with  the  plan,  and  numismatic*  or  medals,  &c,  would  give  to  several  departments  ad- 
ditional illustration." 

Dr.  Hume  then,  in  a  very  masterly  way,  sketches  in  outline  what  the 
Museum  should  be,  and  what  it  easily  could  be  made.  But  we  gather 
there  is  a  powerful  party  at  work  who  are  bent  upon  filling  the  rooms 
according  to  the  approved  old-fashioned  style ;  and  Lord  Derby  having 
turned  over  to  the  town  an  enormous  quantity  of  stuffed  birds,  these 
feathered  bipeds,  it  seems  to  be  resolved,  shall  occupy  much  more  space 
than  their  merits  deserve.  They  are  said  to  be  not  in  the  best  condition ; 
and  if  they  were,  how  is  it  that  Liverpool  has  become  so  suddenly  ornith- 
ological to  the  exclusion  of  the  full  claims  of  the  high  arts  and  sciences  ? 
We  trust  that  Mr.  Brown  has  reserved  for  himself  the  right  to  recommend 
how  his  gift  should  be  applied ;  and  that  he  will  check  this  threatened 
monopoly  of  space  by  the  Derby  collection.  Dr.  Hume's  logical  and  con- 
vincing essay  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  tax- payer  in  Liverpool. 

In  the  recently-published  volume  of  "  Transactions  of  the  Historic 
Society"  are  some  remarks  on  the  same  subject  by  Mr.  Roach  Smith b, 
which  may  also  be  read  with  advantage  by  the  Town  Council,  and  others 

*  Character  of  the  Liverpool  Town  Museum,  with  Suggestions  for  its  Interior 
Arrangement.    By  the  Rev.  A.  Hume,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Ac.    (Liverpool,  1859.) 

*  On  the  Importance  of  Public  Museums  for  Historical  Collections.  By  C.  Roach 
Smith,  Hon.  Mem. 


60  The  Liverpool  Town  Museum.  [Jan. 

who  have  undertaken  the  responsibility  of  forming  the  Museum.  Like 
Dr.  Hume,  Mr.  Roach  Smith  pleads  the  cause  of  general,  national,  and 
local  antiquities  as  illustrative  of  the  history  of  man ;  and  he  points  to 
some  museums  in  this  country  (especially  to  those  of  York,  Newcastle,  and 
Caerleon),  and  to  many  in  France,  where  the  works  of  man  in  past  times 
are  so  abundant  and  instructive  that  no  room  is  allowed  to  specimens  of 
natural  history  and  to  those  assemblages  of  mere  curiosities  which  amuse 
the  idle  for  a  moment  without  affording  the  slightest  useful  information. 
After  speaking  on  the  claims  of  purely  local  antiquities,  he  observes : — 

"  In  tbe  next  grade  should  stand  the  general  antiquities  of  the  country ;  and,  ex- 
tending the  circle,  those  of  the  neighbouring  countries  from  which  our  ancestors 
emigrated,  and  whose  relationship  is  reflected  in  the  objects  themselves.  Here  our 
Saxon  remains,  which  reveal  in  so  remarkable  a  manner  the  true  condition  of  the  suc- 
cessors of  the  Romans  in  Britain,  plead  an  ancestral  claim  to  our  regard  c.  Who  can 
survey  the  arms,  the  ornaments,  the  rich  jewellery,  the  glass  drinking-cups,  and  their 
other  funeral  accompaniments,  without  feeling  that  he  has  something  to  unlearn  and 
much  to  learn  of  the  peoples  who  populated  Roman- Britain,  from  whom  we  so  largely 
draw  our  existence,  and  derive  so  much  of  our  customs,  laws,  institutions,  and  national 
character  ?  Followed  by  the  Norman  and  Medieval  series,  the  eye  will  read  much  of 
the  spirit  of  the  various  ages  they  represent,  and  will  perceive,  in  their  juxta-position 
with  the  Roman,  how  much  they  were  all  influenced  by  the  types  of  that  section." 

Some  may  say  that  Liverpool,  being  of  modern  growth,  cannot  be  ex- 
pected to  produce  title-deeds  of  antiquity;  but  she  has  grown  into  a 
position  scarcely  second  to  the  metropolis,  and  if  there  were  educated  and 
refined  taste,  she  might  at  once  establish  a  Museum  of  National  Anti- 
quities, worthy  the  name.  It  would  be  discreditable  if  the  present  chance 
should  be  thrown  away,  and  we  press  upon  the  consideration  of  the  in- 
fluential people  of  the  town  the  arguments  contained  in  the  two  pamphlets 
referred  to. 

e  The  finest  collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  works  of  art  is  now  in  the  Museum  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Mayer,  of  Liverpool,  a  Museum  which  the  town  of  Liverpool  can  never  be  ex- 
pected to  collect  the  like  of;  for  besides  its  heavy  pecuniary  cost,  it  has  been  gathered 
together  with  that  good  taste  and  judgment  which  collective  wisdom  seldom  pos- 
sesses.— Ed. 


1861.]  51 


®viQiml  9otttmrtit& 


The  following  holograph  letter  of  Leicester  to  Burghley  is  from  the 
State  Paper  Office.  It  is  amusing  to  see  the  crafty  Dudley  driving 
a  bargain  about  new  rates  of  poundage,  and  also  urging  his  tender  care 
for  his  ward.  He  professes  to  be  deeply  interested  for  the  *•  young  child," 
proposes  to  marry  him  to  the  Treasurer's  niece,  and  laments  the  weary 
business  he  has  had  with  the  young  child's  mother :  she  possibly  deemed 
the  wolf  an  indifferent  guardian  for  the  lamb. 

THE  EARL  OF  LEICESTER  TO  LORD  BURGHLEY-JUNE  16, 1575. 

My  veary  good  Lord, — I  have  sent  you  the  note  the  Quenes  Mau  talked 
with  you  of  at  Hatfyld,  which  I  could  not  come  by  before  I  cam  hether  to  Tud- 
dington,  for  that  my  coffers  were  gonne  thether  with  som  of  my  stuffe.  Your 
Lordship  wyll  better  conceaYe  of  the  matter  than  I  can,  and  may  have  conference 
with  such  as  are  hable  to  informe  you  the  wayes  to  further  such  a  platt.  And 
sewer  my  Lord  to  my  none  judgement,  yt  apperes  a  matter  veary  probable  and 
reasonable,  and  as  yt  ys  lawfull  for  Her  iYau  to  do  yt,  so  the  dowbt  of  ray  sing 
some  wares  comodyus  for  this  realme  to  a  higher  pryce,  mythinkes  may  be  well 
answered,  even  the  greatnes  therof  already  which  the  marchant  selleth  them  for, 
and  the  smalenes  of  the  matter  that  wylbe  the  encreace  to  ther  burden,  cannott 
advaunce  any  greater  pryce  than  ys  in  that  respect.  For  howe  small  a  thing  yt 
must  be  reakened  to  them  that  sells  so  dere,  to  be  but  rated  at  12*.  the  £.,  and 
that  nether  according  to  the  uttermost  Yallew  they  sell  ther  wares,  butt  rather 
at  the  half  or  3d  parte  therof,  I  dowbt  not  but  wylbe  found  in  the  executyon  of 
the  matter  veary  easie ;  and  yet  these  many  smales  wyll  torne  to  some  reason- 
able recknyng  to  the  encreace  of  Her  Ma"*  revenewe,  whose  chardges  we  se 
dayly  how  yt  doth  encrease.  This  matter  was  declared  to  me  by  a  very  honest 
substancyall  man  every  way,  which  caused  me  the  rather  to  open  yt  to  Her 
Mau,  and  at  that  tyme  I  asked  the  question  your  Lordship  dyd  move  whether 
Smyth  might  not  take  the  benyfytt  therof  or  no,  which  he  assured  me  he  could 
not,  nether  could  hurt  him,  for  that  he  must  have  according  to  the  rate  sett  to 
him  before,  to  all  the  quantytye  that  comyth  in.  And  this  ys  but  an  encreace 
of  a  new  valewe,  which  cannott  hurt  him,  except  he  wyll  alledge  cause  that  hit 
wyll  demynyshe  the  quantytye  of  the  wares  that  shuld  be  brought,  which  ys 
thought,  and  in  reason,  should  not  for  so  small  a  burden  as  this  ys.  Your  Lord- 
shyp  may  deall  with  him,  and  yf  yt  may  appere  hurtfull  to  him  yt  were  not  reason 
during  his  terme  to  deall  with  yt,  except  Her  Mau  wold  recompence  him,  nether 
wold  I  wyllingly  doo  that  shuld  hinder  him,  both  having  served  Her  Mau  well, 
and  also  being  my  very  frend.  Your  Lordshyp  shall  perceave  according  to  this 
rate,  many  thinges  being  left  out,  ther  wylbe  above  £4,000  raysed  yerely  upon 
this  computation,  and  so  doo  referr  the  further  consideration  to  your  Lordshyp. 

I  have  one  other  matter  to  request  your  Lordshyp's  order  for  before  the  term 
end  ;  hit  ys  for  yong  Varney,  whome  your  Lordshyp,  I  thank  you,  dyd  graunt 
unto  me,  and  I  assure  your  Lordshyp  I  desiered  him  only  for  the  good  of  that 


52  Original  Documents.  [Jan. 

howse,  knowing  that  he  were  lykely  to  receive  elles  moch  harme  ;  and  as  I  was 
desierous  and  wyllyng  to  make  offer  of  his  marriage  to  your  Lordshyp  for  one  of 
Mr.  Cave's  daughters,  your  neces,  before  any  other,  so  am  I  styll  desierous  that 
match  shuld  take  place,  as  well  for  the  good  worshipp  of  the  howse,  as  chiefely 
the  aliance  with  your  Lordshyp,  by  whose  meanes  he  may  receive  his  greatest 
benefytt.  And  by  cause  your  Lordship  shall  perceave  my  meaning  was  wholy 
for  the  young  childes  benefytt  to  have  him,  even  as  I  ofrred  his  match  in  mariage 
with  your  Lordshyp  hereafter  yf  God  gyve  lyking  betwene  the  partyes,  so  dyd 
I  as  freely  offer  all  other  thinges  that  was  to  be  looked  unto  of  his,  to  Sir  Tho. 
Lucye  his  uncle,  who  I  know  both  loved  the  father  and  grandfather,  and  wold 
wyllingly  further  this ;  yet  uppon  perusing  the  state  of  thinges  as  they  stand, 
wold  by  no  meanes  deall  with  them,  nether  take  the  chardge  of  them.  I  offred 
lykewyse  to  any  other  of  his  nerest  kyn  the  same,  with  all  comodytyes'  that  they 
could  make,  or  that  I  could  procure  at  your  Lordshyp's  handes  for  them  also, 
that  his  howse  and  other  thinges  myght  be  well  governed  and  preserved  for  the 
young  man ;  there  was  none  wold  meddell  with  them.  And  I  protest  to  God 
(my  Lord)  they  shuld  have  had  all,  and  even  as  I  had  yt  from  your  Lordshyp. 
Which  indede  I  thought  could  not  be  but  some  comodyty  to  such  as  shuld  have 
yt,  at  such  reasonable  rates  as  you  use  to  lett  such  thinges.  Yet  in  the  end  all 
his  owen  frendes  refusing,  as  I  tell  your  Lordship,  to  deall  with  yt,  I  was  dreven 
to  desier  and  entreat  Sir  Jo.  Hibbottes  to  take  yt  in  hand,  always  foreseing  he 
shuld  not  hinder  him  self  or  be  a  loser.  Whemppon  at  my  request  he  hath  so 
done,  and  we  have  had  such  a  busynes  with  the  mother  of  the  young  boy  as  I 
assure  your  Lordship  she  weryed  us  all ;  and  without  your  Lordshyp  setto  your 
favourable  help  hereafter  aa  occasion  shall  serve  justely,  the  boy  shall  skant, 
whilst  he  ly  ves,  be  able  to  kepe  the  countenance  of  a  mene  gentleman,  and  yet 
ys  his  lyving  worth  together  well  a  1,000  markes  a  year.  But  his  father,  the 
unthryft  that  your  Lordshyp  and  I  had  so  much  to  doe  withall,  hath  made  such 
bargeynes  ana  leaces,  and  in  debt  £2,000  when  he  dyed,  whereby  except  the 
younge  boy  fynd  good  frendes,  when  he  comes  to  mannes  estate  he  shall  have 
all  his  landes  subject  to  bondes  and  forfeitures. 

Wherefore  Sir  Jo.  being  very  careful!  to  preserve  all,  as  much  as  may  be 
possyble,  I  thynk  wyll  at  your  coming  to  Kenelworth,  conferr  with  your  Lord- 
shyp how  some  order  may  be  taken  whereby  som  of  his  debtes  may  in  this  tyme 
be  payd,  and  so  the  child  lesse  burdened  hereafter.  And  also  Sir  Jo.  hath  great 
care  in  bringing  him  upp,  and  so  have  1  chifely,  tyll  he  be  a  lytle  bygger,  to 
goe  to  som  other  place  to  gett  more  knoledge ;  and  aa  hetherto  he  hath  had  no 
allowance  for  him,  so  my  request  to  your  Lordshyp  ys,  that  you  wyll  apoint  him 
some  reasonable  portyon,  which  I  dare  undertake  at  the  least  shalbe  imployed 
toward  him  every  way.  And  according  to  my  promysse  to  your  Lordshyp,  as 
gone  as  he  corny th  to  yeres  that  you  shall  think  good  to  have  him  dealt  with  for 
the  matter  of  Mr.  Caves  daughter,  he  shalbe,  God  willing,  only  kept  for  yt,  and 
as  ye  shall  think  of  him  then  mete  for  such  a  one,  so  shall  fynd  all  his  frendes, 
at  least  the  chife,  so  deall  in  yt  as  I  know  already  they  ar  most  wylling  and 
desierus  shold  take  place.  And  I  wyshe  he  may  prove  one  that  your  Lordshyp 
may  lyke  so  to  bestowe  him,  and  then  your  Lordshyp  shall  have  him  even  as  I 
had  him  of  you.  Thus  desiering  your  Lordshyp  that  this  bearer  clarke,  Sir  John 
Hibbottes  sollycytor  may  attend  you  to  receive  your  pleasure  herein,  I  wyll  for 
this  time  comytt  you  to  God,  and  byd  your  Lordship  most  hartyly  fare  well. 
From  Tudington  this  16  of  June.  Your  L.  assured  frende, 

R.  Leicester. 

I  pray  your  L.  send  the  booke  with  your  letters  that  Ellys  hath, 
with  as  much  spede  as  ye  may,  and  as  your  L.  shall  think  best,  to 
wryte  for  the  furtherance  therof. 

To  the  right  Honourable  my  very  good  Lord,  the  L.  Burley 
Treasorer  of  England  and  Knyght  of  the  Order. 

6 


1861.]  53 


antiquarian  atffl  feiterarg  fottrUtgeitrer. 


[Correspondents  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  not,  unless  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  mag  be  forwarded  to  themJ] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 

Nov.  22.     John  Bbtjce,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 

J.  Y.  Akerman,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  to  the  Society  a  javelin- 
head  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Mr.  Akerman  also  communicated  an  ac- 
count and  a  pattern  of  some  swords,  147  in  number,  recently  found  at 
Bourton-on-the- Water,  at  a  spot  called  the  Camp.  It  was  stated  at  the 
meeting  by  J.  H.  Parker,  F.S.A.,  that  one  of  these  swords  had  been  ex- 
hibited at  Oxford  the  previous  meeting,  and  that  the  whole  of  the  swords 
had  been  found  together  with  the  remains  of  a  box.  Mr.  Akerman  con- 
sidered them  to  be  cut-and-thrust  swords  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

In  illustration  of  the  beautiful  palimpsest  brass  exhibited  at  the  previous 
meeting  by  J.  G.  Waller,  J.  G.  Nichols,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  rubbing  of 
one  found  at  Harrow. 

W.  H.  Bart,  F.S.A.,  laid  before  the  Society  two  books  from  the  Reigate 
Library,  one  of  which  bore  the  arms,  and  had  at  one  time  been  the  property, 
of  Henry  Lord  Howard,  while  the  other  bore  the  signature  of  Richard 
Cromwell :  a  discovery  which  was  due  to  Mr.  Hart. 

W.  L.  Lawrence,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  bronze  celt,  with  lunate  edge  and 
of  wedge  shape,  found  at  Whittington,  Gloucestershire.  The  same  gentle- 
man exhibited  a  bowl  of  bell-metal,  found  at  the  Haw  on  the  Severn.  The 
discovery  of  this  bowl  is  recorded  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  as  far 
back  as  the  year  1824,  (see  vol.  xciv.  p.  627,)  to  which  quarter  we  refer  the 
reader  for  further  particulars.  We  there  learn  that  the  companion  bowl  or 
ewer  was  found  at  the  same  time  in  the  same  place,  but  to  the  present 
whereabouts  of  the  latter  we  possess  no  clue.  Of  the  bowl  exhibited  this 
evening,  the  Director,  Augustus  W.  Franks,  F.B.A.,  communicated  some 
remarks,  and  along  with  it  exhibited  a  similar  pair  of  bowls,  or  a  bowl  and 
ewer,  in  order  to  illustrate  uses  to  which  they  were  applied :  the  one  hold- 
ing and  the  other  receiving  the  water  for  washing  hands  at  repasts.  Mr. 
Lawrence's  bowl  was  adorned  in  the  interior  with  engravings  of  subjects 
from  classical  mythology,  each  of  which  was  surrounded  (for  the  arrange- 
ment in  every  case  was  circular)  with  a  Latin  distich  more  or  less  appro- 
priate.    It  as  in  consequence,  we  presume,  of  these  Latin  inscriptions  that 

the  bowl  figures  among  Orelli's  collection  of  Roman  inscriptions.     The 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX.  h 


54  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [Jan, 

Director,  however,  stated  that  it  wub  undoubted  work  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. These  medieval  representations  of  heathen  mythology  are  extremely 
curious,  and  might  furnish  matter  for  much  interesting  investigation  and 
speculation. 


Mr.  Edwin  Smith  communicated  to  the  Society,  through  the  Director, 
some  remarks  on  the  Egyptian  unit  of  weight. 

Mr.  Thompson,  the  author  of  the  "  History  of  Leicester,"  exhibited, 
through  J.  G.  Nichols,  F.S.A.,  some  drawing*  and  remarks  descriptive  of 
whet  the  writer  called  an  old  Roman  basket  found  at  Leicester,  about  four- 
teen feet  below  the  present  surface  of  the  ground,  measuring  from  the  rim 
to  the  surface.  It  was  evidently  a  contrivance  for  collecting  the  water  in 
the  pit  where  it  was  found.  The  dimensions  were  7  ft.  6  in.  in  length  by 
6  ft.  6  in.  across,  and  between  five  and  six  feet  deep.  It  was  constructed  of 
upright  stakes,  framed  and  connected  together  by  means  of  hazel  twigs  or 
wicker-work,  and  without  such  a  contrivance  the  water  would  have  perco- 
lated through  the  gravel,  or  the  sides  of  the  pit  would  have  fallen  in. 


1861.]  Society  of  Antiquaries.  55 

R.  Cole,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  two  autographs  of  Lewis  de  Duras,  Earl 
Feversham,  in  illustration  of  the  interesting  documents  enumerated  in  our 
last  report  of  this  Society.  On  Nov.  15,  Thomas  William  Kino,  F.S.A., 
(York  Herald,)  communicated  for  the  same  purpose  some  interesting 
particulars  respecting  the  will  and  other  documents  bearing  the  signature 
of  the  same  Earl.  From  the  discussion  which  ensued  it  seemed  to  be 
generally  agreed  that  the  first  of  three  documents  laid  before  the  Society 
at  the  last  meeting  by  Mr.  Scuse  through  Mr.  Bruce,  V.-P.,  was  in  all 
probability  a  copy. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and  commu- 
nications. 


Nov.  29.     Eabl  Stanhope,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Frederick  Cabbjtt  exhibited,  through  B.  Cole,  F.S.A.,  two  seals 
of  Great  Grimsby,  with  impressions. 

The  Eabl  of  Veotlam  exhibited  through  John  Bruce,  V.P.S.A.,  a  very 
interesting  folio  volume  of  MS.,  containing  an  account  of  the  treaty  held  at 
Newport  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  the  months  of  September,  October,  and 
November,  1648,  between  King  Charles  I.  and  certain  Commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  Parliament.  From  the  remarks  with  which  Mr.  Bruce  accom- 
panied this  exhibition,  it  appears  that  all  the  known  accounts  of  this  treaty 
proceed  from  the  King's  friends,  whereas  the  MS.  volume  of  the  Earl  of 
Verulam  contains  the  version  of  the  Parliamentary  Commissioners,  by  whose 
clerk  or  secretary  the  MS.  was  probably  compiled.  It  contains,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  printed  matter  found  elsewhere,  the  instructions  given  by 
the  Parliament  to  the  Commissioners,  and  the  correspondence  which  passed 
between  the  Commissioners  and  the  Parliament  during  the  treaty,  together 
with  sundry  details  which  enliven  the  dullness  of  official  documents,  and 
occasional  remarks  on  the  sayings  and  doings  of  the  King. 

W.  M.  Wylie,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  casts  of  nine  ancient  phalarae  discovered 
near  Mayence  in  1859.  Phalaro  of  this  description  answered  to  the  crosses 
and  decorations  of  modern  times,  and  were  worn  across  the  breast,  attached 
it  may  be  presumed  to  a  frame  of  strapwork.  The  originals  are  of  silver, 
and  the  casts  here  exhibited  are  due  to  the  skill  and  care  of  Herr  Lin- 
denschmidt,  conservator  of  the  important  Museum  of  Antiquities  at  May- 
ence. The  workmanship  was  of  a  very  high  order,  and  indicated  a  period 
when  art  was  yet  far  from  its  decline.  This  seemed  to  us  to  be  more  espe- 
cially apparent  from  the  character  of  the  Medusa  head  which  formed  the 
subject  of  one  of  the  phalarae,  and  which  belonged  to  the  best  type.  The 
head  of  Jupiter  Ammon  was  also  remarkably  fine.  Most  of  the  other 
subjects  were  Dionysia? — Fauns,  Bacchanals,  and  the  like.  The  double- 
bodied  Sphinx  seems  worthy  of  note.  On  these  most  interesting  objects 
Mr.  Wylie  read  some  remarks  illustrating  the  use  of  phalarae  generally, 


56  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [Jan* 

both  from  written  texts  of  classical  authors,  (of  whom  the  most  important  is 
Bil.  Ital.  zv.  254),  and  also  from  archaeological  remains. 

The  Secretary  read  an  abstract  of  a  somewhat  lengthy  paper,  by  the 
Abb£  Cochet,  on  excavations  made  at  Etran,  near  Dieppe,  in  1859  and 
1860,  as  bearing  upon  the  rites  of  Christian  sepulture.  The  four  points 
which  the  Abbe*  undertook  to  illustrate  were  the  following : — I.  Inhumation 
in  the  parvise  or  atrium  of  churches ;  II.  The  usage  of  laying  a  stick  or 
wand  upon  the  corpse;  III.  The  orientation  peculiar  to  ecclesiastics; 
IV.  The  custom  of  lining  the  coffin  with  straw.  In  reference  to  this  last 
practice,  the  Abbe*  quoted  the  French  saying,  il  est  sur  la  paille,  as  mean- 
ing that  a  corpse  was  not  yet  consigned  to  the  ground. 

W.  P.  Griffith,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  drawings,  with  remarks,  of  the  early 
Norman  apsidal  chancel  of  the  church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  at  Great 
Amwell,  Herts. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  several  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

Dec.  6.     William  Tite,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

The  ballot  was  taken  for  the  following  gentlemen,  who  were  severally 
declared  duly  elected  Fellows: — William  Winkley,  jun. ;  Rev.  Charles 
Collier,  M.A.;  and  Paul  Butler,  Esq.  The  ballot  was  also  taken  for 
Gustave  Baron  de  Bonstetten  and  Dr.  Ferdinand  Keller,  who  were  elected 
Honorary  Fellows  of  the  Society. 

Augustus  W.  Franks  exhibited,  by  permission  of  Viscountess  Palmer- 
ston,  a  gold  torques  of  the  kind  termed  by  Mr.  Albert  Way  "  funicular." 
It  was  remarkable  from  its  great  thinness,  and  was  recently  found  in 
Hampshire. 

The  Director  also  exhibited,  by  permission  of  Sir  Charles  Wood,  an 
iron  8  word  in  a  bronze  sheath,  and  a  mirror  or  horse  trapping,  by  permission 
of  the  Bedfordshire  Archaeological  Society.  These  two  objects,  from  the 
similarity  of  their  ornamentation,  illustrated  each  other,  and  both  were 
themselves  illustrated  by  drawings  of  shields  and  swords  with  which  the 
Director  accompanied  his  remarks.  These  went  to  shew  that  all  these 
objects  form  a  class  apart,  and  may  go  under  the  denomination  of  Celtic. 
One  of  the  most  curious  facts  mentioned  by  the  Director  was  that  they 
have  hitherto  been  found  almost  exclusively  in  this  country. 

W.  L.  Lawrence,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  box  ornamented  with  burntwork, 
of  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century.  One  of  the  scenes  thus  depicted  was 
Orpheus  taming  the  wild  beasts  by  his  music.  The  other  was  of  more 
doubtful  interpretation,  though  the  apple  pointed  to  the  Judgment  of  Paris. 

William  Selbt  Lowndes,  Esq.,  exhibited,  at  the  request  of  G.  R. 
Corner,  F.S.A.,  a  portrait  inscribed  "Sir  William  Fletewode,  Knt.,  Re- 
corder of  London  1558."  There  seems  little  doubt,  however,  that  the 
individual  represented  is  in  fact  the  Recorder's  son. 


1861 .]  Society  of  Antiquaries.  5  7 

J.  Williams,  F.S.A.,  communicated  some  remarks  in  defence  of  the 
word  bbitt.,  with  the  final  letter  doubled  for  Britanniarum,  on  our  new 
copper  coinage.  The  defence  was  of  course  taken  from  similar  instances 
of  reduplication  which  are  to  be  found  again  and  again  on  ancient  coins,  &c, 
and  with  which  every  classical  scholar  is  familiar. 

George  R.  Corner,  F.S.A.,  exhibited,  by  permission  of  W.  Selby 
Lowndes,  Esq.,  four  most  interesting  illuminations,  (unique,  if  we  are  not 
mistaken,)  representing,  as  Mr.  Corner  believes,  the  Courts  of  Chan- 
cery, King's  Bench,  Common  Pleas,  and  Exchequer,  and  taken  from  some 
manuscript  of  the  time  of  King  Henry  VI.  Unless  the  reader  had  the 
drawings  before  him  it  would  be  impossible  within  our  limits  to  give  any 
idea  of  their  treatment.  In  the  course  of  a  long  and  erudite  paper,  the 
fruit  of  laborious  investigation,  Mr.  Corner  touched  on  many  very  in- 
teresting points  in  the  history  of  English  law  and  of  costume.  The  chief 
difficulty  seems  to  us  to  reside  in  the  Chancery  and  the  Exchequer.  Who 
is  the  Chancellor's  assessor  ?  and  what  has  become  of  the  chequered  cloth 
which  all  writers  consider  a  sine  qud  non  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer,  to 
which  in  fact  it  gave  the  name  which  that  Court  bears  ?  Let  us  hope  that, 
now  that  Mr.  Corner  has  called  attention  to  these  very  curious  illustrations, 
subsequent  investigation  may  throw  further  light  on  these  and  other  moot 
points.  The  meeting  wound  up  with  some  very  pertinent  and  spirited  re- 
marks from  the  Vice-President,  Mr.  Tite,  who  that  evening  discharged  for 
the  first  time  his  duties  as  Vice-President,  with  a  vigour,  intelligence,  and 
tact,  which  elicited  universal  applause. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  the  several  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

Dec.  13.    John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

Edward  William  Brabrook  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society. 

Frederick  Outrt,  F.S.A.,  Treasurer,  exhibited  and  presented  three 
photographs  of  his  great  Hindu  temple  of  Martund,  or  the  Sun,  on  the 
plain  above  Islamabad  in  Kashmir.  For  further  particulars  respecting 
this  temple  the  exhibitor  referred  to  M.  Vigne's  "  Travels  in  Kashmir." 

Mr.  Frederick  Carritt  exhibited  and  presented  impressions  of  the 
Great  Grimsby  seals  mentioned  in  our  report  of  the  meeting  of  the 
29th  of  November.     (Vide  p.  55.) 

The  Rev.  Hugh  Pioot  exhibited,  through  J.  J.  Howard,  F.S.A.,  a  box 
covered  with  iron-work,  and  assigned  by  the  exhibitor  to  the  sixteenth 
century. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Hugo,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  some  iron  weapons  and 
a  stone  celt,  dredged  up  from  the  Thames  before  Hampton  Court  in  the 
month  of  June,  1860. 

Augustus  W.  Frahks,  Dir.  S.A.,  exhibited  some  drawings  of  coffins 
(which,  from  the  design,  belonged  to  the  thirteenth  century)  recently  dis. 


58  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [Jan. 

covered  on  the  site  of  the  priory  of  Berdon,  in  Essex.  Mr.  Franks  also 
exhibited  seven  ancient  fruit  trenchers,  of  oblong  shape,  and  painted  with 
unusual  care.  Each  of  these  trenchers  was  ornamented  with  groups  of 
figures  and  with  inscriptions  of  four  verses.  The  Director  in  the  course 
of  his  remarks  referred  to  a  memoir  by  Mr.  Way,  which  seems  decisive  as 
to  the  use  to  which  these  objects  were  applied.  (Archaeological  Journal, 
iii.  333.)  We  can  only  say  we  should  be  very  sorry  to  have  so  to  use 
them  ourselves. 

John  Bkuce,  V.-P.,  wound  up  the  evening  and  the  attention  of  the 
Fellows  by  some  very  interesting  details  on  the  early  history  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  between  the  years  1629  and  1631,  which  not  all  Mr.  Carlyle's 
industry  has  saved  from  being  a  comparative  blank  in  the  recorded  history 
of  his  hero.  The  particular  incident  referred  to  was  connected  with  Crom- 
well's determined  opposition  to  the  municipal  coup  d'etat  which  the 
absolutist  party  had  brought  about  in  the  borough  of  Huntingdon,  and 
which  led  to  Cromwell  being  brought  up  before  the  Privy  Council. 

Those  who  are  in  the  habit  of  attending  the  evening  meetings  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  will  not  need  to  be  told  how  admirably  Mr.  Bruce 
acquitted  himself  of  the  communication  with  which  he  so  kindly  undertook 
to  favour  the  Society.  His  ease  of  manner  and  happiness  of  expression 
indicated  a  man  thoroughly  at  home  in  his  subject. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  several  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


LONDON  AND  MIDDLESEX  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

Oct.  25, 1860.  A  general  meeting  was  held  in  Westminster  Abbey,  more  especially 
for  the  purpose  of  giving  the  members  and  their  friends  an  opportunity,  which  is 
not  often  accorded  to  the  public,  of  visiting  the  Library,  the  Jerusalem  Chamber,  and 
the  Chapter-house. 

The  company  assembled  in  the  Library  at  eleven  o'clock,  where  the  meeting  was 
presided  over  by  the  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Westminster,  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents 
of  the  Society,  who  was  supported  by  the  members  of  the  Chapter  and  the  Council  of 
the  Society.  In  taking  the  chair  the  Dean  expressed  the  gratification  it  gave  both 
himself  and  the  Chapter  to  welcome  them  within  the  precincts  of  the  sacred  shrine. 
Much,  he  remarked,  might  be  said  upon  the  value  of  the  study  of  ancient  art — that 
art  which,  though  never  servile  in  its  imitation  of  the  past,  could  nevertheless  never 
flourish  unless  it  followed  and  fed  upon  its  time-honoured  treasures.  He  might  dis- 
course to  them  of  yet  deeper  things,  and  dilate  upon  the  way  in  which  these  studies 
of  the  mighty  art  of  the  past  had  a  tendency  to  nourish  all  that  was  noble  and  of 
value  in  the  present — to  promote  patriotism  of  spirit  and  the  love  of  one's  native 
country ;  for  he  felt  convinced  they  could  never  adequately  understand  England  as  it 
is,  unless  they  learned  to  know  something  of  England  as  it  was.  They  would  never 
look  with  a  becoming  and  reverential  care  upon  the  present,  and  in  dutiful  anxiety  to 
the  dim  future,  unless  they  cultivated  a  reverential  acquaintanceship  with  the  great 
art-treasures  of  the  past ;  and  he  could  only  hope  that  the  public  and  all  present 
would  derive  a  great  moral  and  instructive  lesson  from  the  spectacle  before  them,  and 
that  he  and  those  who  had  the  guardianship  of  that  great  historic  church  of  England 


1861.]        London  and  Middlesex  Archceological  Society.  59 

would  feel  that  they  should  not  only  derive  from  it  information  as  to  the  past,  hut 
homilies  for  the  future,  and  so  far  learn  how  beat  to  fulfil  the  solemn  and  sacred 
guardianship  of  the  great  treasure  committed  to  their  care. 

Mr.  Henry  W.  Sans,  the  Hon.  Secretary,  then  read  the  minutes  of  the  last  meet- 
ing, giving  a  gratifying  account  of  the  increasing  prosperity  of  the  Association. 

Hie  Chairman  then  called  upon  Mr.  William  H.  Hart,  F.S.A.,  to  give  an  account  of 
the  library,  the  old  organ,  and  the  church  music  This  paper  we  intend  to  give  in 
exienso,  at  an  early  opportunity. 

Mr.  Hart  then  read  a  communication  from  Joseph  J.  Howard,  F.S. A.,  having  refer- 
ence to  the  ancient  bindings  in  the  library,  (which  we  also  hope  to  give). 

With  reference  to  the  old  organ  Mr.  Hart  observed  that  he  could  give  no  particulars 
of  any  instrument  previous  to  the  -  great  Rebellion,  for  on  that  event  nearly  all  the 
organs  in  England  were  broken  up  and  destroy  ed  by  the  Parliamentary  troops ;  but 
on  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  and  the  return  of  affurs  to  their  old  channel,  there 
was  naturally  a  great  demand  for  organs,  or  rather  for  organ-builders ;  among  these 
was  the  great  Bernard  Smith,  many  of  whose  works  now  remain,  such  as  the  organ  at 
the  Temple  Church,  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  elsewhere ;  he  was  organ-builder  to  the 
Royal  Chapels,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  business  by  his  pupil  Schreider,  who,  from 
being  his  apprentice,  became,  by  a  not  unusual  course,  his  son-in-law,  and  constructed 
the  organ  now  in  this  abbey. 

It  originally  stood  in  the  first  bay  from  the  transept  on  the  north  side  of  the  choir 
to  accompany  the  chants,  services,  and  anthems  of  the  daily  matins  and  evensong. 
The  situation  was.  exactly  over  the  monuments  of  Blow,  Purcell,  and  Croft,  who  were 
buried  under  the  organ  which  in  their  lifetime  they  had  performed  upon.  From  a 
memorandum  in  a  MS.  book  in  the  custody  of  the  Precentor,  the  organ  seems  to  have 
been  placed  at  the  west  end  of  the  choir  in  1730.  "The  new  organ  built  by  Mr. 
Schreider  and  Mr.  Jordan  was  opened  on  the  1st  of  August,  1730,  by  Mr.  Robinson ;  the 
Anthem,  PurcelTs  O  give  thanks." 

The  instrument  was  divided  into  two  cases,  one  containing  the  great  organ  and 
swell,  the  other  the  choir  organ,  and  was  placed  over  the  screen,  as  most  of  you  may 
recollect.  It  had  three  rows  of  keys  and  twenty- three  stops,  the  total  number  of 
pipes  being  1348. 

It  remained  thus  till  1846,  when  great  alterations  were  made  in  the  arrangements 
of  the  abbey  itself,  including  the  remodelling  and  alteration  of  the  instrument.  It  was 
thought  desirable,  among  other  improvements,  to  obtain,  if  possible,  a  complete  view 
inside  the  abbey  from  end  to  end,  and  to  effect  this  the  organ  was  divided,  as  you  may 
now  see  it,  into  three  cases :  one,  placed  on  the  north  side  of  the  church,  in  the  fourth 
arch  from  the  opening  of  the  transept,  contains  the  great  organ ;  another,  exactly 
similar,  is  placed  fronting  it  in  the  corresponding  arch  on  the  south  side  of  the  church, 
and  contains  the  swell ;  and  a  third,  placed  over  the  arch  in  the  screen,  contains  the 
choir  organ. 

At  the  time  of  this  alteration  several  new  stops  were  added,  and  it  is  now  an  instru- 
ment worthy  of  the  cathedral  it  stands  in :  the  richness  and  fullness  of  tone  given  by 
the  diapasons  of  Schreider,  and  the  brilliancy  of  the  full  organ,  will  not  easily  be  for- 
gotten by  those  who  enjoy  a  musical  taste. 

Mr.  Joseph  Burtt  then  proceeded  to  give  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  certain 
documents,  and  from  a  report  made  by  him  to  Sir  John  Romiily,  it  appeared  that  he 
had  examined  the  documents  and  other  articles  lately  discovered  in  a  portion  of  the 
cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey,  close  to  the  entrance  to  the  Chapter-house ;  that 
shortly  after  the  discovery  of  this  collection,  in  the  month  of  November  last,  it  was 
moved  into  the  Library  of  the  abbey,  where  he  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  it 
in  detail.  It  appeared  to  consist  of  bundles  of  writs  and  similar  judicial  documents; 
thousands  of  detached  writs  and  "  posteas,"  in  every  imaginable  stage  of  incomplete- 


60  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [Jan. 

xieas  and  decay;  turned  boxes  or  "skippets"  in' considerable  numbers,  very  many 
broken  and  in  fragments,  and  many  quite  perfect,  with  the  lids  closely  fastened  down 
by  their  original  ties  of  parchment  or  cord,  enclosing  their  original  contents,  and  pre- 
serving them  in  the  most  perfect  and  beautiful  condition.  But  the  removal  of  the 
collection  from  its  hiding-place  in  the  vaulted  chamber  to  the  library  brought  to  light 
some  weightier  substances.  These  consist  of  encaustic  paving  tiles,  similar  in  pattern 
to  those  now  forming  the  floor  of  the  Chapter-house,  and  some  pieces  of  iron  very 
much  corroded. 

The  judicial  documents  in  this  collection  consist  of  about  200  bundles  of  various 
sizes,  and  about  four  bushels  (closely  packed)  of  loose  documents.  They  are  writs  of 
various  kinds,  both  Common  Pleas  and  Queen's  Bench,  returns  of  indictments,  also 
"posteas"  and  "bills"  or  declarations,  also  some  portions  of  "Essoin"  rolls,  and  one 
small  fragment  of  a  roll  of  the  Marshalsea-court,  without  date.  They  range  from  the 
reign  of  Henry  IV.  to  that  of  Henry  VIII.,  but  the  greater  portion  are  of  the  reign 
of  Henry  VI. 

"  The  skippets,"  with  their  contents,  and  the  documents  found  loose,  form  the  most 
valuable  portion  of  the  collection ;  among  them  are  documents  relating  to  the  Order 
of  the  Holy  Trinity  for  the  redemption  of  captives;  a  letter  from  the  King  (Edw.  III.), 
under  the  Privy  Seal,  directing  the  transmission  of  certain  private  muniments ;  the 
excommunication  of  a  Canon  of  Hereford ;  a  letter  to  King  Edward  II.  respecting 
letters  to  the  king's  enemies  in  Scotland,  which  had  been  found  in  a  ship  wrecked  off 
Yarmouth ;  a  wardrobe  "  Debenture,"  14  Edw.  II. ;  pardon  to  the  nobles  who  had 
warred  against  the  De  Spensers,  15  Edw.  IL ;  a  letter  from  Thomas  de  Woodstock, 
son  of  King  Edward  III.,  &c. 

Mr.  Burtt  next  read  a  paper  on  "  Some  Discoveries  in  Connection  with  the  Ancient 
Treasury  at  Westminster,"  (which  we  also  hope  to  give  entire). 

The  Hon.  Secretary  having  called  the  attention  of  the  meeting  to  the  programme 
of  proceedings  for  the  day,  and  the  hour  at  which  the  company  were  to  attend  at 
various  portions  of  the  buildings,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Alderman  Rose 
and  unanimously  accorded  to  the  Very  Rev.  the  Dean. 

After  a  brief  reply  from  the  rev.  gentleman,  in  which  he  stated  that  he  was  un- 
willing to  detain  them,  as  by  the  programme  he  found  they  had  a  long  day's  work 
before  them,  the  company  proceeded  through  the  Canons'  door  into  the  nave  of  the 
Abbey  Church,  where  they  were  addressed  by  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker 
on  the  history  of  the  church.  Proceeding  to  the  chancel,  Mr.  Scott  and  Mr.  Parker 
completed  their  descriptions,  and  Mr.  Mogford,  F.SJL*  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Monu- 
ments as  a  Museum  of  Sculpture." 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  paper  the  whole  of  the  abbey  was  thrown  open  to  the 
meeting,  and  many  availed  themselves  of  the  privilege. 

After  a  time  the  company  re-assembled  in  Henry  VII.'s  Chapel,  where  Mr.  John 
Hunter  read  a  paper  on  the  "  Order  of  the  Bath." 

Mr.  Hunter  remarked  that  the  history  of  the  institution  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath 
may  be  divided  into  three  periods,  the  first  coding  with  the  coronation  of  King 
Charles  II.,  when  for  the  last  time  Knights  of  the  Bath  were  made  according  to  the 
ancient  forms ;  the  second  commencing  from  the  revival  of  the  Order  by  His  Majesty 
King  George  I.,  on  the  18th  of  May,  1725 ;  and  the  third,  on  its  re-organization 
and  enlargement  by  His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  Regent,  on  the  2nd  of  January, 
1815,  in  the  reign  of  His  Majesty,  George  III.  In  the  first  period  it  was  only  cus- 
tomary to  make  Knights  of  the  Bath  at  the  coronations  of  sovereigns  or  their  queens- 
consort,  or  on  the  creation  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  or  the  Duke  of  York.  There  was 
a  creation  of  knights  on  the  marriage  of  the  Duke  of  York  in  1477  j  and  again  in 
1501,  on  the  marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

The  earliest  mention  since  the  Conquest  of  the  ceremony  of  bathing  at  the  creation 

7 


1861.]       London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological  Society.  61 

of  a  knight  appears  to  be  that  of  Geoffrey,  son  of  Fulk,  Count  of  Anjoa,  who  on  being 
contracted  to  marry  the  daughter  of  King  Henry  I.,  was  knighted  by  that  monarch  at 
Rouen  ;  and  it  is  evident  by  the  language  of  the  chronicler  that  the  solemnities  then 
observed  were  usual  in  all  similar  cases. 

The  first  name  on  the  list  haying  pretensions  to  being  a  chronological  one,  is 
Sir  Thomas  Esturmy,  who  was  created  on  the  17th  of  July,  1204,  after  which,  at 
different  periods,  sometimes  upwards  of  twenty,  at  others  more  than  fifty  or  sixty,  were 
summoned  to  receive  the  honour.  The  ceremony  at  that  time  was  no  small  under- 
taking. It  is  fully  described  by  Anstis,  and  in  rlysshe*s  edition  of  Upton  there  is 
a  series  of  engravings  of  the  ceremony  copied  from  original  drawings,  which  Anstis 
conjectured  to  have  been  made  in  the  reign  of  King  Edward  IV.  or  King 
Henry  VII. 

Upon  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary  a  new  form  was  observed,  and  Letters  Patent 
were  issued  on  the  17th  of  October,  1553,  appointing  Henry  Earl  of  Arundel  to 
exercise  everything  on  behalf  of  Her  Majesty,  to  make  such  persons  knights  as  shall  be 
named  by  her,  so  as  not  to  exceed  the  number  of  three  score. 

Queen  Elizabeth  followed  the  example  of  her  predecessor,  and  deputed  the  Earl  of 
Arundel,  then  Lord-Steward  of  the  Household,  to  confer  knighthood  upon  so  many  as 
she  should  name,  so  as  not  to  exceed  thirty.  King  Jnuiea  appointed  the  large  number 
of  sixty -two  to  be  made  knights  at  his  coronation.  Fifty-nine  were  appointed  at  the 
coronation  of  Charles  I.;  and  on  the  return  of  Charles  II.,  in  May,  1660,  he  was  at- 
tended by  the  Knights  of  the  Bath  and  their  Esqnires.  At  his  coronation  he  appointed 
sixty-eight  persons  to  be  created.  This  creation  was  the  last  until  the  Order  was 
newly  arranged  by  George  I.  iu  1725. 

The  first  notice  of  any  insignia  or  badge  being  worn  round  the  neck  of  a  Knight  of 
the  Bath  is  in  1614.  John  Lord  Harrington  of  Exton,  who  received  that  dignity  at 
the  coronation  of  James  I.,  died  in  1613;  and  in  the  following  year  the  sermon 
preached  at  his  funeral  was  published,  illustrated  by  an  engraving  of  the  jewel  worn 
by  the  deceased  nobleman  as  a  Knight  of  the  Bath. 

One  of  the  knights  made  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  II.  was  Sir  Edward  Walpole, 
(grandfather  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  first  Earl  of  Orford,)  on  whose  badge  the  present 
motto  occurs. 

Although  the  badge  was  directed  to  be  worn  from  the  neck,  it  would  appear  that 
the  Knights  of  the  Bath  imitated  the  Knights  of  the  Garter  by  wearing  it  under  the 
arm,  as  they  are  represented  in  some  portraits  of  the  time,  with  the  riband  over  the 
right  shoulder,  such  persons  having  been  made  knights  at  the  coronation  of  King 
Charles  I.  in  1625,  or  King  Charles  II.  in  1661. 

The  second  period  of  the  Order  was  when,  by  the  advice  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  it 
was  appointed  there  should  be  a  Great-Master  and  thirty-six  Knights,  the  first  Great- 
Master  being  John  Duke  of  Montague ;  and, 

The  third  period  of  the  Order  was  from  its  extension  to  three  classes,  on  the  2nd  of 
January,  1815,  which  was  rendered  necessary  in  consequence  of  the  conclusion  of  the 
protracted  but  glorious  war  in  1814. 

On  the  14th  of  April,  1847,  Her  Majesty  was  pleased  to  enlarge  the  Order,  and 
to  direct  that  it  should  consist  of  the  Sovereign  and  a  Great-Master,  and  of  952 
Companions  or  Members,  to  be  divided  into  three  classes.  The  Order  was  again 
enlarged  on  the  31st  of  January,  1859,  it  being  then  ordained  that  the  total  number 
of  Companions  should  be  985.  The  first  class  to  consist  of  seventy-five  members,  to 
be  designated  Knights  Grand  Cross ;  the  second  class  to  consist  of  160,  styled  Knights 
Commanders ;  and  the  third  class  of  570,  to  be  designated  Companions  of  the  Order. 

On  the  conclusion  of  this  paper  a  special  service  was  performed  in  the  abbey,  selected 
from  the  works  of  Gibbons,  Wise,  and  Tallis,  with  the  Hallelujah  Chorus  for  a  dismissal. 

After  the  service  the  company  proceeded  to  the  Jerusalem  Chamber,  where  the 
Gisit.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX.  i 


62  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [Jan. 

Rev.  T.  Hugo  read  his  paper  on  that  interesting  structure,  (which  we  also  hope  to 
give  entire.) 

The  day's  journey  was  now  nearly  over,  the  dusk  was  beginning  to  close  in,  and  yet 
the  most  glorious  portion  had  been  unvisited  excepting  by  a  few.  But  thanks  to  the 
arrangement  of  the  Honorary  Secretary,  (Mr.  Henry  W.  Saw,)  that  building  which 
had  not  had  a  light  in  it  for  years,  and  which  in  the  brightest  day  could  be  but  in- 
differently seen,  was  now  gloriously  lighted  up  as  far  as  the  more  interesting  detail**, 
the  magnificent  tile-paving  and  the  marvellous  mural  paintings.  Mr.  Sass,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Burtt  and  by  the  kindness  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  had  had  his 
workmen  down  at  the  Chapter-house  for  some  days  previously,  taking  up  the  wooden 
flooring  so  as  to  display  the  whole  of  the  design  of  one  half  of  the  paving,  and  removing 
the  boarding  which  concealed  the  painting  on  the  walls :  this  gave  a  wind-up  to  the 
meeting  which  reflected  the  highest  credit  on  his  exertions,  and  the  strongest  proof 
of  the  usefulness  of  the  Society  which  he  represents.  But  to  follow  the  progress  of  the 
meeting.  After  leaving  the  Jerusalem  Chamber  the  company  proceeded  to  Green's 
Scholars'  Hall,  aud  thence  through  Dean's  Yard  to  the  Domestic  Buildings,  or  such 
portions  as  remain,  and  finally  to  the  Chapter-house,  where  the  Dean,  Mr.  Scott,  and 
Mr.  Parker  addressed  various  observations  to  the  meeting,  and  it  was  proposed  to  get 
up  a  subscription  for  the  restoration  of  the  Chapter-house  under  the  auspices  of  the 
London  and  Middlesex  Society,  a  project  which  we  hope  will  receive  hearty  support, 
if  it  is  only  for  the  purpose  of  shaming  the  Government  who  have  been  so  long  occu- 
piers, and  who  even  now  have  not  given  up  possession,  into  doing  something  towards 
its  restoration  as  effectual  as  what  their  predecessors  have  done  for  its  destruction. 

Here  the  meeting  concluded,  but  at  a  later  hour  about  ninety  sat  down  to  dinner  at 
the  King's  Arms  Hotel,  Palace  Yard,  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott  in  the  chair,  supported  by  the 
Dean  of  Westminster,  most  of  the  Council  of  the  Society,  Messrs.  J.  Burtt,  H.  E.  Bohn, 
J.  H.  Parker,  £.  Lawrence,  and  various  others. 

Speeches  were  made  by  the  Dean,  the  Chairman,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hugo,  the 
Honorary  Secretory,  and  others,  all  more  or  less  bearing  en  the  various  places  and 
objects  visited  during  the  day. 

The  Dean  placed  the  Deanery  at  the  disposal  of  the  Council  during  the  day,  and 
provided  a  magnificent  lunch,  from  one  o'clock  to  the  time  of  the  service,  for  such  as 
chose  to  partake  of  it.  In  the  deanery  were  some  dozen  or  twenty  interesting  Deun- 
looms,  amongst  which  are  a  highly  interesting  and  marvellously  regal  portrait  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  when  young,  and  a  fine  picture  by  Canaletti  of  the  Procession  of  the 
Knights  of  the  Bath,  after  an  Installation,  from  the  West  Entrance  of  the  Abbey  to 
the  Banqueting  House,  Whitehall. 

THE  OXFORD  ARCHITECTURAL  AND  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  third  meeting  of  this  Society  was  held  on  Wednesday,  Nov.  28, 
in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  the  Rev.  the  Master  of  Uxiveksity  College 
in  the  chair. 

The  following  officers  for  the  ensuing  year  were  elected  : — 
The  Rev.  the  Master  of  University  College,  President. 
The  Rev.  the  Principal  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,    \  Editors 


The  Rev.  Dr.  Bloxam,  J 

Rev.  P.  G.  Medd,  MA.,  University  College, 
Rev.  W.  W.  Shirley,  M.A.,  Wadham  College, 
Rev.  M.  Pattison,  M.A.,  Lincoln  College, 
E.  \V.  Urquhart,  Esq.,  Balliol  College, 
J.  R.  Stewart,  Esij ,  IV  in  broke  College, 


Neiv  Members 
of  the  Committee. 


1861.]      The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.         63 


The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  members  of  the  Society : — 

L.  Gurney,  Esq ,  Balliol  College. 

Rev.  Capel  Cure,  M.A.,  Merton  College. 

N.  Bond,  Esq.,  Oriel  College. 


After  some  remarks  from  the  Chairman, 
thanking  the  Society  for  re-electing  him  as 
their  President, 

The  Rev.  J.  W.  Burgon  offered  a  few  re- 
marks upon  a  series  of  rubbings  which  he 
had  made  of  inscriptions  on  the  marble 
and  stone  slabs  which  covered  the  graves 
of  the  early  Christians  in  the  Catacombs. 

In  introducing  the  subject  he  laid  stress 
upon  the  fact  that  the  Jews  introduced 
the  custom  of  burying  their  dead  in  un- 
derground vaults.  The  Catacombs  were 
not  confined  to  Rome,  but  were  found 
elsewhere, — in  fact,  wherever  the  Jews  had 
settled.  Those  at  Naples,  for  instance, 
were  far  grander,  though  less  extensive, 
than  those  at  Rome.  He  referred  to  the 
soil  of  Rome  as  of  volcanic  origin,  i.e. 
composed  of  tufa,  which  had  the  appear- 
ance of  rough  red  sandstone,  very  easily 
cut,  but  the  mark  of  a  knife  or  chisel  once 
made,  would  last  for  ever  if  not  touched. 
The  Jews,  who  were  amongst  the  earliest 
converts  to  Christianity,  had  a  catacomb 
outside  Rome,  and  continued  their  practice 
of  burial ;  that  is,  they  dug  an  entrance 
with  steps  leading  down  to  a  passage. 
This  passage  was  about  six  feet  wide,  but 
in  height  sometimes  not  sufficient  for  a  tall 
man  to  walk  upright  without  knocking 
his  head  against  the  roof.  On  either  side 
a  series  of  recesses  were  cut  out  of  the 
solid  tufa  to  receive  the  corpses  exactly 
which  were  to  be  placed  in  them.  From 
six  to  eight  of  these  recesses  were  found 
placed  one  above  the  other,  thus  forming  a 
complete  network.  He  would  not  venture 
even  an  approximate  calculation  as  to  the 
length  of  the  passages  or  the  number  of 
the  tombs.  Of  the  latter,  probably  there 
were  some  millions,  and  the  former  might 
extend  to  hundreds  of  miles.  Unfortu- 
nately,* however,  all  the  tombs  had  been 
rifled.  For  the  first  three  or  four  cen- 
turies after  the  Christian  era  persons 
were  buried  in  them.  In  the  fifth  century 
they  were  regarded  as  shrines,  and  cared 
for.    In  process  of  time,  when  Rome  was 


invaded,  everything  valuable  was  taken 
out  from  them.  Then  later  still,  when  the 
worship  of  relics  became  so  common,  the 
bones  were  taken  and  sold ;  and  this  went 
on  for  a  series  of  years.  Bosio,  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  drew  attention  to  them, 
but  a  new  day  seemed  to  have  dawned, 
and  they  were  now  being  thoroughly  ex- 
plored. 

The  mouth  of  each  tomb  was  filled  up 
with  a  slab  or  tiles,  but  in  nearly  all, 
unfortunately,  the  slabs  had  been  removed, 
and  although  they  were  preserved  in 
museums,  from  the  fact  of  their  original 
positions  not  having  been  noted  they  had 
lost  most  of  their  interest. 

He  then  referred  to  what  were  called 
instruments  of  torture  which  had  been 
found,  but  he  thought  were  simply  in- 
struments that  had  been  used  by  the 
heathen  in  their  sacrifices. 

He  then  proceeded  to  explain  the  in- 
scriptions which  were  hung  round  the 
room,  and  which  were  careful  rubbings 
from  the  slabs  which  were  preserved,  chiefly 
in  the  Jesuits'  College,  St.  John  Lateran, 
and  the  Vatican.  He  considered  the  date 
of  the  greater  nnmbcr  of  them  to  be  about 
the  time  of  Constantine. 

He  began  with  the  simple  inscriptions 
of  the  bishops  Eutychianus,  Anteros,  Cor- 
nelius, Lucius,  and  Fabian,  but  suggested 
that  the  inscription  was  probably  added 
some  years  after  the  decease  of  the  person 
it  commemorated.  He  then  proceeded 
to  some  of  the  more  curious  Jewish  in- 
scriptions, on  which  the  commonest  symbol 
was  the  seven-branched  candlestick.  To 
one  of  these,  in  which  the  inscription  was 
both  in  Greek  and  Latin,  a  few  Hebrew 
words  were  added,  one  of  which  he  shewed 
was  the  precise  equivalent  of  the  "  In 
pace;"  and  no  doubt  the  origin  of  this 
most  common  termination  of  an  inscrip- 
tion was  Jewish. 

The  D.M.,  i.  e.  the  Diis  Manibus,  he  re- 
marked, was  very  common  on  even  Chris- 
tian tombs,  but  meant  nothing  more  than 


61 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Jan. 


now  is  meant  by  reference  in  poetry  to 
urns  and  shades.  One  inscription,  that  of 
Faustinas,  simply  stating  that  "he  had 
bought  this  tomb,  the  bailiff  being  wit- 
ness," be  thought  would  have  provoked 
hostile  criticism  even  in  a  modern  ceme- 
tery. 

He  pointed  out  several  of  the  symbols, 
monograms,  Ac,  such  as  the  bird,  the 
bird  and  leaf,  the  XP,  the  Ichthus,  the  ship, 
and  the  figure  holding  up  the  hands.  In 
one  place  he  instanced  the  raising  of  Laza- 
rus, as  a  fair  type  of  the  attempt  to  repre- 
sent scenes  from  Scripture. 

On  one  of  the  tombs  the  word  cupella 
occurred,  signifying  clearly  a  grave,  and  he 
would  venture  to  suggest  the  connection 
between  this  word  and  the  chapel,  because 
where  there  were  graves  there  was  proba- 
bly a  place  of  worship. 

The  President  thanked  Mr.  Burgon  for 
his  very  interesting  remarks,  and  com- 
mented on  the  extreme  value  of  having 
careful  rubbings  from  the  originals.  He 
said  a  few  words  upon  the  paleography, 
also  on  the  simplicity  of  the  epitaphs,  and 
on  the  common  use  of  the  XP,  which  he 
had  seen  instances  of  iu  this  country  be- 
longing to  a  far  later  period,  as  at  Bake- 
well  iu  Derbyshire. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Parker  made  some  remarks 
upon  the  bird  with  the  olive-branch  as  em- 
blematic of  "  peace ;"  and  the  "  uplifted 
hands"  as  representing  the  Oriental  mode 
of  prayer.  But  he  would  especially  call 
attention  to  the  crypts  of  England  as  hav- 
ing had  their  origin  in  imitation  of  the 


Roman  Catacombs.  Th»»v  were  used  for 
relics  till  the  thirteenth  century,  when, 
not  being  found  sufficiently  capacious, 
they  were  superseded  by  side  chapels.  He 
considered  that  the  Catacombs  themselves 
continued  in  use  as  burial-places  to  a 
much  later  period  than  is  commonly  as- 
signed to  them,  and  he  exhibited  a  draw- 
ing of  a  doorway  from  one  of  them, 
of  a  peculiar  form,  which  could  not  be 
otherwise  than  medieval.  He  also  ex- 
hibited a  copy  of  a  pattern  painted  on 
one  of  the  sides  which  confirmed  this 
view.  He  then  commented  upon  the  ap- 
proaches to  the  Catacombs.  He  had  only 
in  one  instance  found  an  ancient  approach. 
All  the  present  entrances  he  considered 
modern.  The  air-boles  were  no  doubt 
original,  and  he  thought  in  many  cases 
the  only  approach  to  the  lower  passages 
was  by  descending  the  shaft  by  which  the 
tufa  had  been  removed. 

Mr.  Westwood  made  some  curious  and 
interesting  remarks  upon  the  Palaeography, 
which  he  considered  to  extend  over  several 
centuries,  and  drew  attention  to  the  fine 
bold  style  of  one  of  the  inscriptions,  which 
he  considered  the  earliest  of  those  exhi- 
bited. In  concluding,  he  hoped  that  this 
fine  collection  of  rubbings  would  be  given  to 
the  University,  and  be  placed  in  the  room 
in  which  they  were  assembled,  under  the 
care  of  the  Architectural  and  Historical 
Society. 

After  some  further  remarks  from  the 
President,  the  meeting  (the  last  to  be  held 
this  Term)  was  adjourned. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE. 


Dee.  7.  Octaviub  Morgan,  Esq.,  M.P., 
Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 

At  the  commencement  of  another  Session, 
Mr.  Morgan,  in  opening  the  proceedings, 
observed  that  he  could  not  refrain  from 
a  passing  allusion  to  the  pleasure  with 
which  he  had  participated  in  the  cordial 
reception  given  to  the  Society  at  their 
Annual  Meeting  in  Gloucestershire,  and  to 
the  valuable  results  of  that  assembly  in 
regard  to  the  local  subjects  of  interest, 
and  the  various  objects  investigated  in 
the  excursions ;  the  memoirs  read  on  the 


occasion  by  Professor  Willis,  Dr.  Guest, 
Mr.  Bathurst  Deane,  Mr.  Hartshorne,  Mr. 
Earle,  Mr.  Petit,  Professor  Westmacott, 
Mr.  Powell,  Dr.  Ormerod,  Mr.  Lysons,  and 
other  talented  friends  of  the  Institute, 
had  thrown  a  fresh  and  iin]>ortant  light 
upon  local  history  and  archaeology  in  the 
county  where  the  last  anniversary  had 
been  held.  Mr.  Morgan  anticipated  no  less 
agreeable  and  instructive  a  gathering  in 
the  ensuing  summer  in  Northamptonshire. 
Peterborough  presents  a  very  interesting 
field  of  investigation ;  Professor  Willis  had 


1861.] 


Archaeological  Institute. 


65 


kindly  promised  to  give  the  architectural 
history  of  the  cathedral,  and  to  explain 
the  intricate  arrangements  of  the  con- 
ventual buildings;  the  most  kind  dis- 
positions had  been  shewn  in  the  town  and 
neighbourhood;  the  Marquess  of  Exeter, 
Lord  Lieutenant,  the  Bishop  of  the  diocese, 
the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  the  Marquis  of 
Northampton,  with  other  distinguished 
persons  in  the  county,  had  cordially  pro- 
mised encouragement  and  patronage.  The 
meeting  would  probably  take  place  towards 
the  close  of  July  in  the  ensuing  year. 
Mr.  Morgan  then  announced  that,  at  the 
request  of  many  members,  and  encouraged 
by  the  gratification  expressed  on  oc- 
casion of  the  special  exhibitions  at  the 
monthly  meetings  in  the  last  summer,  it 
had  been  determined  to  select  special  sub- 
jects for  illustration  at  three  of  the  meet- 
ings, in  alternate  months.  The  following 
choice  of  subjects  had  been  made: — for 
February  1,  Antiquities  of  Bronze;  for 
April  5,  Tissues,  Ancient  Embroideries, 
Bindings  of  Books,  <tc. ;  for  June  7,  Gems 
and  Intaglios.  His  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough  had  been  pleased  to  offer 
a  selection  of  the  Blenheim  gems  to  en- 
rich the  series. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Blight,  of  Penzance,  author 
of  two  interesting  volumes  on  the  "  Way- 
side Crosses,  Inscribed  Slabs,  and  Early 
Antiquities  of  Cornwall,"  gave  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  British  village  at  Cbysauster, 
in  the  parish  of  Gulval,  near  Penzance. 
Several  primitive  dwellings  have  here  been 
preserved  in  a  comparatively  perfect  state ; 
they  are  formed  of  slabs  of  stone  placed  so 
as  to  overlap  one  another ;  and  a  kind  of 
beehive-shaped  habitation  was  thus  con- 
structed, resembling  the  Cloghauns  of  the 
co.  Kerry,  so  ably  investigated  by  Mr. 
Dunoyer,  whose  memoir  appeared  in  the 
Archaeological  Journal.  Vestiges  of  similar 
huts  have  been  noticed  in  various  parts 
of  the  British  Islands;  on  Worle  Hill, 
Somerset;  on  the  mountains  in  Wales; 
in  Northumberland  also,  and  in  the 
Hebrides.  It  is  probable  that  such  primi- 
tive mode  of  construction  prevailed  in 
all  localities  where  the  materials  were 
abundantly  found.  The  village  at  Gulval 
is  near  the  curious  circular  entrenchment 


called  Castle-an-Dinas,  commanding  a  view 
of  Mount's  Buy.  Mr.  Blight  exhibited  a 
plan  of  the  village,  from  a  survey  first 
made  by  Mr.  Crozier  in  1849,  when  these 
curious  vestiges  were  in  more  perfect  con- 
dition. A  singular  covered  gallery,  formed 
of  stones  set  edgewise,  and  resembling 
the  approach  to  New  Grange,  in  Ireland, 
existed  not  many  years  since.  The  wanton 
destruction  of  such  ancient  remains  on  any 
casual  demand  for  the  materials,  renders 
it  most  desirable  to  record  their  precise 
character  and  condition.  Mr.  Morgan  men- 
tioned certain  remains  on  the  western 
coast  of  similar  construction,  and  Mr. 
Yates  pointed  out  the  curious  analogy  be- 
tween such  bee-hive  fashioned  dwellings 
and  those  constructed  by  the  Eskimaux 
in  high  Northern  latitudes  with  blocks 
of  ice. 

Mr.  Yates  gave  also  some  observations 
on  cromlechs  in  Cornwall,  of  which  he 
presented  drawings  on  a  large  scale;  re- 
presenting the  remarkable  examples  known 
as  Chun  Quoit,  Lanyon  Cromlech,  &c. 

Dr.  Charlton,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
sent  an  account  of  a  considerable  deposit 
of  iron  weapons  and  implements,  axes, 
scythes,  mattocks,  and  other  tools,  found 
at  Little  Greencroft,  near  Lanch  ester, 
Durham.  They  present  considerable  re- 
semblance to  ancient  Scandinavian  objects, 
and  Dr.  Charlton  pointed  out  that  the 
scythes,  which  are  in  a  very  perfect  state, 
are  identical  with  those  now  used  by  the 
Norwegian  peasantry.  One  of  the  axes 
resembles  those  found  in  Saxon  graves. 
From  the  rare  occurrence  of  well-preserved 
specimens  of  the  iron  antiquities  of  so 
early  a  period,  these  relics,  which  it  is 
hoped  will  be  deposited  in  the  Museum  of 
the  Antiquaries  of  Newcastle,  have  con- 
siderable interest. 

Mr.  Franks  observed  that  one  of  the 
swords  found  with  this  deposit  is  un- 
doubtedly of  Norwegian  type ;  two  speci- 
mens exist  in  the  British  Museum ;  such 
swords  may  have  been  used  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxons.  One  of  the  most  curious  objects 
in  the  Greencroft  collection,  as  Mr.  Franks 
considered,  is  a  long  single-edged  blade, 
inlaid  with  copper,  silver,  and  gold,  and 
damascened,  as  was  also  the  sword  accom- 


66 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Jan. 


ponying  it.  This  long  weapon  appears 
to  be  that  described  by  ancient  writers  as 
the  culter  validus,  and  although  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  France,  it  is  very 
rare  in  this  country. 

The  Rev.  F.  Spurrell  gave  an  account 
of  an  effigy  of  an  ecclesiastic,  in  the  church 
of  Little  Leighs,  Essex,  remarkable  as 
being  sculptured  in  wood.  The  figure 
lies  under  an  arch  of  Decorated  character, 
date  about  1350.  Although  effigies  of 
knights  carved  in  oak  or  chesnut  are 
comparatively  co-nmon,  wooden  figures  of 
ecclesiastics  rarely  occur;  the  tomb  of 
Archbishop  Peckham  (1292)  at  Canter- 
bury presents  a  solitary  example.  The 
wooden  effigy  of  Henry  V.,  still  to  be  seen 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  was  encased  in 
silver  plates,  which  were  stolen  in  1545. 
Mr.  Spurrell  mentioned  other  examples  of 
effigies  of  wood  existing  at  Elmstead, 
Essex,  at  Abergavenny,  and  in  Gloucester 
Cathedral.  Mr.  Blore  contributed  a  con- 
siderable addition  to  the  list  of  monu- 
mental sculptures  in  such  material.  He 
mentioned,  as  a  single  example  of  both 
tomb  and  effigy  of  wood,  the  memorial  at 
Pitcbford,  Salop;  oaken  effigies  exist  at 
Braybrooke,  Woodford,  and  Gayton, 
Northants. ;  at  Clifton  Reynes,  Bucks. ; 
at  Staindrop  and  Brancepeth,  Durham; 
Danbury,  Essex;  Chew  Magna,  Somer- 
set ;  Ash  well,  Rutland.  At  Much  Marcle, 
Herefordshire,  a  cross-legged  figure,  as 
supposed,  of  a  pilgrim,  is  to  be  seen ;  and 
at  Westdown,  Devon,  there  is  a  wooden 
effigy  of  a  judge.  In  a  rural  parish 
in  the  Midland  Counties,  the  'Squire 
thought  fit  to  remove  an  oaken  warrior 
to  decorate  his  summer-house.  The  vil- 
lagers, as  Mr.  Blore  stated,  mustered  to 
the  rescue  and  carried  back  the  knightly 
effigy  to  its  original  resting-place. 

Mr.  Albert  Way  related  the  particulars 
relating  to  the  discovery  of  two  curious 
brass  basins  in  the  bed  of  the  Severn,  at 
the  Haw  Passage,  one  of  which  was  en- 
trusted to  him  by  Mr.  Lawrence  for  ex- 
hibition to  the  Society.  The  subjects 
represented  on  this  vessel  are  chiefly  clas- 
sical or  mythological,  the  death  of  Nisus 
king  of  Megara,  the  rape  of  Ganymede, 
Orpheus  and  Eurydice,  Triptolemus  sent 


by  Ceres  to  instruct  mankind  in  agricul- 
ture, &c.  These  basins  are  of  the  class  of 
objects  for  the  table,  used  on  festive  occa- 
sions, and  called  gemelliones,  as  described 
by  De  Laborde  in  his  notices  of  the 
Louvre  collections.  The  specimen  ex- 
hibited appears  to  be  of  German  art,  of 
the  twelfth  century,  and  the  engraving  is 
executed  with  much  skill.  A  pair  of 
enamelled  basins  for  the  like  use,  ob- 
tained at  Rome,  were  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Waterton. 

Mr.  C.  S.  Greaves,  Q.C.,  described  the 
results  of  excavations  lately  made  under 
his  directions,  in  a  tumulus  at  Bradley, 
Derbyshire ;  and  he  brought  for  examina- 
tion portions  of  a  cinerary  urn,  and  a 
bronze  blade,  found  with  the  deposit.  Mr. 
Morgan  exhibited  relics  of  similar  charac- 
ter and  date  found  in  a  tumulus  at  Pen- 
how,  Monmouthshire,  in  August  lost ;  and 
Mr.  W.  Burges  brought,  by  permission  of 
Mr.  Thornbury,  some  vestiges  of  the  same 
description  from  a  .barrow-burial  in  Wilt- 
shire. 

The  Lady  Borners  sent  a  remarkable 
collection  of  objects  found  with  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  interment  in  the  gardens  at  Key- 
thorpe-hall,  Leicestershire.  They  com- 
prised bone  drauglilsmen,  upwards  of  forty 
in  number,  a  pair  of  dice,  a  large  bone 
comb,  strongly  stained  by  contact  with 
bronze,  and  the  fragments  of  a  most  curi- 
ous bronze  bowl,  formed  for  suspension  by 
three  chains,  and  ornamented  with  rude 
representations  of  birds,  serpent*,  stags, 
&c.,  and  elaborate  ornaments  inlaid  with 
niello  or  enamel.  This  remarkable  vessel 
bears  much  resemblance  to  one  found  in 
Kent  in  the  present  year,  and  now  in  the 
possession  of  Sir  Perceval  Hart  Dyke,  Bart. 
See  Gent.  Mag.,  Aug.  I860,  p.  142. 

The  Rev.  Greville  Chester,  through 
whose  kindness  these  Saxon  relics  were 
shewn,  stated  that  very  lately  an  urn  was 
found  near  Sheffield,  on  the  line  of  the 
Lincolnshire  railway,  containing  a  large 
number  of  denarii  of  Vespasian,  Trajan, 
Hadrian,  Antoninus  Pius,  &c.  About  one 
hundred  coins  were  found,  but  the  recent 
publication  of  regulations  regarding  Trea- 
sure Trove  has  made  persons  wary  in 
shewing  such  acquisitions.     No  Roman 


1861.] 


British  Archaeological  Association. 


67 


vestiges  are  known  in  the  precise  loca- 
lity where  this  hoard  was  found, 

Captain  Oakes  exhibited  some  well- 
preserved  Saxon  weapons,  and  a  small 
Roman  vase  found  in  the  Thames,  at 
Cookham,  Berks.,  in  ballasting. 

The  Rev.  James  Beck  brought  some 
beautiful  Italian  jewellery,  a  tankard  of 
curious  painted  ware,  obtained  at  Nurem- 
berg, a  fine  vessel  of  the  enamelled  ware 
of  Rhodes,  usually  called  Persian;  it  is 
mounted  in  silver,  of  English  work,  with 
the  assay  mark  of  the  year  1597. 

Mr.  Morgan  exhibited  several  ancient 
rings,  and  a  purse  decorated  with  French 
enamels,  portraying  Queen  Anne  and  the 
Duke  of  Gloucester. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Bernhard  Smith  brought  a 
curious  portion  of  armour  of  plate  richly 
gilded,  with  some  fragments  of  mail.  It 
was  obtained  from  the  Imperial  Arsenal  at 
Constantinople.  He  exhibited  also  a  Cin- 
galese weapon,  of  very  rich  workmanship, 
and  several  objects  of  flint  from  Berk- 
shire and  Middlesex,  of  natural  formation, 
closely  resembling  the  arrow-heads,  Ac., 
of  the  earliest  period. 

Mr.  Brackstone  exhibited  various  types 
of  arrow-heads,  knives,  and  flakes  of  flint, 
from  several  localities ;  also  some  beautiful 
specimens  of  the  use  of  obsidian  in  Sonth 
America  for  similar  purposes ;  among  these 
was  a  lance  or  javelin  pointed  with  obsidian, 
described  as  found  in  the  Thames. 

Mr.  Yates  brought  a  most  useful  dia- 
gram, exemplifying  the  various  types  of 
stone  weapons,  the  singular  relics  found 
in  the  drift,  &c,  represented  of  the  same 
size  as  the  originals,  and  lithographed 
with  much  care.  It  may  be  obtained  from 
Mr.  Tennant,  149,  Strand. 

Mr.  W.  F.  Vernon  produced  a  General 
Pardon  granted  under  the  Great  Seal  on 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth,  to  Henry  Ver- 
non, Esq.,  of  Sudbury.  The  Very  Rev. 
Dr.  Rock  remarked  that  some  documents 
of  like  nature  had  been  found,  as  he  be- 


lieved, in  the  ancient  brass  eagle  lectern 
recovered  from  the  lake  at  Newstcad 
Abbey.  Mr.  John  Gough  Nichols,  Mr. 
Morgan,  and  Mr.  Burtt  offered  some  re- 
marks on  such  concessions  of  amnesty  in- 
cluding every  possible  crime  and  mis- 
demeanor. 

The  Rev.  J.  Fuller  Russell  exhibited  a 
largo  processional  cross  of  metal,  found  at 
Hereford,  and  formerly  in  the  possession 
of  the  late  Dean  of  Hereford.  It  is  pro- 
bably of  English  workmanship  in  the  fif- 
teenth century. 

The  Rev.  J.  L.  Petit  presented  a  beau- 
tiful series  of  photographs,  executed  on  a 
large  scale  by  Professor  Delamotte,  and 
exhibiting  the  architectural  features  of 
Tewkesbury  Abbey  Church. 

Mr.  Waller  and  Mr.  John  Gough  Nichols 
exhibited  impressions  from  some  remark- 
able palimpsest  sepulchral  brasses,  of  which 
an  account  will  be  given  at  the  next 
meeting.  Mr.  Ready,  now  engaged  at  the 
British  Museum,  sent  a  fine  seal  of  Roger 
Mortimer,  21  Rich.  II.,  and  the  curious 
seals  of  Grimsby,  lately  brought  to  light. 

Mr.  Morgan  announced  that  the  meet- 
ing in  January  had  been  unavoidably  de- 
ferred, in  consequence  of  repairs,  &c.,  in 
the  apartments  of  the  Society,  and  the 
re-arrangement  of  the  library,  to  which 
considerable  additions  had  been  presented ; 
and  that  it  would  take  place  on  January  1 1, 
when  a  discourse  would  be  delivered  by 
Professor  Willis  on  the  very  interesting 
Norman  vestiges  of  the  earlier  cathedral 
at  Lichfield,  brought  to  light  in  course  of 
the  recent  restorations  under  Mr.  G.  Scott's 
directions.  Memoirs  would  also  be  read, 
by  the  Rev.  E.  Trollope,  on  Roman  re- 
mains in  Cornwall;  Archaeological  Notes 
of  a  Tour  in  Germany,  by  Mr.  Westwood ; 
notice  of  a  bilingual  inscription  with 
Ogham  characters,  found  in  Devon,  by 
Mr.  Edward  Smirke ;  with  other  commu- 
nications. Twenty-seven  new  members  of 
the  Institute  were  announced. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Nov.  28.  The  first  meeting  of  the  ses-  election  of  twenty-five  new  Associates, 
sion.  T.  J.  Pettigbew,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  making  a  total  of  accessions  during  the 
V.- P.,   in    the  chair,   who   reported  the     year  of  sixty  members,  among  whom  aie 


68 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Jan. 


the  Earl  of  Powis;  Viscount  Newport, 
M.P. ;  Sir  C.  R.  Boughton,  Bart. ;  Hon. 
and  Rev.  George  Bridgman ;  Revs.  C.  II. 
Hartshorne,  M.A.,  R.  W.  Evton,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  Edward  Egremont,  M.A.,  A.  R. 
Hamilton,  M.A.,  J.  J.  Mots,  M.A.,  J. 
Adams,  M.A.,  J.  James,  M.  A.,  J.  Ridgway, 
M.A. ;  J.  Camming  Macdonna;  Capt. 
Thorneycroft,  Captain  Crampton;  Drs. 
Hood,  Freudenthxl ;  Edw.  Levien,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  W.  H.  Bayley,  F.S.A.,  C.  Faulk- 
ner, F.S.A.,  J.  W.  K.  Eyton,  F.S.A.,  Geo. 
Maw,  F.SJL,  S.  Wood,  F.S.A.,  T.  Page, 
C.E.,  S.  L.  Sotheby,  F.S.A^  H.  Hope  Ed- 
wardes,  Esq.,  <fcc.,  &c. 

The  Chairman  congratulated  the  So- 
ciety on  the  successful  results  of  the  con- 
gress held  at  Shrewsbury,  and  reported 
subscriptions  and  donations  of  consider- 
able amount,  varying  from  two  to  twenty 
guineas,  in  aid  of  the  publication  of  the 
Collectanea  Archaologica,  in  addition  to 
the  established  quarterly  Journal,  which 
now  consists  of  sixteen  volumes. 

Numerous  presents  of  books,  photo- 
graphs, &c.t  wore  laid  upon  the  table,  re- 
ceived from  the  Royal  Society,  the  Socie- 
ties of  Antiquaries  of  London  and  Edin- 
burgh, the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Royal 
Dublin  Society,  Somersetshire  Archaeolo- 
gical Society,  Canadian  Institute,  &c,  &c. 

Mr.  T.  Wright,  F.S.A.,  reported  the 
progress  of  excavations  making  at  Wrox- 
eter,  and  produced  various  coins  of  Con- 
stantino, and  other  Roman  emperors, 
there  discovered ;  also  a  bronze  ornament, 
enamelled,  of  a  circular  form;  a  portion 
of  mortar  having  the  impress  of  a  leaf  of 
oak,  with  nut-galls,  &c 

Mr.  Christopher,  through  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Ridgway,  forwarded  notes  on  a  remark- 
ably fine  brass  at  Ltibeck  (a  photograph 
of  which  was  presented  by  Mr.  Ridgway), 
of  two  bishops,  of  the  date  of  1317  and 
I860.  The  execution  is  of  the  finest  de- 
scription, and  most  elaborate  in  detail. 

Dr.  Kendrick  exhibited  a  brass  tap  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  the  handle  of  which 
represented  a  cock,  and  the  mouth  of  the 
pipe  a  dolphin ;  and  the  larger  portion  of 
a  two-handled  vessel,  a  wassail -cup,  re- 
cently found  at  Warriagton. 

Mr.  Wills  exhibited  the  brass  matrix  of 

8 


an  early  seal  of  the  Freeraaaous ;  also  a 
large  collection  of  keys,  padlocks,  tobacco- 
stoppers,  <fcc.,  of  various  dates,  and  found 
in  different  localities. 

Mr.  Forman  exhibited  a  remarkably  fine 
Celtic  bronze  sword,  found  in  the  Thames 
at  Battersea,  probably  the  largest  yet  dis- 
covered. 

Mr.  Roberts  presented  a  drawing  of  the 
pig  of  lead  seen  by  the  Association  at 
Linley-hall,  Salop.  It  measures  22}  in. 
in  length,  and  is  7  in.  in  breadth  at  the 
base.  The  inscription  upon  it  records : — 
IMP .  hadbiani  .  ATG>.  This  exhibition 
was  accompanied  by  a  drawing  of  the 
wooden  shovel  obtained  from  the  Roman 
lead  mines  at  Shelve. 

Mr.  Blackbume  road  some  notes  ex- 
planatory of  a  beautiful  series  of  coloured 
drawings  exhibited  by  him  of  painted 
figures  on  panel  in  the  chancel  and  north 
aisle  of  the  church  of  St  John  at  South  - 
wold  in  Suffolk.  They  represent  the 
apostles,  angels,  demons,  &c,  and  are  of 
wonderful  execution,  and  beauty.  The  date 
is  about  a.d.  1460. 

Mr.  Vere  Irving  read  notes  in  reference 
to  Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson's  paper  in  the 
Journal  on  the  Rock  Basins  of  Dartmoor, 
and  other  British  Hemuins  in  England,  to 
mark  the  existence  in  this  island  of  two 
distinct  branches  of  the  Celtic  family,  an 
earlier  and  a  later,  whose  respective  lan- 
guages consisted  of  two  distinct  and 
easily-distinguished  dialects. 

Mr.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  a  variety  of 
specimens  of  Bellarminea,  with  figures, 
medallions,  heraldic  bearings,  Ac,  and 
gave  illustrations  of  numerous  early  ves- 
sels used  for  c  rink,  which  gave  rise  to  a 
lively  discussion,  and  occupied  the  re- 
mainder of  the  evening. 

Dec.  12.  Geo.  Godwin,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
V.-l\,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Rev.  S.  F.  Maynard,  B.A.,  of  Mid- 
somer  Norton,  was  elected  an  Associate. 

Mr.  Wills  exhibited  a  brass  spur  of  the 
time  of  Charles  I.,  and  the  silver  matrix 
of  a  seal  bearing  a  view  of  a  castle  or 
some  foreign  fortress. 

Mr.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  two  pseudo- 
antiques,  one  a  matrix  of  jet  or  shale, 


1861.]     London  and  Middx.  and  Surrey  Archceol.  Societies.       69 


the  other  a  terra-cotta  cameo.  They 
were  pretended  to  have  been  found  in 
a  grave  in  Lincolnshire. 

Mr.  Franks  also  exhibited  a  matrix  of 
jet  purchased  at  Cambridge,  unquestion- 
ably lan  imposition. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  laid  upon  the  table  the 
impression  of  a  seal  sent  by  Mr.  Mogg. 
It  is  the  seal  of  Richard,  Duke  of  Glou- 
cester, as  Admiral  of  England  and  Earl  of 
Dorset  and  Somerset.  Mr.  P.  also  read 
a  paper  on  the  "  Early  Naval  History  of 
England,"  determined  the  appointment  of 
Richard  in  the  2nd  and  11th  Edward  IV., 
and  fixed  the  execution  of  the  seal  between 


1471  and  1475.  The  seal  is  a  remarkably 
fine  one,  presenting  a  one-masted  ship 
with  full  sail,  emblazoned  with  the  royal 
arms,  and  the  admiral's  flag  supported 
by  a  greyhound  in  the  aftcastle,  whilst 
the  forecastle  had  a  cresset  for  holding  a 
light  or  combustibles.  The  paper  will 
be  printed,  with  illustrations  of  this  and 
other  Lord  High  Admirals. 

Mr.  Syer  Cuming  read  a  paper  on  the 
use  of  tubes  and  hollow  bricks  in  ancient 
buildings,  and  illustrated  his  subject  with 
various  specimens. 

The  Society  adjourned  over  to  the  9th 
of  January,  1861. 


LONDON  AND  MIDDLESEX  AND  STJKREY  ARCH^OLOGICAL 

SOCIETIES. 


Nov.  20.  The  Rev.  B.  H.  Cowpib  in 
the  chair. 

The  Chairman  called  attention  to  the 
series  of  casts  of  ecclesiastical  and  cor- 
porate seals  exhibited  by  Mr.  Broiro  at 
the  previous  meeting,  and  briefly  described 
the  various  seals,  many  of  which  were  well 
deserving  of  note ;  e.  g.  the  very  beautiful 
seal  of  Anthony  de  Bek,  Bishop  of  Durham 
from  JuD.  1283  to  1311;  the  municipal 
seals  of  Portsmouth  and  Canterbury,  and 
that  of  the  Priory  of  St.  Pancras,  Lewes, 
Ac.,  <fcc. 

Robert  Cole,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  very 
curious  letter  from  Aylmer,  Bishop  of 
London,  to  Sir  John  Harvie,  the  then 
Lord  Mayor  of  London,  dated  1st  of  March, 
1581.  This  letter  is  contained  in  a  manu- 
script volume  of  great  interest  recently 
acquired  by  Mr.  Cole,  being  the  letter- 
book  of  Sir  Anthony  Bacon,  elder  brother 
of  the  great  Lord  Bacon. 

Sir  Anthony  Bacon  was  the  son  of  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon,  Lord  Keeper  of  the  Great 
Seal,  by  his  second  wife,  Anne,  daughter 
of  Sir  Anthony  Cooke,  tutor  to  Edward 
VI.  Sir  Anthony  was  born  in  1558,  and 
at  the  age  of  21  commenced  his  travels  on 
the  Continent,  first  residing  at  Paris,  and 
afterwards  at  Geneva  with  his  friend  the 
celebrated  Theodore  Beza.  Whilst  abroad 
he  corresponded  with  many  eminent  per- 
sons in  England,  and  the  letter-book  which 
Gxbtt.  Mao.  Vol.  OCX. 


Mr.  Cole  exhibited  contains  copies  of  many 
of  his  letters  written  in  1580  and  1581. 

Mr.  Cole  observed  that  John  Aylmer, 
Bishop  of  London,  was  born  at  Aylmer* 
hall,  Norfolk,  in  1521,  and  that  his  quick* 
ness  of  apprehension  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Marquis  of  Dorset,  who  sent 
him  to  Cambridge,  and  made  him  his 
chaplain,  and  tutor  to  his  children,  one  of 
whom  was  the  unfortunate  Lady  Jane 
Grey. 

He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  London 
in  1576,  and  died  in  1594,  aged  73. 
Pierce,  in  his  "  Vindication  of  the  Dissent* 
era,"  says : — "  Dr.  John  Aylmer,  Bishop  of 
London,  was  a  man  of  most  intemperate 
heat,  who  persecuted  the  Puritans  with 
the  utmost  rage,  and  treated  ministers 
with  such  virulent  and  abusive  language 
as  a  man  of  sense  and  indifferent  temper 
would  scorn  to  use  towards  porters  and 
coolers." 

The  latter  part  of  Aylmcr's  letter  is 
characteristic  After  admonishing  the 
Lord  Mayor,  he  says : — "  If  you  take  this 
in  good  p'te,  as  cominge  from  him  that 
hath  charge  on  you,  1  am  glad ;  yf  not,  I 
must  tell  you  your  dutie  out  of  my  chaire. 
which  is  the  pulpit  at  Paules  Crosse,  where 
you  must  sitt,  not  as  a  judge  to  control, 
but  as  a  scholler  to  learne,  and  I,  not  as 
John  Elmer,  to  be  taunted,  but  as  John 
London,  to  teach  yon  and  all  London,  and 


70 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Jan. 


yf  yon  use  not  yourself  as  an  humble 
acholler,  then  to  discipline  you  as  your 
tencber  and  prelate." 

Mr.  Cole,  in  concluding  his  remarks, 
called  attention  to  the  Bishop's  name  as 
spelt  in  the  letter.  In  all  biographical 
notices  of  the  Bishop  the  same  is  written 
*  Ay  liner,'  but  in  the  letter  above  referred 
to  it  is  '  Elmer.' 

Mr.  W.  H.  Overall  read  a  paper  on  St. 
Paul's  Cross,  and  exhibited  several  volumes 
of  sermons  preached  there. 

Mr.  Overall  remarked  that  the  old  pul- 
pit was  built  of  timber  mounted  upon 
steps  of  stone  and  covered  with  lead.  The 
first  notice  of  this  cross  was  in  1258, 
when  Chief  Justice  Mansell  laid  an  accu- 
sation against  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen 
of  London  for  overtaxing  the  citizens. 
Fabian  records  another  meeting,  or  folk- 
mote,  as  having  been  called  at  the  Cross  by 
Henry  III.  in  1259,  when  his  Majesty 
attended,  accompanied  by  his  brother  the 
Earl  of  Cornwall,  and  directed  the  Lord 
Mayor  to  administer  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance to  all  citizens  above  the  age  of  twelve 
years. 

In  1383  Robert  de  Braybroke  requested 
contributions  to  restore  the  Cross,  it  being 
then  in  a  very  ruinous  condition ;  and  in 
1448  Thomas  Kemp,  the  then  Bishop  of 
London,  rebuilt  it 

A  sermon  preached  by  Robert  Wimbel- 
ton,  at  Paul's  Cross,  printed  in  Fox's 
*'  Book  of  Martyrs,"  occupies  some  eleven 
closely  printed  columns,  and  is  a  very 
quaint  production. 

At  this  Cross  Dr.  John  Shaw  preached 
a  sermon  from  the  significant  and  memo- 
Table  words,  "  Bastard  slips  shall  not  take 
deep  roots."  Here  Bishop  Ridley  preached 
his  sermon  on  the  Sacrament  of  the  Lord's 
Supper. 

Latimer  was  upwards  of  seventy  years 
of  age  when  he  preached  his  first  sermon 
from  the  Cross.  Machin,  in  his  Diary, 
alludes  to  the  scene  of  riot  which  occur- 
red after  the  sermon  delivered  by  Dr. 
Brown,  of  High  Ongar,  in  Essex,  and 
chaplain  to  Her  Majesty,  in  consequence 
of  his  speaking  against  the  late  Queen, 
which  so  roused  the  populace  that  he  nar- 
rowly escaped  with  his  life. 


On  the  2nd  of  December,  1553,  Stephen 
Gardiner,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  and  Lord 
Chancellor,  attended  by  sixteen  bishops 
and  many  judges,  preached  at  Paul's 
Cross,  Cardinal  Pole  and  King  Philip  of 
Spain  being  among  the  hearers. 

During  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign  the 
pulpit  whs  occupied  by  Bishops  Home, 
Jewel,  Pierce,  &c.,  and  Her  Majesty  at- 
tended to  return  thanks  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Spanish  Armada. 

In  James's  reign  the  fame  of  the  Cross 
still  continued.  James  attended  himself 
to  hear  the  justly  celebrated  Dr.  King, 
Bishop  of  London. 

The  last  monarch  who  attended  was 
Charles  I.,  the  Cross  being  pulled  down 
in  1643,  during  the  mayoralty  of  Isaac 
Pennington. 

William  H.  Hart,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read 
a  letter  from  Archbishop  Cranmer  to 
Matthew  Parker,  dated  May  5,  1548,  ap- 
pointing him  to  preach  at  the  Cross  on 
Sunday,  the  22nd  of  July ;  and  that  he 
fail  not  to  preach  that  Sunday  "  because 
the  Cross  must  in  no  wise  be  disappointed 
or  destitute  of  a  preacher." 

Charles  Baily,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited 
several  coloured  tracings  of  painted  glass. 
The  earliest  example  (temp.  Edward  II.) 
was  from  the  chapel  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford ;  the  next  in  point  of  date,  a  very 
beautiful  specimen  of  early  art  from  East 
Mailing,  Kent,  representing  the  crowning 
of  the  Virgin,  the  lines  of  lead  hardly  in- 
terfering with  the  design.  Mr.  Baily  also 
called  attention  to  a  curious  specimen 
from  Shottesbrook  Church,  Berks.,  repre- 
senting St.  John  the  Baptist,  the  drapery 
being  peculiarly  arranged.  Tracings  of 
several  figures  of  saints  from  the  same 
church,  a  shield  with  curious  device  from 
Little  Warley  Church,  of  an  eagle  from 
Corringham  Church,  &c,  were  also  exhi- 
bited and  described. 

Mr.  William  Sanders  exhibited  a  framed 
engraving  representing  a  knight  (temp. 
Henry  III.),  and  an  ecclesiastic,  both  mem- 
bers of  the  Waterhouse  family.  It  was 
remarked  that  these  engravings  illustrate 
a  curious  work  on  heraldry  by  Sylvanus 
Morgan,  entitled  "  The  Sphere  of  Gentry," 
and  were  most  probably  by  Gay  wood. 


1861.]     London  and  Middx.  and  Surrey  ArchceoL  Societies.       71 


Robt.  Cole,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  alio  exhibited 
and  described  several  very  interesting 
royal  and  other  autographs,  namely,  of 
George  II.,  George  III.,  George  IV.,  and 
the  original  notes  taken  by  the  latter  when 
Prince  of  Wales  at  the  examination  of 
Hatfield ;  a  Letter  of  Handel  returning 
thanks  to  the  Honourable  Artillery  Com- 
pany for  the  use  of  the  kettle-drums  in 
his  oratorios ;  a  letter  of  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin ;  a  document  signed  by  Sarah  Duchess 
of  Marlborough ;  and  also  a  paper  attested 
by  Sir  Christopher  Wren. 

H.  W.  Sass,  Esq.,  exhibited,  by  permis- 
sion of  the  Court  of  Assistants  of  the 
Honourable  Artillery  Company,  the  ex- 
emplification of  arras  to  that  company  by 
Sir  Isaac  Heard,  Garter,  Sir  Geo.  Naylor, 
Clarencieux,  and  Ralph  Bigland,  Norroy, 
dated  30th  of  April,  1821.  The  arms  are 
thus  described :  —  Argent,  a  cross  gules 
(being  that  of  St.  George)  charged  with 
a  lion  passant  gnardant  or  (being  part  of 
the  Royal  Arms  of  England) ;  on  a  chief 
azure,  a  portcullis  of  the  third,  between 
two  ostrich  feathers  erect  of  the  field; 
and  the  crest,  on  a  wreath  of  the  colours, 
a  dexter  arm  embowed  in  armour,  the 
gauntlet  grasping  a  pike,  in  bend  sinister 
or,  between  two  dragons'  wings  argent, 
each  charged  with  a  cross  gules.  Sup- 
porters,— on  the  dexter  side  a  pikeman 
armed  and  accoutred,  supporting  with  the 
exterior  hand  a  pike  erect,  proper,  and  on 
the  sinister  side  a  musketeer  with  his 
matchlock,  bandoliers  and  rest,  all  proper. 
Motto,  Arma  pari*  fulcra. 

Several  other  representations  of  the 
arms  were  also  exhibited  by  the  Company, 
including  a  drawing  on  vellum  by  John 
Black  well,  clerk  to  the  Company  in  the 
early  part  of  the  last  century ;  also  some 
engravings  of  them  of  earlier  date,  con- 
tributed by  Joseph  Jackson  Howard,  F.S.A. 

Mr.  Sass  remarked  that  a  company  or 
guild  had  existed  long  previous  to  the 
time  of  the  first  letters  patent  (28  Henry 
VIII.,  anno  1537).  This  king  had  from 
early  life  practised  the  use  of  all  manly 
and  athletic  exercises,  particularly  that  of 
the  bow,  and  found,  upon  his  accession  in 
1509,  the  citizens  of  London  well  disposed 
towards  the  encouragement  of  one  of  his 


favourite  pursuits ;  and  as  its  use  was  of 
far  more  importance  to  his  government 
than  to  his  amusement,  he  gave  them 
every  sanction  which  could  be  derived 
from  his  presence  and  practice.  They 
extended  their  exercises  over  the  fields 
near  Islington,  Hoxton,  and  Shoreditch, 
and  were  accustomed  to  fix  butts  and 
targets  there  to  shoot  at ;  but  as  the  in- 
habitants of  those  villages  increased  in 
number,  they  enclosed  their  grounds, 
which  had  been  a  common  field,  and 
thereby  prevented  the  practice  of  archery. 
This  produced  a  serious  contest,  amount- 
ing to  an  insurrection,  in  5  Henry  VIII. 
(1514),  in  which  the  citizens  practising 
archery,  tenacious  of  what  they  had  long 
enjoyed  as  a  right,  assembled  and  de- 
stroyed all  fences.  A  patent  of  incor- 
poration was  granted  to  this  Company  on 
the  25th  of  August,  1537.  In  this  patent 
many  curious  privileges  are  granted ; 
among  others,  members  of  the  Honourable 
Artillery  Company  are,  without  a  game 
license,  permitted  to  shoot  any  kind  of 
game  in  any  part  of  His  Majesty's  do- 
minions, except  within  two  miles  of  the 
spot  where  he  may  at  the  time  happen  to 
be  residing.  They  are  also  exempted 
from  serving  upon  any  jury.  In  1588  the 
Company  made  a  considerable  figure  at 
the  camp  at  Tilbury,  but  for  some  reason 
from  that  time  it  gradually  declined,  all 
useful  discipline  was  gradually  neglected, 
and  the  Honourable  body,  which  had  to 
this  time  trained  themselves  and  others  in 
the  art  of  war,  almost  ceased  to  exist. 

James  I.  granted  a  patent  for  the  en- 
couragement of  the  Company,  which  bears 
date  the  1st  of  February,  1605.  This 
patent  was  principally  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  the  enclosure  of  the  various 
fields  in  which  the  Artillery  Company  had 
previously  had  the  right  of  shooting. 
This  was  the  precursor  to  another  patent, 
granted  five  years  afterwards,  for  the  re- 
vival of  the  Company  by  the  same  mo- 
narch, the  names  in  which  correspond 
exactly  with  the  register  of  the  Company. 

Charles  1.  granted  a  charter  to  the 
Company  the  20th  of  December,  1633, 
for  the  preservation  of  their  rights  as  re- 
garded the  shooting  at  their  butts,  and 


74  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Jan. 

antiquaries  in  all  parts  of  the  British  dominions,  and  in  France,  Germany, 
and  America. 

Without  giving  offence  we  may  express  our  opinion,  that  it  is  not  reason- 
able to  expect  our  Publishers  to  supply  this  Magazine  to  the  different 
learned  Societies  gratis,  in  exchange  for  information  which  the  Societies 
ought  to  be  only  too  glad  to  have  such  a  means  of  spreading  abroad.  Above 
a  hundred  copies  are  expected  to  be  given  away  monthly,  and  we  must 
say  we  think  that  this  is  a  heavy  tax  upon  the  liberality  of  the  proprietors 
of  a  valuable  publication. 

HACHETTES  DILUVIENNES  ET  INDUSTRIE  PRIMITIVE. 

M.  L'Abbe  Cochet  has  requested  us  to  give  publicity  to  the  accompany- 
ing extract  from  a  letter  addressed  by  him  to  M.  le  Professeur  Charma, 
S£cr£taire  de  la  Soci£te  des  Antiquaires  de  Normandie  : — 

"  II  faut  que  je  vous  dise  ce  qui  m'a  conduit  dans  le  bassin  de  la  Somme,  a 
Saint- Valery,  k  Abbeville,  k  Amiens  et  dans  tout  ce  pays  de  tourbieres  et  de 
marecages.  Depuis  deux  ans  j'eprouvais  un  vif  dlsir  de  voir  en  place,  in  situ, 
comrae  disent  nos  voisins  les  Anglais,  ces  fameuses  hachettes  dites  diluvienncs 
qui  agitent  et  remuent  tout  le  monde  savant.  Depuis  dix-huit  mois,  elles  font 
affluer  l'Europe  scientifique  vers  cette  vallee  de  la  Somme  qui,  sous  d'autres 
rapports,  est  loin  de  posslder  l'interet  des  valines  du  Rhin,  de  la  Loire  ou  de  la 
Seine.  Mais  en  revanche,  elle  a  rencontrl,  dans  ses  sablieres  et  ses  argilieres  une 
illustration  aussi  nouvelle  qu'inattendue.  Chacun,  en  effet,  veut  contempler,  dans 
le  pays  qui  le  premier  les  a  mis  au  jour,  ces  produits  de  l'industrie  primitive  qu  a 
present  l'ou  rencontre  partout,  aussi  bien  en  France  qu'a  l'£tranger. 

"  Tout  d'abord,  j'ai  salue*  dans  son  hotel  d' Abbeville  le  v6o£rable  inventeur  de 
ces  modestes  monuments,  longtemps  inapercra  et  a  present  si  renommds.  J'ai  revu 
avec  un  vif  plaisir  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes,  tant  de  fois  repousse*  du  domaine 
scientifique  et  dont  le  nom  parcourt  a  present  le  monde  civilise*  sur  les  levres  do 
la  science  et  sur  les  ailes  de  la  renommee.  Avec  lui,  j'ai  visits  sa  collection  qui 
reporte  si  fortement  le  spectateur  a  cet  age  de  pierre  dont  je  venais  rechercher  les 
restes ;  puis  avec  lui  ou  avec  ses  amis,  je  suis  descendu  dans  les  argilieres  de 
Menchecourt,  de  la  Porte  Marcade"  et  du  Moulin-Quignon,  catacombes  nouvelles 
d'ou  sunt  sorties  les  premieres  hachettes  et,  avec  elles,  les  elements  d'un  monde 
nouveau  et  les  debris  d'une  civilisation  perdue  dans  la  nuit  des  temps. 

u  D' Abbeville,  jo  me  suis  rendu  a  Amiens  et  suis  entre*  dans  ses  curieuses 
tranchees  de  Saint-Acheul  ou  le  fait  des  haches  diluviennes  a  pris  corps,  ou  il 
s'est  etabli  d'une  maniere  incontestable  et  d'oii  il  s'est  61ev6  a  la  hauteur  d'un 
Ivlnement  scientifique.  Cette  gloire  cosmopolite,  ces  arenes  modernes  la  devront 
en  grande  partie  a  des  arch£ologues  Anglais  et  a  des  geologues  Strangers.  Je 
suis  descendu  dant  ces  sablieres,  escort^,  ou  pour  mieux  dire  contreforte  de  trois 
solides  archeologues  picards,  MM.  Goze,  Dusevel,  et  l'Abbe  Corblet.  Nous  avons 
vu  sous  nos  yeux  extraire  d'un  sol  vierge  de  tout  mouvement  humain,  depuis  le 
d6p6t  alluvial  qui  l'a  form6,  des  silex  oil  la  main  de  l'homme  ne  saurait  se 
meconnaitre.  J'ai  remporte*  quelques-uns  de  ces  grossiers,  mais  precieux  monu- 
ments ;  c'est  la  rlcolte  des  deux  journeys  que  j'ai  passees  a  Amiens,  et  des  deux 
Yisites  que  j'ai  faites  a  Saint-Acheul.    J'en  offirirai,  avec  plaisir,  aux  collections 


1861.]         "  W.  S.  N."  and  the  "National"  Reviewer. 


75 


de  la  Socie*te\  apres  avoir  satisfait  le  Musee  de  Rouen  en  faveur  duquel  cette  ex- 
cursion a  Ite*  entreprise  ;  car  je  ne  dois  pas  negliger  de  tous  dire  que  le  digne  et 
eclaire  Pre7et  de  la  Seine-Infeneure  avait  bien  voulu  me  confier  cette  mission 
scientifique,  comme  en  1859,  M.  le  Maire  de  Rouen  en  avait  donne  unepareille 
a  M.  G.  Pouchet  dans  l'interet  le  mieux  entendu  du  Museum  de  notre  cite" 
me'tropolitaine. 
Dieppe,  U  6  Ociobre,  1860.  L'Abbe  Oochet. 


"W.  S.N."  AND  THE  "NATIONAL"  REVIEWER, 


Mb.  Urbait,— The  letter  of  "  W.  S.  N." 
in  your  December  number  deserves  my 
thankful  acknowledgment,  both  for  its 
matter  and  for  its  tone.  There  is  now 
Utile  or  nothing  in  controversy  between 
your  correspondent  and  myself;  and,  if 
we  must  differ  on  any  point,  I  trust  that 
we  shall  be  able  to  differ  without  a  breach 
of  good  feeling  on  either  side.  If  my 
letter  in  your  number  for  November  con- 
tained anything  which  W.  S.  N.  considers 
too  sharp,  I  beg  him  to  regard  such  pas- 
sages as  withdrawn. 

It  is  right  that  this  acknowledgment 
should  be  made  publicly ;  and,  having  been 
led  to  address  you  for  that  purpose,  I 
trust  that  you  will  allow  me  to  point  out 
what  seems  to  me  a  mistake  in  the  founda- 
tion of  the  judgment  which  you  have  pro- 
nounced against  me  in  the  matter  of  the 
"National"  reviewer.  You  state  truly 
that  in  the  "Saturday  Review"  article 
on  Mr.  Morris,  my  "  name  occurs  only  by 
a  passing  allusion ;"  that  in  the  "  Edin- 
burgh Review"  of  Dr.  Vaughan  I  am  not 
mentioned  at  all ;  and  that  the  letter  to 
yourself  which  bears  Mr.  Freeman's  sig- 
nature is  "on  a  different  subject  to  that 
touched  upon  by  any  of  the  reviews." 
And  " therefore*'  you  "quite  think  that 
it  was  an  error  to  introduce  such  matters 
into  the  controversy." 
P  Here,  Mb.  Ubbak,  I  cannot  but  think 
that  you  have  allowed  yourself  to  be  mis- 
led by  one  of  the  "National"  reviewer's 
many  misrepresentations.  That  writer, 
in  his  letter  to  you,  professes  to  suppose 
that  my  object  in  first  addressing  you 
was  to  defend  my  book  against  adverse 
critics,  and  that  the  name  of  Becket  was 
the  only  point  on  which  I  believed  my- 
self to  have  any  ground  of  defence.    If 


this  had  been  a  true  statement  of  my 
purpose,  I  admit  that  you  would  be  quite 
right  in  blaming  me  for  dragging  into 
the  question  articles  in  which  I  had  not 
been  censured,  or  even  mentioned.  But 
the  real  object  of  my  first  letter  to  you 
was  that  which  is  stated  in  its  heading — 
to  vindicate  the  use  of  the  surname  Becket 
as  belonging  to  the  Archbishop  who  is 
usually  called  by  it ;  and,  this  being  the 
case,  it  appears  to  me  that  I  was  entitled 
to  refer  to  any  writings  in  which  an 
attempt  had  been  made  to  deny  us  the 
liberty  of  designating  him  by  that  name. 
Now  such  an  attempt  had  been  distinctly 
made  in  the  "Saturday"  article  on  Mr. 
Morris — from  which,  indeed,  my  quotation 
in  favour  of  discarding  the  surname  was 
taken,  as  neither  the  "  Guardian"  nor  the 
"National  Review"  happened  to  be  at 
hand.  Mr.  Freeman's  letter  on  North- 
ampton Castle  had  also  to  do  with  the 
subject,  inasmuch  as  he  there  speaks  of 
"St  Thomas  of  Canterbury"  as  if  no 
other  way  of  designating  the  Archbishop 
ought  to  be  used  by  a  well-informed  man. 
And  even  the  enumeration  in  the  "  Edin- 
burgh  Review"  of  the  various  names  under 
which  the  Archbishop  has  been  spoken  of, 
was  by  no  means  foreign  to  the  question, 
although  I  need  hardly  say  that,  if  the 
writer,  in  his  own  mind,  preferred  'St. 
Thomas,"  the  "Edinburgh  Review"  was 
not  very  likely  to  let  a  contributor  display 
such  a  preference. 

I  believe,  therefore,  that  I  was  justified 
in  referring  to  the  "  Edinburgh"  and  the 
"  Saturday"  articles,  and  to  Mr.  Freeman's 
letter,  as  well  as  to  those  articles  in  which 
my  book  had  been  reviewed,  although  I 
should  not  have  brought  forward  Mr. 
Freeman's  name  but  for  the  unmannerly 


76 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban* 


[Jaiu 


language  in  which  I  was  challenged  to 
name  the  "fifth  periodical."  I  allow 
that  thna  to  charge  a  person  with  the 
authorship  of  anonymous  articles  would 
have  been  against  "  the  laws  of  literary 
etiquette/'  if  the  matter  had  been  within 
the  operation  of  those  laws.  Bat  when 
a  writer  abases  the  privilege  of  anony- 


mous publication  so  grossly  as  I  believe 
the  "National"  reviewer  to  have  abased 
it,  it  seems  to  me  that  he  forfeits  all  claim 
to  protection  from  the  laws  of  literary 
etiquette.— I  am,  &c. 

J.  C.  Bobxbtbov. 
Precincts,  Canterbury. 


ST.  FRIDESWIDFS  SHRINE,  OXFORD  CATHEDRAL. 


Mb.  Ubbav, — Having  lately  had  to  ex- 
amine carefully  the  so-called  Shrine  of  St 
Frideswide  in  Oxford  Cathedral,  I  venture 
to  offer  the  following  suggestions  as  to  the 
use  for  which  it  was  intended,  and  the 
date  of  its  erection,  neither  of  which  ever 
seem  to  have  been  sufficiently  investigated, 
though  they  have  been  the  subject  of  some 
controversy. 

The  "  Shrine"  stands  at  the  south-east 
angle  of  the  Latin  chapel,  just  filling  up 
the  space  between  the  two  piers  of  the 
first  bay,  with  its  east  end  abutting  on  the 
wall,  and  the  other  sides  standing  clearly 
out.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  the  lower  of 
stone  and  the  upper  of  wood,  but  both  are 
parts  of  the  same  design,  and  both  evident- 
ly erected  at  the  same  time.  The  stone 
portion  consists  of  a  tomb,  and  a  doorway 
to  a  staircase  leading  to  a  chamber  in  the 
upper  or  wooden  portion.  The  tomb  con- 
sists of  a  large  slab  of  stone  filling  the 
whole  space,  on  which  is  still  visible  the 
matrix  of  a  brass,  the  metal  of  which  has 
been  removed,  but  it  shews  clearly  the 
outlines  of  two  figures,  one  male,  in  civil 
jcostume,  and  the  other  female,  with  the 
heart-shaped  head-dress.  Round  the  mar- 
gin has  been  a  narrow  brass  border  with 
a  legend,  but  this  is  also  gone.  The  sides 
of  this  tomb  are  richly  panelled  and  orna- 
mented with  pedestals  or  brackets.  Above 
this  slab  is  a  richly  groined  and  panelled 
canopy  supported  by  buttresses  with  de- 
pressed three-centred  arches  between,  and 
on  the  outside  with  rich  buttresses  and 
pinnacles,  a  richly  carved  string  of  vine- 
leaves  and  grapes,  with  the  Tudor  flower 
and  battlements  above.  This  canopy,  owing 
to  the  requirement  of  height  for  the 
chamber  above,  is  very  low,  and  is  but 
little  raised  above  the  slab.  At  the 
9 


west  end  of  this  tomb  is  the  richly  orna- 
mented doorway  before  mentioned,  and 
a  flight  of  steps  leading  to  the  upper 
chamber,  which  has  an  oak  floor  and  roof, 
but  is  open  on  the  upper  part  on  three 
sides.  The  exterior  of  this  wooden  cham- 
ber is  divided  into  two  stages,  the  lower 
of  which  is  closed,  but  the  upper,  as  men- 
tioned before,  is  open.  Both  these  stages 
are  covered  with  rich  tabernacle- work 
with  ground  canopies,  and  are  divided  by 
a  rich  string  of  carved  Tine-leaf  and  grapes 
with  the  Tudor  flower,  as  in  the  lower 
story,  and  of  which  three  different  varieties 
occur.  The  upper  canopies  terminate  in 
tall  crocketed  spires,  rising  gradually  in 
height  from  the  sides  to  the  centre. 

As  to  its  use,  I  think  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  lower  part  is  the  tomb  of 
the  founder  or  donor,  and  his  wife,  as  the 
size  of  the  slab  for  the  brass  renders  it 
physically  impossible  that  it  could  have 
been  introduced  after  the  erection  of  the 
other  part.  This  tomb,  then,  the  form  of 
the  erection  itself,  and  its  position  in  re- 
gard to  the  east  window,  (being  not  in 
the  centre  but  between  the  pillars  on 
one  side,)  seem  to  render  it  impossible 
that  it  could  have  been  the  shrine  itself, 
and  I  think  therefore  that  Professor  Willis's 
suggestion  that  it  was  the  "watching 
chamber"  or  loft  of  the  shrine  is  per- 
fectly correct.  Its  form  and  plan,  as  well 
as  its  position,  are  well  adapted  for  this 
purpose.  Being  sufficiently  raised  and 
open  in  the  upper  part,  the  watchers 
would  have  the  command  not  only  of  the 
shrine  itself,  which  would  be  placed  in 
front  of  the  east  window  and  consequently 
close  to  the  loft,  but  also  of  the  adjoining 
chapel,  the  choir,  the  transept,  and  almost 
every  part  of  the  church.    The  watching- 


1861.] 


Ancient  Lake- Dwellings. 


77 


loft  at  St.  Alton's,  which  is  placed  in  a 
similar  position,  hut  on  the  north  side, 
confirms  this  supposition. 

It  is  stated  that  the  shrine  of  St. 
Frideswide  was  plundered  in  1308,  and  as 
it  had  no  doubt  before  the  fifteenth  century 
regained  its  original  splendour,  and  as  we 
know  that  rich  gifts  were  continually 
added  to  it  by  members  of  the  University, 
as  well  as  by  others,  there  was  sufficient 
reason  for  having  it  continually  watched. 

I  will  now  endeavour  to  fix  the  date  of 
the  present  building.  The  impression  of 
the  brass  still  remaining  clearly  shews  the 
form  of  a  lady  wearing  a  heart-shaped 
head-dress.  This  was  a  well-known  fashion 
of  the  time  of  Henry  VI.,  and  this,  coupled 
with  the  style  of  the  architecture,  will  give 
the  key  to  the  date,  and  it  will  be  found, 
by  comparing  it  with  other  buildings  of 
this  reign,  that  it  perfectly  agrees  with 
them.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned 
— Fotheringhay  Church,  the  contract  for 
which  is  dated  1435 ;  monument  of  Richard 
Beauchamp  at  Warwick,  1 439;  monument 
of  Humphrey  Duke  of  Gloucester  at  St. 
Alban's,  1446. 

Two  points  have  been  adduced  for  giving 
it  a  later  date,  viz.  the  Tudor  flower  and 
the  elliptic  or  three-centred  arch.  The 
term  "  Tudor  flower,"  though  convenient 
as  designating  a  well-known  ornament,  is 
unfortunate  in  an  historical  point  of  view, 
as  the  flower  was  in  constant  use  long  be- 


fore the  time  of  the  Tudors.  We  find  it  on 
the  monument  of  Edward  III.  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  c  1380,  on  that  of  Henry 
IV.  at  Canterbury,  and  on  that  of  Duke 
Humphrey  at  St.  Alban's,  1446,  and  in  the 
tracery  of  the  fan- vault  at  Fotheringhay 
Church,  1435,  and,  indeed,  its  use  was 
thoroughly  established  at  this  period. 

The  depressed  three-centred  arch  before 
mentioned  occurs  on  the  tomb  of  Edward 
III.,  and  also  on  the  well-known  one  of 
Richard  Beauchamp  at  Warwick,  between 
which  last  and  that  of  St.  Frideswide 
there  is  a  great  resemblance  in  details, 
and  if  we  take  the  three  monuments  of 
Edward  III.,  Henry  IV.,  and  Richard 
Beauchamp,  we  shall  have  most  of  the  de- 
tails of  the  Oxford  one. 

I  think  therefore  that  we  may  safely 
conclude  that  the  present  building  was 
erected  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  1422 
to  1461,  by  a  civilian — probably  a  merchant 
— and  his  wife,  for  the  double  purpose  of  a 
monument  for  themselves  and  as  a  watch- 
ing-loft  to  the  then  rich  and  costly  shrine 
of  St.  Frideswide.  Who  these  individuals 
were  is  an  interesting  enquiry,  and  one 
peculiarly  fitted  to  the  investigation  of  our 
newly  remodelled  Architectural  and  His- 
torical Society  of  Oxford. — I  am,  Ac. 

O.  Jewitt. 

Clifton-villas,  Camden-square,  N.W. 
December  8, 1860. 


ANCIENT  LAKE-DWELLINGS. 


Mb.  Urban,  —  For  some  months  past 
the  periodicals,  both  in  England  and  Ire- 
land, abound  in  notices  of  the  Swiss 
pfahlbauten,  or  ancient  lacustrine  habita- 
tions, of  the  early  Celtic  people  of  Europe. 
These  notices  are  almost  entirely  derived 
from  three  learned  papers  by  Dr.  Ferdinand 
Keller,  of  Zurich;  the  first  published  in 
1854,  and  the  last  during  the  present 
year.  Most  of  the  writers  of  these  ar- 
ticles have  been  good  enough  to  allude  to 
my  Catalogue  of  the  Antiquities  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy, 
published  in  1857 ;  but  few  of  them  ap- 
pear to  have  seen  the  work;  and  the 
author  of  the  paper  on  the  subject  of 
lake  dwellings  in  your  issue  for  December 
Gnrr.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


is  evidently  unconscious  of  the  fact  that 
the  first  of  these  ancient  habitations  ex- 
amined or  described  in  Europe  was  that  at 
Lagore,  near  Dunshaughlin,  co.  Meath,  in 
Ireland,  a  lengthened  description  of  which 
I  laid  before  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  in 
April,  1840.  See  the  Proceedings  of  tliat 
body,  vol.  i.  p.  420. 

Since  then  at  least  fifty  of  these  forti- 
fied islands  have  been  discovered  in  Ire- 
land, and  the  latest  accounts  thereof,  re- 
corded in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy, 
may  be  seen  in  the  Number  for  April, 
1859. — I  am,  &c. 

W.  R.  WlLDB. 
1,  MerrioH-square,  Dublin, 
December  3,  1860. 

L 


78  [Jan. 


€f)c  BottAook  ot  &glbantt£  WLrbnn. 


[Under  this  title  it  is  intended  to  give  brief  notes  of  matters  of  current  antiquarian 
interest  which  do  not  appear  to  demand  more  formal  treatment.  Sylvanus  Urban 
invites  the  kind  co-operation  of  his  Friends,  who  may  thus  preserve  a  record  of  many 
things  that  would  otherwise  pass  awayJ] 


The  Roman  Villa  at  North  Wraxhall. — In  No.  xix.  of  "The  Wiltshire 
Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Magazine/'  Mr.  6.  Poulett  Scrope  has  pub- 
lished an  account  of  a  Roman  villa  lately  excavated  under  his  orders  and  superin- 
tendence. In  that  portion  of  the  paper  which  describes  the  vurious  apartments 
is  the  following  passage : — "  The  five  small  rooms  which  occupy  the  western  ex- 
tremity of  this  range  of  building  are  its  most  interesting  portion.  They  all  pos- 
sessed hypocausts,  or  hot  air  flues,  beneath  their  floors,  and  together  evidently 
formed  a  suite  of  hot  bath-rooms,  or  thermae"  It  is  a  very  common  mistake  to 
term  such  rooms  baths.  They  were  in  reality  the  winter  apartments,  and  the 
hypocausts  were  for  warming  them.  In  this  part  of  Roman  villas  baths  are  often 
found,  but  they  are  of  comparatively  small  dimensions,  such  as  those  found  at  Hart- 
lip,  in  Kent,  and  engraved  in  the  Collectanea  Anliqnat  vol.  ii.  These  were  in  close 
contiguity  with  the  winter  rooms,  for  the  obvious  reason  of  being  easily  supplied 
with  water  heated  by  the  hypocaust.  In  this  cold  and  foggy  climate  warmth  to 
preserve  life  was  first  sought  for  and  secured  by  the  Roman  masons :  the  baths 
usually  occupied  but  a  veiy  small  space,  and  there  arc  instances  to  shew  they  were 
sometimes  detached  from  the  main  building.  The  arrangement  of  the  flue  tiles 
up  the  sides  of  the  rooms  will  be  well  understood  by  reference  to  the  engravings 
of  the  room  at  Jublains,  in  France,  Col.  A*t.y  vol.  ill.  pi.  xxvi. 

Durovernum. — Excavations  lately  made  in  the  High-street  of  Canterbury  have 
laid  open  the  foundations  of  Roman  buildings  which  cross  below  the  present  street, 
proving  that  it  cannot  be  of  so  early  a  date  as  some  have  imagiucd.  On  the  side 
of  the  Watling  Street,  just  beyond  the  city  walls,  a  Roman  cemetery  has  been 
touched  upon  by  excavators  for  the  foundations  of  a  house.  Mr.  John  Brent  has 
been  assiduously  watching  these  discoveries  on  the  part  of  the  Kent  Archaeological 
Society. 

Non-Appreciation  of  Antiquities. — A  fine  specimen  of  the  gold  torques  has 
been  recently  dug  up  in  bog  earth  at  Moorcourt,  near  Romscy.  Some  years  since 
an  immense  quantity  of  these  ornaments,  of  various  patterns,  but  generally  of 
larger  size  than  the  one  referred  to,  discovered  in  Brittauy,  came  before  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum,  beiug  offered  for  a  trifle  above  their  value  in  gold.  They 
were  also  offered  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  by  whom  they  were  likewise  re- 
jected.   They  were  then  taken  back  to  France  and  melted. 

Contributions  to  the  History  of  Literature. — Mr.  Beriah  Botficld  has  just 
produced,  at  the  Cambridge  University  Press,  a  work*  that  entitles  him  to  the 

■  "  Prsefationes  ad  Editiones  Principes  Auctorum  Classicorum. — The  Prefaces  to  the 
First  Editions  of  the  Greek  und  Roman  Classics,  collected  and  edited  by  Beriah  Bot- 
ficld, M.P.,  M.A.,  F.K.S.,  Ac."  Demy  ito.  (Printed  at  the  University  Press,  Cam- 
bridge, and  sold  by  Henry  Q.  Bonn,  York-street,  Covent-garden,  London.) 


1861.]  The  Note-book  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  79 

gratitude  of  all  who  have  a  due  regard  for  the  labours  of  the  great  scholars  to 
whom  the  restoration  of  learning  is  due.  It  is  a  complete  collection  of  the  prefaces 
to  the  Principe*  or  first  printed  editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Classics.  Though 
many  of  these  Prefaces  are  very  curious,  and  others  of  considerable  literary  merit, 
they  have  hitherto,  with  few  exceptions,  been  buried  in  the  rare  volumes  in  which 
they  first  appeared.  By  taking  upon  himself  the  labour  and  expense  of  making 
them  generally  accessible,  Mr.  Botfield  has  rendered  a  real  service  to  literature. 
He  is,  however,  understood  to  be  now  engaged  in  a  work  that  will  be  of  much 
greater  importance,  particularly  with  relation-  to  the  mediaeval  literature  of  these 
countries.  This  is  a  collection  of  all  the  existing  Catalogues  of  the  monastic  and 
private  libraries  of  Great  Britain  anterior  to  the  Reformation.  If  only  a  moderate 
degree  of  completeness  can  be  attained,  the  work  will  be  one  of  great  value  as  an 
index  of  the  literary  tastes  of  our  ancestors,  beside  preserving  for  us  in  an  easily 
oonsultable  form  some  notice  of  many  important  books  that  have  perished.  If  any 
of  our  readers  should  be  in  possession  of  any  ancient  inedited  Catalogues,  they 
would  do  well  to  put  themselves  in  communication  with  Mr.  Botfield. 

Early  Printed  Books. — Some  works  of  this  class  fetched  high  prices  at  the 
sale  of  the  library  of  M.  Solar,  at  Paris,  in  November  and  December  last.  Among 
them  Oratiani  Decreium,  folio,  printed  at  Mentz  in  1472,  on  parchment,  by  Petrus 
Schsffer,  with  illuminated  capitals,  sold  for  l,900f. ;  Bonifacitts  Papa  VIIL,  Liber 
Sestus  Decreialium,  a  fine  folio  on  parchment,  printed  at  Mentz  in  1470,  by  P. 
Schsffer,  1,1 20f. ;  Jwtliniani  Institutionum  Libri  IV.,  a  beautiful  copy  on  parch- 
ment, printed  at  Mentz  in  1468,  by  P.  Schreffer,  4,000f. ;  Cy  commence  la  table  du 
premier  litre  intitule' " Somtne  Rural**  printed  at  Bruges,  by  Colard  Mansion,  in 
1479,  a  black-letter  folio,  the  first  edition  of  this  scarce  work,  3,5  OOf. ;  Coustumes 
du  Pays  de  Normandic,  in  Latin  and  French,  on  parchment,  priuted  at  Rouen  in 
1483:  this  book,  the  first  printed  in  Normandy,  was  purchased  for  a  private 
library  at  Rouen,  l,300f. ;  Couslumier  du  Pays  de  Poiclou,  by  Marncf,  at  Paris  and 
Poitiers,  in  1515 ;  copy  presented  to  Francis  1.,  printed  on  parchment,  in  the  old 
binding,  bearing  the  King's  arms,  with  the  crown  and  escocheon  of  France  and 
the  salamander,  1,5  45  f. ;  Francisci  Floridi  Sabini  Apologia,  Basle,  1540,  binding 
by  Grolier,  l,000f. ;  La  Princesse  de  Cleves,  by  Madame  de  Lafayette,  Paris,  1678, 
2  vols.,  original  edition,  327f. ;  the  Fables  d*Esope,  printed  in  1524,  340f. ;  Dio- 
dore  de  Sidle,  Venice  edition,  1542,  595f. ;  the  Ilommes  Illuslres  de  Plutarque, 
430f. ;  and  the  Dialogues  de  Lucien,  3S5f.  A  magnificent  copy  of  Justin's  Ifis- 
toirc  de  Troje  Pompee,  1520,  bound  by  Maioli,  brought  l,035f. ;  Hyqini  Fabulce,  a 
volume  remarkable  for  its  binding  of  the  sixteenth  century,  a  rare  specimen, 
l,705f. ;  Dante  Allighieri,  Milan,  1478,  small  folio,  825 f. ;  Pelrarcay  Sonnetti, 
Canzoni,  e  Triomphi,  Venice,  1473,  small  folio,  S25f. ;  Orlando  Furioso  di  Messer 
Ludovico  Ariosto,  1558,  in  8vo.,  plates  and  handsomely  bound  with  the  arms  of 
Catherine  de  Medicis,  600f. ;  Tetordanneckh,  a  history  of  the  adventures  of  the 
famous  hero  and  knight,  composed  by  Melchior  Pfintzing  for  the  marriage  of 
Maximilian  I.  with  the  daughter  of  Charles  the  Rash;  dedication  of  the  1st  of 
March,  1517;  in  folio,  bound  in  pig's  skin  and  printed  on  vellum,  adorned  with 
118  engravings  carefully  coloured  in  the  sixteenth  century,  4,000f " 

Among  the  books  there  was  one  of  high  historical  interest,  namely,  the  Office  de 
la  Semaine  Sainte  a  Vuxage  de  la  Maison  du  Roy,  Paris,  1743,  octavo,  having  on 
the  back  the  arms  of  the  Dauphin,  afterwards  Louis  XVI.  This  volume  was  con- 
stantly used  by  the  unfortunate  monarch  iu  his  captivity.  Inside,  on  the  blank 
leaf,  is  the  stamp  of  the  Temple,  and  near  it  a  note  iu  the  King's  handwriting, 


80  The  Note- book  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Jan. 

dated  January  3,  1793,  signed  "  Louis  Capet,"  in  wliich  he  thanks  M.  Elevet  for 
all  the  kindness  he  had  shewn  the  writer  daring  his  confinement,  and  adding  these 
words,  "  Je  prie  M.  Elevet  cf  accepter  mon  liore"  To  the  volume  is  attached,  for 
the  purpose  of  marking  the  page,  a  piece  of  plaited  cord  of  silk,  covered  with 
gold,  to  the  end  of  wliich  is  joined  a  small  bag  of  crimson  satin  in  the  shape  of  a 
heart,  made  by  the  Queen,  and  containing  some  of  her  hair.  This  highly-interest- 
ing volume  was  sold  for  2,620f. 

Lord  Palxerston's  Architectural  Taste. — Lord  John  Manners,  M.P.,  pre- 
sided at  a  soiree  given  at  Leicester,  on  the  5th  of  December  last,  in  connection 
with  the  Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society.    In  the  course 
of  his  speech  the  noble  lord  remarked  that  the  great  spread  of  architectural  and 
archaeological  knowledge  owes    nothing  whatever  to  the   Government  of  the 
country,  differing  in  this  respect  most  materially  from  the  fortunes  of  the  same 
pursuits  in  most  continental  countries.     "  Private  munificence,"  he  said,  "  private 
seal,  and  the  increased  and  improved  taste  and  knowledge  of  the  country  at  large, 
have  of  themselves,  to  a  great  extent,  remedied  the  evils  of  which  Mr.  Joseph 
Hume  once  complained,  and  now,  year  by  year,  the  Ilouse  of  Common  votes  un- 
grudgingly, I  would  almost  say,  any  sum  which  the  executive  Government  thinks 
proper  to  ask  for  the  maintenance  or  restoration  of  those  monuments  of  antiquity 
which  are  confided  to  the  care  of  a  particular  department  of  the  Government  cither 
in  England  or  Scotland.    In  this,  as  in  so  many  other  cases,  the  action  of  Parlia- 
ment and  of  Government  has  followed,  rather  than  led,  the  improved  taste  and 
knowledge  of  the  country.     There  is  one  memorable  exception  to  this  gratify- 
ing rule,  and  that  is  in  the  firm  determination  which  has  been  evinced  by  the 
head  of  the  present  Government  not  to  sanction  that  remarkable  change  in  public 
taste  iu  matters  of  architecture  which  the  success  of  so  many  architectural  and 
archaeological  meetings  throughout  the  country  clearly,  in  my  opinion,  establishes. 
Lord  Palmerston  may  be  a  very  great  reformer  in  other  departments  of  the  State, 
but  I  think  it  clear  that  in  architecture,  at  any  rate,  we  must  regard  him  as  one  of 
the  sturdiest  anti-reformers  of  which  this  generation  can  boast.    If  Lord  Palmer- 
ston's  determination  is  successful,  we  shall  see,  I  have  no  doubt,  the  greatest  pub- 
lic buildings  of  the  future  in  this  country  erected  in  a  style  which  may  have 
pleased  our  ancestors  a  hundred  years  ago,  but  from  which  the  more  educated 
taste  and  knowledge  of  the  present  generation  is  revolting,  if  it  has  not  already 
revolted.     I  may  innocently  express  an  earnest  hope  that,  before  Parliament  meets 
again,  whatever  view  the  Architectural  Societies  of  the  country  may  take  upon  this 
question,  they  will  favour  the  House  of  Commons  with  the  expression  of  their 
view,  be  it  favourable  to  the  one  I  am  now  speaking  of,  or  be  it  unfavourable,  and 
that  Parliament,  when  called  upon  to  decide  on  the  stylo  of  the  great  pile  of  build- 
ings which  will  have  to  be  erected  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  for  the  reception 
of  the  Indian  and  Foreign  Departments,  will  at  least  have  the  satisfaction  of 
knowing  what  is  the  formed  and  deliberate  opinion  of  these   Societies,  which 
I  think  may  be  looked  upon  as  the  just  exponents  of  the  educated  and  cultivated 
architectural  taste  of  the  present  generation." 


1861.] 


81 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


The  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architec- 
ture. By  James  Febgtjbbon.  Second  Edi- 
tion. (London:  Murray,  1859.) — When  the 
first  edition  of  this  work  appeared,  it  at- 
tracted,  as  was  bat  natural,  no  small  share 
of  attention  on  the  part  of  all  architectural 
students.    The  design  was  a  grand  one, 
and  the  work  filled  a  place  which  was  not 
exactly  occupied  by  any  existing  treatise 
on  the  subject.    The  lavish  profusion  of 
illustrations  in   the  text  at  once  distin- 
guished it   from  the  Histories  either  of 
Mr.  Hope  or  Mr.  Freeman.     And  it  had 
an  advantage  over  those  works,  and  over 
all  other  preceding  writings,  in  opening  a 
wide  field   of  very  curious  research    in 
which  Mr.  Fergusson  might  justly  claim 
the  merit  of  an  original  discoverer.    Many 
of  the  forms  of  Oriental  architecture  were 
made  known  to  the  world  for  the  first 
time  through  Mr.  Fergusson's  book.    And 
though,  for  that  very  reason,  few  people 
were  able  to  test  for  themselves  the  ac- 
curacy   of   Mr.  Fergusson's    descriptions, 
yet  it  was  evident  that,  on  those  points, 
he  was  thoroughly  master  of  his  subject, 
and  that  the  new  and  curious  information 
which  his  book  contained  might  be  wel- 
comed without  misgivings  as  to  its  accu- 
racy.    In  other  parts  of  his  work  it  was 
easy  to  recognize  several  high  merits, — vast 
industry,  considerable  power  of  criticism, 
a  full  sense  of  the  greatness  of  his  subject* 
and  a  befitting  anxiety  to  claim  for  it  its 
proper  place  in  the  history  of  mankind. 
And  whatever  might  be  thought  of  many 
of   Mr.  Fergusson's    particular    opinions, 
there  was  no  denying  that  his  book  con- 
tained an  accumulation  of  matter,  of  de- 
scriptions, of  illustrations,  above  all   of 
measured  ground-plans,  such  as  could  be 
found  in  no  other  single  work.     We  may 
add  that  those  who  were  acquainted  with 
Mr.  Fergusson's  earlier  writings  were  glad 
to  welcome  in  his  "  Handbook  of  Archi- 
tecture" a  marked  improvement   in  his 
way  of  dealing  with  opponents.  His  works 
on  India  and  Jerusalem — to  say  nothing 


of  the  strange  theory  contained  in  the 
latter — were  disfigured  by  a  flippant  and 
offensive  style,  sometimes  amounting  to 
monstrous  personal  insolence  towards  men 
who  were  certainly  very  much  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson's superiors.     The  great  historian 
of  the  Byzantine  Empire  happened  to  en- 
tertain  a  different   view   from   Mr.  Fer- 
gusson, he  ws8  therefore  made  the  object 
of  the  grossest  and  most  unprovoked  per- 
sonal insult  which  we  ever  remember  in 
our  experience  of  literary  warfare.     There 
was  nothing  of  this  kind  in  the  "  Hand- 
book of  Architecture ;"  readers  were  there- 
fore willing  to  believe  that  Mr.  Fergusson 
had  altogether  sown  his  wild  oats,  and  was 
going  to  settle  down  into  a  valuable  ex- 
pounder of  his  subject,  certainly  apt  to 
teach,  and,  as  the  judgement  of  charity 
hoped,  apt  to  learn.     All  these  things 
being  so,  it  was  no  wonder  that  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson's book  excited  great  attention,  and 
was  made,  in  many  periodical  writings, 
the  subject  of  elaborate  criticism.    And 
certainly  Mr.  Fergusson  had  no  reason  to 
complain  of  his  reception  at  the  hands  of 
his  critics.      Many  of  them  enlarged  on 
important    differences  of   opinion,    some 
pointed  out  important  positive  mistakes. 
But  every  one  dealt  with  the  book  re- 
spectfully and,  on  the  whole,  favourably. 
Those  who  were  most  severe  on  particular 
portions  were  perfectly  willing  to  allow 
the  sterling  excellence  of  other  portions. 
A  writer  whose  book  gets  off  as  well  as 
Mr.  Fergusson's    got    off   ought    to   be 
thankful  for  the  well-earned  praise  he 
received,  and  no  less  thankful  for  the 
friendly  hints  which  he  may  use  for  the 
future  improvement  of  his  work. 

We  have  now  before  us  several  of  tho 
reviews  of  Mr.  Fergusson's  book  which  ap- 
peared in  the  years  1856  and  1857.  We 
have  referred  to  those  in  the  "  Edinburgh 
Review,"  the  "Saturday  Review,"  tho 
"Guardian"  newspaper,  and  our  own 
pages.  And  we  may  add,  for  the  satis- 
faction of  Cauou  Robertson,  that  we  have 


82 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Jan. 


every  reason  to  believe  that  no  two  of 
these  criticisms  proceeded  from  the  same 
pen.  Contrary  to  what  might  have  been 
expected,  the  "great  Saturday  lieviler" 
whs  by  far  the  most  favourable  of  all. 
Mr.  Fergnsson  at  least  has  no  right  to 
bestow  on  the  seventh-day  critic  the  epi- 
thet conferred  by  Mr.  Bright.  The  elabo- 
rate article  in  the  "  Edinburgh'*  argued  at 
length  against  several  points  of  opinion  in 
Mr.  Fergusson's  work,  and  pointed  out  a 
few  positive  errors ;  but  nothing  could  be 
more  friendly  and  laudatory  than  its 
general  tone.  The  "Guardian,"  more 
9uo,  fastened  tooth  and  nail  upon  various 
errors  in  detail.  No  man  who  fails  in 
old  Greek  or  in  early  mediaeval  history 
is  likely  to  find  any  quarter  there.  Mr. 
Fergusson  showed  that  he  knew  very  little 
alxmt  the  age  of  Pericles  or  the  age  of 
Charles  the  Great,  and  he  fared  accord- 
ingly. But  even  the  "  Guardian"  frankly 
and  cordially  acknowledged  the  general 
power  of  the  book,  the  great  and  original 
value  of  its  Oriental  chapters,  the  truth 
and  justness  of  much  of  its  mediaeval  por- 
tion, especially  in  the  criticisms  on  par- 
ticular buildings.  Of  ourselves  we  are 
sure  Mr.  Fergusson  could  have  no  right 
to  complain.  We  pointed  out — in  July, 
1856  ■ — several  points  of  difference  of  opi- 
nion, and  some  in  which  Mr.  Fergusson 
was  positively  wrong.  We  showed  several 
instances  in  which  he  had  been  led  astray 
as  to  tho  dates  of  buildings  by  too  im- 
plicit faith  in  local  guides,  and  we  ob- 
jected to  the  needless  confusion  in  nomen- 
clature which  he  had  introduced.  For 
example,  the  words  "Romanesque"  and 
"  Gothic*'  have,  by  this  time,  got  definite 
meanings  which  everbody  understands,  and 
which  wo  at  least  think  are  thoroughly 
correct  and  appropriate.  St.  Ambrose  at 
Milan,  the  Apostles'  Church  at  Cologne, 
St.  Stephen's  at  Cnen,  and  Peterborough 
Cathedral,  arc  all  of  them  Itoinnnesque 
buildings.  Milan  Cathedral,  Cologne  Ca- 
thedral, St.  Ouen's  at  Rouen,  and  West- 
minster Abbey,  are  all  of  them  Gothic 
buildings.  Mr.  Fergusson  most  strangely 
calls  them  all  Gothic,  and  carries  back  the 

•  Gcxt.  Mao.,  July,  1856,  pp.  33—53. 


name  Romanesque  to  the  late  Roman  ba- 
silicas. Against  this,  and  some  other  simi- 
lar blemishes,  we  entered  our  critical  pro- 
test, but  we  gave  the  book  that  large 
amount  of  praise  which  it  deserved,  and, 
where  so  much  was  good,  we  felt  dis- 
inclined to  press  upon  minor  errors.  On 
the  whole,  a  man  who  comes  out  of  tho 
jaws  of  the  critics  with  as  little  damage 
as  Mr.  Fergusson  did  has  very  little  in- 
deed to  complain  of. 

Had  Mr.  Fergusson  been  a  wise  man, 
he  would  huve  sat  quietly  down  with  his 
book  and  the  criticisms  on  his  book,  and 
would  have  compared  them  diligently  and 
in  a  docile  spirit.  Positive  errors  he  would 
have  at  once  corrected;  we  cannot  but 
think  that  he  would  have  modified  many 
points  which  arc  not  exactly  positive 
errors,  but  against  which  his  critics  hnri 
brought  weighty  objections.  He  would, 
in  short,  have  recast  his  work,  ami,  if  a 
second  edition  had  been  called  for,  he 
would  have  brought  it  out  in  an  improved 
form.  We  are  sorry  to  say  Mr.  Fergusson 
has  done  nothing  of  the  kind.  A  second 
edition  has  been  called  for,  a  second  edi- 
tion has  appeared,  but,  strange  to  say, 
the  text  of  the  second  edition  is,  in  every 
place  where  we  have  compared  the  two, 
word  for  word  the  same  with  the  text  of 
the  first  edition.  Not  a  single  mistake  has 
been  corrected,  not  a  single  doubtful  opi- 
nion is  either  modified  or  supported  by 
fresh  arguments.  We  do  not  remember 
ever  being  more  surprised  than  when  wo 
opened  the  volume,  turned  to  several  of 
the  places  which  most  needed  alteration, 
and  there  saw  the  old  blunders  staring  us 
full  in  the  face.  We  hardly  knew  how  to 
deal  with  such  a  case,  and  we  have  ac- 
tually kept  silence  for  a  long  time  about  it 
through  utter  perplexity  as  to  its  proper 
treatment.  It  is  really  one  of  those  cases 
where  the  magnitude  of  the  offence  helps 
to  protect  the  offender.  When  a  man 
commits  a  common  everyday  murder, 
he  gets  hanged  without  any  sympa- 
thizers ;  but  let  a  man  commit  a  murder 
under  Home  peculiarly  atrocious  circum- 
stances, if  he  does  not  get  altogether  let 
off,  he  is  at  least  sure  to  find  defenders  on 
the  score  of  "  homicidal  monomania."     So 


1861.]  The  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture. 


83 


when  we  looked  at  Mr.  Fergusson 's  book, 
we  could  hardly  believe  our  own  eyes; 
that  a  man  should  set  all  critical  opinion 
so  insolently  at  defiance  seemed  something 
utterly  incredible.  The  thing  could  not 
be;  there  must  be  some  mistake  on  our 
own  parts;  there  must  be  some  explan- 
ation behind  which  did  not  show  itself  at 
first  sight.  What  if  we  should  have  been 
wrong  and  Mr.  Fergusson  right  ?  It  really 
seemed  easier  to  believe  that  Leonidas 
was  a  Teutonic  brother  and  that  Charles 
the  Great  kept  his  court  at  Paris,  than 
that  any  man  capable  of  writing  Mr.  Fer- 
gnssou's  book  should  have  been  capable  of 
— plain  truth  will  come  out — such  a  piece 
of  consummate  impudence.  But  no,  our 
charitable  explanation  fails  us ;  after  wait- 
ing more  than  a  year,  we  find  the  sun, 
and  the  sky,  and  the  earth,  and  the  facts 
of  past  history  just  where  they  were. 
We  fiud  our  head  still  on  our  shoulders, 
and  our  organs  of  mind  and  body  still  ca- 
pable of  their  functions.  We  feel  sure 
that  we  are  right,  and  that  Mr.  Fergus- 
ion  is  wrong.  And  if  wrong,  how  utterly 
and  wilfully  wrong.  If  a  man  trespasses 
onee  on  your  field,  it  may  be  merely  a 
mistake;  the  utmost  you  do  is  to  warn 
him  off;  if  he  co  nes  again,  the  trespass 
becomes  wilful,  and  the  law  will  give  you 
a  remedy.  So,  in  our  charity,  we  were 
willing  to  look  on  Mr.  Fergusson's  blun- 
ders in  his  first  edition  us  mere  venial 
sins,  instances  of  human  fallibility,  cases 
of  those  accidents  which  will  happen,  Sec. 
Ac  But  when  those  blunders  come  again, 
unmitigated,  undefended,  unexplained,  in 
a  second  edition,  it  is  really  too  much 
for  ni.  Instead  of  a  venial  offence,  we 
have  now  to  deal  with  a  strong  case  of 
peccatum  mortals,  Mr.  Fergusson  has 
now  brought  himself  under  the  censure 
which  the  Wise  Man  pronounces  against 
"him  who  being  often  reproved  harden- 
eth  his  netfk."  The  day  of  mercy  is  past ; 
we  can  only  say,  Fiat  Justitia ;  ruat 
Fergu**on. 

In  making  good  this  charge  against  Mr. 
Fergusson,  we  will  endeavour  to  avoid,  as 
far  as  possible,  all  points  which  can  be  in 
anyway  looked  upon  as  mere  matters  of  opi- 
nion.    Some  of  what  we  look  upon  as  the 


worst  defects  of  Mr.  Ferguson's  book  are 
not  exactly  mistakes  of  fact.  On  these 
therefore  we  will  not  dwell  at  any  length. 
It  might  perhaps  be  too  much  to  expect 
tnat  Mr.  Fergusson  should,  in  his  second 
edition,  have  recast  the  arrangement  of 
his  whole  work,  though  it  would  clearly 
have  been  a  gain  to  have  altered  a  plan 
which,  in  order  to  divide  everything  into 
Christian  and  Non-Christian,  deals  with 
St.  Sophia  in  a  later  stage  of  the  work 
than  the  Turkish  mosques  built  iu  imita- 
tion of  it.  Nor  are  we  very  much  sur- 
prised that  Mr.  Fergusson  has  not  revised 
his  whole  system  of  nomenclature,  and 
that  the  words  Romanesque  and  Gothic 
are  still  used  in  the  strange  senses  which 
he  attached  to  them  in  the  first  edition. 
We  might  perhaps  have  expected  to 
find  some  justification  or  apology  for  an 
innovation  so  bold  and,  as  most  people 
think,  so  needless.  Still,  though  this  bor- 
ders closely  on  an  error  in  fact,  it  does 
not  exactly  come  within  the  definition 
of  a  blunder;  so  we  pass  it  by.  We 
might  with  more  reason  have  looked  in 
the  second  edition  for  some  tardy  ac- 
knowledgement to  those  numerous  writers 
who  have  gone  before  Mr.  Fergusson  and 
in  many  places  forestalled  Mr.  Fergusson, 
but  whom  in  the  first  edition  he  thought 
proper  wholly  to  ignore.  Mr.  Fergusson 
may  have  his  own  notions  of  good  taste : 
they  differ  from  ours,  but  that  again  is  not 
matter  of  fact.  We  hasten  to  give  some 
specimens  of  the  many  passages  standing 
uncorrected  in  the  second  edition,  which 
are  either  absolute  nonsense,  without  any 
meaning  at  all,  or  convey  a  meaning 
utterly  contrary  to  the  truth  of  history. 

As  we  before  said,  in  our  former  review 
we  dealt  very  tenderly  with  Mr.  Fergusson. 
We  did  not  care  to  expose  many  of  his 
blunders  in  detail,  though  we  pointed  out 
many  faults  in  his  arrangement  and  no- 
menclature. One  direct  mistake  of  fact 
we  did  point  out,  the  over-early  date  given 
by  Mr.  Fergusson  to  the  church  of  Romain- 
Moutier,  and  several  other  buildiugs  in 
Switzerland  and  France.  We  might  have 
spared  our  pains;  Romain-Moutier  and  its 
fellows  are  just  as  early  in  the  second  edi- 
tion as  they  were  in  the  first. 


81 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Jan. 


Other  critics  however,  besides  our  more 
general  objections,  brought  forward  a  long 
list  of  actual  historical  blunders,  which,  if 
Mr.  Fergusson  had  had  the  least  discretion, 
he  would  have  corrected  in  his  new  edition, 
hut  every  one  of  which  is  still  here  in  full 
force.  Nearly  all  Mr.  Fergusson's  mistakes 
come   from   one  source.    Mr.  Fergusson 
strikes  us  as  a  very  clever  but  an  only 
half-educated  man.     Like  most  clever  and 
half-educated  men,  he  cannot  take  the 
measure  of  his  own  knowledge  and  ignor- 
ance.    He  does  not  know  when  to  speak 
and  when   to  hold  his  tongue.    Conse- 
quently he  writes  just    as    glibly  about 
things  which  he  does  not  understand  as 
about  things  which  he  does.     His  book 
therefore  contains  a  strange  mixture  of 
sound  and  valuable  remarks,  the  result  of 
Mr.  Fergusson's  natural  cleverness,  and  of 
displays  of  the  most  monstrous  ignorance 
which  we  ever  came  across.     We  do  not 
scruple  to  say  "  the  most  monstrous  ignor- 
ance," although  many  of  Mr.  Fergusson's 
blunders  are  of  a  kind  which  the  "  general 
reader"  would  never  find  out.    So  long  as 
a  man  holds  his  tongue,  we  do  not  accuse 
him  of  ignorance.    We  do  not  go  about 
and  examine  everybody  we  meet  to  see  if 
they  know  this  or  that  which  they  have 
no  chance  of  knowing.     It  is  only  when  a 
man  sets  up  for  a  teacher  that  we  judge 
him.  We  confess  ourselves,  without  shame, 
that  we  are  totally  ignorant  of  the  internal 
history  of  Thibet  in  the  twelfth  century. 
We  do  not  think  that  any  one  has  a  right 
to  blame  us  for  our  ignorance.     But  did 
we  begin  to  talk  or  write  about  Thibetian 
history,  our  ignorance  would  at  once  be- 
come criminal,  and  any  one  who  under- 
stood it  would  do  perfectly  right  to  scourge 
and  pillory  us  as  severely  as  he  pleased. 
So  it  is  with  Mr.  Fergusson.     It  is  very 
probably  no  fault  of  his  that  he  is  totally 
ignorant  of  classical  and  mediaeval  history. 
Many  people  are  just  as  ignorant  of  both 
whom  we  should  never  for  a  moment  think 
of  blaming  for  it.     But  that  is  because 
those  people  have  the  sense  to  hold  their 
tongues  about  what  they  do  not  under- 
stand. Mr.  Fergusson  is  not  only  ignorant, 
but  he  gc%s  out  of  his  way  to  make  an  ela- 
borate and  needless  display  of  ignorance. 

10 


This  is  the  more  the  pity  because  Mr. 
Fergusson  is  naturally  so  clever  a  man. 
He  has  quite  wit  enough  to  see  that  archi- 
tecture cannot  rightly  be  made  a  solitary 
study,  that  it  must  be  taken  in  connection 
with  ethnology,  general  history,  and  other 
branches   of  human  knowledge.     To  be 
sare  Mr.  Fergusson  seems  rather  too  much 
inclined  to  give  himself  credit  for  being 
the  first  to  find  this  out,  whereas  Mr.  Hope 
and  Mr.  Freeman,  to  mention  nobody  else, 
were  fully  aware  of  the  fact  before  him. 
Mr.  Freeman  wrote  his  "  History  of  Archi- 
tecture" when  very  young ;  we  gather  from 
many  passages  of  his  later  writings  that, 
had  he  Mr.  Fergusson's  advantages  of  a 
second    edition,    he    would    alter   many 
passages  where  he   has  seen    reason  to 
change  his  views.     But  no  one  will  deny 
that  Mr.  Freeman  had,  at  all  events,  got 
upon  the  right  path  long  before  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson, and  that  the  equal  devotion  to 
classical  and  medieval  literature,  which 
his  book  showed  even  then,  gave  him  many 
advantages  over  Mr.  Fergusson.     Still  let 
Mr.  Fergusson  have  all  due  credit.  He  sees 
very  clearly,  and  expresses  very  well,  the 
necessity  of  studying  architecture  in  close 
connexion  with    history   and  ethnology. 
Only  the  unfortunate  thing  is  that  Mr. 
Fergusson,    possessing    only   the  merest 
b mattering  both  of  history  and  ethnology, 
cannot  possibly  carry  out  his  own  precept. 
His  natural  cleverness  tells  him  what  he 
ought  to  do;  his  lack  of  acquired  scholar- 
ship hinders  him  from  doing  it.  His  theory 
is  admirable,   if  his  practice  were  only 
agreeable  to  it  Unluckily  Mr.  Fergusson, 
while,  like    Socrates,  ignorant   of  many 
things,  is,  unlike  Socrates,  specially  ig- 
norant of  the  depth  of  his  own  ignorance. 
That   depth  is  indeed  a  Sirbonian   bog; 
may  we  ourselves  escape  l>cing  swallowed 
up  in  the  attempt  to  fathom  it. 

We  suppose  there  is  no  subject — except 
the  early  antiquities  of  Ireland— on  which 
more  nonsense  has  been  written  than  about 
the  early  ethnology  of  Greece  and  Italy. 
How  one  literally  quakes  at  the  word 
Pelasgian.  Over  the  Pelasgians  Niebuhr 
and  Thirlwall  grow  puzzle-headed,  while 
Mr.  Grote  and  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis,  perhaps 
more  prudently,  give  up  the  whole  busi- 


1 861 .]  The  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architecture. 


85 


nees  in  despair.  But  there  are  people  who 
know  all  about  them.  Mr.  George  Godwin, 
Editor  of  the  "  Builder,"  has  lights  of  his 
own  which  have  not  reached  the  Home 
Office  or  the  Palace  of  Abergwili.  "I," 
says  Mr.  Godwin,  without  the  doubts  and 
misgivings  which  have  weighed  down  men 
of  less  research,  "J think  the  Pelasgians 
were  the  same  as  the  Phoenicians."  Mr. 
FergusBon  knows  even  more  about  it  than 
Mr.  Godwin ;  only  unluckily  Mr.  Fergus- 
son  and  Mr.  Godwin  do  not  tell  us  the 
same  story.  Let  any  one  turn  to  Mr. 
Fergusson's  256th  page,  and  he  will  find 
the  whole  history  of  these  same  Pelasgians, 
when  and  where  they  lived  and  all  about 
them;  he  will  learn  how  "Arcadia  was 
the  head-quarters  of  the  Ionic  race ;"  how 
M  at  Athens  the  Doric  and  Ionic  races  seem 
to  have  been  nearly  equally  mixed ;"  how 
"  the  Doric  race  was  identical  with,  or  at 
least  closely  allied  to,  the  Teutonic,"  and 
how  "  the  Pelasgi,  on  the  other  band,  were 
connected  with  the  Celtic  or  Tartar 
races."  All  this  is  put  forth  as  so  much 
indisputable  truth.  Alas  for  Mr.  James 
Ferguason  and  his  ethnology.  This  kind 
of  writing  is  just  that  which  stamps  a  man 
as  a  jackdaw  in  peacock's  feathers.  No 
scholar  would  attempt  to  answer  or  to  cor- 
rect it,  because  there  is  nothing  to  answer 
or  to  correct.  It  hardly  rises  to  the  dig- 
nity of  blundering;  the  word  blunder  does 
imply  some,  though  an  imperfect,  know- 
ledge of  the  subject  of  the  blunder.  Mr. 
Fergusson's  Greek  ethnology  is  just  so 
much  meaningless  gibberish,  at  which  we 
simply  laugh.  And  the  nonsense  is  per- 
fectly gratuitous;  nobody  obliged  him  to 
write  about  Pelasgians,  Dorians,  and 
Ionian*;  he  might,  by  a  little  discretion, 
have  concealed  from  the  world  the  fact 
thai  he  knew  nothing  about  them.  Of 
course  this  kind  of  stuff  did  not  escape 
either  the  writer  in  the  "  Guardian"  or  the 
writer  in  the  "  Edinburgh  Review."  Of 
coarse  also  neither  writer  took  the  trouble 
to  argue  against  it.  The  mere  gibbeting 
was  quite  enough.  But  lo,  we  have  it  all 
over  again    in    Mr.  Fergusson's    second 


Some  other  of  Mr.  Fergusson's  ethno- 
logical crotchets  belonging  to  later  times 
Onr.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


have  been  shewn  up  with  just  as  little 
effect  upon  Mr.  Fergusson.  Our  readers 
have  often  heard  of  the  domical  churches 
of  Perigueux  and  other  places  in  Aqui- 
taine.  They  know  that  more  than  one 
theory  has  been  propounded  to  account 
for  so  singular  a  phenomenon.  M.  de 
Verneilh,  Mr.  Parker,  and  others  have  all 
spoken  their  minds  about  them.  So  has 
Mr.  Fergusson.  But  there  is  a  differ- 
ence between  their  ways  of  speaking.  Mr. 
Parker  or  M.  de  Verneilh  may  or  may  not 
be  right  in  their  views;  but  their  views 
at  all  events  have  a  meaning.  They  make 
intelligible  propositions  which  may  be 
argued  about,  and  supported  or  disproved 
by  evidence  either  way.  There  may  have 
been  a  Greek  colony  in  Aquitaine  or  a  close 
commercial  intercourse  with  Constanti- 
nople, or  there  may  not.  But  the  propo- 
sition, either  way,  has  a  meaning:  the 
assertion,  whether  true  or  false,  is  at  least 
possible.  So  when  M.  Ramee  and,  after 
him,  Mr.  Freeman,  try  to  connect  so 
marked  a  departure  from  the  ordinary 
customs  of  the  Western  Church  with  the 
spirit  which  afterwards  produced  the  re- 
form or  heresy  of  the  Albigenses,  we  feel 
that  we  are  beginning  to  step  from  the 
regions  of  history  into  the  regions  of  fancy. 
Still  the  theory,  doubtful  as  it  may  be,  is 
quite  intelligible  and  quite  possible.  But 
Mr.  Fergusson's  explanation  is  mere  non- 
sense, without  any  meaning  at  all.  He 
speaks  of 

"A  pointed  arch,  dome-roofed  style, 
peculiar  to  the  province,  and  indicating 
the  presence  of  an  Eastern  people,  who,  if 
this  be  the  case,  can  be  no  other  than  the 
Basques."— (p.  612.) 

We  can  only  ask,  with  Mr.  Fergusson's 
critic  in  the  "  Guardian," — 

"  In  what  conceivable  sense,  except  one 
common  to  the  whole  human  race,  are  the 
Basques  an  Eastern  people,  and  what  has 
the  presence  of  an  Eastern  people  to  do 
with  the  building  of  domes  ?" 

Mr.  Fergusson's  ethnological  orotchets 
amount  to  something  like  monomania. 
Let  us  try  him  in  Scotland  : — 

"  Though  so  near  a  neighbour  [sic],  and 
so  mixed  up  with  England  in  all  the  re- 
lations of  war  and  peace,  the  Scotch  never 
borrowed  willingly  from  the  English,  but 


86 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Jan. 


owing  probably  to  the  Celtic  element  in 
the  population,  all  their  affinities  and  pre- 
dilection* were  for  Continental  nations, 
and  especially  for  France."— (p.  892). 

This  strange  passage  deserves  several 
comments.    Let  ns  remark, 

1st  The  "  Scotch"  of  mediaeval  history, 
those  who  built  churches,  formed  alliances 
with  France,  &c.,  were  not  Celts,  but  the 
Teutonic  inhabitants  of  the  Lowlands, 
identical  in  blood  and  language  with  the 
Northern  English. 

2nd.  Scottish  architecture  up  to  the 
reign  of  Edward  the  First,  is  English.  It 
has  some  provincial  diversities,  differing 
from  other  English  examples  as  the  style 
of  Glastonbury  differs  from  the  style  of 
Lincoln,  but  it  is  still  English  and  not 
French.  After  Edward  the  First,  the 
Scottish  style  is  more  like  French  than 
English,  but  is  far  from  pure  French. 

3rd.  The  political  history  of  the  two 
countries  explains  the  architectural  phe- 
nomena in  the  simplest  way.    Up  to  the 
great  war  with  Edward  the  First,  Scot- 
land and  England  were,  on  the  whole,  on 
good  terms.    There  was  of  course  a  little 
fighting  now  and  then,  but  the  two  coun- 
tries were  as  little  hostile  as  two  border 
countries  ever  were  in  those  days.    Many 
settlers  from  England,  both  of  Old-Eng- 
lish and  of  Norman  blood,  fixed  them- 
selves in  Scotland,  and  naturally  carried 
with  them  both  architecture  and  other 
arts.    But,  after  the  great  war,  the  Scot- 
land of  the  Stewarts  was  the  deadly  enemy 
of  England.    The  enemy  of  England  was 
the  natural  ally  of  France.  Hence  French 
architecture    and    many    other    French 
things  found  their  way  into  Scotland.  Mr. 
Fergusson's  ethnological  explanation  is  a 
mere  dream.    The  only  parallel  we  know 
to  it  is  that  of  a  Celtic  philologist,  who 
proved — what  is  in  itself  an  indisputable 
truth  — the  connexion   between  ancient 
Gaul  and  Britain  by  the  resemblance  be- 
tween the  Welsh  cefl  and  the   French 
cheval.   Why,  we  may  ask  Mr.  Fergusson, 
did  not  the  Celts  of  Wales  as  well  as  the 
Celts  of  Scotland  shew  these  continental 
affinities?     Mr.  Fergusson  seems  quite 
ignorant  of  the  existence  of  St.  David's 
Cathedral 


From  ethnology  let  us  turn  to  geogra- 
phy.    Has  Mr.  Fergusson  got  a  Spruner's 
Atlas?    He  seems  utterly  to  have  for- 
gotten   that    political    boundaries    often 
vary,  and  that  so  far  as  architecture  was 
influenced  by  political  geography,  it  must 
have  been,  not  by  the  political  geography 
of  the  age  of  Mr.  Fergusson,  but  by  the 
political  geography  of  the  age  in  which 
the  several  buildings  were  built.    On  this 
subject  it  is  often  curious  to  see  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson's   natural    cleverness    struggling 
with  his  utter  ignorance  of  facts.  He  gives 
us  an  architectural  map  of  "  France;"  he 
does  not  say  in  what  age,  and  it  does  not 
exactly  represent  the  France  of  any  age. 
But  it  includes  Provence,  Dauphiny,  Bresso 
and  Bugey,  Boussillon,  and  the  County  of 
Burgundy.      It  therefore  cannot   repre- 
sent the  France  of  an  earlier  date  than 
the  reign  of  Lewis  the  Fourteenth.    What 
light  a  map  of  France  in  the  reign   of 
Lewis  the  Fourteenth  can  throw  on  the 
age  of  Charles  the  Great  or  even  of  Philip 
Augustus,  is   utterly   beyond    us.      Mr. 
Fergusson  speculates  diligently  upon  the 
architecture  of  Provence  as  a  division  of 
France,  and  seems,  not  unnaturally,  a  little 
surprised  at  finding  no  French  architecture 
there.    How  obliged  Mr.  Fergusson  ought 
to  have  been  for  the  explanation  that  the 
French  frontier  did  not  get  beyond  the 
Rhone  till  long  after  the  days  of  Roman- 
esque were  over,  and  that  Provence  proper 
did  not  become  French  till  late  in  the  days 
of   Flamboyant.      But   Mr.  Fergusson's 
speculations    on    Provence    remain    un- 
touched in  the  second  edition.     A  little 
way  on  it  is  pleasing  to  find  Mr.  Fergusson 
coming  a  priori  to  the  same  conclusions 
which  Dr.  Spruner  reaches  d  posteriori : — 

"Alsace  is  not  included  in  this  enu- 
meration, as  it  certainly  belongs  wholly  to 
Germany.  Lorraine  too  is  more  German 
than  French." 

Mr.  Fergusson  ought  to  give  us  a  re- 
ward for  telling  him  that  both  Lorraine 
and  Alsace  remained  imperial  fiefs  till 
after  Gothic  architecture  was  no  more. 
The  next  sentence  is  less  intelligible : — 

"French  Flanders  belongs,  in  the  age 
of  which  we  are  now  speaking,  to  the  Bel- 
gian provinces  behind  it."— (p.  697.) 


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87 


Of  what  age  Mr.  Fergusson  is  speaking, 
or  what  he  means  by  French  Flanders,  we 
do  not  know.  In  his  map  the  County  of 
Flanders  is  without  a  name,  while  the 
name  Flanders  is  transferred  to  Henne- 
gau,  Luttich,  and  Luxemburg. 

One  of  Mr.  Fergusson's  most  ludicrous 
performances  is  his  giving  a  separate  chap- 
ter on  "  Swiss  Architecture."  It  so  hap- 
pened that,  at  various  times  from  the 
fourteenth  to  the  sixteenth  century,  seve- 
ral cities  and  districts  of  the  Kingdoms  of 
Germany  and  Burgundy  gradually  united 
themselves  into  the  political  aggregate 
now  called  Switzerland.  Therefore  Mr. 
Fergusson  takes  all  the  buildings  in  the 
territory  which  afterwards  became  Swit- 
zerland and  puts  them  together  as  "  Swiss 
Architecture."  The  churches  of  Romain- 
Moutier  and  Payerne,  when  they  were 
built,  were  in  the  Duchy  of  the  Lesser 
Burgundy,  a  Burgundian  fief;  those  of 
Zurich  and  St.  Gall  were  in  the  Duchy  of 
Swahia,  a  German  fief.  If  Mr.  Fergusson 
should  at  last  revise  his  book,  will  he  call 
the  buildings  of  Nizza  French,  and  those  of 
Naples  Piedmontese?  They  are  so  in 
exactly  the  same  sense  that  Romanesque 
buildings  at  Romain-Moutier  or  at  Zurich 
are  "  Swiss." 

So,  to  get  back  to  the  north,  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson, as  we  have  seen,  makes  a  separate 
head  of  Scotch  architecture ;  he  also  makes 
a  separate  head  of  Scandinavian  architec- 
ture. Will  it  be  believed  that  Kirkwall 
Cathedral  figures  in  the  former  and  not  in 
the  latter  difision  ?  -Mr.  Fergusson  knew 
that  Orkney  and  Shetland  now  form  a 
Scotch  county,  and  that  was  enough ;  that 
when  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Magnus  was 
built,  Kirkwall  was  the  capital  of  an 
hsdependeut  Scandinavian  Jarldom  never 
entered  into  Mr.  Fergusson's  philosophy. 

But  the  prince  of  all  blunders  remains ; 
we  have  purposely  kept  it  as  a  bonne 
for  the  last.  Be  it  known  unto  all 
that  the  659th  page  of  Mr.  Fergus- 
es "  Handbook  of  Architecture"  con- 
tains these  words : — 

"It  is  true  Paris  was  nominally  the 
capital  of  France,  and  in  the  time  of  Char- 
lemagne had  been  the  centre  of  a  great 
and  powerful  empire." 


Charles  the  Great  then,  in  Mr.  Fergus- 
son's  imagination,  was  a  King  of  France 
reigning  at  Paris  !     It  was  not  at  Rome 
or  Aachen  that  the  Teutonic  Caesar  wore 
his  crown;  it  was  Paris,  beautiful  Paris, 
the  city  of  Philip  Augustas  and  Louis 
Napoleon,  which  was  the  centre  of  the 
empire  which  stretched  from  the  Ocean  to 
the  Byzantine  frontier.    Charles,  we  must 
suppose,  dwelt  in  the  Tuileries  and  spoke 
French  with  the  purest  Parisian  accent. 
Mayors  and  Bishops  may  well  hail  their 
master  as  the  "successor  of  Pepin  and 
Charlemagne"  when  we  find  that  "  Pepin 
and  Charlemagne"  preceded  him  in  this 
seat  of  empire.     Alas  for  the  imperfect 
information  of  Eginhard,  by  which  we  had 
been  ted  to  think  that  the  King  of  the 
Franks  and  Lombards  and  Patrician  of  the 
Romans  visited  the  provincial  town  of  Paris 
just  once  in  his  long  reign.     Of  all  Mr. 
Fergusson's  blunders  this  is  the  most  gra- 
tuitous and  the  most  monstrous.     It  im- 
plies the  densest  ignorance,  ignorance  of 
which  we  should  have  thought  nobody 
but    a   Frenchman  was  capable,  of  the 
whole  history  of  the  early  middle  age. 
That  "  Francia"  in  the  age  of  Charles  in 
no  way  answers  to  modern  France,  that 
Charles  was  a   pure  German,  that  the 
importance  of  Paris  does  not  begin  for 
two  generations  at  least  after  the  death 
of    Charles,    that    it    cannot    be    called 
in  any   sense  "the  capital  of  France" 
till   the    election   of   Hugh    Capet,    are 
facts  known  to  every  one  who  has  the 
slightest  knowledge  of  Frankish  history. 
Mr.  Fergusson's  pursuits  may  not  have 
brought  him   across    Eginhard  and   the 
Capitularies,  or  even  across  Dr.  Spinner's 
Hand -Atlas;  it  may  very  likely  be  no 
sort  of  blame  to  Mr.  Fergusson  that  they 
have  not  so  brought  him;  what  we  do 
blame  him  for,  we  again  repeat,  is  writing 
about    these    things    when    he    has  not 
learned  them.    The  fixing  of  Charles  the 
Great  at  Paris  is  a  blunder  of  the  very 
first  order.  There  is  an  imperial  grandeur 
about    the  scale  of  the    mistake  which 
raises   it    far  above   the   petty  achieve- 
ments of  Mr.  Hingeston  or  Dr.  Doran. 
It  is  the  sort  of  blunder  which  Charles 
the  Great  might  have  made  himself  if  he 


•« 


88 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Jan. 


had  taken  to  blundering.  We  have  long 
treasured  it  op  in  a  sacred  repository 
along  with  tome  other  precious  stores  of 
the  like  nature.  We  know  of  only  about 
four  other  blunders  worthy  to  bo  its 
peers.  Tbero  is  Mr.  William  PoUard-Ur- 
quhart,  M.P.,  who  thinks  that  "  Hannibal 
occupied  the  Forum;"  there  is  Major 
Porter,  the  historian  of  the  Knights  of 
Malta,  who  thinks  that  Pheidias  lived 
after  Alexander,  and  that  the  arts  and 
civilization  of  Greece  were  brought  back 
by  the  Macedonians  from  conquered  Per- 
sia; there  is  the  "Twenty  Years'  Resi- 
dent in  the  East,"  who  thinks  that  John 
Zimiskes  was  a  Bulgarian  King;  Anally, 
there  is  Mr.  W.  S.  W.  Vaux  of  the  British 
Museum,  who  thinks  that  "  Belisarius  led 
the  armies  of  the  empire  against  Justin 
and  Tiberius,  and  was  rewarded  for  his 
valour  by  the  capture  of  Dara  and  the 
plunder  of  Syria."  When  the  historic 
M  Dunciad"  shall  bo  written,  all  these  wor- 
thies shall  shine  as  lights  in  the  firma- 
ment, and  high  above  them  all,  like  the 
sun  in  his  strength,  shall  be  the  honoured 
place  of  Mr.  James  Fergusson,  the  man 
who  thinks  that  Karl  der  Grosse  reigned 
at  Paris. 

Such  then  is  our  accusation  against 
Mr.  Fergusson ;  he  has  made  mistakes  of 
the  grossest  kind :  they  have  been  pointed 
out  to  him,  pointed  out  in  a  respectful 
and  friendly  manner,  and  he  has  contuma- 
ciously refused  to  correct,  or  even  to  de- 
fend, a  single  misstatement.  In  such  a 
case  the  critical  scourge  must  descend 
without  mercy.  Mr.  Fergusson  has  had 
his  day  of  grace ;  when  he  first  came  before 
ns,  we,  like  all  other  critics,  were  willing 
to  let  his  real  merits  condone  for  his  many 
offences;  under  the  altered  circumstances 
in  which  he  now  appears,  his  offences  would 
weigh  down  merits  even  greater  than 
those  which  we  freely  allow  to  him.  Among 
the  many  mistakes  with  which  Mr.  Fer- 
fusion's  book  is  filled,  we  have  rigidly 
confined  ourselves  to  those  which  have  been 
pointed  out  by  some  or  other  of  his  critics, 
and  which  he  has  therefore  had  full  oppor- 
tunity of  correcting.  By  some  odd  acci- 
dent, we  do  not  find  his  last  and  greatest 
blonder  remarked  in  any  of  the  formal 


criticisms  on  his  book  which  now  He  before 
us.  But  the  thing  has  become  a  proverb  ; 
Mr.  Fergusson's  idea  of  Charles  the  Great 
reigning  at  Paris  was  too  good  not  to 
attract  attention,  and  we  have  seen  it  so 
often  referred  to  over  and  over  again  as  the 
very  type  of  blundering,  that  we  can  hardly 
believe  that  Mr.  Fergusson's  ears  have  not 
some  time  or  other  tingled  at  its  mention. 

And  now  we  must  add  one  discovery  of 
our  own,  which  goes  far  to  take  away 
what  we  had  all  along  looked  upon  as  one 
of  the  most  valuable  things  in  the  book. 
We  find  that  the  measured  ground-plans 
cannot  bo  trusted.  Mr.  Fergusson  gives 
us  ground-plans  of  several  large  English 
churches,  he  also  gives  us  a  table  of  their 
lengths  measured  inside.  Either  the  ground  - 
plans  or  the  table  of  dimensions  must  be 
inaccurate.  The  internal  length  of  Win- 
chester is  given  in  p.  858  as  556  feet,  in 
p.  891  as  580 — the  ground-plan  in  p.  858, 
professedly  on  a  scale  of  100  feet  to  an  inch, 
is  exactly  five  inches  long  inside.  The  plan 
of  Canterbury,  514  feet,  is  only  one-tenth 
of  an  inch  longer  than  York,  486  feet. 
Westminster,  length  505  feet,  is  under  five 
inches,  exactly  the  length  of  York.  In 
short,  not  one  that  we  have  measured  ex- 
actly agrees  with  the  dimensions  given. 
Mr.  Fergusson  warns  us  that  his  table  is 
not  "  quite  correct  in  all  its  details,"  but 
that  "  it  is  sufficiently  so  to  present  at  a 
glance,  a  comparative  view  of  the  fourteen 
principal  churches  of  England,  and  to  show 
at  least  their  relative  dimensions."  Now 
the  relative  dimensions  are  just  what  we 
have  seen  that  it  does  not  show,  to  say  no- 
thing of  a  list  of  "the  fourteen  principal 
churches  of  England,"  among  which  we  do 
not  find  Gloucester  or  St.  Alban's. 

We  have  now  only  one  more  thing  to 
mention.  Besides  his  "  Handbook  of  Ar- 
chitecture" Mr.  Fergusson  is  also  known  as 
the  author  of  a  work  on  Jerusalem, — the 
work  in  which  he  insults  Mr.  Finlay, — 
designed  to  prove  that  Constantino  built 
the  Mosque  of  Omar.  We  cannot  stop  to 
examine  this  question;  we  will  only  say 
that  Professor  Willis  pronounces  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson's theory  to  be  "  ludicrously  absurd." 
After  such  a  rap  on  the  knuckles  as  that, 
most  men  would  have  been  content  to  hold 


1861.] 


Victorian  Architecture. 


89 


their  peace.  Professor  Willis  is  not  a  man 
who  often  deals  in  strong  language.  A 
little  good-humoured  banter  is  generally 
all  that  he  bestows  on  those  from  whom 
he  differs  in  opinion,  or  even  on  those 
whom  he  demonstratively  shows  to  be 
wrong.  When  such  a  man,  allowed  by 
all — except  perhaps  Mr.  Fergusson — to  be 
the  greatest  master  of  the  subject,  pro- 
nounces  a  theory  to  be  "ludicrously  ab- 
surd," we  may  be  sure  that  it  is  very  lu- 
dicrously absurd  indeed.  But  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson is  not  content  to  retire  into  dis- 
creet obscurity ;  he  puts  forth  his  theory 
again  in  the  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible  b ;" 
the  theory  is  again  demolished  by  a  sound 
scholar  in  the  "  Edinburgh  Review ;"  this 
is  not  enough,  the  indomitable  Fergusson 
once  more  springs  to  his  feet,  writes  a 
flippant  letter  to  the  "  Athenaeum,"  and 
threatens  articles  and  pamphlets  to  up- 
set alike  Professor  Willis  and  the  "  Edin- 
burgh" Reviewer.  Mr.  Fergusson's  ene- 
mies can  breathe  against  him  no  more  cruel 
anathema  than  the  prayer  that  he  may 
write  a  book.  Let  him  make  his  charge  at 
Professor  Willis  and  the  "  Edinburgh,"  and, 
while  he  is  about  it,  let  him  not  forget  to 
deal  a  few  strokes  at  old  Sylvanus  Ubbak. 
like  "the  ancient  King"  in  Macaulay's 
Lay,  like  blind  old  John  of  Bohemia  at 
Crecy,  we  are  not  so  far  gone  but  that 
we  can  enter  into  the  ccrtaminis  gaudia 
as  folly  as  our  younger  contemporary  in 
blue  and  buff.  We  should  enjoy  few 
things  more  than  a  pamphlet  by  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson proving  that  the  Dorians  of  Leoni- 
ds* were  Teutons,  and  that  the  Franks  of 
Pepin  were  not.  Let  him  try,  let  him  do 
bis  best;  he  may  perhaps  after  all  rear 
his  trophy  against  us,  and  may  go  down  to 
an  admiring  posterity  as  the  man  who  con- 
vinced the  ingenuous  mind  of  Sylvanus 
Ukbjjt  that  Constantino  built  the  Mosque 
of  Omar,  and  that  Paris  was  the  capital  of 
Charles  the  Great. 


Victorian  Architecture.     By  Thomas 
Haubib,    Architect.  —  Mr.   Harris    con- 

»  It  wss  amusing  the  other  day  to  see  Mr.  Fer- 
fUMon's  eootritration  to  this  work  reviewed  in 
the  fadkUible  "  Jupiter,"  in  utter  unconnciounness 
aHke  that  Mr.  Fergusson  had  put  forth  the  theory 
and  that  Professor  Willis  had  upset  it. 


eludes  this  pamphlet  by  informing  us  that 
"  Many  of  these  ideas  have  been  put  into 
practical  execution  by  the  author,"  and 
we  imagine  that  the  chief  object  of  this 
publication  is  to  call  public  attention  to 
the  buildings  in  which  those  ideas  are 
carried  out.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
the  author  has  not  given  a  list  of  them,  as 
we  do  not  chance  to  have  heard  of  them, 
and  yet  we  should  have  expected  that  had 
they  exhibited  any  great  genius  or  origin- 
ality they  would  have  made  a  sensation  in 
the  world,  for  genius  and  originality  are 
not  of  every -day  occurrence.  The  ideas 
appear  to  us  so  vague  and  visionary,  when 
there  is  anything  that  is  not  absolutely 
trite,  that  we  are  puzzled  to  guess  how 
such  ideas  have  been  reduced  to  practice. 
Mr.  Harris  must  have  forgotten  Mr.  Scott's 
well-known  dictum,  that  "the  principles 
of  Gothic  Architecture  are  the  principles 
of  common  sense ;"  and,  whilst  dreaming 
about  inventing  a  new  style  of  his  own, 
he  leaves  us  in  doubt  whether  a  little 
more  of  the  latter  commodity  would  not 
be  of  service  to  him. 

The  best  answer  to  all  these  vague 
theories  and  dreams  of  youthful  architects 
is  to  reduce  them  to  the  test  of  practice, 
and  in  practice  the  most  theoretical  make 
the  most  atrocious  failures.  The  best 
architects  of  our  day  are  those  who  have 
most  carefully  studied  the  medieval  build- 
ings of  England.  The  two  most  emi- 
nent, Mr.  A.  W.  Pugin  and  Mr.  G.  G. 
Scott,  were  among  those  who  had  given  the 
most  attention  to  this  study.  Mr.  Pugin 
had  been  acquainted  from  his  boyhood 
with  the  "Examples"  and  "Specimens" 
published  by  his  father,  and  for  years  it 
was  his  practice  (as  we  heard  from  his 
own  lips)  to  travel  in  a  gig,  whenever 
he  possibly  could  do  so,  in  preference  to 
any  other  mode  of  conveyance,  in  order 
that  he  might  stop  at  and  examine  every 
old  church  that  he  passed  on  his  way. 
Mr.  Scott  (also  to  our  personal  knowledge) 
has  been  all  his  life  nearly  equally  careful 
never  to  miss  an  opportunity  of  studying 
an  old  building,  and  considers  that  there 
is  always  something  to  be  learnt  from  it : 
he  is  not  too  proud  or  too  conceited  to 
learn  from  the  wisdom  of  our  ancestors. 


90 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Jan. 


Personal  Narrative  of  Two  Year?  Im- 
prisonment in  Burmah,  By  HenbT 
Gougeb.     (London:  Murray.) 

"  Weeping  and  wailing,  care  and  other  torwe 
I  hare  ynough,  on  even  and  on  xnorwe, 
Quod  the  Marchant." 

Sach  lines  of  Chaucer  might  well  have 
formed  the  motto  of  "Imprisonment  in 
Burmah/'  had  the  narrator  been  almost 
any  one  than  the  actual  high-spirited  suf- 
ferer. 

We  are  carried  back  nearly  forty  years 
— to  the  narrator's  youth  in  fact — and 
introduced  to  the  Court  of  Burmah  by  an 
adventure  undertaken,  as  it  would  seem  to 
us,  more  in  the  spirit  of  wild  daring  than 
of  sober  commerce.  The  Burmah  of  that 
period,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  was  not 
the  Burmah  of  to-day,  opened  out  and 
known,  as  it  has  since  become,  by  our 
conquests,  our  embassies,  and  our  com- 
merce, led  on  as  the  latter  must  undoubt- 
edly have  been  by  the  writer  of  the  pre- 
sent narrative. 

Burmah  was  then  completely  a  terra 
incognita — a  condition  which  the  preju- 
dices and  presumption  of  the  people,  and 
the  exclusive  fiscal  regulations  of  the 
government,  seemed  to  combine  to  per- 
petuate. Yet  we  find  our  traveller  land- 
ing undauntedly  at  Rangoon,  conciliating 
the  Burmese  authorities  there,  and  con- 
ducting bis  boats  and  their  cargoes  safely, 
through  the  many  dangers  which  then 
beset  the  river  Irrawuddi,  like  the  Rhine 
of  old,  up  to  the  then  capital  of  Amera- 
poorah.  Next,  by  a  stroke  of  good  for- 
tune, and  his  own  tact,  he  appears  at  once 
in  the  full  sunshine  of  court  favour,  in- 
vested with  the  dress  of  the  man  whom 
the  king  delighted  to  honour,  and  bene- 
fiting by  an  emulous  competition  for  his 
merchandize  at  almost  fabulous  prices. 

No  wonder,  then,  that,  excited  by  such 
a  sudden  and  unlooked-for  access  of  pros- 
perity, hope  took  possession  of  the  mer- 
chant's breast.  All  difficulties,  great  as 
they  were,  seemed  easy  of  conquest  to 
a  man  who  had  already  dared  and  done 
so  much,  and  a  gigantic  fortune  appeared 
to  invite  his  grasp.  Under  such  im- 
pressions he  sought  and  obtained  per- 
mission to  depart,  that  he  might  again 


return,  and  settle  himself  permanently  in 
Burmah. 

Thus  far  we  feel  as  though  the  tale 
carried  us  still  further  back.     We  could 
almost  transport  ourselves  to  the  close  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  fancy  we  were 
listening  to  Marco  Polo  detailing  to  mar- 
velling Venice  his  mercantile  wanderings 
and  adventures  in  the  Court  of  Tartary — 
but,  alas !  the  similitude  holds  no  further. 
Soon  after  Mr.  Ganger's  return  to  Bur- 
mah the  war  broke  out  with  the  East 
India  Company,  and,  taking  into  account 
the  ignorance  and  irascible  character  of 
the  savages  in  whom  he  had  ventured  to 
confide,  it  is  perhaps  not  to  be  wondered 
at  that  he  was  thrown  into  prison  as  a  spy, 
together  with  every  other  individual  of 
European  extraction  or  connection.    What 
his  prison   life   was,  during  a  period  of 
nearly  two  years,  is  fully  detailed  in  the 
narrative.     He  endured  all  the  intensity 
of   misery    an    Englishman    could    feel, 
snatched  from  full  prosperity  at  one  fell 
swoop,  to  be  loaded  with  irons  and  laid  in 
the  stocks  in  a  crowded  pestiferous  dun- 
geon, reeking  with  filth,  and  dependent 
on  casual  charity  for  preservation  from 
a  lingering  death  by  famine. 

The  monotony  of  this  scene  of  horrors 
is  painfully  varied  by  hair-breadth  escapes 
from  instant  execution.  At  one  time  the 
murderers  are  whetting  their  knives  for 
the  work ;  at  another  the  prisoners  are  in 
hourly  expectation  of  being  thrown  to  a 
famished  lioness,  kept  before  their  eyes 
for  the  purpose;  then  they  are  to  be 
burnt;  then  to  be  buried  alive,  as  a 
solemn  sacrifice  to  the  powers  of  Hell,  to 
ensure  a  victory !  From  this  state  of 
dreadful  suspense  they  are,  however,  re- 
lieved by  the  death  of  their  chief  pewe- 
cutor,  who  is  himself  hurried  from  the 
royal  favour,  and  trodden  to  death  by 
elephants. 

Yet,  amidst  all  this  wild  waste  of 
SHvagery,  the  mind  rejoices  still  to  find 
some  green  spots  of  human  charity  and 
mercy.  Thus  we  see  the  gaoler's  daugh- 
ter, touched  perchance  with  a  pity  near 
akin  to  love,  tendering  the  wretched  cap- 
tive the  little  alleviation  in  her  power. 
Then  his  servant,  a  Mahomedan  baker, 


1861.]  A  Collection  of  Antient  Christmas  Carols. 


91 


steadily  contrived,  with  a  rare  fidelity,  to 
supply  a  little  food  for  his  master's  sup- 
port by  his  own  labour ;  in  fact,  to  this 
attachment  he  entirely  owed  his  life. 
Never  was  the  wise  king's  saying  more 
literally  fulfilled,  "  Cast  thy  bread  upon 
the  waters,  and  thou  shalt  find  it  after 
many  days."  Mr.  Gouger,  however,  seems 
to  have  been  of  a  very  conciliating  dispo- 
sition. The  very  executioners  expressed  a 
regard  for  him,  evincing  it  by  a  promise  to 
put  him  to  death  so  dexterously  that  he 
should  hardly  feel  it. 

The  story  of  Mrs.  Judson,  the  wife  of 
the  American  missionary,  is  a  charming 
episode  of  conjugal  love  and  duty. 

At  last  the  advance  of  the  British  army 
brings  release,  and  a  return  to  prosperity. 

The  narrative  is  told  in  an  agreeable, 
chatty  style;  and  its  cheerfully -religious 
tone  explains  at  once  how  life  and  reason 
could  survive  so  fiery  an  ordeal.  In  the 
enterprising  spirit  of  the  British  mer- 
chant— fearless  of  danger,  hopeful  of  suc- 
cess— we  recognise  a  perfectly  national 
trait  of  which  we  may  well  be  proud. 
Such  men  have  ever  been  the  pioneers  of 
national  prosperity,  the  harbingers  of 
Christianity  and  civilization. 

Why  Mr.  Gouger  has  thus  long  ab- 
stained from  publishing  his  memoir  does 
not  appear.  We  cannot  think  so  enter- 
prising a  spirit  has  spent  inactively  the 
long  period  subsequent  to  this  imprison- 
ment in  Burmah,  and  trust  that,  having 
thus  taken  up  the  pen,  he  will  not  hastily 
lay  it  aside. 

A  Collection  of  Antient  Christmas 
Cmrols.   Arranged  for  four  voices  by  Edm. 


Sedding.  (London:  Novello,  Masters.) 
The  best  account  that  can  be  given  of  this 
seasonable  little  work  is  in  the  words  of 
its  compiler.  It  comprises,  he  says,  melo- 
dies and  words  chiefly  composed  and  in 
use  since  the  time  of  the  Reformation,  and 
it  will  be  matter  of  congratulation  to  tee 
how  simplicity  of  construction,  quaintness 
of  expression,  and  the  grand  conception  of 
sterling  Catholic  truth  have  never  been 
allowed  to  die  out  in  these  compositions. 
Of  the  nine  carols  that  it  contains,  five  are 
English,  and  most  of  them  are  from  the 
"Ancient  Christmas  Carols"  published 
several  years  ago  by  Mr.  Davies  Gilbert ; 
three  are  "Noels,"  used  in  the  Cathedral 
of  Chartres,  and  one  is  from  Holland. 
English  words  have  been  supplied  by  the 
Rev.  J.  M.  Neale,  the  Rev.  F.  G.  Lee,  and 
W.  Morris,  Esq.  The  Dutch  carol,  en- 
titled "  Our  Master  hath  a  Garden,"  is  a 
very  pleasing  melody,  which  is  suited  for 
all  seasons  of  the  Christian  year ;  the 
English  words  have  already  appeared  in 
the  "  Ecclesiologist"  for  February,  1856. 


The  Christian  Knowledge  Society's  Al- 
manacs have  appeared  in  all  their  usual 
variety.  They  may  be  bad  in  sheets,  or  in 
books,  for  a  penny,  or  mounted  on  rollers, 
or  done  up  in  pocket-books,  at  a  shilling. 
An  engraving  of  Worcester  Cathedral  ia 
accompanied  by  a  brief  account  of  the 
edifice,  all  the  customary  information  is 
given,  and  a  valuable  collection  of  trust- 
worthy "Signs  of  the  Weather"  is  ex- 
tracted from  Admiral  Fitzroy's  "  Manual 
of  the  Barometer." 


92 


[Jan. 


APPOINTMENTS,  PBEFE11MENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS. 


The  dates,  where  given,  are  ihote  of  the  Gasette  in  which  the  Appointment  or  Return 

appeared. 


Ecclesiastical. 

The  Right  Rev.  George  John  Trcror  Spencer, 
D.D.,  (ex-Bishop  of  Madras,)  to  the  Chancellor- 
ship of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  St.  Paul,  Lon- 
don. 

The  Rer.  Charles  John  D'Oyly,  M.A.,  to  be 
Chaplain  to  the  Hon.  Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
London. 

The  Hon.  and  Rer.  Douglas  Gordon,  M.A.,  to 
the  Canonry  of  Calne  in,  and  Treasurcrship  of, 
the  Cathedral  Church  of  Salisbury. 

The  Rev.  William  Lake  Onslow,  M.A.,  to  be 
Chaplain  to  H.M.S.  "  St.  George/'  and  to  be  Spe- 
cial Instructor  to  II.R.H.  Prince  Alfred. 

Civil,  Naval,  and  Militaky. 

Nov.  17.  The  Right  Hon.  Henry  Thomas  Earl 
of  Cbicbester,  to  be  Lord  Lieutenant  and  Custos 
Rotulorum  of  the  county  of  Sussex. 

Lord  Bloomfield,  G.C.B.,  now  Envoy  Extraor- 
dinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King 
of  Prussia,  to  be  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  Emperor  of  Austria. 

Lord  Augustus  William  Frederick  Spencer 
Loftus,  now  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  to  be 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  King  of  Prussia. 

The  Hon.  Edward  Morris  Erskine,  now  Secre- 
tary to  the  Legation  at  8t.  Pctersburgh,  to  be 
Secretary  to  the  Embassy  at  Constantinople. 

The  Hon.  Julian  Henry  Charles  Fane,  now 
Secretary  to  the  Legation  at  Vienna,  to  be  Secre- 
tary to  the  Embassy  at  Vienna. 

Rutherford  Alcock,  esq.,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Tycoon  of 
Japan,  and  Charles  Alison,  esq.,  Envoy  Extraor- 
dinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Shah 
of  Persia,  to  be  Companions  of  the  Most  Hon. 
Order  of  the  Bath. 

John  Maclean,  esq.,  C.B.,  to  be  Lieut.-Gover- 
nor  of  the  territories  of  British  Kaffraria. 

Dec.  7.  Lieut.-Col.  Edward  8tanton,  C.B.,  to 
be  Consul-Gen.  at  Warsaw. 

Dec.  11.  Lord  Lyons,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States 
of  America,  and  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edmund 
Walker  Head,  hart,  Governor-Gen.  of  British 
North  America,  to  be  Knights  Commanders  of 
the  Most  Hon.  Order  of  the  Bath. 

Jean  Edouard  Remono,  esq.,  First  Puisne 
Judge  of  the  8upreme  Court  of  the  Island  of 
Mauritius,  nnd  Lieut. -Col.  Andrew  Scott  Waugh, 
Bengal  Engineers,  Superintendent  of  Trigonome- 
trical Survey,  and  Surveyor-Gen.  of  India,  to  be 
Knights  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

11 


Dec.  11.  Lord  Napier,  now  Envoy  Extraor- 
dinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King 
of  the  Netherlands,  to  be  Ambassador  Extraor- 
dinary and  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Emperor  of  All 
the  Russia*. 

Sir  John  Fiennes  Crompton,  K.C.B.,  now  En- 
voy Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary 
to  the  Emperor  of  All  the  llussias,  to  be  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
the  Queen  of  Spain. 

Sir  Andrew  Buchanan,  K.C.B.,  now  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
the  Queen  of  Spain,  to  be  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  King  of  the 
Netherlands. 

John  Savile  Lumley,  esq.,  late  Secretary  to  tho 
Embassy  at  Constantinople,  to  be  Secretary  to  the 
Embassy  at  St  Petersburg' 

Dec.  12.  Francis  Howard  Vyse,  esq.,  now 
British  Vice-Consul  at  Jeddo,  and  Acting  Consul 
at  Kanugawa,  to  be  Consul  at  Kanagawa. 

Dec.  14.  William  Young,  esq.,  to  be  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Province  of 
Nova  Scotia. 

Robert  Hamilton,  esq.,  M.D.,  and  Chas.  Clem- 
ent Bravo,  esq.,  confirmed  as  Members  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  the  Island  of  Jamaica. 

Captain  Archibald  Edward  Harbord  Anson, 
B.A.,  to  be  Inspector-Gen.,  and  Thomas  Prince, 
esq.,  to  be  Superintendent  of  Police,  for  the  Island 
of  Mauritius. 

MftMBXBs  aJToawxD  to  ssnvx  ix  Paaliamkht. 

Dwrti*outk.-~Not>.  27.  John  Hardy,  esq.,  of 
Dunstal-house,  Stafford,  in  the  room  of  John 
Dunn,  esq.,  deceased. 

Wick  Burghs.— Dee.  4.  The  Right  Hon.  Wil- 
liam Coutts  Keppel  (commonly  called  Viscount 
Bury),  in  the  room  of  Samuel  Laing,  esq.,  who 
has  accepted  the  office  of  Fourth  Ordinary  Member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Governor-Gen.  of  India. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.— Dec.  11.  Somerset  Ar- 
chibald Beaumont,  esq.,  of  Bywell,  Northumber- 
land, in  the  room  of  George  Ridley,  esq.,  who  has 
accepted  -the  office  of  Commissioner  under  tho 
copyhold  and  enclosure  Commissions  Act. 

Southwark.—Dec.  18.  Austin  Henry  Layard, 
esq.,  of  Piccadilly,  Middlesex,  in  the  room  of  Sir 
Charles  Napier,  K.C.B.,  deceased. 

County  of  Nottingham.  Southern  Division  — 
Dec.  20.  The  Hon.  George  Philip  Cecil  Arthur 
8tanhope,  commonly  called  Lord  8tanhope,  in 
the  room  of  Sydney  William  Herbert  Pierrepont, 
commonly  called  Viscount  Newark,  now  Earl 
Manveis,  called  to  the  House  of  Peers. 


1861.] 


98 


BIRTHS. 


July  27, 1860.  At  her  residence,  Regent's-park- 
terrace,  the  wife  of  Reginald  Burton,  of  Daren- 
try,  Northants,  a  eon. 

Sept.  29.  At  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  wife 
of  Dr.  George  Williamson,  Staff  Surgeon,  a  dan. 

Oct.  7.  At  Corfu,  the  wife  of  J.  J.  Lake,  esq., 
Military  Store  Department,  a  dau. 

Oct.  IS.  At  Agra,  the  wife  of  Lieut. -Col.  Glyn, 
C.B.,  Rifle  Brigade,  a  dan. 

Oct.  14.  At  Cape-town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
the  wife  of  Col.  Staunton,  Commandant,  a  son. 

Oct.  23.  At  Madras,  the  wife  of  Lieut.-Col. 
Adye,  C.B.,  of  a  dau. 

Oct.  30.  At  Mauritius,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Old- 
flcld,  5th  Fusiliers,  a  son. 

Oct.  31.  At  Kolapore,  the  wife  of  Capt  H.  H. 
James,  H.M.'s  B.N.I.,  a  son. 

Nov.  10.  At  Rawil  Pindee,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
F.  R,  Pollock,  Acting  Commissioner,  a  dau. 

Nov.  16.  At  Brunton,  near  Hexham,  the 
Lady  Mary  Crosse,  a  dau. 

Nov.  18.  At  Rugby,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  T.  W. 
Jex-Blake,  a  dau. 

Nov.  21.  At  Italian-villa,  Weston-saper-Mare, 
the  wife  of  Col.  S.  S.  Trevor,  a  dau. 

At  Broadwinsor,  Dorset,  the  wife  of  Joseph 
Stone  Studley,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Pilham  Rectory,  near  Gainsborough,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  Hamilton  Lowry,  a  son. 

Nor.  22.  At  8tretton  Rectory,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Mark  Garflt,  a  dau. 

At  Highfield,  near  Southampton,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Thomas  McCalmont,  a  son. 

At  Remnants,  Marlow,  the  wife  of  Major 
Faussett,  44th  Regt.,  a  son. 

In  Suffolk-eq.,  Cheltenham,  the  wife  of  Major 
N.  Bteevens,  a  dan. 

Nov.  23.  In  Great  8tanhope-st*,  the  Duchess 
of  Manchester,  a  son. 

At  Chesterfield-house,  the  Countess  of  Durham, 
a  son. 

In  Grosrenor-street,  the  Lady  Frederick  Fits- 
Boy,  a  sob. 

At  Oxford,  the  wife  of  the  Rer.  Frederick  Met- 
calfe, Fellow  of  Lincoln  College,  a  dau. 

At  Corfu,  the  wife  of  Dr.  F.  W.  Inncs,  C.B., 
Deputy  Inspector  General  of  Hospitals,  a  son. 

Nov.  24.  At  Wollaton  Rectory,  Notts,  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Charles  J.  Willoughby,  a  son. 

At  Dover,  the  wife  of  the  Rer.  W.  £.  Light, 
Rector  of  St.  James's,  Dover,  a  dau. 

At  Otham  Rectory,  near  Maidstone,  the  wife 
of  the  Rer.  Charles  J.  K.  Shaw,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  Gregory  Smith,  Ted- 
atone  Delamere  Rectory,  Herefordshire,  a  son. 

At  Kingstown,  Ireland,  the  wife  of  Commander 
Young,  Y.C.,  Royal  Navy,  a  son. 

Nov.  25.    At  Breamore,  Lady  Hulse,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  Lieut. -Col.  R,  L.  Shawe,  a  son. 

Now.  26.  In  Stratton-etreet,  Lady  Agnes  Hyl- 
ton  Jolliffe,  a  dau. 

Gurr.  KAa.  Vol.  CCX. 


In  Eaton-pl.,  the  wife  of  John  Harvey  Astell, 
esq.,  M.P.,  a  son. 

At  Upper  Mount,  Shanklin,  Isle  of  Wight,  the 
wife  of  Capt.  Hamilton,  R.N.,  a  dau. 

At  Bilton,  Warwickshire,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
H.  T.  Salmon,  a  son. 

Nop.  27.  In  Onslow-square,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
R.  Anstruther,  Grenadier  Guards,  a  son. 

At  the  Grange,  Belgrave,  Leicestershire,  the 
wife  of  Major  Chester,  a  dau. 

At  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  the 
wife  of  Lieut.  Alexander  Doull,  Royal  Artillery, 
a  son. 

At  Broadwater,  Godalming,  the  wife  of  Lieut.- 
Col.  C.  E.  Fairtlough,  a  son. 

At  the  Willows,  West  Ham,  Essex,  the  wife  of 
Capt.  Pelly,  R.N.,  a  son. 

Nov.  28.  At  Coul-house,  N.B.,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Greville  Vernon,  a  dau. 

At  the  Parsonage.  St.  Peter's,  Hackney-road, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Packer,  M.A.,  a  dau. 

Nov.  29.  At  Wimbledon,  the  wife  of  Lieut.- 
Col.  A.  Lowry  Cole,  a  son. 

Nov.  30.  In  Prince's-gardens,  the  Viscountess 
Hawarden,  a  dau. 

The  Lady  Isabella  Schuster,  a  dau. 

At  Ashton  Keynes  Vicarage,  Cricklade,  Wilts, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  E.  Chatterton  Orpen,  a  dau. 

Dec.  1.  In  Wilton -St.,  Belgrave-sq.,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Rowland  Winn,  a  dau. 

At  Ruswarp-next- Whitby,  North  Yorkshire, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Alphonso  Matthey,  a  dau. 

At  St.  Peter's  Rectory,  Guernsey,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Carey  Brock,  a  dau. 

At  Brompton,  the  wife  of  Alex.  Burn,  M.D., 
Bombay  Army,  a  son. 

Dec.  2.  At  Bywell-hall,  Northumberland,  the 
Lady  Margaret  Beaumont,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  Plymouth,  the  wife  of  E.  McLaughlin,  esq., 
Royal  Artillery,  a  son. 

At  Brighton,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  H.  D. 
Healley,  a  dau. 

Dec.  3.  At  Mosstown,  co.  Westmeath,  the  wife 
of  William  James  Perry,  esq.,  a  dau. 

At  South  Camp,  Aldershott,  the  wife  of  John 
Burr,  esq.,  Military  Train,  a  dau. 

At  Claremount,  the  wife  of  Murray  M.  Blacker, 
esq.,  a  dau. 

At  Horncastle,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  S.  Lodge, 
a  son. 

At  Shangton  Rectory,  Leicestershire,  Mrs. 
Henry  Vere  Packe,  a  son. 

Dec.  4.  In  Hertford-fit ,  Mayfair,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Arthur  Egerton,  a  son. 

At  Roseville,  Chilton  P olden,  near  Bridgwater, 
the  wife  of  Commander  Stradling,  H.M.'s  Indian 
Navy,  a  son. 

At  Inverness,  Mrs.  Mackintosh,  of  Raigmore, 
a  dau. 

At  Beccles,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  H.  Mayers, 
Rector  of  Weston,  a  son. 

N 


94 


Births. 


[Jan, 


At  Gipsy-hill,  Norwood,  tho  wife  of  Jss.  C. 
Hicks,  esq.,  18th  Hussars,  a  dau. 

Dec.  5.  At  Little  Dean's-yard,  Westminster 
Abbey,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  T.  W.  Weare,  a  dau. 

At  the  Grove,  Scotby,  Cumberland,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  J.  McAllister,  a  son. 

At  Chagford  Rectory,  Devonshire,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Hayter  George  Haines,  a  dau. 

At  Moray-pl.,  Edinburgh,  Mrs.  Brown  Douglas, 
the  wife  of  the  Lord  Provost  of  Edinburgh,  a  dau. 

Dee.  6.  At  Willey,  near  Farnham,  Surrey,  tho 
wife  of  Capt.  Owen  F.  Ward,  a  dau. 

Tho  wife  of  Thos.  Gee,  esq.,  of  Hanley  Castle, 
a  dau. 

In  London,  the  wife  of  Henry  Somen,  esq., 
8urgeon  of  H.M.'s  55th  Regt.,  a  son. 

Dec.  7 .  A  t  Edinburgh,  the  Countess  of  Eglinton, 
a  dau. 

At  Honslopo-park,  Bucks,  Mrs.  Reginald  Wal- 
pole,  a  dau. 

At  Luton,  Bedfordshire,  the  wife  of  Charles 
Ede  Waller,  esq.,  a  son. 

In  Cleveland-row,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  W. 
K.  R.  Bedford,  a  son. 

Dee.  8.  At  Oxford,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  T. 
Houssemayne  du  Boulay,  a  son. 

At  Upper  Norwood,  the  wife  of  M.  C.  Chase, 
esq.,  of  the  Madras  Civil  Service,  and  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  a  dau. 

At  Christ  Church  Parsonage,  Dover,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  C.  D.  Marston,  a  dau. 

Dec.  9.  At  Prince's-gardens,  Prince's-gate, 
the  wife  of  Col.  Clark  Kennedy,  C.B.,  a  dau. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Corbridge,  Northumberland, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Frederick  Gipps,  a  son. 

At  Gillingham,  on  board  H.M.'s  ship  "  Mer- 
cury," the  wife  of  Lieut.  George  Marriott,  R.N., 
a  dau. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  Walter  Baskervillo  Mynors, 
a  dau. 

In  Pultcney-st.,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Balfour,  late 
7th  Dragoon  Guards,  a  dau. 

At  Cantlcy  Vicarage,  Yorkshire,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Samuel  King,  a  son. 

Dee.  10.  At  Cooper's-hill,  the  wife  of  C.  W. 
O'Hara,  M.P.,  co.  Sligo,  Ireland,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  Peckforton,  the  wife  of  J.  ToUemache,  esq., 
M.P.,  a  son. 

At  Colebury-house,  Hants,  the  wife  of  John 
Everitt,  esq.,  a  dau. 

At  Willian,  Herts,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  John 
Lowder  Laycock  Lees,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  Mr.  F.  Weber,  resident  organist  at 
the  Royal  German  Chapel,  St.  James's  Palace, 
a  son. 

Dec.  11.  At  the  Admiralty,  Whitehall,  the 
Lady  Hermione  Graham,  a  son. 

At  Lower  Brook-st,  Grosvcnor-eq.,  the  Lady 
Bateman,  a  dau. 

At  Usworth-hall,  co.  Durham,  Mrs.  M.  J. 
Jonas sohn,  a  dau. 

In  Cam  den -pi.,  Bath,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Clarke, 
20th  RegL,  a  son. 

In  Howley-plaoe-villas,  Maida-bill  West,  the 
wife  of  Henry  M.  S.  O'Brien,  esq.,  a  son. 


At  Rugby,  the  wife  of  Henry  Morris,  esq., 
Madras  Civil  Service,  a  son. 

At  Brighton,  Sussex,  the  wife  of  W.  D.  Weeden, 
esq.,  of  twins. 

At  Wolford  Vicarage,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  G. 
Domvile  Wheeler,  a  son. 

Dec.  12.  At  the  Rectory,  Chelsea,  tho  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Gerald  Blunt,  a  son. 

At  the  Farm,  Goodnestone,  Kent,  the  wife  of 
J.  Bridges  Plumptre,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Castle-hill-lodge,  Reading,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Frederick  H.  Lang,  a  son. 

Dec.  13.  In  Portland-pl.,  the  Lady  Cecilia 
Bingham,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  South  Thoresby  Rectory,  Lincolnshire,  tho 
wife  of  Capt.  R.  O.  T.  Nicolls,  6th  Regt.  M.N.I., 
a  dau. 

In  Pembridge-gordens,  Kotting-hilL  the  wife 
of  John  Audain,  esq.,  of  Richmond-hill,  Island 
of  SL  Vincent,  West  Indies,  a  son. 

At  Snarehill,  Thetford,  the  wife  of  Richard 
Rogers,  esq.,  a  son. 

Dec.  14.  At  Sherborne-castle,  Tetsworth,  Ox- 
fordshire, the  Countess  of  Macclesfield,  a  son. 

At  Brooklands,  Ormskirk,  Lancashire,  the  wife 
of  Charles  John  Webb,  esq.,  a  dau. 

At  Danny,  the  wife  of  J.  G.  Blencowc,  esq., 
M.P.,  a  son. 

In  St.  George's-square,  Belgravia,  Mrs.  Har- 
court,  a  dau. 

At  Bradcnhaxn-lodge,  West  Wycombe,  Mrs. 
James  Louis  Atty,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  William  Hancock,  esq.,  of  Wivelia- 
combc,  Somersetshire,  a  son. 

At  Hadley-housc,  Hodley,  Middlesex,  tho  wife 
of  Louis  d'Eynoourt,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Vaughan's-road,  Coldharbour-lane,  the  wife 
of  Lieut.  John  W.  Clarkson,  H.M.'s  I.N.,  a  dau. 

Dec.  15.  At  Pendrea,  Cornwall,  the  Lady 
Elizabeth  St.  Aubyn,  a  dau. 

At  Steppinglcy  Rectory,  Beds.,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  T.  Erikine,  a  son. 

At  Cuddesdon,  Oxon,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  A. 
Child,  a  son. 

At  Wallington,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  James 
Aitken,  a  son. 

At  Hodnet  Rectory,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  S.  H. 
Macaulay,  a  dau. 

At  Wcldon  Rectory,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Wil- 
liam Finch  Hatton,  a  dau. 

Dec.  16.  At  Durham,  the  wife  of  George 
Walton  Appleby,  esq.,  26th  Camcronians,  a  dau. 

At  Lansdowne-place,  Leamington,  the  wife  of 
Captain  Hargraves,  Norbury -manor,  Staffords., 
a  son. 

At  Inncrgellie,  N.B.,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  F.  G. 
8andys-Lumsdaine,  a  son. 

Dec.  17.  At  the  Cedars,  Derby,  the  wife  of 
Capt.  J.  T.  naverfleld,  Royal  Marines,  Light 
Infantry,  a  dau. 

Dec.  18.  At  Cobham-hall,  Kent,  the  Countess 
of  Darnley,  a  dau. 

Dec.  19.  At  Tunbridge  Wells,  the  Viscountess 
Falmouth,  a  son. 


1861.] 


95 


MARRIAGES. 


Oct.  10.  At  Sanawur,  near  Kussowlie,  N. W.P., 
East  Indies,  Henry  R.  Wallace,  esq.,  Capt  92nd 
Highlanders,  to  Fanny,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
Rev.  William  John  Parker,  Principal  and  Chap- 
lain of  the  Lawrence  Military  Asylum. 

Oet.1%.  At  Emanuel  Church,  Brooklyn,  America, 
Edmund  W.  Slatter,  to  Oeorgina,  second  dau.  of 
Capt.  W.  Y.  Graves,  late  of  H.M.'s  93rd  High- 
landers, and  widow  of  the  late  George  Totten- 
ham, esq.;  also,  at  the  same  place  and  time, 
George  J.  Slatter,  to  Henrietta,  third  dau,  of 
Capt.  Grares. 

Oct.  22.  At  St.  John's,  Calcutta,  Arthur  John 
Whalley,  esq.,  ciril  engineer,  son  of  the  Rer.  A. 
Whalley,  of  Bath,  Somerset,  to  Emily,  third  dau. 
of  the  late  John  Palmer,  esq.,  Lieut.  Ceylon  Rifles. 

Oct.  23.  At  Simla,  Edwin  Balfour  Wimherley, 
esq.,  B.A.,  Trin.  Coll.,  Cambridge,  of  H.M.'s 
Indian  Army,  to  Constance  Cordelia,  dau.  of  the 
late  Col.  C.  D.  Blair,  C.B.,  formerly  of  the  8th 
Bengal  Light  Cavalry. 

Oct.  27.  At  St.  John's,  Secunderabad,  Deccan, 
J.  J.  Hey  wood,  esq.,  Lieut,  and  Adjt.  1st  Battalion 
the  Royal  Regt,  to  Annie,  only  dau.  of  Brigadier 
East  Apthorpe,  C.B.,  K.S.F.,  commanding  the 
Hydrabad  Subsidiary  Force. 

Oct.  31.  At  8t  John's,  New  Brunswick,  Rich., 
second  son  of  the  late  Hon.  Charles  Simonds,  to 
Ada,  sole  dau.  of  M.  H.  Perley,  esq.,  H.M.'s 
Commissioner  for  the  North  American  Fisheries. 

Nov.  1.  At  Ootacamund,  East  Indies,  H.  J. 
Lees,  esq.,  60th  Rifles,  eldest  son  of  Sir  J.  Lees, 
bart,  to  Charlotte,  dau.  of  the  late  W.  Mc  Taggart, 
esq. 

Nov.  7.  Frederick  Montresor  Mulcaster,  esq., 
late  of  the  12th  Royal  Lancers,  and  Charlton- 
park,  near  Canterbury,  to  Georgine,  youngest 
dan.  of  the  late  Capt.  George  Prescott,  7th  Royal 
Fusiliers,  and  relict  of  Thomas  Baker  Bass,  esq., 
of  Dover. 

Nov.  13.  At  Landour,  Himalayahs,  the  Rev. 
Meimoth  D.  C.  Walters,  M.A.,  Her  Majesty's 
Indian  Service,  to  Henrietta  Anne  Auburey,  dau. 
of  the  late  Major  Neville  Auburey  Parker,  of  the 
Bengal  Army. 

Nov.  15.  At  Benares,  James  W.  Dewar,  Major 
in  H.M.'s  77th  Regt.,  second  son  of  the  late  Sir 
James  Dewar,  Chief  Justice  of  Bombay,  to  Anne 
Maria  Charlotte,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Baron  Alex- 
ander de  Steiger,  of  Berne,  Switzerland. 

Nov.  17.  At  Bombay,  the  Rev.  Andrew  Burn, 
jun.,  missionary  in  Sindh,  son  of  the  Rev.  A. 
Born,  Rector  of  Kinnersley,  Salop,  to  Lucy 
Gregory,  dau.  of  the.  late  Edward  Suter,  esq., 
Islington. 

Nov.  20.  At  St.  Luke's,  Cheltenham,  Capt. 
George  Henry  Grey,  Grenadier  Guards,  only 
son  of  the  Bight  Hon.  Sir  George  Grey,  bart.,  to 
Harriet  Jane,  youngest  dau.  of  Lieut.- Col.  Chas. 


At  Little  Dalby,  Leicestershire,  the  Rev.  Fred. 
Augustus  Howe  Fits-Gerald,  only  son  of  the 
late  Capt.  8.  Fits-Gerald,  of  the  4th  Dragoon 
Guards,  and  co.  of  Kildare,  to  Sophia  Mary 
Leigh,  youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  E.  P.  Cooper, 
Vicar  of  Little  Dalby. 

Nov.  21.  At  St.  George's,  Montreal,  Canada 
East,  the  Rev.  Henry  James  Petry,  B.A.,  (late 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,)  assistant-minister 
of  St.  Peter's  Chapel,  Quebec,  to  Caroline  Josephs, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  late  John  George  Smith, 
esq.,  Deputy- Assistant  Commissary -General  to 
H.M.'s  Forces. 

Nov.  22.  At  Sandgate,  Geo.  Hamilton  Gordon, 
Capt  Royal  Engineers,  to  Blanche  Emma  Be- 
atrice, youngest  dau.  of  the  late  John  Ash  ton 
Case,  esq. 

At  Haddinrton-road  Church,  Dublin,  Joshua 
James,  youngest  son  of  the  late  James  MacEvoy , 
esq.,  of  Tobertinan,  co.  Meath,  and  brother  of 
the  present  M.P.  for  that  county,  to  the  Hon. 
Mary  Netterville,  second  dau.  and  co-heiress  of 
the  late  Viscount  Netterville. 

Not.  27.  At  Milborne-port,  Somerset,  the  Rev. 
Edward  Duke,  of  Lake-house,  Wiltshire,  to  Jane 
Mcrvyn,  third  dau.  of  Sir  William  Coles  Medly- 
cott,  bart.,  of  Ven,  Somerset. 

At  Anerley,  Norwood,  Wm.  Reginald,  son  of 
LI.  H.  B.  Hesketh,  esq.,  of  Gwrych  Cattle,  Den- 
bighshire, to  Agnes  Emily  Isabella,  eldest  dau.  of 
Major  the  Hon.  W.  E.  FitzMaurice,  of  Hyde- 
park-gate. 

At  St  George's,  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  James 
Haselwood,  only  son  of  the  late  James  Parr, 
esq.,  of  Mont-le-Grand,  Exeter,  also  representa- 
tive of  the  Lancashire  family  of  Parr  of  Parr,  to 
Sarah,  second  dau.  of  the  late  John  Hay,  esq.,  of 
Rothcrham. 

At  Gal  way,  John  Elliot  Cairness,  esq.,  M.A., 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Queen's  College, 
Galway,  to  Eliza  Charlotte,  second  dau.  of  the 
late  G.  H.  M.  Alexander,  esq.,  of  the  Bengal 
Civil  Service. 

Nov.  28.  At  Shrivenham,  Charles  Balfour,  esq., 
of  Newton  Don,  to  the  Hon.  Adelaide  Barrington, 
youngest  dau.  of  Lord  and  Lady  Barrington. 

At  Philorth,  Aberdeenshire,  J.  Stuart  Menztes, 
esq.,  of  Ches  thill,  Perthsh.,  to  the  Hon.  Catherine 
Thurlow  Fraser,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Hon. 
William  Fraser,  and  sister  to  Lord  Saltoun. 

Nov.  29.  At  Dunmore-park,  Stirling,  the  Earl 
of  Southesk,  to  the  Lady  Susan  C.  M.  Murray, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Earl  of  Dunmore. 

At  Penn,  Bucks,  James  Kiero  Watson,  esq., 
60th  Royal  Rifles,  Instructor  of  the  School  of 
Musketry,  Hythe,  to  Alice  Elizabeth,  third  dau. 
of  Lieut-Col.  Arnold  Pears,  Inspector  of  Schools, 
Madras. 

At  the  Collegiate  Church,  Southwell,  Notts, 
Alexander  Frederick  Rolfe,  esq.,  of  Devonshire- 


9G 


Marriages. 


[Jan. 


terrace,  Kensington,  to  Harriet  Alicia,  third  dan. 
of  the  Yen.  the  Archdeacon  of  Nottingham. 

At  St.  Mary's,  Carlisle,  the  Rev.  Thos.  Birkctt, 
B.  A.,  of  Tenby,  South  Wales,  eldest  son  of  John 
Birkett,  esq.,  of  Broom-hills,  to  Jane,  second 
dan.  of  Thomas  Barnes,  esq.,  J.P.,  of  Bunkcr's- 
hill.  Carlisle. 

Dee.  3.  At  the  British  Embassy,  Paris,  Wal- 
ter Bolton,  It. A.M.,  of  London,  to  Letitia  Gi- 
nevra,  only  dan.  of  Signor  Francesco  Borgononi, 
of  Senigallia,  Rcmagna. 

Dee.  4.  At  Creeting  St.  Peter,  Suffolk,  Win. 
Julius  Marshall,  esq.,  Captain  in  the  West  Suf- 
folk Militia,  of  Leicester-gardens,  Hyde-park,  to 
Fanny,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Paske, 
Rector  of  Creeting  St.  Peter,  and  Vicar  of 
Battisford. 

At  Hove,  Brighton,  the  Rev.  Scott  F.  Surtees, 
Rector  of  Sprotbrough,  Yorkshire,  to  Isabella 
Sarah,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Sir  Samuel  Comp- 
ton,  bart.,  of  Thornton-le-street. 

Dee.  5.  At  Ycntnor,  Henry  James  Rose,  esq., 
of  Alexandria,  to  Janet  Ann,  eldest  dau.  of  Sir 
Alexander  and  Lady  Duff  Gordon. 

At  Lechlade,  Gloucestershire,  William  John 
Edmonds,  esq.,  of  Southrope,  Gloucestershire, 
eldest  son  of  Giles  Edmonds,  esq.,  of  Eastleach- 
Turville,  in  the  same  county,  to  Jane  Elizabeth, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Capt.  W.  J.  Cole,  R.N., 
K.H.,  of  Lechlade,  and  granddaughter  of  the 
late  Robert  Wace,  esq.,  of  the  same  place. 

At  Withycombc,  Rawlcigh,  Cecil  Squire,  esq., 
late  Captain  in  the  2nd  (or  Queen's  Royal)  Regt., 
to  Jane,  daughter  of  Otho  Cooke,  esq.,  Witby- 
combe-house,  Devon. 

At  Morley,  A.  K.  Mansel,  Capt.  in  the  3rd 
Light  Dragoons,  and  youngest  son  of  Col.  Man- 
sel, C.B.,  of  Smedmore,  Dorset,  to  Clara  Hen- 
rietta, eldest  dau.  of  the  Hon.  A.  I<ascelles,  of 
Morley,  Cheshire. 

Dee.  6.  At  St.  Saviour's,  Jersey,  Lieut.  Edwd. 
Buller  Brazier,  I.N.,  son  of  the  late  Capt. 
Edward  Brazier,  R.N.,  to  Esther  Elizabeth, 
dau.  of  N.  R.  Richardson,  esq.,  of  St.  Martin's, 
and  granddau.  of  P.  Gaudin,  esq.,  of  Mont- 
au-Pretre. 

At  All  Saint*',  Blackhcath,  Edward,  eldest  son 
of  the  Rev.  Edward  Richards,  Rector  of  don- 
ation, Down,  Chancellor  of  the  Diocese  of  Dro- 
more,  to  Frances  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Edward 
WUloughby,  esq.,  of  Bryan,  Blackhcath. 

At  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight,  Stanhope  H.  Fasson, 
esq.,  Royal  Artillery,  second  son  of  the  late  John 
Fasson,  esq.,  of  the  Royal  Hospital,  Chelsea,  to 
Annie,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Hon.  Mr.  Justice 
Menzies,  Senior  Puisne  Judge  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 

At  St.  George's,  Hanover-sq.,  the  Rev.  Herbert 
Francis  Yyvyan,  nephew  of  Sir  Richard  Vyvyan, 
bait.,  of  Trelowarren,  Cornwall,  to  Augusta 
Clara,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Baron  de  Schmieden!, 
K.H.,  and  step-dau.  of  James  Scott  Smith,  esq., 
of  Beechwood,  Tunbridge  Wells,  Kent. 

At  Garthorpe,  G.  J.  Slater,  esq.,  of  the  Manor- 
house,  Naseby,  to  Mary,  only  dau.  of  the  late 
J.  Orson,  esq.,  of  Newark. 

At  Harbltdown,  near  Canterbury,  the  Rev. 


Robert  Godolphin  Peter,  Rector  of  Cavendish, 
Suffolk,  and  late  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  to  Catharine  Stewart,  dau.  of 
the  Rev.  Alfred  Lyall,  Rector  of  Ilarbledown. 

At  the  Cathedral,  Exeter,  Casamajor  Far- 
quharson,  Capt.  H.M.'s  2nd  Bombay  Cavalry, 
to  Mary  Henrietta,  youngest  dau.  of  the%Ven. 
John  Bartholomew,  Archdeacon  of  Barnstaple 
and  Canon  Residentiary. 

At  Thirsk,  Henry  Robert,  son  of  the  late 
Canon  Murkham,  to  Elizabeth,  dan.  of  the  lata 
Rev.  W.  Macbean,  M.  A.,  Rector  of  Peter-Tarey, 
Devon. 

At  Whitchurch,  Devon,  Henry  William, 
youngest  son  of  J.  H.  Deacon,  esq.,  of  nolwell, 
in  the  same  county,  to  Caroline  Agnes,  widow  of 
Maj .  Cokcr,  29th  Regt.,  of  Bicester-house,  Oxon. 

Dec.  8.  At  Petham,  Kent,  Capt.  Gibsone,  17th 
Lancers,  eldest  son  of  Col.  Gibsone,  of  Pcntland, 
N.B.,  Commandant  at  Maidstone,  to  Mary  Anne, 
second  dau.  of  the  Rev.  James  Hughes  Hallett, 
of  Higham,  Vicar  of  Putnam. 

At  Camden,  Camberwell,  Charles  Guest  Parker, 
esq.,  of  Stoke  Newington,  to  Mary  Yaughan, 
second  dau.  of  the  bite  M.  P.  Dove,  esq.,  of  the 
London-dock-house. 

Dee.  10.  At  the  British  Embassy,  Paris,  and 
afterwards  at  tbe'English  Church,  Rue  d'Agues- 
seau,  James  O'Donel  Annesley,  esq.,  25th  Regt., 
son  of  the  late  James  Annesley,  esq.,  n.M.'s 
Consul  for  North  Holland,  and  cousin  of  the  Earl 
of  Annesley,  to  Sybil,  only  dau.  of  W.  U.  Gomonde, 
esq.,  and  niece  to  the  late  Kir  Edmund  Filmer, 
bart.,  M.P.,  of  East  Sutton -pi.,  Kent. 

At  Her  Britannic  Majesty's  Consulate  in  Mes- 
sina, the  Rev.  Charles  Rew,  B.D.,  Rector  of 
Cranham,  Essex,  to  Emma,  eldest  dau.  of  Wm. 
Falkenburg,  esq.,  of  Messina,  and  Saxon  Consul 
of  that  place. 

Dee.  11.  At  St.  Mary  Abbot's,  Kensington,  Sir 
Kenneth  8.  Mackenzie,  bart.,  of  Gcarrloch,  to 
Eila  Frcderica,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Walter 
Frederick  Campbell,  of  Islay. 

At  Cottingham,  Northamptonshire,  the  Rev. 
Arthur  Starkey,  late  Fellow  of  St.  John's  Coll., 
Oxford,  Rector  of  Bygrave,  nerts,  and  second 
son  of  the  late  John  Cross  Starkey,  esq,  of  Wren- 
bury-hall,  Cheshire,  to  Mary  Jane  Elizabeth, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Thos.  Clayton,  Rector 
of  Cottingham. 

At  All  Saints',  Knightsbridge,  the  Rev.  Wm. 
Hay  Chapman,  M.A.,  to  Amelia  Elizabeth,  only 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Capt.  Richard  Freeman 
Roy  ley,  R.N. 

Charles  Edward,  second  son  of  the  late  Major 
Alexander  Duke  Hamilton,  late  73rd  Regt.,  to 
Emma  Mortal,  only  dau.  of  E.  8.  Marshall,  esq., 
of  Dowches,  Kelvedon. 

At  St.  Mary's,  Weymouth,  Martin  Bryan  Stapyl- 
ton,  esq.,  Myton-hill,  Yorkshire,  to  Mary  Jane, 
eldest  dau.  of  John  Brymer,  esq. 

At  Holy  Trinity,  St.  Pancras,  the  Rev.  Francis 
Wm.  Harnett,  Incumbent  of  Wolverton,  Bucks, 
to  Mary  Jane,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Henry 
Adams,  esq.,  of  Winswood,  Cornwall. 

At  Handsworth,  Staffordshire,  the  Rev.  Arthur 
Ayrea  Ellis,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 


1861.] 


Marriage f. 


97 


Cambridge,  and  Vicar  of  Stotfold,  Beds,  to  Frances 
Sophia,  only  dan.  of  the  late  T.  Meredith,  esq.,  of 
Dublin. 

At  Stowmarket,  George  Lufkin,  esq.,  of  the 
India-office,  to  Elizabeth  Christiana,  only  child 
of  the  late  John  Oatley  Harvey,  esq.,  of  Stans- 
field-hall,  Suffolk. 

Dee.  13.  At  St.  James's,  Capt.  Milligan,  39th 
Regt,  A.D.C.  to  Major-General  Lord  William 
Paulet,  C.B.,  eldest  son  of  Major  Milligan,  of 
Ashcroft,  Gloacestershire,  to  Gertrude,  only  dau. 
of  the  late  8ir  Charles  Shakerley,  bait.,  of  Somer- 
ford-park,  Cheshire. 

At  Quorndon,  Chappell  Fowler,  esq.,  of  South - 
veil,  Notts,  to  Elizabeth,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
late  Rer.  J.  W.  R.  Boyer,  Rector  of  Swepstone- 
cum-Snarestone,  Leicestershire. 

At  the  Episcopal  Chapel,  Peebles,  Major  Chas. 
Inge,  to  Mary  Anne,  second  dau.  of  Sir  Adam 
Hay,  bart,  of  Haystone. 

At  Hackney,  the  Rev.  Charles  Swannell,  of 
Horncastle,  to  Dinah,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late 
Isaiah  Riley,  esq.,  of  South  Dalton,  Beverley. 

At  Rodborough,  Gloucestershire,  Benjamin, 
eldest  son  of  Benjamin  Williams,  esq.,  of  Stam- 
ford-bill, to  Augusta  Scptimia,  youngest  dau. 
of  the  Rer.  Thomas  Glascott,  Rector  of  Rod- 
borough. 

Dee.  13.  At  Clifton,  Gloucestershire,  Capt. 
George  Daniell  Eales,  second  in  command  of  the 
2nd  Belooch  Regt.,  Bombay  Army,  second  son 
of  C.  T.  Bales,  esq.,  of  Eastdon,  Devon,  to  Flora 
Thornbrough,  third  dau.  of  the  late  Lieut.-Gen. 
Richard  Whish,  Bombay  Artillery. 

At  Cloydah,  David  Henry,  eldest  son  of  the 
Ber.  Henry  John  Owen,  M.A.,  of  Alfred-place, 
West  Brotnpton,  to  Emily  Harriet,  third  dau.  of 
Capt.  Charles  George  Butler,  R.N.,  of  Lenham- 
lodge,  eo.  Carlow,  and  niece  of  Sir  Thos.  Butler, 
bait.,  of  Ballin  Temple,  in  the  same  county. 

At  Marylebone  Church,  the  Rev.  M.  O.  Nor- 
man, Rector  of  Harby,  to  Charlotte  Elizabeth, 
only  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  James  Ralph,  Rector 
of  St.  John's,  Horselydown,  Southwark. 

At  WeetmilL  the  Rev.  Wm.  Beresford  Beau- 
mont, younger 'son  of  the  late  Sir  George  H.  W. 
Beaumont,  bart.,  of  Cole  Orton-hall,  Leicester- 
shire, to  Julia,  youngest  dau.  of  Charles  Soames, 
esq.,  of  Coles,  Herts. 

At  Awliscotnbe,  James  Henry  Pattcson,  bar- 
rister-at-law,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  youngest 
son  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  J.  Pattcson,  of  Feniton- 
court,  to  Annie,  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  T.  H.  Wal- 
lace, Vicar  of  Bickleigh,  Devon. 

At  the  Abbey  Church,  Shrewsbury,  Thomas 
Maude  Rozby,  esq.,  Blackwood-house,  East 
Riding,  Yorkshire,  late  Capt.  H.M.'s  55th  Regt, 


to  Funny  M.  A.,  only  child  of  Thomas  Waiter, 
esq.,  The  Abbey,  Shrewsbury. 

At  the  College  Chapel,  Eton,  Alexander  Drury, 
H.M.'s  51st  Regt.  M.N.I.,  youngest  son  of  the 
late  Dr.  Drury,  of  Sunbury,  to  Fanny  Elizabeth, 
dau.  of  Wm.  Evans,  esq.,  of  Eton  College. 

At  St.  Saviour's,  Maida-hill,  Henry  Clement 
Smith,  esq.,  of  St.  Leonard's-terrace,  Maida-hill, 
to  Josephine,  only  dau.  of  Captain  Hanaler,  of 
Kensington,  J.P.  for  Middlesex. 

At  St.  Mary's  Cathedral,  Tuam,  Ireland,  Chas. 
George  Napier,  C.E.,  to  Susanna  J.  R.,  second 
dau.  of  Samuel  J.  Carolin,  esq. 

Dec.  18.  At  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  John 
Moyer,  eldest  son  of  John  Moyer  Heathcote, 
esq.,  of  Conington  Castle,  to  Louisa  Cecilia, 
only  dau.  of  Mac  Leod,  of  Mac  Leod,  and  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Mac  Leod,  of  Dunvcgan  Castle,  Isle 
of  Skye. 

At  Holy  Trinity,  Colchester,  Vere  Webb,  esq., 
Staff-Surgeon,  to  Fanny  Elizabeth,  youngest  dau. 
of  the  late  Peter  Duncan,  esq.,  of  Regent's-park. 
At  St.  John's,  Notting-hill,  the  Rev.  E.  Mooyaart, 
M.A.,  Her  Majesty's  Chaplain  at  Point  de  Galle, 
Ceylon,  to  Mary  Jane,  seventh  dau.  of  the  late 
Joseph  Stephens,  esq.,  of  Dilwyn,  Herefordshire. 

At  St.  Michael's,  Coventry,  the  Rev.  John  Wm. 
Caldicott,  M.A.,  Head  Master  of  the  Grammar- 
school,  Bristol,  late  Tutor  of  Jesus  Coll.,  Oxford, 
to  Hannah,  third  dau.  of  Richard  Caldicott,  esq., 
Coventry. 

At  Ware,  Herts,  Thomas  Hayuard,  only  son 
of  Thomas  William  Budd,  esq.,  Norfolk -crescent, 
Hyde-park,  to  Clarissa,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
Francis  Robert  Bedwcll,  esq.,  one  of  the  Regis- 
trars of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  and  of  Waltuam- 
stow,  Essex. 

At  St.  Barnabas,  Kensington,  Thomas  Sismey, 
esq.,  of  8erjeant8'-inn,  Fleet-street,  to  Mary  Ann, 
dau.  of  Thomas  Boulton,  esq.,  of  Addison-road, 
Kensington. 

Dec.  20.  At  St.  Margaret's,  Lee,  Kent,  the 
Rev.  G.  T.  P.  Streeter,  of  Lcc,  to  Charlotte  Eliza- 
beth, youngest  dau.  of  Chas.  Cradook,  esq.,  of 

London. 

At  St.  Marylebone,  Capt  Charles  Vesey,  R.N., 
son  of  the  late  Hon.  and  Rev.  Arthur  Vesey,  to 
Harriet  Alice  Sheffield  Grace,  eldest  dau.  of  the 
late  Sheffield  Grace,  esq.,  K.H.,  of  Knole,  Sussex, 
and  grand-dau.  of  the  late  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  John 
Hamilton,  bart,  G.C.T.S. 

Dec.  22.  At  Brighton,  John  James  Hulme, 
esq.,  to  Eleanor,  younger  dau.  of  William  Lee, 
esq.,  Q.C. 

At  Lewisham,  the  Rev.  G.  Meyrick  Jones, 
M.A.,  of  Eliot-pl.,  Blackheath,  to  Isabel  Sarah, 
only  dau.  of  the  late  W.  D.  Anderson,  esq.,  C.E. 


98 


[Jan. 


#i)ttuat*K. 


[Relatives  or  Friends  supplying  Memoirs  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  in 
order  that  a  Copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing  their  Communications 
may  be  forwarded  to  themJ]         


H.R.H.  the  Count  op  Sybactjse. 

Dec.  4.  At  Pisa,  aged  57,  Leopold, 
Count  of  Syracuse,  uncle  of  Francis  II. 
king  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

The  deceased  prince  was  a  man  of  re- 
fined taste,  of  most  amiable  character, 
and  generally  popular.  He  was  an  emi- 
nent antiquary,  and  had  conducted  the  ex- 
cavations at  Portici,  which  have  enriched 
the  Neapolitan  Museum  with  valuable 
specimens  of  Roman  art.  He  was  also 
a  distinguished  sculptor.  But  he  has  a 
still  better  claim  to  the  regard  of  pos- 
terity for  his  enlightened  opinions  on 
government,  which  contrasted  strongly 
with  those  in  favour  at  the  Neapolitan 
Court,  and  the  protection  which,  during 
the  tyrannical  reign  of  his  brother  (the 
late  king),  he  extended  to  all  who  un- 
derwent persecution  for  their  political 
opinions. 


The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  E.M. 

Nov.  24.  At  Arundel  Castle,  aged  45, 
Henry  Granville  Fitzalan  Howard,  four- 
teenth Duke  of  Norfolk,  Earl  Marshal 

The  deceased  peer  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Henry  Charles,  thirteenth  Duke  of  Nor- 
folk, K.G.,  by  the  Lady  Charlotte  Leveson- 
Gower,  eldest  daughter  of  George  Gran- 
ville, Marquis  of  Stafford,  who  was  even- 
tually raised  in  1833  to  tbe  dukedom  of 
Sutherland.  He  was  born  in  Great  Stan- 
hope-street,  London,  on  the  7th  of  Novem- 
ber, 1815.  Although  a  Roman  Catholic, 
he  was  sent  to  Eton,  and  passed  thence 
to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
completed  his  education.  He  entered  tbe 
army  as  cornet  in  the  Royal  Horse  Guards, 
but  retired  soon  after  attaining  the  rank 
of  Captain.  He  entered  Parliament  at  the 


general  election  consequent  on  the  death 
of  the  late  King  in  July,  1837,  as  M.P.  in 
the  Liberal  interest  for  the  family  borough 
of  Arundel,  which  he  represented  without 
intermission  (while  bearing  the  courtesy 
titles  of  Lord  Fitz-Alan  and  Earl  of  Arun- 
del and  Surrey)  down  to  the  middle  of  the 
year  1851,  when,  finding  that  his  senti- 
ments on  the  Ecclesiastical  Titles  Bill 
were  not  in  accordance  with  those  of  the 
"  patron"  of  the  constituency — his  father, 
the  late. Duke — he  accepted  the  Chiltern 
Hundreds,  and  was  immediately  returned 
by  the  electors  of  Limerick,  Mr.  John 
O'Connell  retiring  in  his  favour.  He  left 
the  House  of  Commons  at  the  dissolution 
of  1852. 

The  Earl  of  Arundel  and  Surrey  suc- 
ceeded to  the  honours  and  representation 
of  the  house  of  Howard  on  the  death  of 
his  father,  the  late  Duke,  on  the  18th  of 
February,  1856.  He  was  a  magistrate 
for  the  counties  of  Middlesex  and  Sussex, 
and  enjoyed  the  entire  patronage  of  the 
Heralds'  College,  and  also  of  seventeen 
Church  livings.  He  took  a  warm  interest 
in  all  public  affairs  which  affected  the  in- 
terests of  his  religion,  both  in  his  place  as 
a  peer  of  Parliament  and  in  his  private 
capacity.  He  published  one  or  two  pam- 
phlets on  the  various  Roman  Catholic 
questions  which  have  arisen  during  the 
last  twelve  or  fifteen  years ;  and  he  also 
edited  the  Lives  of  Philip,  Earl  of  Arun- 
del, and  Anne  Dacre,  his  wife.  Though 
his  abilities  were  of  a  high  order,  he  was 
averse  to  notoriety,  and  he  seldom  or  never 
addressed  either  the  Upp.  r  or  the  Lower 
House,  except  when  some  religious  in- 
terest appeared  to  be  at  stake ;  and  when- 
ever he  spoke  on  these  subjects  his  mode- 
ration and  courtesy  uniformly  commanded 


1861.]  Obituaby.— The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  EM. 


99 


the  respect  even  of  those  whose  religious 
opinions  differed  most  widely  from  his 
own. 

The  late  Duke  married,  at  Athens,  in 
June,  1839,  Augusta  Mary  Minna  Catha- 
rine, second  daughter  of  the  late  Admiral 
Lord  Lyons,  O.C.B.,  by  whom  (who  sur- 
vives him)  he  has  left  a  family  of  two  sons 
and  six  daughters,  besides  two  children 
who  died  in  infancy.  It  was  his  Grace's 
younger  son,  Lord  Edmund  Bernard 
Howard,  in  favour  of  whom  Bertram 
Arthur,  late  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  made  his 
will,  bequeathing  to  him  the  magnificent 
estate  of  Alton  Towers,  out  of  which  be- 
quest arose  the  long  and  costly  suit  which 
is  known  as  "The  Great  Shrewsbury 
Case."  The  elder  son,  Henry  Fitz-Alan 
Howard,  Earl  of  Arundel  and  Surrey,  who 
succeeds  to  the  dukedom,  was  born  on 
the  27th  of  December,  1847.  The  Duke 
also  leaves  two  sisters,  Lady  Foley  and 
Lady  Adeliza  Manners,  and  also  a  brother, 
Lord  Edward  Howard,  M.P.  for  Arundel, 
formerly  Vice-Chamberlain  of  Her  Ma- 
jesty's Household,  who  is  married  to  Miss 
Augusta  Talbot,  cousin  of  the  late  Earl  of 
Shrewsbury. 

The  Duke  was  a  very  liberal  supporter 
of  Roman  Catholic  institutions,  and  in 
consequence,  a  solemn  mass  was,  by  order 
of  Cardinal  Wiseman,  celebrated  for  him 
on  the  5th  of  December  at  the  pro-cathe- 
dral of  St.  Mary,  Moorfields ;  the  pastoral 
letter  which  enjoined  it  contained  a  glow- 
ing panegyric  on  his  virtues.  He  was  in- 
terred in  the  Fitzalan  Chapel  of  Arundel, 
on  Thursday,  the  6th  of  December,  with 
the  rites  of  the  Romish  Church,  and 
Garter,  Clarencieux  and  Norroy  attended 
the  ceremony.  For  three  days  preceding, 
the  corpse  lay  in  state  in  the  library  of 
the  castle.  A  local  journal  (the  "  Surrey 
Standard")  thus   describes    the    unusual 


"Although  the  funeral  was  strictly 
private,  the  remains  of  the  lamented  Duke 
had  lain  in  state  in  the  library  of  the 
Castle  during  the  whole  of  Monday,  Tues- 
day, and  Wednesday.  Very  large  num- 
bers of  persons  were  admitted  to  the  cere- 
mony. At  six  o'clock  on  Monday  evening 
the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of  Arundel 
attended,  and  appeared  to  be  deeply  im- 


pressed with  what  they  saw.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  rifle  corps,  of  which  his  Grace 
was  captain  till  compelled  by  sickness  to 
resign,  shortly  afterwards  followed. 

"  The  library  is  an  elegant  room,  mea- 
suring 170  feet  in  length,  and  thirty- 
five  in  width ;  the  whole  was  hung  with 
black  cloth  and  completely  darkened,  no 
fewer  than  1,000  yards  of  material  having 
been  used  for  the  purpose.  A  recess  was 
formed  at  each  end  of  the  room,  and  the 
coffin  rt-sted  on  a  pedestal  in  the  centre ; 
the  pedestal  was  covered  with  a  magnifi- 
cent pall  of  black  velvet,  bordered  with 
gold,  around  it  being  the  arms  of  the  noble 
house  of  Howard,  in  white  satin.  Resting 
on  the  coffin  was  the  ducal  coronet,  on 
a  cushion,  and  the  Earl  Marshal's  baton. 
The  library  had  been  lighted  with  a  large 
number  of  wax  candles,  and  the  effect  was 
impressive.  Ceremonies,  iu  accordance 
with  Catholic  rites,  were  gone  through  at 
intervals,  and  high  mass  was  likewise  per- 
formed on  Tuesday,  when  a  very  large 
number  of  persons  were  admitted — it  is 
said  as  many  as  2,000.  This  was  Aruudel 
Stock  Market  Show  day,  and  all  classes 
were  allowed  to  enter  without  distinction 
— butchers,  drovers,  labourers,  and,  in 
short,  everybody.  There  was  a  complete 
stream,  many  persons  going  through  tho 
apartment  two  or  three  times. 

"  Wednesday  presented  a  similar  scene, 
and  nearly  as  many  persons,  of  both  sexes, 
passed  through  the  library  as  on  Tuesday. 
Undoubtedly  some  were  prompted  to  go 
from  a  feeling  of  curiosity,  but  decorum 
was  observed  by  all,  probably  out  of  re- 
spect to  the  late  Duke  more  than  anything 
else.  Mutes  were  in  attendance  each  day, 
and  directed  the  visitors  how  to  pass  in 
and  out. 

"  From  12  to  3  on  Thursday  the  whole 
of  the  shops  and  other  places  of  business 
were  closed,  at  the  request  of  the  Mayor, 
as  a  mark  of  respect  to  the  memory  of  the 
late  noble  Duke ;  and,  although  the  wea- 
ther was  both  exceedingly  wet  and  boister- 
ous, a  great  many  strangers  visited  Arun- 
del; few  of  them,  however,  were  able  to 
obtain  admittance  to  the  Castle.  In  the 
latter  part  of  the  afternoon,  when  the 
funeral  procession  passed  to  the  new  wing 
of  the  Castle,  in  which  the  Fitzalan 
Chapel  is  situate,  some  hundreds  of  per- 
sons succeeded  in  making  their  way  into 
the  court-yard,  but  were  not  allowed  to 
take  any  part  in  the  ceremony. 

"  The  Burial  Service  was  begun  about 
noon  with  a  variety  of  chants,  and  many 
prayers,  and  continued  for  about  an  hour 
and  a-half.  All  this  took  place  in  the 
library,  and  was  certainly  very  imposing 


100  The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  E.M.— Baron  de  Bunsen.       [Jan. 


and  impressive.  Dr.  Grant  was  the  chief 
ecclesiastic  present ;  there  were  also  several 
priests,  and  men  and  boys  to  chant  the 
service— all  being  suitably  attired.  The 
chief  mourners  were  Lord  Edward  Howard 
(the  late  Duke's  brother),  and  the  two 
sons  of  his  Grace  (the  present  Duke  and 
Lord  Edmond). 

"When  the  procession  reached  the 
court-yard,  a  number  of  priests  went  in 
front,  walking  two-abreast,  and  each  carry- 
ing a  lighted  taper.  The  Kings  at  Arms 
appeared  in  their  official  costume,  but  all 
the  rest  of  those  who  formed  the  proces- 
sion (with  the  exception  of  the  priests) 
wore  a  hatband  and  sash  only. 

"  The  coffin  having  been  placed  in  the 
vault  in  the  Fitzalan  Chapel,  which  is  not 
yet  finished,  the  funeral  service  waa  re- 
commenced, the  chants  and  prayers  being 
somewhat  similar  to  those  already  re- 
ferred to.  When  it  had  been  concluded, 
the  procession  re-formed,  and  returned  to 
the  mansion  in  the  same  order  as  before." 

It  is  not  necessary  to  trace  for  the 
readers  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine 
the  varied  fortunes  of  the  noble  house  of 
Howard.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  remark 
that  the  expression  used  by  Pope, 

"  The  blood  of  all  the  Howards," 
is  not  a  mere  poetical  flourish,  but  ex- 
presses a  remarkable  fact.  In  the  British 
Peerage  there  are  no  less  than  four  dif- 
ferent branches  and  offshoots  of  the  Ducal 
House  of  Norfolk  who  have  attained  the 
dignity  of  the  coronet — viz.,  the  Earls  of 
Carlisle,  Effingham,  Wicklow,  and  Suffolk, 
to  say  nothing  of  Lord  Howard  de  Walden 
(who  descends  from  them  maternally),  or 
of  Sir  Ralph  Howard,  of  Bushy-park, 
Wicklow,  or  of  the  untitled  but  scarcely 
less  noble  scions  of  the  house,  the  Howards 
of  Corby  Castle  and  of  Grcystock,  in  Cum- 
berland, both  of  whom  are  in  remainder 
to  the  dukedom  in  the  event  of  the  failure 
of  the  present  line. 


Baron  de  Btosen. 
Nov.  28.    At  Bonn,  aged  69,  the  Baron 
de  Bunsen,    late    Prussian    Minister  in 
England,  but  still  better  known  as  a  man 
of  letters. 

The  deceased,  Christian  Charles  Josias 
Bunsen,  was  born  at  Korbach,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Waldeck,  on  the  25th  of  August, 
12 


1791.  His  studies  were  commenced  when 
in  his  ninth  year  at  Marbourg,  but  tho 
next  year  he  was  removed  by  his  friends  to 
Gottingcn,  where  from  1809  to  1813  he 
enjoyed  the  advantage  of  the  instructions 
of  Heyne.  In  1811  he  obtained  admission 
to  the  Gymnase  of  Gottingen,  and  in  1813, 
when  he  was  only  in  his  22nd  year,  he  pub- 
lished a  remarkable  dissertation,  De  Jure 
Aiheniensium  haredifario,  which  at  once 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
learned. 

On  leaving  Gdttingen  in  1813,  Bunsen 
travelled  for  a  while,  visiting,  among  other 
countries,  Holland  and  Denmark,  and  in 
the  last  named  country  he  acquired  the  Ice* 
landic  language  under  the  learned  Magnus- 
sen.  About  the  end  of  1815  he  visited  Berlin, 
where  he  became  acquainted  with  Niebuhr, 
and  this  acquaintance  had  much  to  do  with 
his  future  life.  He  repaired  to  Paris  in 
1816,  and  acquired  much  knowledge  in 
Oriental  languages  from  Sylvestre  de  Sacy, 
but  he  at  length  fixed  himself  at  Rome, 
where  his  friend  Niebuhr  was  then  minis- 
ter for  Prussia.  Niebuhr  procured  him 
the  post  of  Secretary  of  Embassy,  and  by 
his  help  in  literary  matters  did  all  in  his 
power  to  put  him  fairly  on  the  road  to 
fortune. 

In  the  year  1822  Frederic  III.  of 
Prussia  visited  Borne,  when  the  courtly 
secretary  so  recommended  himself  to  his 
royal  master  by  a  display  of  great  theolo- 
gical erudition,  that  on  the  retirement  of 
Niebuhr  in  1824,  he  was  appointed  Charge 
d'affaires,  and  afterwards  he  became  Mi- 
nister. 

This  post  he  held  for  nearly  twelve 
years,  and  he  displayed  great  zeal  to  for- 
ward Protestant  interests  in  various  nego- 
tiations between  the  Holy  See  and  Prussia. 
He  was  afterwards  accredited  to  Switzer- 
land, and  last  of  all  to  England.  His  di- 
plomatic labours  were  heavy  in  all  these 
countries,  and  they  were  discharged  in  a 
way  that  won  him  the  esteem  of  all  par- 
ties— but  they  by  no  means  exhausted  tho 
force  of  his  active  mind.  He  was  fre- 
quently summoned  to  Berlin,  when  any 
particularly  delicate  question  of  state  policy 
was  to  be  discussed,  and  he  always  threw 
whatever  influence  he  possessed  or  could 


1861.]       Baron  de  Bunsen. — A.  E.  Chalon,  Esq.,  R.A. 


101 


command  into  the  ultra- Protestant  (or,  as 
his  opponents  said,  the  Rationalist)  scale. 
He  was  the  real  originator  of  the  scheme 
for  the  bishopric  of  Jerusalem,  and  to  him 
is  also  ascribed  the  plan  of  giving  repre- 
sentative institutions  to  Prussia.  But  his 
great  and  real  occupation  was  literature, 
and  this  he  pursued  with  an  energy  which 
has  caused  his  character  as  a  diplomatist 
to  be  lost  in  that  of  the  man  of  letters. 
It  is  a  subject  of  great  regret,  however, 
that  his  studies  were  not  more  soundly 
directed.  His  works  are  numerous,  but  it 
can  hardly  be  said  that  they  are  valuable. 
We  borrow  from  a  well-informed  con- 
temporary, the  "  Literary  Churchman,"  a 
slight  notice  of  these  works,  as  also  some 
remarks  on  the  character  of  the  deceased, 
in  which  we  heartily  concur : — 

"  His  residence  at  Rome  gave  him  the 
opportunity  of  studying  the  antiquities  of 
that  wonderful  city,  and  some  of  the  most 
valuable  observations  on  those  antiquities, 
especially  on  the  Basilicas  of  Rome,  &c, 
are  from  his  pen  \  His  "  Church  of  the 
Future,"  published  in  1847,  bas  gained 
him  very  little  reputation  in  England.  His 
"  Place  of  Egypt  in  the  History  of  the 
World"  has  been  much  criticised  for  its 
extreme  unsoundness  in  its  chronological 
views,  but  is  a  monument  of  his  great  in- 
dustry and  general  ability.  His  "  Hippo- 
lytus  and  his  Age,"  which  appeared  in  a 
second  edition  under  the  title  of  "  Chris- 
tianity and  Mankind,  their  Beginnings 
and  Prospects,"  contains  in  that  second 
edition  some  very  ingenious  views  regard- 
ing early  Liturgies,  «c.,  but  is  wanting  in 
that  judgment  which  alone  can  secure 
permanent  favour  for  such  a  work.  His 
"Life  and  Letters  of  Niebuhr"  is,  of 
course,  a  book  of  great  interest  to  all  the 
admirers  of  that  historian. 

M  Baron  Bunsen  was  connected  with 
England  by  marriage,  haying  married  an 
English  lady  of  considerable  fortune.  One 
of  his  sons,  having  taken  orders  in  the 
English  Church,  is  Rector  of  Lilleshall, 
Shropshire,  and  another  is  Councillor  to 
the  Prussian  Embassy.  Since  the  year 
1854,  Baron  Bunsen  chiefly  resided  near 
Heidelberg,  where  he  occupied  himself 
with  the  works  already  enumerated.  His 
loss  will  no  doubt  be  felt  very  severely  by 

•  "  In  the  Betehretbunp  der  Stadt  Rom.%  ('  De- 
scription of  the  City  of  Rome/)  6  Tola.  8 to.,  with 
Plates  in  folio,  1822—1842,  of  which  he  was  joint 
Editor  with  Plataer  and  others.** 

Gjutt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


a  large  circle  of  relatives  and  friends.  We 
can  testify,  from  personal  recollection,  to 
the  charm  of  his  manners,  and  we  can 
quite  understand  the  influence  which  he 
acquired  over  those  who  were  connected 
with  hiin.  We  only  regret  that  our  re- 
gard for  him  as  a  man  should  be  mingled 
with  so  much  sorrow  for  the  evil  which 
we  think  his  later  writings  are  calculated 
to  produce.  We  do  not  for  a  moment 
doubt  Baron  Bunsen's  love  of  truth  or  the 
purity  of  his  motives,  and  we  can  only 
regret  that  talents  and  qualities,  which 
might  have  produced  such  noble  fruits, 
should  have  been  so  counterbalanced  and 
neutralized." 


A.  E.  Chalon,  Esq.,  R.A. 

Oct.  3.  At  his  residence,  El  Retiro, 
Campden-hill,  Kensington,  aged  83,  Alfred 
Edw.  Chalon,  Esq.,  R.A.,  portrait  painter 
to  Her  Majesty,  honorary  member  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  of  Geneva,  and  member  of 
the  Society  of  Arts  of  London. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Chalon,  and  his  elder  bro- 
ther the  late  John  James  Chalon,  also 
R.A.,  of  whom  a  short  memoir  will  be 
found  in  our  Magazine  for  the  year  1855  *, 
were  the  sons  of  M.  Jean  Chalon,  some- 
time Professor  of  the  French  language 
and  literature  at  the  Royal  Military  Col- 
lege, Sandhurst,  from  which  post  he  re- 
tired in  1817,  and  died  a  few  years  ago  at 
the  age  of  92. 

The  Chalon  family  were  among  those 
who  left  France  after  the  revocation  of 
the  Edict  of  Nantes,  and  settled  at  Ge- 
neva. It  is  not  a  little  curious  that  the 
great-grandfather  of  the  artist  recently 
deceased  served  as  a  volunteer  in  a  French 
Protestant  regiment  in  Ireland  under 
William  III.,  and  was  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne.  This  gentleman's 
son,  however,  returned  to  Geneva,  and 
gained  a  local  name  as  a  mechanician  of 
more  than  average  ability,  and  was  a  man 
of  substance.  The  family  fortunes,  how- 
ever, suffered  considerable  reverses  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  French  Revolution  in 
1789;  and  this  fact  decided  the  late  Mr. 
Chalon's  father  to  exchange  his  residence 
at  Geneva  for  England;  and  after  enter- 
taining some  thought  of  making  Ireland 
his  permanent  home  (which  was  after- 

•  Gxmt.  Mao.,  vol.  xHii.  p.  211. 
O 


102 


Obituary, — A.  E.  Chalon,  Esq.,  R.A. 


[Jan. 


wards  abandoned),  he  took  up  his  abode  in 
or  near  London,  and  became,  as  we  have 
seen,  Professor  at  Sandhurst. 

His  younger  son,  Alfred  Edw.  Chalon, 
the  subject  of  this  memoir,  was  born  at 
Geneva  in  1777,  and  at  an  early  age  ac- 
companied his  father  to  England.  To- 
gether with  his  brother,  he  was  placed 
in  a  mercantile  house;  but  the  work  of 
a  counting-house  was  severe  drudgery  to 
youths  who  felt  themselves  inspired  with 
a  genuine  taste  and  love  for  art.  But 
their  father  had  the  good  sense  to  second 
the  dira  cupido  which  they  felt  within 
their  breast,  and  allowed  them  to  devote 
themselves  to  the  study  of  painting,  with 
the  view  of  following  art  as  a  profession. 
Accordingly  they  entered  their  names  as 
students  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

Iu  1808  the  brothers  joined  together  in 
establishing  among  their  friends  "  The 
Sketching  Club,"  a  Society  for  the  study 
and  practice  of  composition.  Its  chief 
members  were  the  late  C.  R.  Leslie,  R.A., 
C.  Stanfield,  R.A.,  T.  Uwins,  R.A.,  and 
Messrs.  J.  Christall,  J.  Partridge,  R. 
Bone,  and  S.  J.  Stump.  The  "  Sketching 
Club"  lasted  somewhat  more  than  forty 
years,  but  gradually  became  extinct  a  few 
years  ago. 

Alfred  began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1810,  and  he  continued  to  do 
so  till  the  last  exhibition,  which  contained 
several  of  his  pictures. 

Having  been  elected  in  due  course  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
afterwards  a  full  Academician,  Mr.  Chalon 
gradually  rose  to  become,  and  reigned  for 
many  years  as,  the  fashionable  water- 
colour  painter  of  the  age,  and  may  be 
styled  par  excellence  the  artist  of  the 
ladies,  in  the  portraiture  of  whom,  more 
especially  in  their  Court  dresses,  his  facile 
and  graceful  pencil  was  ever  most  pe- 
culiarly felicitous.  His  style  was  light, 
airy,  and  sketchy,  and  approximated  very 
closely  to  that  of  the  French  artist  Bou- 
vier.  A  few  years  since  be  and  his  de- 
ceased brother  exhibited  a  joint  collec- 
tion of  their  works,  and  on  that  occasion 
the  following  tribute  was  paid  to  Mr. 
Alfred  Chalon  in  the  columns  of  the  "  Art 
Journal  i" — "  He  has  produced  in  his  day 


many  elegant  works,  without  labouring  in 
fetters, — such,  for  instance,  as  his  admir- 
able portrait  of  Rachel  in  this  exhibition, — 
and  these  are  enough  to  sustain  his  fame 
high  among  the  painters  of  the  epoch.  Mr. 
A.  E.  Chalon  has,  indeed,  achieved  that  po- 
pularity which  his  lamented  brother  either 
failed  or  disdained  to  receive." 

The  deceased  gentleman  was  a  great 
personal  friend  of  Leslie,  and  his  name  is 
spoken  of  in  that  artist's  "  Autobiography" 
in  terms  of  great  respect. 

In  justice  to  the  memory  of  the  de- 
ceased gentleman  we  ought  to  place  here 
upon  record  the  fact  that  only  so  lately  as 
the  year  1859  Mr.  Alfred  Chalon  offered 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Hampstead  (a  place 
to  which  he  was  tenderly  attached)  the 
whole  of  his  collection  of  paintings,  and 
water-colour  and  pencil  sketches,  on  condi- 
tion of  the  parishioners  providing  for  them 
a  suitable  building  by  way  of  accommoda- 
tion, and  guaranteeing  a  small  salary  to 
a  curator.  We  regret,  however,  to  add 
that  the  latter  bad  either  not  the  money 
or  not  the  public  spirit  to  accept  his  mu- 
nificent offer. 

Mr.  Chalon,  like  his  elder  brother,  lived 
and  died  unmarried ;  as  also  did  a  sister, 
whose  death  occurred  a  few  years  since  at 
an  advanced  age.  Shortly  before  his  death 
he  had  made  and  signed  a  will,  but  as  he 
had  neglected  the  ordinary  precaution  of 
having  it  duly  witnessed,  it  was  utterly 
valueless  as  a  testamentary  disposition, 
and  letters  of  administration  to  his  effects 
have  been  granted  to  Mr.  George  Raphael 
Ward,  son  of  the  late  W.  Ward,  R.A., 
acting  for  M.  Vacheron  of  Geneva,  the 
heir-at-law.  Having  failed  in  his  offer  to 
the  good  people  of  Hampstead,  it  was  Mr. 
Chalon's  intention  to  offer  his  collection  to 
the  University  of  Cambridge ;  but  now  in 
all  probability  the  entire  series  of  paint- 
ings and  sketches  will  shortly  be  brought 
to  the  hammer.  The  collection  includes 
at  least  100  of  his  own  and  his  brother's 
pictures,  and  above  2,000  sketches  of  the 
Club  of  which  we  have  already  made  men- 
tion. It  is  hoped  that  those  who  inherit 
Mr.  Chalon's  property  may  present  some 
specimens  of  his  artistic  skill  to  the  Na- 
tional Gallery. 


1861.] 


Obituaky. — Sir  C.  Fellows. 


103 


Mr.  A.  £.  Chalon  was  the  first  who  was 
commissioned  to  paint  a  portrait  of  her 
present  Majesty  after  her  accession  to  the 
throne ;  his  portrait,  which  is  well  known 
to  oar  readers,  represents  her  in  a  stand- 
ing posture  in  the  state  dress  which  she 
wore  at  the  opening  of  her  first  parlia- 
ment. Among  the  most  successful  of  his 
other  efforts  are  portraits  of  the  following 
personages : — H.  K.  H.  the  Princess  Char- 
lotte and  King  JLeopold ;  H.  B.  H.  the 
Duchess  of  Kent ;  H.  R.  H.  the  Duchess 
of  Cambridge;  H.R.H.  the  Prince  Con- 
sort; Alexander  of  Russia  and  Count 
Orloff;  the  Duchesse  de  Nemours;  the 
Princess  of  Leiningen;  the  Duchesses  of 
Sutherland,  Montrose,  and  Beaufort,  &c.; 
the  Ladies  Villiers,  Ladies  Grosvenor, 
Ladies  Leveson-Gower,  and  a  very  large 
number  of  the  most  distinguished  mem- 
bers of  our  female  aristocracy.  In  fact, 
he  fairly  divided  the  female  portion  of 
M  the  upper  ten  thousand "  with  the  late 
Sir  W.  C.  Boss. 

Mr.  A.  £.  Chalon  also  painted  several 
subjects  of  a  sacred  and  historic  character, 
which  are  of  a  very  high  order  of  merit, 
and  though  less  well  known  than  those 
which  we  have  already  mentioned,  rank 
above  them  in  the  judgment  of  his  friends. 
We  should  particularize,  "A  Christ;" 
"A  Madonna  with  the  Infant  Jesus  and 
the  Angels ; "  "  Samson  and  Delilah ; " 
"A  Scene  from  Spenser's '  Fairie  Queene,' " 
(the  joint  production  of  himself  and  his 
brother);  "Hunt  the  Slipper;"  and  "The 
Reformer  Knox  Admonishing  the  Ladies 
of  the  Court  of  Mary  Stuart."  The  Ma- 
donna he  painted  for  his  friend  Mr. 
CUrkson  Stan  field,  in  whose  collection  it 
is  now  at  Hampstead.  It  may  be  interest- 
ing to  know  that  he  received  in  return 
from  Mr.  Stanfield  his  well-known  "  Ship 
on  the  Dogger  Bank." 

Mr.  Chalon  was  tall  and  sallow,  and  of 
late  years  rather  gaunt  in  his  appearance, 
and  he  wore  a  brown  scratch  wig.  He  was 
food  of  society  among  his  own  associates ; 
an  accomplished  musician,  and  a  chess- 
player of  more  than  ordinary  skill,  he  had 
no  lack  of  friends  with  whom  to  spend  a 
pleasant  evening;  and  out  of  doors  he 
took  great  delight  iu  making  his  garden 


at  Campden-hill  a  choice  spot  in  respect 
of  rare  shrubs  and  flowers,  both  English 
and  foreign. 


Sib  C.  Fellows. 

Nov,  8.  In  Montagu-place,  Russell- 
square,  aged  GO,  from  an  attack  of  pleu- 
risy, Sir  Charles  Fellows,  Knight- Batche- 
lor,  &c. 

Sir  Charles  was  the  son  of  John  Fellows, 
Esq.,  a  gentleman  of  property  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Nottingham,  and  was  born  in 
1799.  His  name  was  first  brought  pro- 
minently before  the  public  in  1838,  by 
the  publication  of  his  "  Journal  of  an 
Excursion  in  Asia  Minor,"  which  he  had 
made  in  the  previous  year  with  a  view  of 
discovering  some  of  its  long-hidden  trea- 
sures of  art,  and  more  especially  of  sculp- 
ture. With  this  view  he  travelled  over 
most  of  the  interior  of  that  country,  and 
passing  through  the  ancient  Phrygia, 
Pamphylia,  and  Pisidia,  came  to  Lycia, 
when  he  resolved  on  exploring  the  sides 
of  the  river  Xanthus.  Ascending  the 
stream,  he  discovered  the  remains  of  the 
old  city  of  the  same  name,  about  nine 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river;  and 
among  the  extensive  ruins  he  came  upon 
a  quantity  of  very  interesting  architectural 
remains  and  beautiful  sculptures.  Of  these 
he  made  drawings,  with  which  he  enriched 
the  work  above  alluded  to.  Public  atten- 
tion having  been  thus  drawn  to  the  sub- 
ject, Mr.  Fellows  endeavoured  to  obtain, 
through  Lord  Palmerston  and  Lord  Pon- 
sonby  (then  our  ambassador  at  the  Otto- 
man Porte),  a  firman  from  the  Sultan 
authorizing  the  removal  of  these  trea- 
sures. The  firman,  after  great  difficulties 
and  many  objections,  was  obtained  in 
1841,  and  in  the  following  year  the  spoils 
of  Xanthus  were  transported  to  Rhodes 
through  the  indefatigable  labours  of  Mr. 
Fellows. 

Mr.  Fellows  published  in  1841  a  "  Jour- 
nal of  his  Second  Excursion  in  Asia 
Minor,"  which  further  increased  the  in- 
terest felt  in  his  labours. 

The  authorities  of  the  British  Museum 
now  sent  out  an  expedition  under  Mi. 
Fellows'  superintendence,  and  the  pack- 


104 


Obituary. — The  Rev.  George  Croly,  LL.D.  [Jan. 


ages  containing  the  precious  remains  of 
antiquity  were  safely  brongbt  to  London. 
As  our  readers  are  aware,  they  are  de- 
posited in  the  British  Museum,  in  what  is 
styled  "  The  Lycian  Saloon,"  and  they  are 
a  great  addition  to  our  knowledge  of 
ancient  architecture  and  sculpture.  In 
translating  and  elucidating  the  inscrip- 
tions contained  in  the  first  of  his  "Jour- 
nals," Mr.  Fellows  was  assisted  by  Mr. 
James  Yates;  in  those  of  the  second,  by 
the  late  Mr.  Daniel  Sharpe,  President  of 
the  Geological  Society.  Several  of  the 
inscriptions  are  in  the  Lycian  language, 
which  was  different  from  the  Greek. 

In  1843  Mr.  Fellows,  in  consequence  of 
some  mis-statements  which  had  appeared 
in  print,  published  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  The  Xantbian  Marbles,  their  acquisition 
and  transmission  to  England."  (8vo.)  He 
subsequently  published  "An  Account  of 
the  Ionic  Trophy  Monument  excavated 
at  Xanthus,"  (8vo.  1848);  and  "Coins 
of  Ancient  Lycia  before  the  reign  of 
Alexander,  with  an  Essay  ou  the  Relative 
Dates  of  the  Lycian  Monuments  in  the 
British  Museum."  (8vo.,  1855.)  He  also 
republished  his  two  "Journals"  in  one 
volume,  in  a  cheaper  form,  entitled  "  Tra- 
vels and  Researches  in  Asia  Minor,  par- 
ticularly in  the  Province  of  Lycia." 
(12mo.t  1852.) 

In  1845  Mr.  Fellows  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood,  in  recognition  of 
the  value  of  his  discoveries  in  Lycia,  and 
of  his  services  in  the  removal  of  the  Xan- 
tbian marbles.  In  the  same  year,  ac- 
cording to  the  "  County  Families,"  he 
married  the  only  daughter  of  Francis 
Hart,  Esq.,  of  Nottingham,  but  was  left 
a  widower  in  1847.  In  the  year  1848  he 
married,  as  his  second  wife,  the  widow  of 
William  Knight,  Esq.,  of  Oatlands,  Hert- 
fordshire. 


The  Rev.  Geoboe  Cboly,  LL.D. 

Nov.  24.  Suddenly,  aged  80,  the  Rev. 
George  Croly,  LL.D.,  Rector  of  St.  Ste- 
phen's, Walbrook. 

The  deceased  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
the  son  of  a  physician  in  Dublin,  and  was 
born  there  in  August,  1780.    Being  des- 


tined for  the  Church,  he  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Trinity  College,  and  took  the 
degrees  of  B.A.  and  M.A.,  with  distinc- 
tion as  a  steady  and  able  scholar,  not 
only  well  grounded  in  the  solid  branches 
of  academic  study,  but  accomplished  in 
lighter  literature. 

Having  been  ordained,  he  was  appointed 
to  an  Irish  curacy,  but  little  prospect  was 
offered  of  rising  to  higher  station,  and  the 
performance  of  duties  more  comprehensive 
and  better  suited  to  a  mind  and  frame 
equally  capacious  and  energetic  Nearly 
fifty  years  ago  the  family  settled  in  Lon- 
don, and  consisted  of  his  widowed  mother, 
two  maiden  sisters,  and  occasionally  a 
younger  brother,  Captain  Henry  Croly, 
every  one  of  whom  was  distinguished  by 
cultivated  intellect  and  superior  talei.t. 
They  resided  for  a  while  in  Dean-street, 
Soho,  and  George,  disappointed  with  re- 
gard to  Church  preferment,  turned  his 
attention  altogether  to  secular  literary 
pursuits.  He  became  connected  with 
the  newspaper  and  periodical  press,  and 
especially  contributed  admirable  (if  some- 
what severe)  dramatic  criticism  to  the 
"  New  Times."  Iu  1817  two  new  pub- 
lications, "  Blackwood's  Magazine"  and 
the  "Literary  Gazette,"  started,  both  of 
which  (especially  the  latter)  enjoyed 
a  large  share  of  his  powerful  and  popular 
writings.  In  Blackwood's,  his  "  Colonua 
the  Painter"  created  a  strong  sensation, 
and  was  followed  by  a  number  of  miscel- 
laneous productions  from  which  the  ano- 
nyme  has  not  yet  been  removed.  With 
the  "Literary  Gazette"  his  correspond- 
ence was  far  more  intimate  and  continuous. 
Poetry,  criticisms,  essays  of  every  descrip- 
tion from  his  pen,  abound  from  the  very 
first  year,  through  many  in  succession,  as 
that  novel  experiment  on  weekly  issues 
dedicated  to  the  fine  arts,  sciences,  and 
literature,  established  itself  in  public  esti- 
mation. To  so  favourable  a  result  the  aid 
of  such  a  writer  as  Dr.  (then  Mr.)  Croly 
was  well  calculated  to  lead;  and  the 
friendship  between  him  and  the  editor  of 
the  journal  alluded  to,  conducted,  re- 
markably enough,  to  events  which  proved 
the  truth  of  the  adage  that  fact  is  often 
more  strange  than  fiction,  and  mingled 


1861.]         Obituary. — The  Rev.  Cfeorge  Croly,  LL.D. 


105 


a  genuine  dash  of  romance  in  the  actual 
cup  of  life  which  was  finally  drained  by 
the  aged  and  serious  divine.  Aware  of 
his  extraordinary  ability  and  of  the  bent 
of  his  political  opinions,  the  friend  al- 
luded to  had  found  means  to  have  them 
brought  under  the  notice  of  Lord  Eldon, 
with  the  view  to  confirming  his  services 
on  the  side  of  the  Pitt  party,  by  present- 
ing him  with  a  living  of  the  Church  in 
England.  The  recommendation  was  passed 
over  without  effect;  and  it  was  not  till 
several  yean  after  that  it  was  discovered 
the  neglect  arose  from  an  erroneous  re- 
turn to  the  Chancellor's  inquiry,  and  the 
application  being  misunderstood  to  be  for 
a  priest  of  the  name  of  "  Croby,"  who  was 
a  convert  from  the  Roman  Catholic  re- 
ligion, and  was  not  deemed  eligible  by  the 
patron  for  the  sacred  office  solicited.  By 
this  accident  Dr.  Croly  was,  probably,  kept 
from  Church  preferment  for  twenty  years. 
The  other  circumstance  referred  to  as 
curiously  affecting  the  realities  of  life,  was 
that  simply  out  of  the  appearance  of  some 
verses  by  a  young  lady  (signing  Helen) 
in  the  "  Literary  Gazette,"  and  a  reply  by 
Croly,  that  acquaintance  began  which, 
within  twelve  months,  ended  in  an  affec- 
tionate union,  and  a  happy  married  state 
that  lasted  more  than  thirty  years.  In 
the  poetic  garland  woven  upon  this  occa- 
sion Barry  Cornwall  twined  some  of  bis 
earliest  effusions,  and  Mr.  Davies,  then 
a  rising  artist,  and  other  friends,  joined 
the  chorus  which  might  be  said  to  chime 
in  harmoniously  with  the  marriage  bells. 
In  1819,  Mr.  Croly,  in  Kensington  Church, 
married  Margaret  Helen  Begbie,  the 
daughter  of  a  much -respected  Scottish 
gentleman  who  had  been  in  the  East 
Indian  trade,  but  died  the  holder  of  an 
oAee  under  the  Board  of  Trade  which 
had  some  supervision  of  ship  assurances. 
A  family  of  six  children,  five  sons  and 
a  daughter,  were  the  fruit  of  this 
unkm.  The  eldest  son  was  unfortu- 
nately killed  in  1845,  in  one  of  the  bat- 
tics  with  the  Sikhs.  The  rest  survive 
their  mother,  who  died  in  1851,  and  their 
fltther,  whose  death,  as  we  have  stated, 
took  place  suddenly  in  the  street  on  the 
Suth  of  November  last,  he  having  walked 


out  for  a  little  exercise  before  dinner  from 
his  residence  in  Bloomsbury- square. 

On  his  return  in  1820  from  a  continental 
excursion  with  his  bride,  Dr.  Croly  re- 
newed his  relations  with  the  press,  and 
his  contributions,  as  editor,  coadjutor,  or 
voluntary  ally,  during  the  forty  years 
that  have  since  elapsed,  would  occupy 
a  space  to  astonish  even  the  most  labo- 
rious of  his  literary  contemporaries.  The 
"Standard,"  the  "Morning  Herald,"  the 
"Universal  Review,"  and  many  other 
periodicals  were  the  recipients  of  these 
valuable  compositions;  and  yet  he  pub- 
lished a  large  amount  of  separate  works, 
and  for  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  de- 
voted himself  with  untiring  energy  to 
the  diligent  discharge  of  his  clerical  func- 
tions as  Rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook, 
to  which  he  was  presented,  through  the  in- 
terest  of  Lord  Brougham,  (who  was  dis- 
tantly related  to  his  wife  through  the 
Auckland  family,)  in  1835. 

In  1847  Dr.  Croly  was  appointed  After- 
noon Preacher  at  the  Foundling  Hospital, 
but  soon  relinquished  the  office  in  disgust 
at  some  of  the  proceedings  of  the  managers 
of  that  useful,  but  as  he  thought  ill-con- 
ducted, charity  \  He  was  also  involved  in 
the  violent  disputes  in  his  own  parish,  of 
which  the  public  heard  more  than  enough, 
and  in  which  Alderman  Gibbs  and  the 
Rector  were  unhappily  the  most  promi- 
nent combatants.  In  the  pulpit  the  elo- 
quence of  Dr.  Croly  was  of  the  highest 
order,  and  his  just  popularity  attracted 
crowds  from  every  part  to  his  beautiful 
church,  where  his  impressive  discourses, 
his  massive  form,  grave  and  inflexible 
countenance,  and  sonorous  voice  produced 
striking  effects;  and  pathos  and  persua- 
sion, when  needed,  hung  upon  his  lips  in 
the  fine  delivery  of  touching  descriptions 
of  Christian  experiences  and  Gospel  ex- 
hortation. 

Dr.  Croly  was  a  powerful  advocate  of 


*  The  Treasurer  and  Managing  Committee 
having  ventured  to  criticise  his  preaching,  he 
threw  up  the  office  at  the  end  of  fourteen  ser- 
mons, and  published  six  of  them,  with  a  most 
indignant  and  contemptuous  Preface  on  the 
capabilities  of  his  critics ;  also  mentioning  his 
four  years'  exhaustive  litigation  in  Walbrook. 


106 


Obituary. — The  Rev.  George  Croly  9  LL.D.  [Jan. 


the  Conservative  cause,  but  this  was  rather 
evidenced  by  his  desultory  performances 
in  the  fitting  channels,  than  by  any  sepa- 
rate publication.  His  theological  works 
belong  to  an  important  order.  Interpre- 
tations of  the  Prophets  and  the  Apocalypse 
applicable  to  the  great  concerns  of  man- 
kind, and  an  earnest  enforcement  of  reli- 
gious truths,  in  union  with  the  purest  mo- 
rality, mark  every  volume  he  hap  dedicated 
to  these  subjects.  His  "  Paris  in  1815  "  is 
a  poem  replete  with  beauties,  and  justly 
heads  his  innumerable  poetic  compositions, 
of  minor  extent,  though  nothing  inferior 
in  the  noblest  elements  of  poetry.  Thirty 
years  ago  a  collection  in  two  volumes  was 
published ;  but  since  then  the  increase  has 
been  manifold,  and  a  complete  edition 
now  would  bo  a  most  welcome  boon  to 
the  lovers  of  lofty  intellectual  culture, 
genuine  inspiration,  and  skilful  expression. 
Dr.  Croly,  seeking  fame  in  every  direction, 
like  the  author  of  "  Douglas,"  deemed  it 
no  discredit  to  the  Church  to  exercise  his 
talents  on  the  drama;  and  "Catiline" 
and  "Pride  shall  have  a  Fall "  bear  wit- 
ness to  his  success.  For  works  of  fiction 
also  he  shone  with  pre-eminent  lustre. 
His  picture  of  the  Wandering  Jew  in 
"  Salathiei "  is  one  of  the  most  striking 
efforts  ever  seen  in  that  class  of  litera- 
ture. 

Thus  hastily  noticed,  it  will  appear  that 
the  lamented  Rector  of  Walbrook,  inde- 
pendently of  his  ministerial  devotion, 
— gratefully  acknowledged  by  his  charge 
and  admired  by  the  world  at  large, — and 
of  his  valuable  works  in  Divinity,  spent 
a  long  life  in  the  anonymous  inculca- 
tion of  virtuous  morals,  the  promotion 
of  useful  purposes,  and  the  dissemination 
of  improvement  throughout  the  mass  of 
the  community,  by  means  of  an  ever-ready 
and  ever-efficient  periodical  press.  And 
farther,  that  he  has  earned  a  prominent 
place  and  lasting  renown  in  the  great  dis- 
tinct provinces  of  divinity,  poetry,  history, 
romance,  and  the  drama.  Nullum  quod 
no*  omavit  tctegit  is  a  tribute  richly  de- 
served by  the  very  extensive  and  miscel- 
laneous creations  of  Dr.  Croly ;  and  his 
private  life  was  worthy  of  his  public  posi- 
tion.    In  society  bis  conversation  was  in- 


structive and  pleasant,  and  full  of  per- 
tinent anecdote  and  general  information. 

Too  tardily  advanced  into  the  Church 
of  England  and  the  living  of  Walbrook 
through  the  influence  of  a  political  op- 
ponent, we  may  remark  it  were  well  that 
Party  never  biassed  such  selections,  but 
looked,  as  in  this  instance,  to  personal 
worth  and  sufficient  capacity  for  the  great 
trust.  Dr.  Croly  was  emphatically  a  good 
man.  His  piety  grew  with  his  age ;  and 
sincerity,  fervour,  and  a  constant  and  zeal- 
ous exercise  of  every  Christian  virtue  have 
shed  a  holier  halo  over  his  later  (not  de- 
clining) years — for  blessed  health  and  ap- 
parent firmness  and  strength  were  granted 
him  to  the  last. 

Many  will  mourn  his  loss : — family  and 
friends,  and  among  the  latter,  perhaps  in 
rhyme,  Barry  Cornwall,  who  thus  hailed 
his  marriage  to  a  sweet  poetess : — 

"  This  verse  to  thee  I  consecrate, 
May  thy  days  be  fair  and  long, 
And  may  it  be  thy  after  fate 
To  stand  immortalized  in  song." . . . 

The  wish  has  been  as  fairly  fulfilled  as  the 
trials  common  to  humanity  permit,  and 
now  it  is  only  to  be  inscribed  to  his 
memory  that  he  was  an  honourable,  right- 
minded,  and  honest-hearted  man,  and  a 
practical  and  pious  Christian. 

According  to  his  own  desire,  his  remains 
were  laid  under  the  church  where  his  best 
works  have  been  performed:  a  marble 
bust  bequeathed  by  him  for  that  purpose 
will  mark  the  spot  to  future  pnstors  we 
hope  not  less  eligible,  and  future  congrega- 
tions equally  sincere  in  their  following  and 
attachment. 

It  is  not  necessary  here  to  enumerate  in 
detail,  beyond  those  already  mentioned,  the 
literary  proofs  of  the  variety  and  vigour 
which  inspired  Dr.  Croly's  genius,  and  led 
to  the  productions  in  almost  every  class  of 
literature  which  entitle  his  name  to  be 
ranked  with  those  of  the  few  who  will 
go  down  to  posterity  as  memorable  or- 
naments of  the  period  in  which  they 
flourished.  We  will  therefore)  merely  men- 
tion in  theology,  "The  Three  Cycles  of 
Revelation,"  and  treatise  "  On  Divine  Pro- 
vidence ;"  in  history  and  biography,  "  Life 
of  George  IV.,"  "  Life  of  Burke,"  "  Bio- 


1861.]       Obituary. — John  Adey  Repton,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


107 


graphical  Sketch  of  Curran,"  (preparing 
the  way  for  his  friend  Mr.  Curran's  Life 
of  his  father,)  and  Essays  on  the  "  Cha- 
racters of  William  Pitt  and  Napoleon  I.  ;*' 
in  fiction,  M  Tales  of  St.  Bernard,"  and 
"Marston;"  in  the  drama,  "Catiline;" 
and  in  poetry,  after  the  admirable  "  Paris 
in  1815,"  a  host  of  minor  pieces  which 
would  fill  many  a  delightful  volume. 


James  Peto,  Esq. 

Nov.  25.  At  his  house  at  Ockham,  Sur- 
rey, aged  93,  James  Peto,  esq. 

The  deceased  was  the  eldest  of  the  branch 
of  the  Petos  of  Godalming,  and  the  brother 
of  the  late  Henry  Peto,  the  celebrated 
builder.  In  early  life  he  had  been  engaged 
in  agricultural  pursuits,  but  had  retired 
for  many  years,  and  devoted  his  time 
partly  to  the  business  of  the  extensive 
union  in  which  he  lived,  and  partly  to 
field  sports.  Notwithstanding  his  great 
age  he  was  in  fall  possession  of  all  his 
faculties,  and  remarkable  for  great  cheer- 
fulness of  spirit,  aud  was  of  such  constitu- 
tion that  he  rode  with  his  own  hounds 
within  two  years  of  his  death.  This  event 
was  caused  by  his  being  thrown  from  his 
phaeton  in  consequence  of  the  horse  having 
taken  fright,  and  though  the  extensive 
injuries  were  healed  in  a  manner  almost 
unprecedented,  he  could  not  recover  his 
strength,  and  gradually  sank.  He  mar- 
ried Anne,  the  daughter  of  Lieutenant 
Drewett,  Adjutant  of  one  of  the  Regiments 
of  Life  Guards,  by  whom  he  had  one  son 
who  died  in  infancy.  Among  his  nephews 
may  be  mentioned  Sir  S.  Morton  Peto, 
M.P. ;  Thomas  Grissell,  Esq.,  of  Norbury- 
park,  Surrey ;  Colonel  Grissell,  of  Mickie- 
ham ;  Arthur  Ashpitel,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  the 
well-known  architect  and  antiquary ;  and 
the  Rev.  F.  Ashpitel,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Great 
Hampden,  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
and  one  of  the  examiners  of  candidates  for 
Honours  in  that  University,  &c. 


Johh  Adbt  Repton,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Nov.  26.  At  Springfield,  near  Chelms- 
ford, aged  86,  John  Adey  Repton,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  Architect 

This  gentleman  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Humphrey  Repton,  the  eminent  landscape 


gardener.  His  brother,  Mr.  Geo.  Stanley 
Repton,  was  also  an  architect,  having 
been  brought  up  in  the  office  of  the  cele- 
brated Nash,  the  architect  of  Carl  ton- 
house  and  Regent-street,  but  retired  from 
the  profession  on  marrying  Lady  Elizabeth 
Scott,  eldest  daughter  of  Lord  Chancellor 
Eldon ;  and  his  only  son,  George  William 
John  Repton,  Esq.,  is  now  M.P.  for  War- 
wick, and  a  son-in-law  of  the  Duke  of 
Leinster.  Another  brother  was  the  late 
Rev.  Edward  Repton,  M.A.,  Canon  of 
Westminster,  Vicar  of  Shoreham,  Kent, 
and  Minister  of  St.  Philip's,  Regent- 
street,  who  died  on  the  6th  of  August 
last,  leaving  issue  the  Rev.  George  Her- 
bert Repton,  a  Minor  Canon  of  Westmin- 
ster, and  brother-in-law  of  the  Earl  of 
Limerick.  A  fourth  brother  was  a  soli- 
citor at  Aylsham,  in  Norfolk. 

The  subject  of  our  present  memoir  was 
born  at  Norwich  on  the  29th  of  March, 
1775,  and  received  his  baptismal  names 
from  a  solicitor  who  married  his  father's 
only  sister.  He  was  deaf  from  his  infancy, 
probably  from  the  time  of  his  birth ;  but 
at  an  early  age  was  sent  to  the  grammar- 
school  at  Aylsham,  in  Norfolk,  where  he 
was  taught  to  read,  write,  and  cypher, 
but  received  no  instruction  in  grammar 
or  in  clussical  literature,  probably  from  the 
difficulty  the  master  found  in  teaching 
a  deaf  boy.  This  deficiency  of  education, 
however,  was  afterwards  in  a  great  degree 
surmounted  by  his  own  natural  taste  for 
reading. 

At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  placed 
as  a  pupil  with  William  Wilkins,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  the  author  of  the  "  Antiquities  of 
Magna  Gro>cia,"  then  resident  as  an  archi- 
tect at  Norwich.  Having  passed  seven 
years  under  the  tuition  of  this  gentleman, 
Mr.  Repton  in  1796  became  an  assistant 
of  Mr.  Nash,  his  brother's  master.  With 
him  he  remained  for  four  years  *,  when  he 

•  Haying  named  Mr.  Repton 's  masters,  we  may 
mention  that  he  had  in  early  life  a  pupil  who 
afterwards  attained  distinguished  eminence  as 
an  architectural  draughtsman.  This  was  Mr. 
Frederick  Mackenzie,  from  whose  hand  pro- 
ceeded some  of  the  very  best  drawings  engraved 
In  Britten's  "  Cathedrals,"  and  other  works  of 
that  character.  He  was  peculiarly  skilful  in 
perspective.  Mr.  F.  Mackensie  died  in  May  1864. 


108 


Obituary. — John  Adey  Repton,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  [Jan. 


joined  his  father  at  Hare-street,  near  Rom- 
ford, and  not  only  assisted  him  in  the 
architectural  department,  hut  studied  also 
the  profession  of  landscape  gardening,  in 
which  the  elder  Repton  was  then  exten- 
sively engaged  in  various  parts  of  the 
kingdom  b. 

In  1809,  with  the  assistance  of  his 
father  and  brother,  John  Adey  Repton 
gained  the  first  prize  for  plans  sent  by 
several  architects  for  the  public  buildings 
then  proposed  to  occupy  "Parliament- 
square"  at  Westminster ;  and  subsequent- 
ly, with  the  same  assistance,  he  gained  the 
second  premium  (of  one  hundred  guineas) 
for  the  plans  of  the  New  Bethiem  Hos- 
pital. 

His  name  appeared  on  the  title-pages 
of  at  least  two  of  his  father's  works,  the 
"  Designs  for  the  Pavilion  at  Brighton,  by 
H.  Repton,  with  the  assistance  of  his  sons 
John  Adey  Repton  and  G.  S.  Repton. 
1808."  Imp.  folio ;  and  "  Fragments  on 
the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Landscape 
Gardening,  by  H.  and  J.  A.  Repton. 
1816."  Imp.  quarto. 

In  1818  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose 
his  able  and  ever  affectionate  father,  (of 
whom  some  biographical  notices  will  be 
found  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
that  year,  Part  I.,  pp.  372,  648,  Part  II., 
p.  102);  but,  notwithstanding  that  cir- 
cumstance, and  his  brother's  retirement, 
he  continued  for  some  years  longer  to 
pursue  his  profession,  in  spite  of  his  in- 
firmity of  deafness. 

In  1821  he  was  consulted  to  improve 
a  place  near  Utrecht  in  Holland,  and 
another  at  Arnhem  in  Gnelderland.  In 
1822  he  went  alone,  by  way  of  Hamburg, 
into  Prussia,  (though  without  any  know- 
ledge of  the  German  language,  and  with 
but  a  slight  acquaintance  with  French,) 
and  proceeded  from  Berlin  to  Muskau  in 
Lusatia,  where  he  was  consulted  by  Count, 
afterwards  Prince,  Puckler  Muskau,  a  gen- 
tleman of  considerable  taste,  afterwards 
well-known  by  his  travels  published  in 
this  country ;  and  from  thence  to  Prince 

*  Lord  Metbuen's  Gothic  mansion  at  Coraham, 
in  Wiltshire,  was  the  work  of  the  Reptons,  except 
the  gallery.  See  the  rolome  on  that  mansion 
published  by  John  Britton,  F.8.A.,  in  1806. 

13 


Hardenberg,  at  New   Hardenberg,  near 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. 

Still  later,  he  was  engaged  by  the  late 
Earl  Delawarr  in  restoring  the  ancient 
seat  of  the  Sackvilles  at  Buckhurst,  near 
Tunbridge  Wells ;  where  he  fitted  up,  with 
great  taste,  some  curious  carving  from  the 
old  mansion  of  Halnaker,  near  Chichester. 

This  was  perhaps  one  of  his  last  pro- 
fessional engagements,  for  his  deafness 
was  a  bar  to  that  personal  intercourse 
which  the  active  pursuit  of  business  would 
have  required ;  yet  his  attachment  to  the 
science  of  architecture  did  not  abate, 
which  was  proved  by  the  zeal  and  industry 
with  which  he  entered  in  1835  into  the 
competition  for  the  new  Houses  of  Par- 
liament, working  hard  for  three  months 
upon  his  drawings,  without  any  assistance 
from  pupils  or  artists. 

At  that  time,  and  we  believe  for  some 
years  before,  ho  was  residing  in  humble 
but  contented  retirement  at  Springfield, 
near  Chelmsford,  enjoying  the  study  of 
his  small  collection  of  old  books,  and  fre- 
quently exercising  his  pen  and  pencil  in 
communications  destined  for  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  the  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries, or  the  British  Archaeological  Asso- 
ciation. 

In  1842  he  acted  gratuitously  as  archi- 
tect of  a  new  Episcopal  Chapel  erected  at 
Springfield,  of  which  a  description  is  given 
in  our  number  for  Oct.  1843,  p.  421. 

Mr.  Repton  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1803,  and  he 
lived  long  enough  to  become  nearly  the 
senior  member  of  that  body.  In  a  note 
written  in  August  last  he  good- humoured ly 
wrote, "  I  am  still  living  in  good  health  at 
the  age  of  eighty-five,  and  am  now  the 
oldest  member  of  the  Society  except  one, 
who  is  Dr.  R.  Fowler.  I  do  not  know 
whether  he  is  like  the  late  Sir  Thomas 
Lennard,  —  the  previous  Father  of  the 
Society, — who  enjoyed  a  good  play  when 
upwards  of  ninety." 

Mr.  Repton  was  a  frequent  contributor 
of  architectural  papers  to  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries.  It  is  now  sixty-five  years 
since  the  twelfth  volume  of  the  Archm- 
ologia  contained  an  elaborate  paper  by 
hit  master,  Mr.  Wilkins,  on  Norwich  Castle 


1861.]        Obituary. — John  Adey  Itepton,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  109 


and  other  specimens  of  Norman  architec- 
ture in  the  Eastern  comities,  which  was 
illustrated  by  twenty-two  plates,  to  which 
Mr.  Rep'on's  pencil  contributed. 

In  1805  he  communicated,  in  his  own 
name,  a  description  of  the  Dormitory  and 
Refectory  at  Norwich,  published  in  the 
Archnologia,  vol.  xv.,  with  three  plates; 
also  drawings  of  various  architectural  an- 
tiquities, which  are  engraved  in  vol.  xvi. 
of  the  Arch&ologia,  {dates  lviii.  to  lxvii. ; 
in  1807  specimens  of  Fonts  in  various 
churches,  (printed  in  vol.  xvi ,  with  nine 
plates)  ;  in  1808  an  account  of  the  ancient 
Arabic  date  at  Colchester,  (printed  in  the 
same  volume,  with  a  plate) ;  in  1809  an 
account  of  the  opening  of  the  Great  Bur- 
row at  Stow  Heath,  near  Aylsham,  (same 
volume,  with  a  plate) ;  in  1821  a  notice  of 
the  ornamental  posts  anciently  placed  at 
the  gates  of  mayors  and  chief  magistrates, 
in  vol.  xix.,  with  a  plate);  in  the  same 
year  observations  upon  ancient  Charity 
Boxes,  (vol.  xx.,  with  a  plate) ;  in  1824 
observations  on  some  ancient  buildings  in 
Prussia,  (vol.  xxi.,  with  six  plates). 

Besides  these  valuable  contributions  on 
ancient  architecture, — to  which  we  have  to 
add  four  folio  plntes  of  the  manor-house 
of  Wolterton  in  Norfolk,  published  by  the 
Society  in  the  fourth  volume  of  their 
Yetutta  Monumcnta, — Mr.  Repton  illus- 
trated several  other  very  curious  topics  of 
antiquities  and  costume.  In  1827  he  ex- 
hibited to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  two 
ancient  instruments  used  by  catch  poles, 
(engraved  in  the  Archaologia,  vol.  xxii.) 
In  1831  he  communicated  observations 
on  the  various  fashions  of  Hats,  Bonnets, 
or  Coverings  for  the  Head,  chiefly  from  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.  to  the  eighteenth 
century,  published  with  eight  plates  in 
the  Archaologia,  vol.  xxiv. ;  and,  iu  1835, 
Observations  on  Female  Head-dress  in 
England,  also  illustrated  with  eight  plates, 
in  voL  xxvii.  of  the  same  collection.  A 
similar  paper,  on  the  Beard  and  the  Mous- 
tachio,  from  the  sixteenth  to  the  eight- 
eenth century,  (which  had  been  read  be- 
fore the  Society,  but  not  published,)  he 
afterwards  printed  at  his  own  expense,  in 
8vo.,  1839,  (100  copies).  These  curious 
compilations  have  since  been  largely  drawn 
Qsstt.  Uaq.  Vol.  OCX. 


upon,  not  only  in  subsequent  works  on 
costume,  but  in  our  popular  journals,  such 
as  the  "  Penny  Cyclopedia,"  &c. 

Having  a  strong  predi lection  for  o!d 
romances,  Mr.  Repton  sometimes  exercised 
his  skill  in  that  species  of  composition,  and 
of  one  such  production,  entitled  Jihad  a  pan- 
thus,  he  printed  80  copies,  in  a  very  small 
size.  His  name  is  not  on  the  title-pagp, 
hut  may  be  spelt  out  from  the  initial 
letters  on  turning  over  the  pages. 

It  was  quite  in  his  boyish  days  that  Mr. 
Repton  first  became  a  correspondent  of 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine.  In  the 
number  for  June,  1795,  is  a  view  of  the 
round-towered  church  ofWitlingham,  near 
Norwich.  The  signature  is  W.  Wiab, 
being  the  conjoint  initials  of  William 
Wdkins  and  John  Adey  Repton.  In  Octo- 
ber, 1796,  his  own  name  is  to  a  communi- 
cation accompanying  a  drawing  of  the 
arms  of  Lord  Hustings  of  Loughborough 
in  the  church  of  Stoke  Pogeis.  In  August, 
1797,  is  a  view  from  his  pencil  of  Ing- 
worth  Church,  Norfolk,  taken  before  its 
round  tower  fell  down.  The  accompanying 
letter  is  signed  Repandunum.  His  com- 
munications were  continued  at  intervals 
for  more  than  fifty  years,  and  were  always 
welcome. 

Nor  did  his  little  compilations  and  his 
peculiarly  neat  drawings  cease  to  while 
away  the  tedium  of  his  necessarily  recluse 
life  even  in  his  advanced  years.  We  have 
seen  that  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  had 
engraved  more  plates  from  his  drawings 
than  from  perhaps  any  other  contributor ; 
but  latterly  (after  he  was  a  little  morti- 
fied by  their  having  returned  unpublished 
his  collection  on  Beards,)  he  was  more  fre- 
quently a  correspondent  of  the  British 
Archaeological  Association,  in  the  columns 
of  whose  Journal  will  be  found  several 
small  communications  from  his  hand,  par- 
ticularly one  in  vol.  iii.  on  the  general 
size  of  stones  in  Norman  architecture. 

We  have  still  to  notice  an  interesting 
circumstance  in  Mr.  Repton's  earlier  life. 
John  Britton,  being  a  Wiltshire  man,  had 
published  his  survey  of  Salisbury  Cathe- 
dral, but  might  probably  have  gone  no 
further,  had  not  Mr.  Repton  given  him 
a  series  of  drawings  of  the  cathedral  of 


v 


110      John  Adey  Repton,  Esq.,  F.S.A.— Clergy  Deceased.     [Jan. 


Norwich,  and  introduced  to  him  his  pupil 
Mr.  F.  Mackenzie  (noticed  in  our  previous 
note).  The  cathedral  of  Norwich  was  con- 
seqnently  the  second  of  Britton's  series. 
It  was  dedicated  to  Mr.  Repton,  and  led 
to  the  continuation  of  that  beautiful  work. 

Mr.  Repton  also  made  some  valuable 
contributions  to  Britton's  "  Architectural 
Antiquities."  Among  other  subjects  from 
his  drawings  is  one  of  the  Market-cross  at 
Chichester,  which  has  an  inscription  dedi- 
cating the  plate  to  him. 

Mr.  Repton  Uved  and  died  a  bachelor, 
but  his  cottage  at  Springfield  was  cheered 
by  the  presence  of  a  maiden  sister.  His 
memory  will  always  be  regarded  with 
affection  by  his  surviving  friends,  for  he 
was  at  once  full  of  curious  information 
and  of  a  lively  and  cheerful  disposition, 
which,  notwithstanding  the  fatigue  of 
talking  to  a  person  so  much  afflicted  with 
deafness,  made  him  ever  an  agreeable  com- 
panion, and  he  was  always  as  gentlemanly 
and  courteous  in  his  demeanour  as  ho  was 
careful  and  nice  in  his  outward  costume. 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

Oct.  12.  At  Batavia,  of  fever,  the  Rev.  J.  E. 
Scott  Moncrieff,  B.A.,  British  Consular  Chaplain, 
fifth  son  of  R.  Scott  Moncrieff,  esq.,  of  Fossaway, 
Perthshire. 

A  or.  8.  After  a  long  and  painful  illness,  aged 
65,  the  Rev.  J.  T.  Twining,  D.D-,  for  43  years 
Chaplain  to  H.M.'s  Forces  in  Halifax,  Nora 
Scotia. 

Nov.  10.  At  Colombo,  suddenly,  by  the  falling 
of  the  wall  in  the  Church  Missionary  Compound, 
aged  34,  the  Rev.  Henry  Whitby,  M.A.,  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge. 

Nov.  14.  At  Onslow-terr.,  Brompton,  after  a 
long  illness,  the  Rev.  Henry  Rhodes,  late  of 
York,  and  many  years  missionary  at  Sierra 
Leone  in  connection  with  the  Church  Missionary 
Society. 

Nov.  19.  At  Hastings,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Powell 
Purser,  M.A.,  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

Not.  22.  Accidentally  drowned,  aged  45,  the 
Rev.  Charles  Style  Drake,  M.A.,  late  Fellow  and 
Tutor  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  The  de- 
ceased, who  resided  with  his  father,  Admiral 
Drake,  at  Castle  Thorpe,  near  Cosgrove,  dined  on 
the  day  of  his  death  with  Mr.  Francis  Thursby, 
at  Cosgrove  Priory.  He  left  there  in  his  usual 
health,  at  20  minutes  past  10  o'clock  at  night,  to 
walk  home  to  Castle  Thorpe.  His  nearest  way 
was  along  the  towing-path  of  the  Grand  Junction 
Canal,  into  which  he  must  hare  fallen.  His  hat 
was  found  the  next  morning  floating  on  the 
water,  and  the  canal  was  dragged,  but  the  body 
was  not  recovered,  until  the  afternoon  of  the  240i, 


The  deceased  had  in  his  pocket,  when  fonnd,  a 
watch,  money  to  the  amount*  of  9/.  0*.  6</.,  a 
post-office  order,  and  various  other  papers.  He 
was  unmarried. 

Nor.  24.  8uddenly,  near  his  residence.  Queen- 
sq.,  Bloomsbury,  the 'Rev.  Oeorge  Oroly,  LL.I)., 
Rector  of  St.  Stephen,  Walbrook,  London.  See 
Obituary. 

Nov.  25.  At  Swansea,  aged  75,  the  Rev.  Rich. 
Orates  Morice,  late  of  Knowle  Rectory,  Dorset. 

Nor.  26.  Aged  55,  the  Rev.  Wm.  Goodenough 
Bayly,  D.C.L.,  Vicar  of  Fittlcworth,  and  late 
Fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford. 

Nov.  28.  At  Ulcombe  Rectory,  Kent,  aged  79, 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Mence,  Rector  of  Ulcombe,  and 
formerly  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford. 

Dee.  1.  Aged  66,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Corbett, 
Rector  of  Tugford,  co.  Salop,  third  son  of  the 
la»e  Archdeacon  Corbett,  of  Longnor-hall,  in  the 
same  county. 

Dec.  2.  Aged  60,  the  Rev.  Edward  Thomas 
Alder,  M.  A.,  Incumbent  of  St.  Matthew's, 
Islington. 

At  Weft-hill,  St.  Mary  Church,  aged  83,  the 
Rev.  Arthur  Hugh  Northcote. 

Dec.  4.  At  Pershore,  accidentally  drowned, 
aged  50,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Whittaker.  It  ap- 
peared in  evidence  before  the  coroner,  that  the 
rev.  gentleman  had  been  to  see  a  farmer  named 
Phipps,  living  at  Defford,  a  mile  or  two  from  his 
place  of  abode,  and  left  shortly  after  3  o'clock  to 
return  home.  Ho  was  seen  proceeding  in  the 
direction  of  Caldwell,  but  as  he  did  not  return  to 
dinner  inquiries  were  made,  and  he  was  traced 
to  near  his  own  residence,  where  all  further  trace 
was  lost.  A  brook  runs  near  Mr.  Whittaker's 
residence,  which  had  been  much  flooded  by  tho 
heavy  rains,  and  it  was  feared  that  he  had  fallen 
into  it  and  been  drowned.  Search  was  made 
during  the  whole  of  the  night,  but  it  was  not 
until  next  morning  that  the  body  was  found,  the 
deceased  having  apparently  been  dead  some 
hpurs.  There  could  be  no  doubt  that  his  death 
was  accidental,  and  the  coroner's  jury  returned 
a  verdict  to  that  effect. 

Dec.  5.  At  Dinan,  Brittany,  aged  31,  the  Rev. 
R.  A.  Julian,  British  Chaplain  of  that  town. 

Dee.  6.  At  Kdenham  Rectory,  near  Bourne, 
Lincolnshire,  aged  64,  the  Rev.  William  Emerson 
Chapman,  M.  A.,  Rector  of  Edenham  and  Somerby, 
and  domestic  chaplain  of  the  Right  Hon.  the 
Lord  Willoughby  d'Eresby.  His  death  was  veiy 
sudden.  His  eldest  daughter  had  just  been  mar- 
ried, and  the  guests,  to  the  number  of  about  forty, 
were  assembled  at  the  wedding  breakfast,  when 
among  other  healths  that  of  the  father  and  mother 
of  the  bride  was  proposed.  Mr.  Chapman  got  up 
to  return  thanks,  and  after  speaking  some  few 
minutes,  during  which  his  voice  and  manner  be- 
came unusually  loud  and  impressive,  he  fell  for- 
wards and  died  instantaneously.  The  deceased 
has  left  a  widow  and  nine  children. 

Dec.  8.  At  Rochester,  from  tho  effects  of  an 
accident,  aged  73,  the  Rev.  George  Davies,  M.A., 
Vicar  of  8t  James's,  Grain,  and  J.  P.  for  the  co. 
of  Kent.  Notwithstanding  his  advanced  age,  the 
deceased  was  possessed  of  great  bodily  activity, 


1861.] 


OftlTtfARY. 


Ill 


tad  had  taken  his  accustomed  walk  in  the  neigh- 
bouring town  of  Chatham,  calling  on  hia  return 
at  a  poulterer's  ahop,  where  he  transacted  some 
trifling  business.  At  the  moment  of  his  tearing 
the  ahop,  and  just  as  he  was  about  crossing  the 
road  in  High-street,  a  horse  and  cart  dashed 
through  the  street  at  a  fearful  pace,  the  horse 
having  taken  fright  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
barracks.  Mr.  Da  vies  waa  about  stepping  back 
on  to  the  pavement,  when  he  was  either  knocked 
down  by  the  shaft  or  fell,  the  back  of  his  skull 
coming  in  contact  with  the  kerb.  He  was  im- 
mediately taken  up  and  conveyed  insensible  to 
the  surgery  of  Dr.  Jardine,  and  after  war- is  to  his 
om  residence,  where  he  lingered  in  a  state  of 
unconsciousness  for  a  few  hours  and  died  the 
tame  evening,  death  having  arisen  from  concus- 
sion of  the  brain.  The  deceased  was  connec  ed 
with  nearly  all  the  public  bodies  of  importance 
in  the  city  and  neighbourhood,  and  had  occupied 
for  many  years  the  position  of  presiding  magistrate 
of  the  Rochester  county  bench  of  magistrates, 
having  been  a  justice  of  the  peace  almo-t  40  year*. 

Dee.  9.  At  his  residence,  Ropley,  Alresford, 
Hants,  aged  57,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Wall  Mason, 
M.A. 

Dec.  10.  At  Exeter,  aged  40,  the  Rev.  Arthur 
Thomas  Dingwall  Fordyce,  M.A.,  of  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford. 

Suddenly,  at  Portland,  on  board  H.M.S.  "Co- 
lossus," aged  52,  the  Rev.  John  Jenkins,  M.A., 
Chaplain  R.N. 

Dee.  12.  At  Wilnecote,  aged  T7,  Robert  Wat- 
tin  Lloyd,  M.A.,  formerly  Fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  forty-two  years  Incum- 
bent of  Wilnecote  and  Wigginton* 

Dee.  14.  At  Botesdale,  aged  52,  the  Rev.  John 
Mills,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge. 

Dee.  15.  At  Cippenham-house,  near  Slough, 
aged  66,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Harman. 

Dee,  16.  At  Doncaster,  aged  54,  the  Rev. 
WilHam  Thorp,  Vicar  of  Misson,  Netts. 


DEATHS. 

ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER. 

Sept.  26.  At  Almorah,  North  India,  aged  26, 
of  fever  contracted  on  the  frontier  of  Thibet, 
Thomas  Mansfield  James,  Lieut.  42nd  Regt. 
(Royal  Highlanders),  only  son  of  the  late  Thomas 
Pearoe  James,  and  grandson  of  the  late  John 
James,  eaq.,  of  Highfield,  Gloucestershire. 

Oct.  3.  At  Coplapo,  Chili,  of  dysentery,  Philip 
Edward  Barnes,  B.A.,  F.L.9.,  barrister-at-law, 
Daniah  Consul  at  Coquimbo,  Chili. 

OH.  4.  At  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  aged  27, 
Sarah,  wife  of  Dr.  George  Williamson,  Staff  Sur- 
geon. 

Oct.  7.  At  Bernagh,  near  Dungannon,  aged 
66,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Vescy  Knox,  eldest  dan.  of  the 
late  Gen.  James  Gisborne,  of  South-park,  oo. 
Boacommoo,  and  of  Staveley-hall,  Derbyshire, 
M.P. 

Oct.  23.  At  the  European  Hospital,  Calcutta, 
j»  oonacqnenoe  of  aa  aecident,  after  11  weaka  of 


great  suffering,  aged  20,  Arthur  Julius  Trench, 
son  of  the  Dean  of  Westminster. 

Nov.  6.  At  Eramosa,  Guelph,  Canada  West, 
George,  son  of  the  late  Rev.  T.  Sockett,  Rector 
of  Petworth,  Sussex. 

Nov.  7.  At  the  house  of  the  British  Consul  at 
Bastia,  aged  S3,  Capt.  Walter  Taylor  Michell,  of 
Totnes,  reserved  list  Royal  Marine  Forces. 

Nor.  8.  By  the  accidental  upsetting  of  a  boat 
on  the  river  Kennebecasis,  aged  33,  Henry  George, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Hon.  Charles  Simonds,  of 
St.  John's,  New  Brunswick. 

Nov.  10.  At  Leamington,  aged  31,  Gamett, 
third  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  Warburton,  Rector  of 
Kill  Naas,  co.  Kildare,  formerly  Capt.  in  the 
Buffs,  and  late  of  the  2nd  Regt.  of  the  Warwick- 
shire Militia. 

Nov.  12.  At  Lydd,  Stephen  Burgees,  esq., 
bailiff  of  that  ancient  town. 

Nov.  17.  At  Geneva,  aged  43,  Emilie  Lauren  - 
cine,  wife  of  Aaron  Vail,  of  New  York,  formerly 
Charge*  d' Affaires  of  the  United  States  at  the 
British  Court. 

Nov.  18.  At  Flume,  Austria,  aged  67,  Alexan- 
der, youngest  son  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Scott,  of 
Coldhouxe,  Roxburghshire.  He  was  one  of  the 
few  surviving  friends  of  the  late  Lord  Byron. 

Mr.  J.  Simpson,  organist  at  the  Bradford  parish 
church,  suddenly  expired  while  playing  a  sym- 
phony at  the  opening  of  divine  service  at  St. 
Jude's  church,  Manningham,  on  Sunday  morn- 
ing. He  bad  appeared  in  his  usual  health.  Some 
discordant  notes  attracted  attention  to  Mr.  Simp- 
son, and  it  wus  then  discovered  that  while  he 
had  his  fingers  still  on  the  keys,  he  had  fallen 
with  his  head  over  the  keyboard.  Medical  as- 
sistance was  quickly  obtained,  but  it  was  in  vain, 
as  he  died  in  a  few  minutes. 

Aged  100,  Mary  Carr,  of  Barkston  Ash,  near 
Shcrburn.  She  had  the  perfect  use  of  her  facul- 
ties up  to  the  time  of  her  death.  8he  had  re- 
ceived relief  from  her  parish  for  the  space  of 
sixty  years  to  the  extent  of  nearly  £400,  and  was 
found  possessed  of  £100  at  her  death. 

Nov.  20.  Walter  Coulson,  esq.,  Q.C.,  one  of 
the  benchers  of  Gray's-inn.  Mr.  Coulson  waa 
called  to  the  bar  Nov.  26, 1828,  and  was  made  a 
Queen's  Counsel  and  bencher  of  the  Inn  in  1851. 
He  was  one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  of  the 
Exhibition  of  1851,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
their  proceedings.  He  was  a  Liberal  in  politics, 
and  it  waa  to  a  cottage  on  his  Kentish  property, 
at  Birling,  near  Town  Mailing,  that  Mr.  John 
Black,  the  well-known  editor  of  the  "  Morning 
Chronicle,  "  retired  in  his  later  years. 

Very  suddenly,  at  West  Hartlepool,  aged  62, 
Wm.  Uutton,  esq.,  F.G.S.  The  deceased  waa, 
twenty  years  ago,  one  of  the  leading  practical 
geologists  of  the  country,  and  editor  of  the  "  Fos- 
sil Flora." 

In  the  Seraskierat,  Ferhad  Pacha,  better  known 
aa  Brigadier-Gen.  Stein,  of  the  Hungarian  army. 
He  accompanied  Bern  in  his  flight  when  the 
Hungarian  cau*e  was  lost,  and  had  since  been 
employed,  frequently  in  active  service,  in  the 
'  Turkish  army.  He  was  lately  arrested  on  a 
eharge  of  supplying  materials  for  a  libellous 


112 


Obituary. 


[Jan. 


pamphlet,  published  by  one  Grossman,  at  Berlin, 
and  directed  against  Riza  Pacha,  the  Minister  of 
War,  was  tried,  and  found  guilty  on  this  charge, 
and  was  awaiting  his  sentence  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  which,  it  has  been  hinted,  was  occasioned 
by  poison. 

JW/r.  21.    At  Quebec,  Susan,  wife  of  G.  M. 
Douglas,  esq.,  M.D.,  and  second  dau.  of  the 
late  Geo.  Clcghom,  esq.,  of  Weens,  Roxburgh-  ' 
shire. 

Nor.  22.  At  his  residence,  Merrion-sq.,  Dub- 
lin, Sir  Edward  McDonnel. 

At  Lewes,  Frederick  G-.  orge  Leigh,  esq., 
nephew  of  George,  sixth  Lord  liyron. 

Nor.  23.  At  Chelsea,  sged  09,  William  Bos- 
cawen  Boll.  B.C.L.,  lato  Fellow  of  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  barrister-ut-law. 

At  Stokc-court,  Somerset,  Henrietta,  wife  of 
Major  William  Surtees  Cook. 

At  his  residence,  Lansdowo-pldcc,  Cheltenham, 
after  a  long  illness,  Luut.-Col.  Humcrton,  for- 
merly of  the  7th  FusiUers. 

At  Halswell-housc,  Somerset,  aged  82,  Colonel 
Kcmcys  Tynte.  The  deceased  wis  intimately 
connected  with  the  county  of  Somerset  in  social, 
political,  and  magisterial  relations,  and  in  each 
and  all  he  was  equally  esteemed  and  respected. 
He  represented  Bridgwater  from  1832  till  1837, 
when  he  retired.  His  son,  Lieut.-Col.  Tynte, 
has  sat  for  the  same  borough  since  1847.  Tne 
deceased  was  a  deputy-lieutenant  of  the  county, 
and  also  Provincial  Grand  Master  of  Somerset 
in  the  Masonic  body,  which  post  he  held  for 
nearly  half  a  century 

At  Guildford,  Colonel  Melville  Browne,  one  of 
the  oldest  surviving  Peninsular  officers,  and 
ouly  son  of  General  Gore  Browne. 

Nov.  24.  At  Prospect-hill,  Galway,  Eleanor, 
dau.  of  the  late  Col.  Anthony  French,  31st  Fu- 
siliers. 

At  Kensington-gate,  aged  53,  Charlotte,  widow 
of  Mujor  W.  M.  Stewart,  ot  the  Bengal  Army, 
and  of  Ardvorlitch,  Perthshire. 

At  Edinburgh,  Adam  Urquhart,  esq.,  advocate, 
and  sheriff  of  Wigtonshire.  The  deceased,  who 
was  the  youngest  son  of  William  Urquhart, 
esq.,  of  Craigston,  Aberdeenshire,  came  to  the 
bar  of  Scotluud  in  18 1G.  At  a  later  period  he 
officiated  f«#r  some  time  for  the  late  Mr.  Sheriff 
Duff  in  the  Sheriff-court  of  Edinburgh,  and  after- 
wards held  the  office  of  advocate-depute  during 
several  years.  In  18 13  he  was  appointed  sheriff 
of  Wigton.  His  acquaintance  with  law  was  ex- 
tensive and  uccurate.  He  had  acquired  his 
knowledge  of  its  principles  in  the  school  of  our 
older  lawyeis,  and  he  was  long  the  intimate 
friend  of  Baron  Hume,  who  confided  to  him, 
along  with  the  late  Lord  Medwyn,  the  tusk  of 
euiiinghis valuable*'  Decision*."  Mr.  Urquhart's 
attainment*  weie  by  no  means  confined  to  the 
knowledge  of  Lis  pr,fesM<»n  :  they  extended 
over  a  large  Held,  both  of  historical  and  of  literary 
study,  and  whatever  ho  studied  he  minutely 
and  thoroughly  mastered.  lie  was  an  excellent 
clas-ical  scholar,  was  well  acquiinted  with  the 
best  writers  of  his  own  country,  and  had  a  rare 
and  remarkable  familiarity  with  the  historians 


and  early  literature  of  Italy.— Edinburgh  Oovh 
rant. 

Nov.  25.  At  Arundel  Castle,  aged  45,  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  E.M.    Skk  Obituary. 

At  Stanton  Lacy-house,  Ludlow,  aged  87, 
Alicia,  Dowager  Lady  Trimlestown. 

At  Shillington  Manor-house,  Bedfordshire, 
aged  75,  Maria  Lucy,  widow  of  Thomas  Oakes, 
esq.,  formerly  Senior  Member  of  Council  in  the 
Presidency  of  Madras. 

Suddenly,  at  his  residence,  Blackheath,  "Win. 
Anthony  Purncll,  esq.,  late  Physiciau-Gencrul  of 
the  Bombay  Army 

Nor.  26.  At  Paris,  the  Princess  Albert  de 
Broglie,  daughter-in-law  of  the  Dukcde  Bn-glic. 

At  Eastbourne,  Sussex,  aged  72,  Elizabeth 
Freeman,  of  Ham-common,  widow  of  Edward 
Freeman,  of  Wigmore-st.,  Cavcndish-sq. 

At  Walthamstow,  aged  C9,  Eliza,  widow  of  the 
Rev.  Algernon  Wells. 

At  Aller-lodge,  Weston-super-Mare,  sged  28, 
Jane  Christian,  only  remaining  dau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  William  Young,  B.D.,  Rector  of  Aller,  So- 
merset, and  formerly  Tutor  of  Emmanuel  Coll., 
Cambridge. 

In  Eccleston-st.,  Belgravia,  aged  62,  Sophia, 
relict  of  Thomas  Stevons,  esq.,  of  Cross,  North 
Devon,  formerly  Recorder  of  Exeter,  and  younger 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Joshua  Lc  MarcUant,  of 
Sidmoulh,  Devon. 

Nor.  27.  At  St.  Leonord's-on-Sca,  aged  84, 
Lieut.-Col.  William  Temple  French,  of  Ballyhin- 
don,  co.  Cork. 

At  Field-hull,  Staffordshire,  John  Eccles,  esq., 
M  D.,  for  many  years  Physician  to  the  General 
Hospital  and  Professor  at  Queen's  College,  Bir- 
mingham. 

At  Caerynwch,  Merionethshire,  aged  73,  Ilichd. 
Richards,  esq.  Mr.  Richards  sat  as  M.P.  for 
Merioneth  in  the  Conservative  interest  from  1806 
till  the  dissolution  of  1852.  The  deceased  gen- 
t'emun  wus  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Richard 
Ricburds,  Chief  Bar  on  of  the  Exchequer,  by  Ka- 
therinc,  daughter  of  R.  V.  Humphreys,  esq.,  of 
Caerjnwch,  and  was  born  in  1787.  Having  been 
educated  at  Westminster,  and  having  graduated 
in  due  course  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  he  was 
called  to  the  bar  at  the  luner  Temple  in  1812  ;  in 
1820  he  was  appointed  Accountant-Geueral  of  the 
Court  of  Exchequer,  and  one  of  the  Masters  in 
Chancery  in  1841.  He  was  a  Deputy-Lieut,  for 
Merionethshire.  He  married,  in  1814,  Harnett, 
dau.  of  Jonathan  Dennett,  esq.,  by  whom  he  has 
left  a  family. 

Nov.  28.  At  his  residence,  at  Bonn,  aged  CO, 
Baron  de  Bunsen,  late  Prussian  Minister  at  the 
Court  of  St.  James.    Sec  Dun  vary. 

At  Florence,  Anne,  Lady  Herbert,  widow  of 
Sir  Chas.  L.  Herbert,  formerly  of  Lower  Berke- 
ley -st.,  M.uichcster-sq. 

At  his  residenee  in  Paris,  aged  08,  M.  Cfoir  Mo- 
reau,  of  Marseilles,  Chevalier  de  la  Legion  d'Hon- 
neur,  and  formerly  French  Consul  in  London. 

At  Stratford-upon-Avon,  David  Rice,  esq., 
formerly  mayor  of  that  town,  where  he  had  prac- 
tised as  a  surgeon  for  upwards  of  40  years.  He 
was  esteemed  a*  a  valuable  and  active  public  man, 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


113 


taking  a  prominent  part  in  all  local  matters,  and 
from  the  information  which  he  possessed  and 
brought  to  bear*  on  all  questions  affecting  the 
progress  or  benefit  of  the  town,  he  was  looked 
up  to  with  respect.  He  wns  elected  only  four 
years  since  to  again  fill  the  civic  chuir,  and 
on  the  expiration  of  his  year  of  office  he  was 
requested  to  continue  to  discharge  the  duties  at- 
tached to  the  post.  It  was  during  this  period 
that  the  Stratford  railway  was  brought  before  the 
public  in  a  tangible  shape.  lie  took  up  the  pro- 
ject and  advocated  it  with  great  zeal  and  no  little 
success.  He  never  ceased  to  support  it  to  the 
time  he  left  active  pursuits,  and  he  was  permitted 
to  live  to  see  the  day  when  his  best  and  etirnest 
-wishes  were  gratified,  by  the  opening  of  a  nil- 
way  communication  between  the  town  and  Bir- 
mingham. In  recognition  of  the  exertions  ho 
bad  made  to  carry  out  this  railway,  he  received 
from  his  friends  and  fellow-townsmen  a  hand- 
some testimonial  in  the  shape  of  a  purse  contain- 
ing 216  sovereigns. 

Nor.  29.  At  Kelstone,  Southampton,  aged  72, 
Frances  Augusta,  widow  of  the  Right  Roy.  John 
Banks  Jenkinson,  late  Bishop  of  St.  David's. 

At  hU  chambers,  Gray's  Inn,  aged  00,  John 
Pinniger,  esq. 

yov.  80.  Harriet  Louisa,  youngest  dau.  of 
Gen.  Sir  George  Pollock,  G.C.B. 

At  Aberdeen,  aged  32,  Eliza,  eldest  surviving 
dau.  of  the  late  lion.  Alexander  Murchison,  of 
Springfield,  Jamaica,  and  Elgin,  N.N. 

Lately.  Mr.  Alexander  Rose,  of  Edinburgh. 
The  decease  1  was  a  man  of  sterling  merit,  though 
less  known  than  he  deserved  to  be.  At  the  recent 
annual  meeting  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Society  of 
Arts,  held  at  Edinburgh,  Mr.  Thomas  Steven- 
son, the  retiring  President,  in  the  course  of  a 
lengthened  address,  in  mentioning  the  losses  the 
Society  had  sustained  by  death  during  the  year, 
referred  to  him  in  the  following  terms:— " Mr. 
Bone  was  a  vice-president  of  the  Society  in  1830. 
He  was  a  man  of  sterling  worth,  of  great  modesty 
of  character,  and  of  excellent  abilities.  Born  at 
Dingwall  in  1780,  at  an  early  age  he  ca:ne  to 
Edinburgh,  and  was  apprenticed  as  a  turner. 
In  this  capacity  he  displajed  great  taste  and 
talent,  and  soon  attracted  the  notice  of  the  late 
Sir  John  Leslie.  For  many  years  Mr.  Rose  was 
employed  in  manufacturing  many  of  the  instru- 
ments which  his  patron  had  invented.  About 
tttrtj-six  years  ago  he  went  to  Iceland  on  a 
nuneralogical  tour,  in  company  with  the  late 
Dr.  John  Brown— a  well-known  mineralogist. 
During  that  visit  he  collected  a  fine  scries  of  the 
sooUtic  minerals  for  which  Iceland  is  so  famous, 
and  obtained  a  large  supply  of  the  double-re- 
leeting  spar  now  so  much  in  demand  for  Nicol's 
polarising  prisms.  Mr.  Rose  was  much  employed 
in  making  mineral  surveys,  and  was  fortunate 
enough  to  discover  a  valuable  lode  of  lead  at 
Dalineilington,  in  Ayrshire,  on  the  property  of 
Colonel  Macadam  Cathcurt,  and  also  a  valuable 
nunc  of  antimony  on  the  property  of  the  Marquis 
of  Bute.  For  many  years  Mr.  Rose  was  a  most 
lecturer  and  teacher  of  mineralogy 
geology.    Among  bis  pupils  may  be  men- 


tioned Charles  Maclaren,  Hugh  Miller,  Mr.  Old- 
ham, the  Indian  geologist,  Professor  Ramsay, 
of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  the  late  Dr.  George 
Wilson." 

l)fc.  1.  At  Ick worth,  aged  16  months,  Frederica 
Mury  Lucy,  youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Lord  and 
Lady  Arthur  Hervey. 

At  Rossmore-park,  co.  Monaghan,  aged  68, 
Henry  Robert,  third  Lord  Rossmore.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  1842,  married  first  the 
Lady  Ann  Douglas  Hamilton  (who  died  in 
1844),  and  secondly,  Julia,  dau.  of  Henry  Lloyd, 
esq.,  of  Farinroea,  co.  Tipperary,  by  whom  he 
leaves  a  young  family.  He  is  succeeded  by  his 
edest  son,  the  Hon.  nenry  Cairnes  Westcnra, 
aged  9  years.  His  lordship  had  been  an  invalid 
for  some  years,  and  had  borne  his  long  illness 
with  Christian  patience  and  resignation.  He  was 
apparently  better  than  usual  on  the  day  of  his 
death,  but  at  night  he  was  seized  with  a  fainting 
fit,  from  which  he  never  rallied.  His  loss  will 
be  deeply  felt  by  his  family  and  the  poor  of  his 
neighbourhood,  to  whom  he  was  always  kind  and 
a  constant  employer. 

At  his  re»idence,  Merriun-sq.,  Dublin,  Sir  Henry 
Marsh,  bart.,  an  eminent  physician.  Sir  Henry 
roe  apparently  in  his  usual  health,  and  when 
about  to  leave  the  house,  his  carriage  being 
in  waiting  at  the  door,  he  was  seized  with  an 
apopletic  fit,  and  expired  shortly  after. 

Dec.  2.  At  Prestwood,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  n.  W. 
Foley. 

At  Edinburgh,  aged  58,  the  Rev.  Dr.  James 
Robertson,  Professor  of  Church  History  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  The  deceased  was  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  minister*  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  and  he  was  well  known  for  the 
great  effort  which  about  10  years  ago  he  insti- 
tuted for  the  endowment  of  100  new  parish 
churches,  a  work  which  he  prosecuted  with 
wonderful  energy  and  ability,  and  which  he  lived 
to  sf  e  within  a  comparatively  short  distance  of 
completion.  In  1856,  in  recognition  of  his  great 
services  to  the  Church  of  Scotland,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  for 
that  year.  As  a  debater  he  had  few  equals  in  the 
General  Assembly,  and  in  the  ten  years  previous 
to  the  disruption,  while  minister  of  Ellon,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  he  was  acknowledged  to  be  one 
of  the  ablest  champions  of  the  "  Moderate"  party. 
In  1843,  when  the  non-intru*>ion  party  seceded, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Church  History 
(then  vacated  by  Dr.  Welsh),  which  he  has  since 
that  time  filled  with  great  credit.  With  a  strong 
tincture  of  enthusiasm  in  his  disposition,  he  was 
a  man  of  moderate  and  practical  views  and  of 
sound  sense.  By  his  excellent  management  of 
the  endowment  scheme  he  gainid  for  it  the  sup- 
port of  nearly  every  Episcopalian  as  well  as  Pres- 
byterian proprietor  in  Scotland. 

l)tt\  3.  At  N'ow  Shorehain,  aged  90,  Harriett, 
eldest  dau.  and  last  surviving  child  of  the  late 
Colwill  Bridger,  esq.,  of  Buckingham-house,  Old 
Shorcham,  Sussex. 

At  Cuuldon-pl.,  in  the  Staffordshire  Potteries, 
aged  75,  John  Ridgway,  esq.,  Magistrate  and 
Deputy-Lieut,  of  the  county  of  Stafford. 


114 


Obituary. 


[Jan. 


Aged  84,  Mr.  Joseph  Beckwith,  for  nearly  60 
yean  an  inhabitant  of  Clerkenwell,  and  one  of 
the  earliest  members  of  the  Corresponding  So- 
ciety, contemporary  with  Hardy,  Thelwall,  &e. 

Dec.  4.  At  his  residence,  Bolton-row,  Picca- 
dilly, aped  66,  James  Tbos.  Cookney,  esq.,  R.N. 

Dec.  5.  In  Charlotte-sq.,  Edinburgh,  aged  58, 
William,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Jas.  Gambler. 

At  his  residence,  Mayfield-pi.,  Dalston,  aged  70, 
Mr.  William  Riddle,  for  upwards  of  thirty  years 
Registrar  to  H.M.*s  Board  of  Inland  Revenue. 

Dec.  6.  At  Ochtertyre,  the  Right  Hon.  Lady 
Adelaide  Augusta  L.,  wife  of  Sir  William  Keith 
Murray,  hart.,  of  Ochtertyre.  The  proximate 
cause  of  her  decease  was  a  very  painful  organic 
affection,  occasioning  excessive  debility ;  and 
which  was  likewise  the  malady  of  which  the 
Marchioness  of  Bute,  Lady  Adelaide's  sister,  died 
ao  recently.  Both  these  accomplished  ladies  were 
daughters  of  the  first  Marquis  of  Bute.  Lady 
Adelaide  was  the  second  wife  of  Sir  William 
Keith  Murray,  bart.,  of  Ochtertyre.  By  her  kind- 
ness of  heart  and  domestic  virtues  she  had  en- 
deared herself  not  only  to  her  own  circle,  but  to 
the  whole  of  Strathcarn.  where  the  memory  of 
her  frequent  acts  of  benevolence  will  long  survive. 

Suddenly,  at  his  residence  at  Bath,  Major  Wm. 
Cumberland,  Bengal  Army,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Rcar-Adm.  Cumberland. 

Dec.  7.  At  East-house,  Ems  worth,  Hants, 
aged  83,  Sarah,  relict  of  Major  Thomas  Sherman, 
of  the  Royal  Marines. 

At  the  residence  of  his  brother,  Camden^q., 
aged  50,  Col.  Douglas  Scaton,  H.M.'s  1st  Bengal 
Fusiliers. 

Aged  64,  T.  T.  Mc Christie,  esq.,  of  Great 
Janies-st.,  Bedford-row.  He  was  for  fourteen 
years  Revising  Barrister  for  the  city  of  London  ; 
he  had  fulfilled  two  missions  to  the  East  Indies 
with  honour  and  success,  and  has  closed  a  long 
and  useful  life  much  regretted. 

Robert  Philip  Bourdillon,  formerly  Capt.  in 
the 43rd  Regt.  M.N. I.,  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  Thomas  Bourdillon,  Vicar  of  Fenstanton, 
Hunts. 

Dec.  8.  In  Charlotte-aq.,  Edinburgh,  Euphemla, 
relict  of  Major  Archibald  Menzieu,  of  the  42nd 
Royal  Highlanders. 

Dec.  9.  Aged  82,  John  George  Fuller,  esq.,  of 
Brixton,  the  proprietor,  for  more  than  half  a 
century,  of  Boodle's  Club,  St.  Jamea's-st. 

In  Montpellier-tcrrace,  Cheltenham,  Judith, 
widow  of  Col.  Hans  Allen,  Royal  Artillery,  and 
dau.  of  the  late  Benjamin  Bunbury,  esq.,  of  the 
17th  Light  Dragoons,  and  of  Mount  William,  co. 
Tipperary. 

Dec  10.  At  Ganton,  Yorkshire,  aged  57,  Sir 
Thomas  Digby  Legnrd,  bart.  The  family  is  of 
Norman  extraction,  and  became  possessed  of  an 
estate  at  Anlaby,  about  the  year  1000  ;  it  is  pro- 
bable that  a  branch  of  the  family  first  settled  at 
Ganton  about  the  year  1550.  Sir  John,  the  first 
baronet,  represented  Scarborough  in  Parliament 
in  the  year  1060.  The  deceased  bar.  net  married,  in 
1882,  the  Hon.  Frances  Dunconibe,  dau.  of  Chas. 
Lord  Ferersham.  Sir  Thomas  always  manifested 
a  disposition  averse  to  the  turmoil  of  public 


affairs,  preferring  the  habits  of  a  country  life. 
He  was  a  deputy  lieutenant  of  Yorkshire,  and 
a  magistrate  of  the  North  and  East  Ridings.  He 
is  succeeded  in  the  title  and  estates  by  his  son 
Francis  Digby,  who  was  born  in  London  in  May, 
1833. 

At  Thonock,  near  Gainsborough,  aged  66,  Mr. 
Samuel  Hanson,  of  Kirton-in-Lindscy. 

Dec.  11.  At  Clifton,  aged  83,  Elizabeth,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  Williams,  of  Heytes- 
bury,  Wilts. 

At  Park-cres.,  Brighton,  aged  74,  John  Bent- 
ley,  esq.,  late  Secretary  to  the  Bank  of  England. 

Dec.  12.  In  Hindu-st.,  Manchester-sq.,  aged 
93,  Eliza,  widow  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  John 
Blackwood. 

In  Vane-st.,  Bath,  aged  68,  Major-Gen.  W. 
Freke  Williams  K.H. 

Dec.  13.  At  Hcnlow  Vicarage,  Beds,  aged  14, 
Elizabeth  Rachel,  youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  H.  S. 
Yates. 

At  Bedfont,  aged  74,  Elizabeth  Mostyn,  reliot 
of  Wm.  Shum,  esq.,  Capt.  3rd  Drugo:>n  Guards. 

Dec.  14.  At  Argyll-house,  aged  70,  the  Right 
lion,  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  K.G.  and  K.T. 

Dec.  15.  Aged  81,  Catharine,  widow  of  William 
Hutton,  esq.,  of  Beethara-house,  Westmoreland. 

At  Craven-hill,  Hyde-park,  aged  52,  Ellen, 
only  duu.  of  the  late  Joseph  Allen,  D.D.t  Loid 
Bishop  of  Ely. 

At  Paignton,  Devon,  aged  46,  Colonel  T.  W.  E. 
Holds*  orth,  late  of  the  2nd  or  Queen's  Royals, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  A.  H.  Huldsworth,  Go- 
vernor of  Dartmouth  Castle. 

Dec.  16.  In  Gilt-pur-*t,  E.C.,  aged  89,  Bracy 
Clark,  F.L.S.,  Membre  dc  1*  Academic  des  Sciences 
a  Paris,  &c. 

At  St.  Lawrence,  IsleofThanet,  Maria,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Boyle  Thomson,  for- 
merly Reotor  of  Luddesdown,  Kent. 

At  Pau,  aged  46,  Susan  Uarivel,  dan.  of  the 
late  Rev.  Francis  Perrot,  and  wife  of  Joshua  Le 
Bailly,  esq.,  Lcs  Vaux,  Jersey. 

Aged  68,  Joseph  Warner  Bromley,  esq.,  of  Gray's- 
inn,  and  Bansflcld-hall,  Suffolk,  one  of  Her  Ma- 
jesty's Justices  of  the  Peace  for  the  said  county. 

Dec.  17.  In  Holles-st.,  Cavendish-sq.,  Lieut- 
Gen.  John  Henry,  of  the  Madras  Army. 

At  Rugby,  aged  16,  George  Augustus  Jodn  11, 
fifth  son  of  the  late  Col.  Hallctt,  C.B.,  of  the 
Bombay  Army. 

Dec.  18.  At  Stockholm,  aged  79,  Desirle, 
Queen-dowager  of  Sweden. 

Suddenly,  at  West  Ham,  aged  78,  Mr.  William 
Webb  Wall,  formerly  chemist,  and  for  forty  years 
a  much  respected  inhabitant  of  Tottenham,  Mid- 
dlesex. 

At  her  residence,  Dingle-hill,  Toxteth-park, 
Liverpool,  aged  70,  Isabella,  dau.  of  the  late 
Matthew  Gn-gson,  esq.,  of  Liverpool. 

At  bis  residence,  Loughton,  Essex,  (and  of 
Cavendish-sq.,)  Sir  George  Carroll,  alter  a  severe 
illness  of  many  months'  duration. 

Dee.  19.  At  Dalhousie  Castle,  the  Most  Noble 
the  Marquis  of  Dalhousie,  K.T. 

At  his  residence,  Westbrookc,  Bolton,  aged  56, 
Matthew  Dawes,  esq.,  F.8.A. 


1861.] 


115 


TABLE  OP  MORTALITY  AND  BIRTHS  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OF  LONDON. 

(From  the  Returns  issued  by  the  Registrar- General.) 
DEATHS  REGISTERED. 


1. 
gUPBRIVTKTOEXT 
BSOISTBARS' 

Area 

in 

Statute 

Acres 

Popula- 
tion 
in 
1851. 

Deaths 

i 

in  Districts,  &c.t  in  the  Week 
ending  Saturday, 

DISTRICTS. 

Nov. 

24, 

;  1860. 

Dec. 

1. 

1860. 

Dec.      Dec. 

8,    !    15, 

1860.    1860. 

Mean  Temperatui 

*o        •        •        • 

j  397 

i 

416 
1275 

460 

40-0 

78029 

2362236 

'  1257 

I 

1240     1208 

1-6.  West  Districts    . 

7-11.  North  Districts  . 

12-19.  Central  Districts 

20-25.  East  Districts     . 

26-36.  South  Districts  . 

10786 

13533 

1938 

6230 

45542 

376427 
490396 
393256 
485522 
616635 

218 

261 

178 

1     247 

■     350 

■'1 

232 
234 
190 
287 
332 

211 
251 
205 
236 
337 

173 
262 
161 
288 
324 

Deaths  Registered 

• 

Births  Registered. 

Week  ending 
Saturday, 

u  C  $ 

*8* 

20  and 
under  40. 

40  and 
under  60. 

60  and 
under  80. 

*4 
i  £ 

47 

3 

8 

i 

Cfl 

S 

1 

Nov.     24    . 

621 

163 

198 

228 

1257 

■    926 

887 

1813 

Dec.        1    . 

666 

176 

184 

220 

46 

1275 

|    870 

826 

1696 

M            8 

638 

158 

176 

205 

50 

1240 

.     923 

891 

1814 

n         15      . 

651 

128 

168 

217 

42 

1208 

1052 

918 

1970 

PRICE  OF  CORN. 


Average  ^    Wheat, 
of  Six     >    *.    d. 
Weeks.  J    56    9 

Week  ending  \  /»*    /> 
Dec  17.     / 


Barley. 
*.    d. 
40    6 


Oats. 
*.  d. 
23     2 


Rye. 

s.     d. 
35     9 


Beans. 
*.    d. 
49    6 


Peas. 
s.  d. 
45     5 


|    42    0     |    25    0      |    37    0      |    44    0      |     47    0 


PRICE  OF  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELD,  Dec.  17. 
Hay,  91.  15*.  to  hi.  5*.  —  Straw,  1Z.  12*.  to  11. 16*.  —  Clover,  41.  Os.  to  5/.  10*. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 
To  sink  the  Oflal— per  stone  of  811*. 


Beef 4*.    0<*.  to  5*. 

Od.  to  5*. 


4rf. 

Mutton 4*.   Orf.  to5*.    Sd'. 

Veal 3*.    4d.  to  4*.  \0d. 

Pork 4*.    Orf.  to5*.    Od. 

Lamb 0*. 


Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  Dec.  17. 

Beasts 7,860 

Sheep  and  Lambs  19,560 

Calves 210 

Pigs 615 


Od.  toO*.    Od. 

COAL-MARKET,  Dec.  17. 
Best  WaUsend,  per  ton*  18*.  64.  to  21*.  Od.    Other  sorts,  15*.  W.  to  18*.  6J. 


DAILY  L'KICK  OF  STOCKS. 


931  J 

93i  i 

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93*  j 

931  J 

m  i 


oii   i 

Ul]  I 
Ml     1 

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H1J  2 

IH J  2; 

U21      i 
HI     1 


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Itti   I 

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U2l  .1 


231      3 
231    2 


92      J  ;  U2J     J 


y^i    1  I  U2j    |  m 


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9^1     1 

923      i  I  234 

921  3  233     4) 

92J  3  23a 

921   31  J233     4t 


5.    3  die. 
5.    1  din. 


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lH3i  1 

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ALFBED  WHITMORE, 

Stock  and  Share  Broker, 

19,  Chunge  Alley,  London,  I 


NTON 


No. 


\ 


mw.m»  c<M  eil£  PAvemenss. 


BeRtnjU/L  woiyfs.BUpseM.Y,  s^ws. 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

FEBRUARY,  1861. 


CONTENTS. 

PAG* 

MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. -The  Parsonage  at  Horton.— Autobiography  of  Sylvanus 

Urban— Coin  of  Arcadius 118 

Medieval  Tiles  and  Pavements   119 

The  History  of  Blyth   128 

Crannoges;  or,  Ancient  Lake-Dwellings  of  Ireland 132 

Kent  Archaeological  Society — Publication  of  Records 140 

The  Westminster  Play 146 

Recovery  of  the  Columns  of  Reculver  Church 148 

Grant  of  Arms  to  the  Town  of  Iladleigh 150 

Progress  of  Architecture  in  1660    154 

ANTIQUARIAN  AND  LITERARY  INTELLIGENCER.  —  Society  of  Antiquaries,  163; 
Numismatic  Society,  165 ;  London,  Middlesex,  and  Surrey  Arch  ecological  Societies, 
167  ;  Cambridge  Architectural  Society,  169 ;  Kilkenny  and  South- East  of  Ireland 
Archa-ological  Society,  171 ;  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  173;  Worcestershire 
Architectural  Society,  175;  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society 177 

CORRESPONDENCE  OP  8YLVANU8  URBAN.— The  Architect  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  180; 
St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln,  &c,  182;  Mr.  Fergusson  on  Waltham  Abbey,  184;  Thomas 
Beckct  or  Thomas  of  London  ?  188 ;  Poem  on  the  Death  of  Anne  Boleyn,  189 ;  The 
Liverpool  Free  Public  Library  , 190 

THE  NOTE-BOOK  OF  SYLVANUS  URBAN 191 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS.  —  Bosanquct's  Fall  of  Man,  193; 
Gosse's  Romance  of  Natural  History,  194;  Bonn's  Pictorial  Handbook  of  Modern 
Geography,  195 ;  Pope's  Corsair  on«l  his  Conqmror— Atkinfon's  Playhours  and  Half- 
Holidays— Adams'  Neptune's  Heroes,  196  ;  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual— The 
Reliquary,  No.  III.— The  Life  Boat 197 

APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS   198 

BIRTHS   19g 

MARRIAGES 200 

OBITUARY.— H.M.  the  King  of  Pruss  a,  203 ;  The  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  K.G.,  K.T.,  &c,  205 ; 
The  MarquiB  of  Dalhousie,  K.T.,  207  ;  Vice-Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.C.B.,  209; 
The  Kct.  Henry  Soames,  M.A.,^16;  Henry  Butterworth,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  217  ;  Mr.  John 
William  Parker,  Jun 221 

CLERGY  DECEASED    224 

DEATHS  ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER    225 

Registrar-General's  Return  of  Mortality  and  Births  in  the  Metropolis— Markets,  235; 

Meteorological  Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks   236 


By  SYLVANUS  URBAN,  Gewt. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


THE  PARSONAGE  AT  HORTON. 

Mb.  Urban, — I  read  with  some  interest 
a  description  of  the  old  parsonage  at  Hor- 
ton,  Gloucester  %  having  visited  the  build- 
ing mvself  on  two  occasions  lately.  There 
is  one  rather  singular  circumstance  con- 
nected with  this  house  which  appears  to 
have  escaped  Mr.  Parker's  notice ;  and  as 
the  information  was  given  to  me  on  the 
spot  by  a  very  good  authority,  I  have 
every  reason  to  believe  in  its  correctness. 

My  informant  stated  that  in  one  part 
of  the  building,  now  bricked  up,  which  is 
there  called  the  "priest's  room,"  is  a  large 
collection  of  Latin  books,  long  since  dis- 
carded as  lumber,  and  now  in  a  sad  state 
of  decay.  Of  course  I  could  learn  nothing 
definite  as  to  the  dates  or  subject-matter 
of  this  singular  library,  but  probably  some 
of  your  autiquarian  readers,  having  time 
and  opportunity,  may  think  it  worth  while 
to  inquire  into  the  truth  of  this  state- 
ment. 

I  may  add  that  this  house  was  in  the 
occupation  of  a  Catholic  family  at  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century;  and 
that  the  fittings  in  the  chapel,  now  used 
as  a  schoolroom,  are,  in  my  opinion,  of  that 
period,  or  a  little  earlier. — I  am,  &c. 

Dunstable,  Jan.  3.  G.  M. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OP  SYLVANUS 
URBAN. 

Mb.  Urban, — It  is  stated  on  the  cover 
of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  that  Cave 
was  the  founder  of  it,  but  is  he  really  en- 
titled to  be  so  designated  ? 

I  am  informed  by  a  gentleman  to  whom 
I  applied  for  information  upon  the  subject 
that  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  was 
commenced  in  January,  1731,  and  was 
called  "The  Gentleman's  Magazine;  or, 
Trader's  Monthly  Intelligencer." 

"London :  Printed  for  the  Author,  and 
■old  by  A.  Dodd,  without  Temple  Bar, 
and  A.  Smith,  at  the  Royal  Exchange, 
MDCCXZXi.    Price  Sixpence." 

Thus  it  appears  until  the  number  for 
June,  1731,  when  it  is 

"  London :  Printed  for  the  Author,  and 
■old  by  the  Booksellers  of  London  and 
Westminster,  mdocxxxi.  Price  Sixpence." 

•  Gxmt.  Mao.,  Oct.  I860,  p.  MS. 


And  with  the  July  number  there  is 

another  change : — 

"London:  Printed  for  R.  Newton,  at 
St.  John's  Gate,  and  sold  by  the  Book- 
sellers, mdccxxxi.     Price  Sixpence." 

With  the  September  number  appears 

the  cut  of  St.  John's  Gate,  and  the  style 

is  changed: — 

"  The  Gentleman's  Magazine;  or. 
Monthly  Intelligencer. 

"  Ixmdon :  Printed  for  R.  Newton,  at 
St  John's  Gate,  1731." 

Now  from  the  above  I  cannot  infer 
that  Cave  had  anything  whatever  to  do 
with  the  early  numbers  of  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  to  the  time  of,  and 
after,  the  removal  of  the  publication  to 
St.  John's  Gate,  although  you  doubtless 
possess  ample  evidence  to  substantiate  the 
statement  that  he  was  the  founder ;  you 
will  therefore  greatly  oblige  me  by  com- 
municating a  statement  of  such  evidence, 
which  I  dare  say  will  prove  interesting 
to  others  of  your  readers  as  well  as  to 
myself. 

Perhaps  an  historical  account  of  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine  would  prove  an 
interesting  and  acceptable  paper  to  very 
many  of  your  readers,  who  like  myself  are 
not,  I  presume,  well  versed  in  the  early 
career  of  your  aged  peri  dical.— I  am,  Ac. 

J.  GODEfBOY. 

Church  End  Eonse, 
Little  Hadkam,  HerU., 
Jan.  11, 1861. 

[Our  correspondent  has  been  misled  by 
some  of  the  many  piracies  or  imitations  of 
Cave's  successful  pamphlet  that  attempted 
to  intercept  the  fruits  of  his  labours.  They 
are  noticed  in  The  Autobiography  of 
Sylyanus  Urban,  given  in  our  Magazine 
for  1856,  but  with  which  Mr.  Godefroy 
appears  to  be  unacquainted.] 

COIN  OP  ARCADIUS. 

Mb.  Urban,— Will  yon  oblige  by 
stating  in  your  next  the  probable  legend 
of  a  copper  coin  of  Arcadius  of  Constan- 
tinople, and  the  comparative  rarity  and 
value  of  such  a  coin  ? — I  am,  Ac., 

Jan.  15, 1861.  A  Readeb. 

[The  information  required  may  be  found 
in  many  common  numismatic  works.  Pro- 
bably "  Humphrey's  Coin  Collector's  Ma- 
nual," (2  vols.,  small  8va,  Bonn,)  would 
answer  the  purpose.] 


THE 


ffitntUmm's  JJftapzrn* 


AND 

HISTORICAL   REVIEW. 


MEDIEVAL  TILES  AND  PAVEMENTS  *. 

Among  all  the  revivals  of  medieval  art  which  have  taken  place  of  late 
yean,  perhaps  none  is  more  striking  than  that  of  paving  tiles,  with  or 
without  encaustic  patterns ;  and  this  is  the  more  striking,  inasmuch  as  no 
branch  of  art  had  been  more  entirely  neglected.  We  now  have  the  most 
eminent  architects  of  the  day  giving  patterns  to  the  manufacturers  for 
paving  tiles,  and  two  eminent  French  antiquaries  have  undertaken  to  write 
their  history.  The  work  of  M.  Daniel  Ramee  was  begun  on  too  magnificent 
a  scale,  and  we  fear  has  been  stopped ;  that  of  M.  Emile  Ame*  is  on  a  more 
moderate  plan  and  is  completed,  and  although  one  half  of  the  volume  is 
occupied  by  the  pavements  found  in  one  Department  only,  that  is  a  very  im- 
portant one — the  Yonne,  a  part  of  the  ancient  duchy  of  Burgundy ;  and 
the  first  half  of  the  volume,  or  the  Introduction,  takes  a  comprehensive 
view  of  the  whole  subject.  The  coloured  lithographic  plates  are  beauti- 
fully executed,  and  the  woodcuts,  of  which  we  are  enabled  by  the  kindness 
of  the  publisher  to  give  some  specimens,  are  all  that  could  be  desired. 

The  earliest  ornamental  pavements  were  undoubtedly  mosaics,  which 
were  in  use  from  a  very  early  period  in  the  East,  were  continued  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  and  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  gone  out  of  use  before 
the  twelfth  century ;  indeed,  in  Rome  and  some  other  parts  of  Italy  they  can 
hardly  be  said  to  have  been  ever  discontinued,  and  the  mosaicists  of  Rome 
at  the  present  day  are  as  skilful  as  they  ever  were.  The  Roman  mosaics, 
or  tesselated  pavements,  executed  in  England  in  the  thirteenth  century 
appear  to  have  been  the  work  of  a  band  of  Roman  mosaicists  brought  over 


•  « 


Les  Carrolages  Emaille*ea  du  Moyen  Age  et  de  la  Renaissance  precedes  de 
FHistoire  des  Anciens  Parages:  Mosaiques  Labyrintbes,  dalles  Incrustees.  Par 
M.  Emile  Aroe\  Architecte,  Ac.,  Ac"  4to.,  210  pp.  and  90  Coloured  Plates.  (Paris : 
Morel,  1859,  price  3/.) 

"  Specimens  of  Geometrical  Mosaic  and  Encaustic  Tile  Pavements  manufactured  by 
Maw  and  Co.,  of  Benthall,  near  Broseley,  Shropshire;  from  Patterns  Designed  and 
Arranged  by  Messrs.  George  Goldie,  M.  Digby  Wyatt,  and  H.  B.  Garling,  Members  of 
the  Institute  of  British  Architects."    4to.,  14  Coloured  Plates.    (London.  1859.) 
Gjdtt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  Q 


ISO  Medieval  Ttia  and  Pavements.  [Feb. 

by  Henry  III.  to  ornament  the  shrine  of  the  Confessor  at  Westminster, 
and  afterwards  employed  at  Bipon  and  Fountain's  Abbey. 

But  as  mosaics  were  applied  to  walls  quite  as  much  as  to  pavements, 
and  can  hardly  be  called  medieval,  they  may  be  considered  as  a  distinct 
subject,  which  we  pass  over  for  the  present. 

The  next  class  of  pavements,  according  to  M,  Ami,  are  the  labyrinths, 
formerly  very  common  in  the  French  churches,  but  which  do  not  appear  to 
have  been  used  in  England,  or  very  rarely.  They  were  formed  of  various 
materials,  sometimes  of  mosaics,  of  which  there  is  said  to  be  an  example  at 
Orteans-ville  (?),  in  Algeria,  as  early  as  s.n.  328 ;  this  is  small  and  sym- 
bolical only.  Others  were  made  of  stones  of  different  colours,  as  white 
and  blue,  as  the  celebrated  one  in  the  cathedral  of  Chartree ;  this  is  about 


Libyrinth  in  tie  Cithodral  of  Chartroo.  c  1300. 

forty  feet  across,  and  was  actually  used  by  the  penitents  following  the  pro- 
cession of  Calvary,  just  as  in  the  procession  path  Ckomin  da  la  Oroix 
with  its  stations,  at  the  present  day ;  and  in  like  manner  special  prayers 
were  provided,  and  indulgences  granted  for  a  due  performance  of  this  pil- 
grimage, as  it  was  called ;  the  white  stones  were  inscribed  with  verses  from 


1861.]  Medieval  'Me*  and  Pavement*.  121 

the  Psalm  Miserere.  At  St.  Quentin  the  labyrinth  is  formed  in  the 
tame  manner,  bnt  it  is  octagonal;  at  Amiens  it  was  also  octagonal,  and 
had  a  brass  plate  in  the  centre,  and  figures  of  Bishop  Evrard  and  of  the  three 
architects  who  had  directed  the  works  of  the  cathedral,  with  an  inscription 
giving  the  date  of  1288.  At  Sens  it  was  circular  and  incised,  the  incised 
lines  being  filled  with  lead ;  it  was  thirty  feet  across,  and  it  took  the  faithful 
an  hour  to  follow  the  circuit.  At  Rheims  it  was  polygonal,  formed  of 
bine  and  white  stone,  and  also  bad  figures  of  the  architects.  At  St.  Omer  it 
was  square,  the  only  one  known  of  that  form,  and  was  composed  of  square 
tiles  white  and  blue,  of  which  2,401  were  required.     That  of  Poitiers  was 


Labyrinth  in  the  Cathedral  of  Foitiera. 

of  a  kind  of  oval  form  ;  it  was  destroyed  in  the  last  century,  but  the  architect 
made  a  drawing  of  it  on  the  wall  in  incised  lines.  In  the  chapter-house 
of  Bayeux  is  one  formed  of  tiles,  red,  black,  and  encaustic,  with  patterns  of 
brown  and  yellow ;  the  lines  of  separation  are  formed  entirely  of  small 
black  tiles.  Small  labyrinths,  formed  each  on  a  single  tile,  were  also  used, 
as  in  the  Abbey  of  Toussainta,  at  Chalons- nur-Marne.  Small  labyrinths 
incised  on  slabs  of  marble  were  also  used  in  Italy,  both  in  pavements  and 
on  the  walls,  as  in  the  porch  of  the  cathedral  of  Lucca. 

The  next  class  of  pavement  which  M.  Arae  enumerates  is  that  of  the 
incised  slabs  for  tombs,  which  are  common  in  France,  but  rare  in  England 


122  Medieval  Tiles  and  Pavements.  [Feb, 

where  brasses  were  commonly  used  in  their  place.     With  these  he  classed 
also  the  pavements  of  white  marble  with  patterns  cat  out  and  filled  up  with 
coloured  mastic,  classing  them  all  as  "encrusted  pavements."     Theae  are 
frequently  met  with  in  Frnnce.  and  Italy,  and  Germany,  but  they  are  rare 
in  England ;  they  occur  at  Canter- 
bury in  the  pavement  round  Beclcet'a 
shrine ;  and  in  the  Trinity  Chapel 
and  the  Corona  there  are  several 
curious  varieties  of  pavements  of  the 
twelfth  century.     In  Rome  figure! 
of  a  knight  on  horseback,  with  his 
shield  and  his  surcoat  emblazoned, 
iu  this  manner,  are  not  uncommon. 
There  are  some  fine  examples  in 

Tav.me.it  in  Canterbury  Cathedral.         the  CDOrch  „f  gfc  Sabina.    In  FrUM* 

those  at  St.  Ouier  are  perhaps  the  finest.  The  signs  of  the  zodiac  or  of 
the  different  months  are  a  favourite  subject  in  this  kind  of  pavement. 

The  pavements  formed  of  encaustic  tiles  did  not  come  into  use  until  the 
end  of  the  twelfth  century,  and  although  there  appears  to  be  no  natural 
or  necessary  connection  between  this  kind  of  pavement  and  the  Gothic 
style,  yet  as  a  matter  of  fact  they  came  in  together  and  they  went  out 
together.  There  are  three  kinds  of ( encaustic  tiles.  The  first  and  most 
common  is  that  in  which  the  pattern  is  stamped  in  and  filled  up  level  with 
a  different  coloured  clay,  and  varnished  over  with  a  transparent  varnish. 
The  second  in  which  the  pattern  is  made  in  the  same  manner,  bat 
not  varnished :  sometimes  it  is  not  filled  up,  but  left  as  stamped 
with  the  pattern  in  low  relief  of  the  same  colour,  and  these  are  also 
Tarnished  with  a  transparent  varnish.  This  is  a  very  late  variety,  in 
use  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  especially  in  Devonshire,  down  to  the 
last  century,  and  hardly  belongs  to  the  class  of  medieval  tiles  at  all. 
The  third  is  made  like  china  or  articles  of  Faience,  with  an  opaque 
coloured  varnish  laid  on  as  paint,  entirely  concealing  the  colour  and  nature 
of  the  material.  This  variety  came  Into  use  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
gradually  superseded  the  old  sort  of  encaustic  tiles.  Tiles  of  this  descrip- 
tion are  common  in  Elizabethan  houses,  and  were  succeeded  by  the 
"  Dutch  tiles,"  which  continued  in  common  use  in  the  early  part  of  the 
present  century. 

Long  before  the  encaustic  tiles  of  the  Middle  Ages  came  into  use,  plain 
flat  bricks  or  tiles  after  the  Roman  fashion  had  been  made,  and  were 
probably  used  for  paving  as  well  as  other  purposes  at  all  periods. 

A  curious  example  of  a  tile  with  an  inscription  stamped  in  it  and  filled 
up  blank  with  a  green  varnish  over  it,  made  in  the  usual  manner  with 
lead,  was  found  at  Sens,  supposed  to  be  of  the  ninth  century.  But  any 
specimens  earlier  than  the  twelfth  century  are  rare.     It  is  remarkable  that 


1861.]  Medieval  Tiki  and  Pavement*.  128 

the  monk  Theopbilus  does  not  mention  this  art  among  those  for  which  he 
gives  directions  for  the  manufacture,  which  is  almost  a  proof  that  it  was 
not  in  genera]  use  in  his  day.  The  earliest  pavements  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury are  formed  of  plain  easy  patterns,  either  square  or  geometrical. 
Some  good  examples  of  tile  pavement  of  this  description  remain  in  the 
abbey  church  of  Pontigny,  near  Auxerre,  well  known  to  English  readers 


Tile  Pigment  in  the  Abbsy  ChuroD  of  Pontijny,  o.  1300, 


as  one  of  the  places  of  refuge  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  during  his 
-exile.  The  patterns  are  in  yellow,  red,  dark  green,  and  black  ;  others 
have  merely  the  patterns  traced  upon  them  in  incised  lines,  and  are  said 
with  great  probability  to  represent  the  patterns  of  the  stained  glass 
windows. 

In  the  thirteenth  century  it  was  not  uncommon  to  form  tombs  of  tiles, 
and  with  inscriptions  formed  in  the  same  material.  These  and  the  incised 
slabs  of  stone  or  marble  occupied  the  same  place  in  France  as  the  brasses 
did  in  England.  At  Jumieges  in  Normandy  there  was  a  series  of  the 
tombs  of  the  abbots  formed  of  tiles,  careful  drawings  of  which  have  been 
preserved  in  the  celebrated  collection  of  Oagnieres,  but  few  of  these  tombs 
escaped  the  violence  of  the  Revolution.  In  the  fourteenth  century  they 
continued  to  be  used  in  the  same  manner,  and  with  little  variation  of  pat- 


124  Medieval  TUet  and  Pavement*.  [Feb. 

tern,  excepting  that  heraldic  tiles  were  more  commonly  introduced  :  rose 
patterns  similar  to  rose  windows  are  frequent ;  large  patterns  requiring 
eight  tiles  to  form  one  pattern  are  common.  Of  single  tiles  a  great  variety 
of  patterns  were  used  :  a  fleur-de-lis ;  foliage  ;  a  bird  pecking  leaves  or 
the  arum  (?)  ;  the  spread-eagle ;  a  huntsman  blowing  a  horn  ;  the  "  Agnus 
Dei ;"  several  curious  animals,  and  various  other  patterns,  are  found  of 
this  period. 

In  the  fifteenth  century  the  patterns  of  tiles  shew  the  same  falling-off  aa 
the  architecture ;  the  spirit  and  vigour  of  the  drawing  of  the  thirteenth, 
which  had  been  somewhat  softened  in  the  fourteenth,  is  now  entirely  lost, 
and  the  drawing  has  become  tame  and  spiritless  in  comparison.  But 
heraldry,  inscriptions,  and  hunting  scenes  are  still  common,  distinguished 
from  the  earlier  examples  by  the  difference  in  the  style  of  drawing  and  the 
costumes.  The  general  arrangement  or  plan  of  the  pavement  as  a  whole  ia 
still  but  imperfectly  understood,  in  consequence  of  the  few  examples  re- 
maining perfect  in  this  country.  lu  France  they  are  more  numerous,  and 
the  character  of  each  century  may  there  be  made  out.  In  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury the  usual  arrangement  is  in  large  squares,  divided  by  wide  borders,  the 
tiles  within  each  square  placed  diamond-wise,  forming  a  sort  of  diaper- 
pattern,  as  at  St.  Quentin  and  St.  Denis,  and  the  style  of  pattern  we  have 
already  given  from  Pontigny. 

Sometimes  the  border  tiles  are  eo  arranged  aa  to  form  smaller  square  or 

.  lozenge  patterns,  and  the  single  tiles  within  these  squares  are  sometimes 

alternate,  like  a  chess-board ;  in  other  instances  in  stars  and  in  zigzags,  as  at 

St.  Denis.    In  the  church  of  St.  Pierre-sur- Dives  in  Calvados  is  a  fine  pave- 


J* 


Tila  Paving  in  the  Lsdy-caapal  of  St-Donis,  near  Parie.  Twelfth  Cantm^. 

ment  of  tiles  covering  the  whole  floor  of  the  chancel,  with  a  large  circle  in 
the  centre  in  nine  concentric  rings  of  different  patterns,  and  round  the 
outside  of  the  circle  square  patterns.  This  is  of  the  end  of  the  twelfth  or 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  contains  a  great  variety  of  single 


1861.]  Medieval  'IVts  and  Pavements.  126 

tiles,  each  concentric  ring  being  of  a  different  pattern,  one  consisting 
entirely  of  lions  rampant,  another  of  spread -eagles,  another  of  fleurs-de-lis, 
and  so  on. 

Another  very  remarkable  pavement  of  the  thirteenth  century  remains  in 
the  church  of  Vivora,  in  the  department  of  Sartlie.     The  centre  of  this  is  a 


Tile  Pivinft  in  the  Church  of  Visoia,  in  the  Department  of  Sartlie,  B>  1390. 

large  star,  evidently  in  imitation  of  a  rose  window  of  early  character.  It  is 
formed  entirely  of  small  lozenge-dnped  tiles  of  different  colours,  and  is 
•boot  eight  feet  in  diameter. 

In  the  ruins  of  the  magnificent  Castle  of  Coucy  there  are  considerable  re- 
mains of  the  tile  pavements  of  different  apartments,  and  although  none  of 
them  remain  perfect  in  their  original  places,  there  are  sufficient  to  make 
ont  what  the  arrangement  has  been.  One  of  these  is  a  fine  circular  pave- 
ment with  a  crown  in  the  centre,  formed  of  fleur-de-lis,  and  two  rows  of 
dragons  round  it,  separated  by  plain  border  tiles. 

In  the  ancient  treasury  of  the  cathedral  of  Amiens,  which  was  destroyed 


Medieval  Tiles  and  Pavements.  [Feb. 


1861.]  Medieval  Tiles  and  Pavements.  127 

in  1851,  the  upper  chamber  had  the  original  tile-pavement  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  of  which  a  drawing  has  fortunately  been  preserved :  it  will  be 
observed  that  it  is  arranged  in  diamond-shaped  patterns,  separated  by 
borders  of  plain  tiles;  the  portions  left  white  on  the  plan  are  red  and 
yellow  tiles  of  the  usual  patterns'  of  the  period.  A  very  similar  pavement 
remains  perfect  in  the  upper  chamber  of  the  treasury,  or  bursar's  tower,  at 
New  College,  Oxford,  probably  of  rather  earlier  date  than  this  at  Amiens. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  repeat  here  the  examples  described  and  represented 
in  the  "Glossary  of  Architecture,"  pp.  462  to  475,  and  Plates  198  to  209, 
as  that  work  is  in  the  hands  of  all  our  readers,  and  our  space  bids  us  be 
content  with  referring  to  it  for  further  information  on  this  interesting 
subject. 

We  cannot  attempt  to  decide  between  the  different  modern  manufac- 
turers of  tiles;  it  appears  to  us  that  all  have  merit  and  deserve  encou- 
ragement :  some  have  greater  excellence  in  one  way,  others  in  a  different 
way.  We  have  already  mentioned  the  book  of  specimens  issued  by  Messrs. 
Maw  and  Co.,  who  appear  to  have  worked  from  the  designs  of  some  of  the 
most  eminent  architects  of  the  day :  we  should  hardly  have  thought  that 
an  architect's  designs  were  required  for  so  simple  an  art,  when  hundreds  of 
old  patterns  exist,  and  can  easily  be  traced.  Since  we  began  writing  we 
have  received  coloured  plates  of  seventy-five  patterns  of  tile  pavements 
manufactured  by  Messrs.  Minton,  Hollins,  and  Co.,  of  Stoke- upon-Trent ; 
if  we  are  not  mistaken,  many  of  these  are  exact  fac-similes  of  old  tiles,  but 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  made  is  evidently  superior  to  that  of  the  old 
manufacturers ;  they  are  as  solid  and  as  hard  as  the  hardest  stone,  and 
equally  durable.  There  are  several  other  manufacturers  in  the  field: 
Messrs.  Chamberlain  of  Worcester  have  issued  some  very  good  patterns, 
but  their  fabric  appears  less  hard  and  more  highly  glazed,  more  like 
crockerv-ware.  Mr.  Grimslev  of  Oxford  is,  we  believe,  also  a  successful 
manufacturer  of  tiles,  as  well  as  of  terra-cotta  headstones  for  graves,  if  that 
is  not  a  misnomer ;  some  of  the  patterns  we  have  seen  of  his  manufacture 
have  been  very  good.  The  only  objection  that  we  have  to  the  use  of  terra- 
cotta for  such  a  purpose  is  the  liability  to  have  the  same  pattern  too  fre- 
quently repeated  in  the  same  churchyard ;  but  this  might  be  avoided  with 
proper  care,  and  where  economy  is  an  object,  terra-cotta  cast  in  a  mould 
is  much  cheaper  than  carved  stone,  and  equally  durable  if  properly  burnt. 

We  are  favoured  by  Messrs.  Minton  and  Co.  and  Messrs.  Maw  and  Co. 
with  specimen  pages  of  their  tiles,  by  which  our  readers  will  be  able  to  see 
the  perfection  to  which  they  are  brought.  There  are  also  manufactories 
for  them  now  established  in  Paris,  one  of  which  is  under  the  direction  of 
M.  Didron,  the  well-known  antiquary,  and  editor  of  the  Annates  Arche- 
otogiques. 


Owrr.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX  q  • 


128  [Feb. 


TIIE  HISTORY  OF  BLYTH*. 

It  is  cheering  lo  us  in  these  days  to  meet  with  a  new  production  of 
judicious  and  well-wrought  topography ;  for  this  is  a  branch  of  our 
antiquarian  literature  which  has  latterly  been  in  a  stagnant  and  unfruitful 
state. — not,  as  we  are  of  opinion,  from  any  want  of  appreciation,  or  defect  in 
the  public  taste,  but  in  no  slight  degree  from  the  very  abundance  of  materials 
which  now  present  themselves  to  the  topographical  historian,  embarrassing 
his  choice  and  occupying  much  time  in  their  arrangement  and  analysis,  so 
that  the  compilation  of  works  on  the  plan  of  former  days  is  too  laborious 
and  too  costly  to  be  readily  accomplished b.  Such  we  believe  to  be  the 
real  cause  of  the  present  dearth  of  topographical  works,  and  not  any  dis- 
taste of  topography ;  for  the  memoirs  contained  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
County  Societies  must  have  greatly  tended  to  popularise  the  study,  and, 
together  with  some  excellent  articles  on  our  counties  that  have  recently 
appeared  in  the  quarterly  reviews,  must  have  materially  added  to  the 
number  of  those  who  relish  the  details  of  topographical  literature,  and 
would  consequently  welcome  more  comprehensive  works  with  interest 
and  satisfaction. 

Nottinghamshire  is  among  those  counties  which  have  been  most  neg- 
lected. A  small  folio  upon  its  history  was  published  so  long  since  as  the 
year  1677  by  Dr.  Thoroton,  a  physician  in  the  county;  but,  in  the  words 
of  the  writer  before  us,  "  he  has  left  us  a  history  of  dry  bones,  hustoriam 
jejunam  et  exilem,  consisting  for  the  most  part  of  mere  extracts  from 
Domesday,  and  other  early  public  documents,  strung  together  in  the 
most  dry,  repulsive,  and  unintelligible  manner." 

But  the  contiguous  districts  of  South  Yorkshire  have  had  a  modern 
historian  of  a  totally  different  character  in  Mr.  Hunter,  whose  works  are 
those  of  a  master  in  the  art  of  topography.  With  such  a  model  before 
him,  and  with  another  presented  by  his  late  erudite  brother  the  historian 
of  North  Durham,  Mr.  Baine  has  approached  his  task  with  a  due  appre- 
ciation of  its  requirements,  and  a  just  estimate  of  the  relative  importance 
of  its  various  parts ;  and  when  we  add  that  it  has  occupied  his  attention 
for  a  considerable  portion  of  the  six-and-twenty  years  that  he  has  held  the 
vicarage  of  Blyth,  and  that  he  has  been  liberally  supplied  with  information 

•  "The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Parish  of  Blyth,  in  the  Counties  of  Notting- 
ham and  York.    By  the  Rev.  John  Raine,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Blyth."    4to. 

b  The  Rev.  Mr.  Eyton's  History  of  Shropshire  is  the  only  county  history,  so  far 
as  we  are  aware,  that  is  now  in  progress,  and  it  U  limited  to  so  early  an  era*  that  it  is 
rather  the  history  of  ancient  than  modern  Salop.  We  are  happy,  however,  to  announce 
that  a  third  edition  of  Hutchins's  History  of  Dorsetshire  has  been  recently  put  to 
press;  it  will  be  printed  in  folio,  like  its  predecessors. 


1861.]  The  History  ofBlyth.  129 

from  tbe  land-owners  and  other  reliable  sources,  we  have  only  further  to 
remark  that  all  these  advantages  have  been  applied  at  once  with  industry 
and  with  judgment,  and  that  the  entire  composition  is  characterised  by 
a  lucid  arrangement,  by  generous  sentiments,  and  by  an  agreeable  variety 
of  material. 

The  ancient  parish  of  Blyth  extended  over  an  area  of  more  than  15,000 
acres,  now  cqntaining  a  total  population  of  about  4,000 ;  more  than  a  fourth 
of  whom  belong  to  the  town  of  Bawtry,  which,  together  with  the  township 
of  Austerfield,  has  been  recently  erected  into  a  separate  parish.  The  great 
tithes  belong  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  which  derives  from  Blyth  an 
income  of  nearly  3,000/.  per  annum ;  and  the  Master  and  Fellows  are  the 
patrons  of  the  vicarages  of  Blyth  and  Bawtry.  This  property  has  originated 
from  the  monastic  arrangements  of  former  ages,  for  there  was  a  Benedictine 
priory  at  Blyth,  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Katharine  at  Rouen,  and  the 
rectory  was  impropriated  to  that  priory,  and  from  thence  transferred  to 
Trinity  College. 

The  history  of  Blyth  priory  is,  of  course,  a  principal  and  interesting 
feature  of  Mr.  Raine's  volume.  Its  church  remains  in  part,  for  it  was 
parochial  as  well  as  conventual;  but  its  choir  and  eastern  portions  have 
been  destroyed  and  encroached  upon  by  the  post-Reformation  owners  of  the 
abbey -house.  The  sepulchral  monuments  that  once  adorned  the  church 
were  ruthlessly  destroyed: — "Till  within  the  last  few  years  the  western 
bay  of  the  north  aisle  was  walled  off  from  the  church,  and  coals  deposited 
in  it.  On  removing  this  wall  we  found  it  contained  fragments  of  figures  of 
knights  in  elaborately  wrought  chain  armour,  and  of  ecclesiastics  in  deli- 
cately carved  drapery."  At  present  nothing  remains  but  a  few  sculptured 
coffin-lids,  and  those  mostly  in  fragments.  A  chartulary  preserved  in  the 
Harleian  collection  furnishes  ample  materials  for  the  history  of  the  priory ; 
and  it  is  a  fountain  of  information  which  was  neglected  by  the  editors  of 
tbe  new  edition  of  the  Monasticon,  who  contented  themselves  with  reprint- 
ing from  Dugdale  some  charters  derived  from  another  source,  "  with 
omissions  and  errors  which  might  have  been  prevented  by  reference  to  the 
chartulary  in  the  British  Museum." 

Mr.  Raine  has  only  to  step  beyond  the  boundary  of  his  parish  to  intro- 
duce into  his  pages  the  castle  of  Tickhill,  a  fortress  whose  history  is 
intimately  connected  with  the  other  branches  of  his  subject,  for  it  appears 
in  several  ancient  records  under  the  name  of  the  castle  of  Blyth.  It  was 
erected  by  Roger  de  Builli,  one  of  the  comrades  of  the  Conqueror,  and  his 
kinsman  in  connection  with  Roger  de  Montgomery,  the  first  Norman  Earl 
of  Shrewsbury.  It  was  from  Builli,  near  Rouen,  that  this  Norman  came,  and 
it  was  on  a  Rouen  abbey,  as  we  have  already  noticed,  that  Roger  made  the 
priory  of  Blyth  dependent.  His  castle  was  in  fair  condition  in  Leland's  time, 
well  ditched  and  walled,  with  a  circular  dungeon,  or  keep ;  but  was  demolished 
in  1645,  after  having  been  held  by  Major  Monckton  for  Charles  the  First. 

Gore.  Mack  Vol.  CCX.  b 


180  The  History  of  Blyth.  [Feb. 

•  Tickhill  was  the  head  of  an  extensive  honour,  which  contained  sixty 
knight's  fees  ;  one  of  those  four  honours — those  of  Richmond,  Pontefract, 
Conisborough,  and  Tickhill — which  spanned  this  part  of  England  from  the 
Trent  to  the  Tees.  From  the  enumeration  of  the  manors  of  Roger  de 
Builli,  it  appears  that  he  possessed  a  considerable  portion  of  North  Notting- 
hamshire, with  large  estates  in  the  contiguous  parts  of  Derbyshire  and 
Yorkshire.  His  inheritance  was  disputed  at  an  early  period  between  the 
Lords  Vipount  and  the  Earls  of  Eu ;  but  their  rival  claims  were  frequently 
assumed  by  the  Crown  into  its  own  hands,  and  for  some  centuries  Tickhill 
may  be  regarded  as  a  royal  castle.  A  chapel  was  founded  within  its  walls 
by  Alienor  the  queen  of  Henry  II. ;  it  was  besieged  by  Richard  I.  when 
in  the  hands  of  his  brother  John,  the  besieging  general  being  Hugh  Pudsey, 
who  combined  the  characters  of  a  warrior  and  Earl  of  Northumberland 
with  that  of  Bishop  of  Durham ;  and  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  it  endured 
another  siege  during  the  rebellion  of  Thomas  Earl  of  Lancaster.  Again, 
it  was  garrisoned  for  Charles  the  First,  and  was  held  till  the  disaster  of 
Marston  Moor,  when  the  Parliament  ordered  it  to  be  dismantled,  in  com- 
pliance with  the  conditions  of  the  surrender  of  Welbeck. 

The  same  locality  was  also  famous  as  a  favourite  scene  of  the  mimic  war- 
fare of  the  Middle  Ages.  One  of  the  five  places  in  England  licensed  by 
Richard  Coeur-de-Lion  for  public  tournaments  was  a  place  between  Blyth 
and  Tickhill;  and  from  that  period  until  1314  there  are  many  memorials 
in  record  and  chronicle  of  the  neighbouring  chivalry  meeting  in  these  lists, 
either  with  the  license  of  the  Crown,  or  contrary  to  its  express  prohibitions, 
or,  again,  of  such  meetings  being  forbidden  or  deferred  from  political  con- 
siderations. M>.  Seine's  collections  upon  this  curious  subject  are  copious 
and  interesting. 

In  connexion  with  Ranshill,  one  of  the  manors  of  the  parish  of  Blyth, 

which  has  belonged  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  diocese  of  York,  Mr. 

Raine  introduces  his  readers  to  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  that  diocese,  and 

then  takes  them  to  Scrooby,  once  a  palace  of  the  archbishops,  and  the 

scene  of  some  of  the  last  days  of  the  fallen  Wolsey.     It  was  there  that 

a  tenant  named  William  Brewster,  who  had  been  private  secretary  to 

Secretary  Davidson, — 

"  formed  a  small  congregation  of  Brownists  or  Separatists,  among  whom  was  William 
Bradford,  a  native  of  Austerfield,  in  the  parish  of  Blyth.  In  1606  these  Separatists, 
now  numbering  in  their  body  several  hundreds,  left  England  for  Amsterdam,  where 
they  resided  for  one  year.  They  spent  the  next  eleven  years  at  Leyden,  and,  remov- 
ing to  New  Plymouth  in  1620,  became  the  founders  of  the  parent  colony  of  New 
England,  having  Bradford  for  their  Governor  and  Brewster  as  the  Elder  of  their  con- 
gregation. And  hence  it  is  that  educated  and  accomplished  men  from  America  are 
perpetually  visiting  with  feelings  of  deep  filial  affection  and  veneration  the  villages  of 
Austerfield  and  Scrooby,  from  which  sprang  the  first  founders  of  their  country.*1 

Besides  the  family  of  Roger  de  Builli,  the  great  Norman  tenant  in  capita 
of  this  district,  Mr.  Raine  has  occasion  to  notice  those  of  Lixours,  Vipount, 


1861.]  The  History  of  Blyth.  131 

Creasy  (wbo  entertained  Edward  I.  at  their  manor  of  Hodsack  in  the  parish 
of  Blyth),  Moles,  Mowbray,  and  Talbot ;  and  in  more  modern  times  those  of 
Markham,  Lister,  Milnes,  and  Walker  (the  ironfounders  of  Masborough), 
with  many  others.  He  gives  tabular  pedigrees  of  Clifton,  Creasy,  Monck- 
ton,  Mellish,  Saunderson,  Shuttle  worth,  and  Vane  of  Bilby. 

The  eminent  men  with  whose  biographies  Mr.  Raine  has  varied  his 
topographical  and  genealogical  details  are, — Philip  of  Olcotes,  sheriff  of 
Northumberland,  seneschal  of  Poictou  and  Gascony,  and  a  justice  itinerant 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  III. ;  Roger  de  Mowbray,  the  founder  of  Byland 
Abbey ;  Robert  Saunderson,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  the  Oxford  Divinity  Pro- 
fessor expelled  by  the  Presbyterians ;  John  Cromwell,  the  Nonconformist 
minister  of  Clayworth ;  and  the  Rev.  John  Rudd,  his  own  predecessor  in 
the  vicarage. 

We  shall  conclude  this  notice  with  the  following  extract,  which  presents 
a  remarkable  picture  of  the  change  which  has  taken  place  in  the  town  of 
Blyth  from  the  withdrawal  of  the  traffic  of  the  Great  North  Road : — 

M  The  town  was  once  probably  more  populous  than  it  is  at  the  present  day.  It  con- 
tained a  street  or  row  of  houses  on  the  green  opposite  to  the  present  vicarage ;  another 
leading  from  the  church  gates  towards  the  Angel  Inn ;  another,  Briggate,  leading  to 
Blyth  Nornay ;  and  one  which  is  an  invariable  concomitant  of  all  ancient  towns  and 
cities,  namely,  Finkle-street,  (the  street  of  ale  or  beer,  a  public  house  or  inn  being 
there,  from  the  Danish  word  finchal,  finchle,)  leading  towards  the  present  gates  of 
Blyth  Hall.  It  contained  also  some  inns  of  a  better  class,  which  have  disappeared ; 
several  shops,  which  if  not  of  the  highest  order  were  of  great  convenience  j  and  various 
small  freeholds,  with  houses  quite  fit  for  the  residences  of  respectable  yeomen,  which 
have  been  nearly  all  gradually  absorbed  into  the  possessions  of  the  proprietor  of  the 
Blyth  estate.  To  a  person  who,  like  the  writer  of  these  pages,  has  been  from  earliest 
days  familiarly  acquainted  with  the  finest  scenery  of  England,  from  '  Barnard's  tower 
and  Toss's  stream,'  and  Rokeby  and '  Brignal  banks'  and  the  Greta,  downwards  to 
Wycfiffe,  Ovington,  and  Gainford,  all  Midland  scenery  must  necessarily  present  a  some- 
what tame  appearance.  Still,  Midland  people  themselves,  and  even  more  distant 
visitors,  are  always  gratified  with  Blyth,  embosomed  as  it  is  in  rich  foliage  of  elms, 
and  ash,  and  sycamore ;  crowned  at  one  extremity  with  a  venerable  Church,  possessing 
one  of  the  finest  towers  in  the  country,  at  the  other  with  its  ancient  School ;  with  an 
mansion  and  a  river  flanking  its  pleasure  grounds ;  and  attesting  in  its  better 
its  cleanly  cottages,  its  fertile  and  highly  cultivated  fields,  its  excellent  roads, 
and  dry  soil,  the  general  prosperity,  comfort,  and  contentment  of  its  inhabitants." 


132  [Feb. 


CRANNOGES;  OR,  ANCIENT  LAKE-DWELLINGS  OP 

IRELAND  \ 

* 

*  In  the  preceding  volume  of  this  Magazine  we  attempted  a  very  concise 
review  of  the  labours  of  the  Swiss  archaeologists  on  the  pfahlbauten,  or 
ancient  lake-dwellings  of  their  country.  We  must  now  turn  to  those 
insular  remains  of  our  own  land,  the  Irish  crannoges,  between  which  and 
the  Swiss  pfahlbauten  a  great  analogy  exists. 

It  has  long  been  our  wish  to  set  this  interesting  and  national  subject  in 
some  degree  worthily  before  our  many  readers  at  home  and  abroad.  The 
difficulty,  however,  has  always  been  the  paucity  of  materials.  Some  twenty 
years  have  now  elapsed  since  Mr.  Wilde  announced  to  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  the  discovery  of  the  crannoges ;  but  the  literary  results,  for  the 
instruction  of  the  archaeological  world,  have  hitherto  been  very  scanty. 
Of  the  way  in  which  the  crannoges  were  constructed  we  have  abundant 
information;  but  of  the  very  important  matter  which  skilful  observation 
must  necessarily  have  detected  in  the  many  crannoges  discovered,  no 
accurate  analytical  accounts  appear  to  exist  for  our  guidance.  We  learn, 
indeed,  from  a  very  competent  writer,  that  "  in  these  crannoges,  although 
we  cannot  tell  whether  their  makers  and  original  occupiers  spoke  Sanscrit 
or  Keltic,  we  have  presented  to  us  demonstrative  proof  of  their  habits  of 
life,  skill  in  the  arts,  and  domestic  usages  preserved  for  hundreds  of  years," 
in  what  Keller  not  inaptly  terms  their  "  water-towns."  Now  it  is  exactly 
as  to  the  invaluable  reliques  that  convey  such  "  demonstrative  proof"  that 
we  require  precise  information. 

In  the  case  of  the  Swiss  pfahlbauten,  Dr.  Keller  carefully  notes  the 
particulars  of  each  fresh  discovery,  and  at  intervals  gives  them  to  the  world 
in  a  work  of  the  most  useful  character,  copious  in  illustrations,  and  en- 
riched with  all  the  light  that  modern  archaeology  and  the  natural  sciences 
can  form  on  the  subject.  Just  such  a  work  on  our  crannoges,  embracing 
the  brief  papers  now  scattered  through  the  catalogues,  proceedings,  and 
journals  of  societies,  would  be  a  real  boon  to  archaeology.  If,  as  Lord 
Talbot  most  justly  observed  as  far  back  as  1849,  "a  liberally-illustrated 
monograph  might  be  written  on  the  subject"  of  the  Dunshaughlin  discovery 

•  "  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy/'  vols.  L,  v.,  vii.— "  Catalogue  of  the 
Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,"  by  W.  R.  Wilde;  Dublin,  1857.  Ibid.,  2nd 
Part,  1861.— "On  Crannoges,  and  Remains  Discovered  in  them,"  by  E.  P.  Shirley. 
Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  iii. — "  Ancient  Arms  and  Implements  found  at  Lagore,"  by 
Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide.  Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  vl  —  "Irish  Antiquities  of 
the  Saxon  Period,"  by  P.  W.  Wakeman.  Collectanea  Antiqua,  voL  iii. — PfaMbauten, 
ZweUer  Berickt,  von  Dr.  F.  Keller;  Zurich,  1858.  — " Observations  on  the  Early 
Habitations  of  the  Irish,"  Ac.,  by  Digby  Wyatt ;  London,  1858.—"  On  Lake-Dwellings 
of  the  Early  Periods,"  by  W.  M.  Wylie,  in  Archaologia,  vol.  xxxviiL 


1861.]  Crannoges.  133 

alone,  how  much  more  strongly  do  the  collective  subsequent  discoveries 
require  to  be  archaeologically  detailed  a  la  Keller?  As  regards' the  Cata- 
logue of  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  it  is  a  work  the  merit 
and  usefulness  of  which  cannot  be  too  highly  estimated.  The  very  nature 
of  the  work,  however,  would  not  allow  the  details  required  in  a  text-book 
for  the  crannoge  student.  Its  great  value  in  this  respect  consists  in  com- 
pilations of  the  reports  on  crannoges  by  the  engineers  of  the  Board  of 
Works,  and  reductions  of  their  plans  of  the  constructions  of  these  islands, 
which  we  have  transferred  to  our  pages. 

The  term  crannoge, '  little  wooden  (or  stockaded)  island,'  seems  to  have 
raised  doubts  as  to  its  precise  application, — whether,  in  fact,  the  term 
denoted  the  pile-foundations  of  the  islands,  or  the  log-houses  that  stood 
upon  them.  In  a  recent  paper,  however,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  Mr.  Mackinlay  tells  us  that  "  in  Gaelic  the 
word  crann  signifies  '  a  tree,' '  a  stake,'  or  *  a  post,'  and  og  or  oig  is  '  young ;' 
so  crann-oig  signifies  a  stockade  formed  of  young  trees."  We  know  but 
very  little  of  the  Scottish  crannoges ;  but  so  far  as  yet  has  been  observed, 
the  Scottish  and  Irish  crannoges  appear  to  consist  of  such  small  stockades 
of  a  circular  and  oval  form,  filled  in  with  solid]  materials.  Thus  they  form 
solid  artificial  islands,  in  contrast  to  the  Swiss  pfahlbauten,  which  almost 
as  universally  were  pile-supported  platforms,  on  which  the  cabins  of  the 
early  inhabitants  stood  above  the  waters  of  the  lakes.  This  absolute 
difference  in  construction  is  sufficiently  remarkable ;  for  we  are  strongly 
inclined  to  attribute  all  these  lake-dwellings  to  one  and  the  same  pre- 
historic people — workers  in  flint  and  stone — which  spread  themselves  over 
a  great  part  of  Europe,  yielding  in  the  fulness  of  time  to  succeeding  races 
of  more  developed  intellect  and  culture. 

The  earliest  crannoge  discovery  appears,  from  a  recent  paper  of  Mr. 
Mackinlay  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland, 
to  have  been  made  by  that  gentleman  in  Dhu-Loch  in  Bute,  in  1812,  when 
its  importance  and  proper  application  were  at  once  perceived  and  recorded 
by  Mr.  Chalmers.  The  first  published  account,  however,  of  a  crannoge 
discovery  is  that  of  Dunshaughlin,  in  the  county  of  Meath,  which  was  laid 
before  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  in  1840  by  Mr.  Wilde,  who  was  no  more 
aware  of  the  Bute  discovery  than  Dr.  Keller  was  of  any  crannoge  discovery 
whatever  when  he  published  his  first  pfdhJbauten  work  in  1855. 

The  crannoge  of  Dunshaughlin  is  referred  to  in  the  Irish  Annals  as  early 
as  the  ninth  century;  and  it  is  remarkable  enough  that  no  examina- 
tion, either  here  or  elsewhere,  appears  to  have  taken  place  till  the  year 
1339,  and  then  only  accidentally.  We  will  quote  Mr.  Wilde's  own  account 
of  the  discovery  : — 

"  The  Dunshaughlin  crannoge  differed,  however,  from  all  others  since  discovered  in 
not  being  then  submerged,  or  surrounded  by  water ;  it  consisted  of  a  circular  mound 
of  about  620  feet  in  circumference,  slightly  raised  above  the  surrounding  bog  or 


184  Crannoges;  or,  [Feb. 

marshy  ground,  which  forms  a  basin  of  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circuit,  and  is 
bounded  by  elevated  tillage  and  pasture  lands.  The  lake  in  which  this  craanoge  waa 
situated  has  been  drained  within  the  memory  of  man.  To  the  labours  of  the  chemist 
making  known  the  value  of  bones  for  manuring  purposes,  we  are  indebted  for  this 
ancient  habitation  being  brought  to  light.  Some  labourers,  when  clearing  the  stream- 
way  which  surrounds  a  portion  of  it,  having  found  several  large  bones,  the  feet 
became  known  to  the  usual  collectors  of  such  articles,  who  resorted  there  in  numbers, 
and  above  150  cart-loads  were  thus  obtained. 

"  The  circumference  of  the  circle  was  formed  by  upright  posts  of  black  oak,  measur- 
ing from  six  to  eight  feet  in  height;  these  were  mortised  into  beams  of  a  similar 
material,  laid  flat  upon  the  marl  and  sand  beneath  the  bog,  and  nearly  sixteen  feet 
below  the  present  surface.  The  upright  posts  were  held  together  by  connecting  cross- 
beams, and  (said  to  be)  fastened  by  large  iron  nails;  parts  of  a  second  upper  tier  of 
posts  were  likewise  found  resting  on  the  lower  ones.  The  space  thus  inclosed  was 
divided  into  separate  compartments  by  septa,  or  divisions,  that  intersected  one  another 
in  different  directions;  these  were  also  formed  of  oaken  beams  in  a  state  of  great  pre- 
servation, joined  together  with  greater  accuracy  than  the  former,  and  in  some  cases 
having  their  sides  grooved  or  rabbited  to  admit  large  panels,  driven  down  between 
them.  The  interiors  of  the  chambers  so  formed  were  filled  with  bones  and  black  moory 
earth,  and  the  heap  of  bones  was  raised  up,  in  some  places,  within  a  foot  of  the  surface." 

Such  was  the  construction  of  this  crannoge.     We  will  now  give  Mr. 

Wakeman's  account  of  the  reliques  found  there  : — 

"Here,  as  in  the  other  similar  islands,  upon  digging,  an  enormous  quantity  of  anti- 
quities were  found  intermixed  with  the  ruins,  and  many  tons  weight  of  animal  remains. 
Amongst  the  things  of  interest  thus  brought  to  light,  we  may  mention  bracelets  of  jet, 
beads  of  glass,  amber,  clay,  and  bone;  axes  very  similar  to  the  Frankish  specimens 
figured  in  the  Collectanea  Antiqua,  vol.  ii. ;  small  double-edged  swords  and  knives, 
buckets  of  wood  bound  with  ornamented  hoops  of  bronze,  pins  and  brooches  of  wood, 
bone,  iron,  and  bronze;  bowl-shaped  vessels  of  iron  and  bronze,  combs,  shears,  and 
dagger-knives  exactly  resembling  the  specimens  figured  in  *  The  Antiquities  of  Rich- 
borough,  Reculver,  and  Lymne/  p.  99;  chains,  fetter-locks,  bridle- bits,  saws,  gouges, 
besides  numerous  other  things.  Of  the  larger  objects,  not  the  least  curious  were  boats 
or  canoes,  formed  out  of  a  single  tree,  roughly  hollowed.  The  poorer  people  of  the 
neighbourhood  soon  assembled,  in  order  to  purchase  the  animal  remains,  for  which 
there  is  a  good  market  in  Dublin.  The  antiquities  long  continued  uncalled  for,  and 
many  valuable  specimens  were  consequently  lost  Dr.  Petrie  was,  I  believe,  the  first 
to  declare  their  character  as  invaluable  illustrations  of  the  arts  and  habits  of  an  an* 
dent  people.  But  he  came  only  in  time  to  stay  the  destruction,  and  very  soon  col- 
lectors, possessing  little  knowledge,  appeared  in  the  field,  and  the  things  became 
scattered  over  the  country,  so  that  though  some  hundreds  of  swords  and  spear-heads 
were  found,  (to  say  nothing  of  innumerable  other  matters,)  it  would  be  difficult  to  say 
where  one  dozen  have  been  deposited." 

Thus,  then,  so  far  as  we  can  learn,  the  greater  part  of  the  antiquities 
found  here  belong  to  the  Iron,  or  Saxon  period.  Yet  it  seems  to  us  that 
with  these  are  mixed  others  of  a  preceding  age,  and  we  must  agree  with 
a  writer  in  Archaologia,  that  "  this  crannoge  probably  bad  its  origin  in 
far  earlier  times,  and  reliques  of  the  Stone  and  Bronze  periods  might  rea- 
sonably have  been  expected,  had  circumstances  allowed  an  earlier  and  more 
systematic  examination." 

For  a  right  understanding  of  the  subject  it  will  be  necessary  to  give 


1861.]  Ancient  Lake-Dwellings  of  Ireland.  185 

further  examples  of  crannoges,  which  we  will  do  in  Mr.  Wilde's  own 
words  :— 

"  A  few  months  after  the  discovery  of  the  Lagore  (Dunshanghlin)  crannoge,  an  island 
'  artificially  formed  of  timber  and  peat'  was  brought  to  light  upon  lowering  the  water 
in  Booghan  Lake,  near  Dungannon, '  and  numerous  fragments  of  ancient  pottery  and 
bones,  and  a  few  bronze  spear-heads,  were  discovered/  together  with  a  quern.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  the  last  retreat  of  Sir  Phelim  O'Neill  in  1641,  who  held  out  there 
until  boats  were  procured  from  Charlemont  for  his  capture. 

"  The  next  discovery  of  a  similar  structure  was  that  at  Lough  Gur,  county  of  Lime- 
rick, from  which  a  vast  collection  of  bones  and  a  great  number  of  antiquities  have  been 
from  time  to  time  obtained. 

"The  following  are  the  results  of  the  examination  of  crannoges  made  by  the 
engineers  of  the  Board  of  Works : — 

"  They  are  surrounded  by  stockades  driven  in  a  circle  from  sixty  to  eighty  feet  in 
diameter;  but  in  some  cases  the  enclosure  is  larger,  and  oval  in  shape.  The  stakes  of 
these  are  generally  of  oak,  mostly  young  trees,  from  four  to  nine  inches  broad,  usually 
in  a  single  row,  but  sometimes  in  double,  and  in  a  few  instances  in  treble.  The  por- 
tions of  these  stakes  remaining  in  the  ground  generally  bear  the  marks  of  the  hatchet 
by  which  they  were  felled.  Several  feet  of  these  piles  must  have  originally  projected 
above  the  water,  and  were  probably  interlaced  with  horizontal  branches,  so  as  to  form 
a  screen  or  breastwork. 

"  The  surface  within  the  staked  enclosure  is  sometimes  covered  over  with  a  layer  of 
round  logs,  cut  into  lengths  of  from  four  to  six  feet,  over  which  was  placed  more  or 
leas  stones,  clay,  or  gravel.  In  some  instances  this  platform  is  confined  to  a  portion  of 
the  island.  Besides  these,  pieces  of  oak  framing,  with  mortices  and  cheeks  cut  in 
them,  have  been  found  within  the  circle  of  the  outer  work. 

"  In  almost  every  case  a  collection  of  flat  stones  was  discovered  near  the  centre  of 
the  enclosure,  apparently  serving  as  a  hearth ;  in  some  instances  two  or  three  such 
hearths  were  discovered  at  different  parts  of  the  crannoge.  Generally  one  or  more 
pair  of  querns  were  found.  Considerable  quantities  of  the  bones  of  black  cattle,  deer, 
and  swine  were  also  discovered  upon  or  around  the  island. 

"  The  following  illustrations,  reduced  from  plans  and  sections  made  by  the  drainage 
district  engineers,  afford  us  good  ideas  of  two  descriptions  of  crannoges.  Fig.  1  is  of 
that  in  Ardakillin  Lough,  near  Stokestown,  county  of  Roscommon,  constructed  with 
both  atones  and  oak  piling ;  and  Fig.  2,  one  of  those  in  Drumaleague  Lake,  county  of 
Leitrim,  the  centre  formed  chiefly  of  alder  timber,  with  the  exception  of  the  hearth- 
atones  for  fireplaces ;  the  former  is  an  irregular  oval,  and  the  latter  a  perfect  circle. 
Fig.  1  presents  a  section  of  the  island  in  Ardakillin  Lough ;  the  top  line  shews  the 


Fig. !»». 


former  highest  water-level,  the  second  that  of  the  ordinary  winter  flood,  and  the  third 
the  ordinary  summer  water.    The  upper  layer  was  formed  of  loose  stones,  surrounded 

b  These  plans  are  on  the  scale  of  1  inch  to  20  feet 


136 


Cratotoget;  or. 


[Feb. 


by  an  enduing  wall,  supported  in  part  by  piling  ;  the  lower  portion  shews,  as  far  u  it 
ia  possible  on  ao  email  a  scale,  the  original  clay,  peat,  and  « tones  of  the  ialand,  on  which 
were  found,  in  various  place*,  strata  of  ashes,  bones,  and  log*  of  timber.  The  oak 
piling  of  different  descriptions  ia  shewn  in  section,  that  driven  obliquely  being  sheet 
piling,  which  was  continuous  all  round  the  island, 

"  Drumaleagne  Lough,  in  the  vicinity  of  Lough  Scar,  county  of  Leitrim,  waa  about 
ft  mile  in  length,  and,  when  lowered  thirteen  feet,  disclosed  two  cranuoges;  also  a  canoe 
of  a  single  piece  of  oak,  eighteen  feet  long,  twenty-two  inches  broad,  square  at  Item 
and  stem,  and  remarkable  for  having  aperture*  for  rowlock*  out  into  the  sides. 

"  Fig.  2  is  the  plan  of  one  of  the  islands  discovered  in  Drumaleagne  Lough,  and 
affords  a  good  idea,  of  the  general  arrangement  of  these  timber  structures.  The  outer 
paling  of  atakee  includes  a  circle  sixty  feet  in  diameter,  in  some  parte  double  or  treble ; 
'there  are  clusters  of  stakes  in  other  portions  of  the  island,  some  of  which  appear  to  * 
have  been  placed  with  regard  to  a  particular  arrangement.  A,  the  central  oblong 
portion,  consists  of  a  platform  of  round  logs,  cot  in  lengths  of  from  four  to  six  feet, 
chiefly  of  alder  timber.  B,  a  collection  of  stones  with  maris  of  Are  on  them.  C,  a 
heap  of  stiff  clay.    D,  the  root  of  a  large  tree,  nearly  buried  in  the  peat,  the  surface 


©  ■: 


%..  & 


Fig.  J. 
or  the  wood  berUled  off  with  a  hatchet  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  table,  under  which  a 
aiderable  quantity  of  bones  waa  found,  apparently  those  of  deer  and  swine.' 


"  Fig.  8  ahem  ■  Motion  of  the  second  crannoge  In  Drumaleagne  Lake,  which  w 


X861.]  Ancient  Lake-Dwellings  of  Ireland.  137 

seventy-two  feet  in  diameter  within  the  circle  of  oak  stakes  represented  in  the  cut. 
Between  these  may  be  seen,  in  the  section  B,  horizontal  pieces  of  alder  timber,  laid 
upon  the  natural  surface  of  the  island,  each  log  being  '  from  three  to  eight  inches  in 
diameter,  all  water-soaked  and  rotten.  This  stratum  was  three  feet  six  inches  deep. 
A,  a  heap  of  stones,  with  marks  of  fire  on  them ;  other  hearths  were  found  in  different 
parts  of  the  island.  C,  the  lower  stratum  of  black  rotted  sticks  and  branches  of  all 
sorts,  lying  in  all  directions.  This  stratum  was  examined  for  four  feet  in  depth,  and 
appeared  to  continue  deeper.  D  D,  two  heaps  of  stones,  found  in  the  lower  stratum. 
£,  a  large  quantity  of  the  bones  of  deer,  swine,  &c.,  found  together  about  four  feet 
below  the  surface.  The  circle  of  this  island,  which  was  tolerably  regular,  was  formed 
by  a  single  row  of  oak  stakes.' " 

A  tolerable  idea  of  the  varieties  of  construction  of  these  islands  will 
perhaps  be  obtained  from  the  preceding  examples.  Up  to  the  present 
time,  at  least  fifty  crannoges  have  been  discovered  in  various  counties  of 
Ireland,  twenty-one  of  them  being  situate  in  Lei  trim  alone.  Many  of  these 
crannoges  were  discovered  by  the  officers  of  the  Board  of  Works,  and  Mr. 
Mulvany's  *•  Report  upon  the  Presentation  of  Antiquities"  by  the  Board 
possesses  considerable  interest.  It  will  be  found  in  vol.  v.  of  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy. 

Those  of  our  readers  who  are  acquainted  with  pfahlbauten  discoveries 
cannot  fail  to  at  once  perceive  the  strong  analogy  in  many  points  existing 
between  them  and  crannoges.  The  same  belief  in  insular  security  seems 
to  have  actuated  the  founders  of  either  establishment. 

The  crannoge  fauna  are  represented  by  the  bones  of  oxen,  of  several 
varieties,  swine,  deer,  goats,  sheep,  dogs,  foxes,  horses,  and  asses.  No 
remains  of  wolves  have  been  found,  though  among*  the  canine  tribe 
Mr.  Wilde  noticed  the  old  Irish  wolf-dog,  now  extinct. 

Nor  have  we  much  to  say  at  present  about  the  flora.  Large  quantities 
of  hazel-nuts  were  met  with  at  Dunshaughlin,  and  Mr.  Shirley  speaks  of 
burnt  corn  found  in  the  Monalty  island,  but  we  have  no  clue  as  to  its  pos- 
sible date.  The  oak  and  alder  seem  to  have  been  the  trees  chiefly  employed 
in  crannoge  construction. 

It  is  sorely  to  be  lamented  that,  thus  far,  circumstances  do  not  seem  to 
have  permitted  an  archaeological  examination  of  the  crannoges,  and  a  col- 
lection of  their  entire  remains.  No  doubt  grave  difficulties  stood  in  the 
way  of  such  a  course,  or  the  presence  of  a  qualified  agent  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  during  the  progress  of  the  works  of  the  Drainage  Com- 
mission, would  have  rendered  great  service  to  archaeology  in  general. 
These  works  appear  to  have  revealed  an  extraordinary  amount  of  antiquities 
in  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Ireland  ;  and  all  who  have  ever  been  engaged  in 
archaeological  investigations  of  this  nature  know  full  well  how  important 
it  is,  not  merely  to  rescue  antiquities,  but  to  observe  and  record  them  in 
situ.  With  regard  to  the  crannoges  we  are  glad  to  hear  from  Mr.  Wilde 
that  "  there  is  still  much  to  be  expected  from  future  explorations." 

With  the  imperfect  data  we  at  present  possess,  it  is  difficult  to  deter- 
mine as  to  wha£  period  or  people  the  original  foundation  of  crannoges  may 

GUrT.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  s 

~4 


188  Crannoges;  or,  [Feb. 

be  attributed.  Some  are  evidently  inclined,  from  the  presence  of  so  many 
iron  antiquities,  to  assign  a  more  recent  date  than  we — very  presumptuously 
perhaps — are  disposed  to  fancy  correct.  In  Mr.  Wilde's  paper  of  April, 
1859,  to  which  he  himself  refers  ua  for  full  information  on  this  subject 
in  a  letter  of  last  month  to  Mb.  Ubban,  we  cannot  but  observe  that  when 
be  says,  "  we  do  not  find  any  flint  arrows  or  stone  celts,  and  but  very  few 
bronze  weapons,  in  our  crannoges,"  he  has  entirely  overlooked  Mr.  Shirley's 
account  of  the  Monaghan  crannoges.  In  this  brief  paper — by  far  the  most 
archaeological  on  the  subject  which  has  fallen  into  our  hands— Mr.  Shirley 
tells  us  that  in  the  artificial  island  of  Moaalty,  and  in  another  in  Lough- 
na-Glack,  were  found  "  stone  celts  of  the  common  type,  a  rough  piece  of 
flint,  apparently  intended  for  an  arrow-head,  and  stones,  with  indentations 
on  either  side,  evidently  formed  for  slings.  Of  bronze  weapons  and  orna* 
menta  there  are  numerous  specimens,  viz.,  three  bronze  celts,  with  loops 
on  the  sides,"  &c.  A  long  list  follows,  among  which  are  some  very  rare 
examples  of  the  Bronze  period.  We  should,  too,  be  inclined  to  consider 
various  disjecta  membra  from  crannoges,  enumerated  in  the  catalogue,  as 
roost  probably  belonging  to  the  early  period.  Such,  too,  is  manifestly  Br. 
Keller's  impression,  for  we  find  him  instituting  a  comparison  of  the  Irish 
reliques  with  those  of  the  pfahlbauten :  "  Es  finden  sich  also  hier,  gerade 
wie  auf  dem  Steinberge,  zu  Nidau,  die  Producte  der  Stein — Bronze — und 
Eisenzeit  vereinigt."  Basing  our  opinion,  however,  on  the  positive  evidence 
adduced  by  Mr,  Shirley,  the  improbability  that  similar  evidence  does  not 
exist  elsewhere,  and  the  strong  analogy  that  manifests  itself  between  cran- 
noges and  the  Swiss  pfahlbauten  in  general,  we  must  reiterate  our  convic- 
tion that  the  Irish  crannoge  system  dates  from  pre-historic  times. 

In  saying  this  we  would  not  of  course  be  thought  to  deny  that  many 
crannoges  may  have  been  constructed  in  the  Bronze  period,  and  some  even 
in  the  succeeding  one  of  Iron.  We  know,  as  an  admitted  fact,  that  the 
Swiss  crannoge  system  goes  back  to  a  period  of  which  we  have  no  historical 
record.  In  the  sites  of  these  earliest  dwellings  not  a  trace  of  metal  exists, 
though  there  are  abundant  other  traces  of  a  marvellous  culture.  Next 
appear  such  sites  where  bronze  implements  are  freely  found,  in  juxta- 
position with  those  of  stone  and  bone,  proving  clearly  the  conquering 
Kelts  had  adopted  the  system  and  lake-dwellings  of  the  conquered  people. 
Then  follow  other  sites,  which  we  may  assume  to  be  of  Keltic  construe* 
tion,  because  bronze  reliques  are  purely  found  there.  In  others  an  admix- 
ture of  iron  appears ;  whether  any  pfahlbauten  purely  of  the  Iron  period 
existed  in  the  Swiss  lakes  we  have  yet  to  learn.  We  presume  the  case  to 
have  been  much  the  same  wherever  crannoges  or  pfahlbauten  are  found  iu 
any  number. 

Judging  from  what  we  have  learnt  of  the  numerous  crannoges  already 
discovered,  we  may  suppose  that  the  many  lakes  of  Ireland  will  be  found  teem- 
ing with  them.   It  may,  too,  come  to  pass  that  remains  purely  pfahlbauten, 


1861.]  Ancient  Lake-Dwellings  of  Ireland.  139 

like  the  Swiss,  may  be  discovered.  We  have  good  authority  for  believing 
that  such  did  exist  in  Scotland  till  the  last  century,  and  certainly  we  have 
seen  nothing  out  of  Switzerland  so  resembling  pfahlbauten  construction 
as  the  pile-work  in  the  plan  given  of  the  Dhu-Loch  crannoge  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  before  referred  to. 
It  may,  too,  be  as  well  to  mention  incidentally,  that  Mr.  Mackinlay  states 
he  examined  one  of  these  piles,  "  which  was  five  inches  in  diameter,  and  the 
point  seems  to  have  been  cut  by  a  celt,  or  stone  axe,  as  the  cuts  were 
hollow,  or,  as  it  were,  conch oidal." 

Of  course  the  pfahlbauten  construction  has  been  far  more  favourable  to 
the  preservation  of  their  reliques  than  that  of  crannoges.  Whatever  was 
accidentally  lost  sank  to  the  bottom  of  the  lake  among  the  piles,  and  the 
result  was  the  same  whenever  the  platforms  were  destroyed.  Hence  the 
antiquities  have  been  safely  preserved  for  modern  investigation.  But  the 
solid  nature  of  crannoges  have  rendered  them  favourite  island  strongholds, 
probably  from  their  first  foundation  down  to  the  seventeenth  century. 
This  appears  abundantly  confirmed  by  the  Irish  annals  and  public  docu- 
ments. Such  a  continual  change  of  occupants,  with  the  chances  of  intru- 
sion to  which  the  soil  was  ever  liable,  the  constant  repairs  required,  and, 
above  all,  the  heightening  of  the  stockades  and  the  soil,  necessitated  in 
many  cases  by  the  remarkable  rise  in  the  waters  of  the  lakes,  must  have 
been  most  unfavourable  to  the  conservation  of  antiquities.  We  cannot, 
indeed,  but  marvel  at  the  great  numbers  which  appear  to  come  to  light  at 
every  fresh  crannoge  investigation. 

We  must  not  conclude  without  expressing  our  sense  of  the  obligation  we, 
in  common  with  all  antiquaries,  feel  under  to  Mr.  Wilde  for  the  active  part 
be  has  taken  in  this  crannoge  question.  Future  explorations  in  Irish  cran- 
noges, and  Mr.  Robertson's  long  hoped-for  account  of  his  investigation  of 
those  of  Scotland,  will  no  doubt  throw  much  more  light  on  these  remark- 
able constructions.  Crannoge  discovery  must  certainly  be  classed  among 
the  most  interesting  and  the  most  useful  events  of  modern  archaeology. 


140  [Feb. 


KENT  ARCH2EOLOGICAL  SOCIETY— PUBLICATION  OF 

RECORDS. 

The  second  volume  of  Archceologia  Oantiana  has  been  but  recently 
issued.  It  contains  a  number  of  articles,  all  of  which  we  shall  briefly 
notice,  but  is  more  particularly  remarkable  from  a  question  that  has  arisen 
concerning  one  portion  of  its  contents.  This  is  a  most  laborious  issue  of 
a  series  of  Pedes  Finium  and  Inquisitiones  post  Mortem  relating  to  Kent, 
which  have  never  before  been  rendered  thus  accessible  to  the  antiquary, 
the  genealogist,  the  property  lawyer,  and  the  landed  proprietor,  though  to 
all  these  classes  they  are  of  extreme  interest,  and  to  the  last  of  positive 
money  value.  Such  being  the  case,  it  is  with  regret  that  we  remark  that 
exception  has  been  taken  to  their  publication,  and  the  series,  it  seems, 
will  not  be  carried  on,  if  the  dissentients  persist  in  their  opposition.  This 
Opposition,  however,  to  our  mind,  is  clearly  founded  on  misapprehension 
of  the  nature  and  value  of  the  documents  in  question,  and  we  shall  be 
glad  if  anything  that  we  can  adduce  in  their  favour  may  be  of  service  in 
setting  them  in  their  true  light. 

But  we  must  first  glance  at  the  other  papers  in  the  Society's  very  hand- 
some and  fully  illustrated  volume,  which  both  internally  and  externally  is 
quite  equal  to  their  former  one,  noticed  by  us  some  time  since  *. 

Major  Luard  describes  some  Recent  Discoveries'of  Roman  Remains  at 
Plaxtol,  one  of  the  fruits  of  which  was  the  beautiful  bronze  statuette  of 
Minerva  Victrix  (figured  in  the  volume)  which  excited  so  much  attention 
at  the  Meeting  of  the  Society  at  Rochester  in  August,  1859.  The  founda- 
tions of  a  Roman  villa  have  been  partially  uncovered,  and  a  cemetery  has 
been  found,  which  has  yielded  good  store  of  vases,  urns,  and  Samian  ware. 

The  Hon.  Secretary  has  drawn  from  the  Surrenden  Collection  Genealogi- 
cal Notices  of  the  Northwoods.  This  is  based  on  a  roll  devoted  to  the 
biographical  and  genealogical  records  of  that  ancient  Kentish  family, 
and,  as  Mr.  Larking  justly  observes,  the  fact  of  such  a  record  bearing,  as 
this  does,  the  date  of  the  fourteenth  century,  is  of  rare  occurrence.  He 
has  done  his  document  ample  justice  in  the  way  of  illustration,  furnishing 
a  fac-simile  of  a  grant  to  the  Priory  of  Combwell  and  a  variety  of  seals  from 
the  Thurnham  muniments,  and  his  notes  and  genealogical  tables  give  all 
attainable  information  as  to  the  former  lords  of  Upchurch  and  other  wide 
lands  in  Sheppey. 

The  remarkable  Sepulchral  Shaft  discovered  in  October,  1859,  at  Bekes- 
bourn,  in  making  the  railway  cutting,  is  described  by  Mr.  John  Brent,  jun., 


•  Gurr.  Mag.,  Sept.  1869,  pp.  238  et  seq. 


1861.]    Kent  Archaological  Society — Publication  of  Records.    141 

of  Canterbury,  to  whose  prompt  exertions  is  owing  its  preservation  for 
a  time  long  enough  to  allow  its  being  perpetuated  by  the  photographer  b. 

Mr.  Flaherty  furnishes  A  Help  toward  a  Kentish  Monastic  on,  which  em- 
bodies a  transcript  of  the  record  termed  Cardinal  Pole's  Pension  Book,  so 
far  as  relates  to  Kent.  We  have  formerly  alluded  to  this  very  valuable, 
though  little  known  record  c,  and  must  repeat  our  hope  that  the  example 
set  by  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society  will  be  followed  by  other  similar 
bodies,  and  that  thus  the  whole  of  it  may  in  time  be  rendered  available  for 
historical  and  genealogical  purposes. 

The  Rev.  Beale  Poste  discusses  Ancient  Rochester,  as  the  site  of  a  Roman 
Camp  or  Station.  His  researches  have  added  another  legion  to  those  which 
are  known  to  have  been  in  Britain ;  but  he  ventures  on  an  untenable  state- 
ment when  he  says  (p.  68)  that  the  Roman  ramparts  were  without  doubt 
earthen,  for  near  the  very  spot  where  the  paper  was  read  a  portion  of  Ro- 
man masonry  is  still  visible.  It  might  be  thought  that  the  Council  should 
have  noticed  this  inaccuracy,  but  they  distinctly  state  that  the  contributors 
of  the  papers  are  alone  answerable,  and  we  think  they  act  wisely  in  this, 
-as  any  one  of  their  number  can  offer  any  necessary  corrections  or  elucida- 
tions in  the  Miscellanea  of  the  succeeding  volume,  and  it  would  look  rather 
ungracious  to  post  anything  as  inaccurate  without  the  full  consideration 
which  such  delay  allows  of. 

Rochester  Records,  by  R.  W.  Blencowe,  Esq.,  give  an  account  of  the 
municipal  expenditure  during  the  mayoralty  of  Richard  Harlowe  (1578-9 
and  1579-80).  As  Rochester  was  then  on  the  great  high  road  between 
England  and  the  Continent,  many  of  the  notabilities  of  the  time  passed 
through  it,  and  we  have  full  particulars  of  their  entertainment,  the  cost  of 
the  wine  and  apples  and  pears  offered  to  some,  and  the  more  substantial 
viands  set  before  others,  not  forgetting  the  worshipful  corporation  in  their 
visits  to  Sheerness,  mingled  with  charges  for  looking  after  "  bad  subjects" 
attempting  to  leave  the  realm  or  practising  against  the  life  of  the  Virgin 
Queen,  anc}  frequent  expenditure  for  the  erection  of  a  gibbet,  and  for 
shrimps  and  wine  and  cakes  for  the  judges.  The  city  Custumal  temp. 
.Edward  IV.  is  to  be  given  in  another  volume. 

A  Kentish  "  remarkable,"  the  Dumb  Borsholder  of  Chart,  is  described 
and  figured  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Stevens,  to  whose  parish  it  belongs ;  and 
Mr.  Lightfoot  gives  Notes  from  the  Parochial  Register  of  Orlestone,  which 
mainly  consist  of  lists  of  names  with  dates ;  these  may  in  many  cases  be 
serviceable  in  legal  matters,  and  though  unattractive  to  the  general  reader, 
we  hail  their  appearance  as  an  evidence  of  the  steady  business-like  and 
practical  tone  of  the  Society. 

Two  documents  are  given,  which  will  prove  of  much  interest  to  the 
architectural  antiquary ;  these  are,  the  building  accounts  of  .Cowling  Castle, 

b  Gxnt.  Mao.,  Feb.,  1860,  p.  152.  c  Gent.  Mao.,  June,  1860,  p.  665. 


142     Kent  Jrchmological  Society— Publication  of  Records.     [Feb. 

extending  from  1374  to  1385,  and  the  Fabric  Roll  of  Rochester  Castle  of 
the  years  1367-9,  which  give  many  minute  details  that  may  be  advantage- 
ously compared  with  those'  of  the  Westminster  Fabric  Roll  already  printed 
in  our  pages  d. 

It  must  not,  however,  be  supposed  that  the  volume  is  exclusively  occu- 
pied with  transcripts  of  records.  On  the  contrary,  good  accounts  are  given 
of  the  Brasses,  Memorial  Windows,  and  Escutcheons  formerly  existing  in 
Ashford  and  Willesborough  Churches,  to  the  memory  of  Sir  John  Fogge, 
a  leading  man  in  the  days  of  Henry  VI.  and  Edward  IV.,  and  the  builder 
of  the  handsome  tower  of  the  first-named  church, — and  of  a  Monument  in 
Folkestone  Church,  hitherto  ascribed  to  one  of  the  Fiennes,  but  considered 
by  Mr.  Larking  to  be  that  of  Sir  John  de  Segrave,  lord  of  Folkestone, 
temp.  Edward  III. 

The  Rev.  Beale  Foste  describes  a  Romano-British  Cemetery  at  West- 
borough,  near  Maidstone,  and  his  paper  is  followed  by  Archbishop 
Warham's  Letters;  these  chiefly  relate  to  the  controversy  between  the 
Archbishop  and  Wolsey  on  the  matter  of  testamentary  jurisdiction,  and,  in 
way  of  explanation,  the  curious  will  of  John  Roper,  the  father-in-law  of 
Margaret,  is  printed.  To  this  succeeds  another  portion  of  the  Journal  of 
Sir  Roger  Twysden,  which  brings  down  his  narrative  to  the  year  1643, 
and  concludes  with  "  a  short  view  of  the  state  or  fortune  of  the  kingdom, 
and  how  the  justice  of  it  was  managed  by  several  Committees/'  which 
reads  very  like  a  leaf  from  Querela  Cantahrigiensis. 

The  indefatigable  Hon.  Secretary  is  a  contributor  to  the  Miscellanea, 
and  in  one  of  his  papers  he  renders  it  probable  that  he  has  discovered  the 
birth-place  of  Caxton;  he  ascribes  it  to  Causton  in  Hadlow,  citing  the 
"  Rot.  Origin."  and  the  Escheat  Rolls  among  the  Public  Records  to  prove 
that  "  Causton"  and  "Caxton"  were  one  and  the  same  name,' used  indif- 
ferently by  the  scribes,  who  wrote  by  ear.  But  his  great,  and,  as  we  are 
sony  to  remark!  not  fully  appreciated  labour  has  been  bestowed  on  the 
commencement  of  an  invaluable  series  of  Records  relating  to  Kent, 
Pedes  Finium  and  Inquisitiones  post  Mortem. 

The  first  instalment,  confined  for  want  of  space  to  Pedes  Mnium,  ap- 
peared in  Vol.  I.  of  the  Society's  publication,  and  was  accompanied  by 
a  lucid  explanation  of  the  nature  and  importance  of  these  records,  part 
of  which  we  cite  :— 

"  It  seems  very  desirable  that  one  portion  of  our  annual  volume  should  be  appro- 
priated to  the  registration  of  such  of  our  public  records  as  evidence  the  alienations 
ancl  descent  of  lands  and  manors,  and  the  genealogy  of  our  leading  families,  from  the 
earliest  times. 

"  Documents  of  this  character  are  of  prominent  interest  to  any  county  collection ; 

"but  in  Kent,  as  will  be  more  fully  explained  when  we  come  to  the  Inquisitiones  port 

Mortem,  they  are  of  incalculable  value.    By  them  we  are  able  to  prove,  in  many  in- 

-  i        i  -  -ti  —  -     -     ~ 

*  Qxvt.  Mao.,  Sept.  I860,  pp.  293  et  seq. 


1861.]    Kent  Archaeological  Society — Publication  of  Records.    143 

stances,  which  of  our  manors  and  lands  are  exempted  from  the  operation  of  gavelkind. 
Many  an  estate  has  been  lost  to  the  eldest  male  heir  by  want  of  knowledge  of  the  in- 
formation contained  in  these  records ;  and  we  trust  that,  in  this  respect,  the  pages  of 
Archaologia  Cantiana  will  be  of  great  use  to  the  legal  profession,  and  to  heirs  of  in- 
testate proprietors.  They  will  do  more, — they  will  be  rendering  actual  national  ser- 
vice, by  placing  upon  permanent  record  muniments  that  must  remain  in  a  perishable 
and  precarious  condition,  as  long  as  they  exist  only  in  manuscript, — and  we  shall  be 
setting  an  example  which  we  trust  may  be  followed  by  all  kindred  societies,  now  so 
numerous  throughout  the  kingdom. 

"  The  earliest  evidences  which  we  have,  after  DomesdAy,  are  the  Pipe  Rolls,  which 
commence  with  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  The  next,  in  order  of  time,  are  the  Plea  Rolls 
and  Pedes  Finium,  which  begin  in  the  reign  of  Richard  I.  When  we  reach  the  reigns 
of  John  and  of  Henry  III.,  our  materials  become  more  abundant;  we  then  have 
great  resources  in  the  Close  and  Patent  Rolls,  the  Fine  Rolls,  the  Memoranda  Rolls, 
the  Inquisitiones  post  Mortem,  &c.,  &c. 

"  As  to  the  earlier  of  these  records,  the  Pipe  Rolls,  it  at  first  occurred  to  us  that 
a  series  of  them  might  be  beneficially  introduced  into  our  ArcKaologia ;  but  the  idea 
was  soon  abandoned,  for,  as  these  Rolls  are  in  themselves  long,  and  occur  yearly  in 
unbroken  succession,  they  appear  better  suited  for  separate  publication,  than  for 
periodical  admission  into  our  Journal.  Certainly  not  more  than  one  Roll  could  be 
given  at  any  one  time,  and  as  each  Roll  belongs  to  a  single  year,  it  is  at  once  evident 
that  the  progress  of  publication  would  be  too  slow  to  be  of  any  immediate  value  in 
elucidating  county  history :  we  shall  better  serve  our  purposes  by  furnishing  a  series 
of  the  Pedes  Finium  and  Inquisitiones  post  Mortem,  which  relate  to  this  county,  from 
their  commencement,  occasionally  giving  extracts  from  the  Close,  Patent,  Memoranda, 
and  other  Rolls."— (VoL  L  pp.  217,  218) 

The  volume  before  as  contains  the  first  portion  of  the  Inquisitions,  also 
prefaced  by  an  explanation  of  the  fund  of  information  that  they  contain, 
but  accompanied  by  this  notification  : — 

"  Literary  friends  in  whose  counsel  we  have  great  confidence,  have,  we  are  free  to 
confess,  advised  the  non-admission  of  these  Records,  and  the  Pedes  Finium,  into  our 
volume ;  but  we  have  so  strong  a  conviction  of  their  conferring  something  of  much 
higher  benefit  to  our  members  than  mere  archaeological  information  (which,  by  the 
way,  is  of  itself,  in  these  instances,  exceedingly  interesting),  that  we  have  resisted  their 
counsel,  and  printed  them.  It  rests  with  our  members  to  decide  whether  they  ap- 
prove the  step  or  no.  If  any  strong  intimation  be  given  (which  we  can  hardly  antici- 
pate) that  they  are  not  acceptable,  they  shall  be  discontinued." — (Vol.  ii.  p.  290.) 

We  must  confess  our  surprise  that  the  exception  has  been  taken  by 
literary  friends.  They  at  least  might  be  expected  to  see  the  full  interest 
and  value  of  the  documents  now  first  rendered  accessible.  It  is  true  that 
a  so-called  Calendar  of  the  Inquisitions  was  printed  by  Government  many 
years  ago,  but  any  one  who  has  ever  compared  its  entries  with  the  originals 
knows  that  it  is  disfigured  by  culpable  inaccuracy e,  and  is  thus  almost 
useless,  while  the   documents  themselves,  either  in  the   original  or  in 

c  It  would  be  too  much  to  say,  with  the  late  Sir  Harris  Nicolas,  that  the  works  of 
the  Record  Commission  are  "  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  inaccuracy  with  which  tbey 
are  printed;"  but  this  unfortunate  Calendar  certainly  gives  some  support  to  the  asser- 
tion. In  few  things  indeed  is  the  improvement  in  the  management  of  the  Public 
Records  more  marked,  than  in  the  care  now  bestowed  on  the  printing  of  its  publications. 


144    Kent  Archaeological  Society — Publication  of  Records.     [Feb. 

a  translation,  may  fairly  be  said  never  to  have  been  indebted  to  the  press 
for  diffusion.  This  will  fully  account  for  the  ignorance  that  prevails  re- 
specting them,  even  among  those  who,  as  will  be  seen,  are  deeply  interested 
in  the  matter,  and  which  the  following  extract  will,  we  hope,  do  something 
to  disperse : — 

"  The  great  importance  of  these  records  to  ordinary  county  history  has  long  been  ac- 
knowledged. In  the  descents  of  family  and  property,  they  are  the  best  evidence  that 
can  be  produced,  and  nearly  the  only  one  on  which  we  can  thoroughly  rely.  More- 
over, if  the  tenant  was  convicted  of  treason  or  felony,  it  appears  on  these  records,  which 
often  furnish  an  actual '  extent'  or  survey  of  the  manors  and  lands  held  by  the  tenant, 
with  their  quality  and  measurement  and  value,  recorded  in  full  detail.  Many  obsolete 
customs  too  are  recorded.  But,  to  this  county,  it  is  impossible  to  overrate  their  value. 
To  us  they  are  not  merely  interesting  items  in  archaeological  research,  but  they  are  the 
indispensable  evidences,  in  many  instances  the  only  title,  which  some  of  us  have  to  our 
property.  Herein  are  specified  what  particular  estates  are  held  by  the  custom  ot 
gavelkind,  aud  which  are  exempt  therefrom. 

"  Many  an  estate  has  been  partitioned  among  coheirs,  on  an  intestacy,  to  which  the 
younger  brothers  had  no  more  right  than  an  utter  alien  in  blood,  and  the  elder  son 
has  thus  been  unconsciously  robbed  of  his  inheritance,  merely  from  ignorance  of  the 
fact  which  these  records  would  have  developed,  that  his  estate  was  originally  held  by 
knight-service,  and  therefore  exempt  from  the  operation  of  gavelkind.  Within  the 
last  four  years  the  writer  of  these  lines  has  himself  rescued  two  important  estates  from 
being  lost  to  the  elder  son,  by  the  evidence  supplied  from  these  very  documents  which 
we  here  purpose  to  print,  in  regular  series,  for  the  use  of  our  county." — (Vol.  ii. 
p.  289.) 

It  is  no  reflection  on  the  possessor  or  the  expectant  of  broad  acres  to 
suppose  him  not  very  well  versed  in  medieval  Latin.  Mr.  Larking  has 
therefore  provided  means  for  rendering  what  so  much  concerns  him  tho- 
roughly intelligible ;  and  this  has  led  him  to  deal  with  the  two  classes  of 
documents  in  a  somewhat  different  manner,  but  each  bearing  unmis- 
takeable  evidence  of  his  sound  discretion  and  his  untiring  industry : — 

"  In  the  instance  of  Pedes  Finium,  we  have  printed  the  record  entire  in  the  original 
Latin,  because  a  short  heading  in  English  suffices,  in  those  records,  to  give  the  whole 
substance  of  the  document ;  but  in  these  Inquisitions,  which  contain  minute  details  of 
every  particular  attaching  to  the  estate  in  question,  no  abstract  would  suffice.  In 
these,  therefore,  for  the  convenience  of  the  general  reader,  we  have  rendered  into 
English  all  the  items  of  the  record.  It  will  enable  him  to  trace  the  descent  of  families 
and  property  from  a  very  early  period  ;  and  ever  and  anon,  in  cases  of  intestacy,  the 
heir,  in  this  county,  will  here  find  a  clue  to  save  himself  from  the  distribution  of  his 
estate  among  younger  brothers,  securing  thereby,  in  almost  every  instance,  a  result  for 
which  the  father,  had  he  made  a  will,  would  most  probably  have  provided. 

"The  English  translation  will  suffice  for  general  purposes;  in  every  instance  we 
have  given  the  reference  to  the  original  record,  so  that,  in  those  cases  where  legal 
evidence  is  required,  the  party  needing  it  can  always  obtain  by  this  reference  a  verba- 
tim copy  of  the  original,  which  will  be  undeniable  evidence  in  all  the  Courts  of  Law 
in  the  kingdom."— (VoL  ii.  pp.  289,  290.) 

In  this  utilitarian  age  such  documents  as  these,  when  once  understood, 
cannot  fail  to  be  appreciated  as  they  deserve.     By  them  may  titles  be  es- 
tablished to  pasture  and  meadow,  arable  and  woodland,  orchards  and 
8 


1861.]    Kent  Arch&ohgical  Society — Publication  of  Records.    146 

hop-gardens  (for  they  relate  to  "  ever-fruitful  Kent") ;  and  their  evidence 
being  absolutely  unimpeachable,  we  are  fully  justified  in  saying  that  no 
portion  of  the  volumes  in  which  they  are  found  will  do  so  much  to  give 
permanent  value  to  the  labours  of  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society  as 
these  Pedes  ttnium  and  Inquisitiones  post  Mortem  ;  and  it  would  really 
be  a  national  loss,  if  the  discontent  of  a  few  persons  who  cannot  have  given 
the  subject  due  consideration  should  have  the  effect  of  causing  their 
discontinuance.  The  ungracious  return  which  would  thus  be  made  to 
Mr.  Larking  we  need  not  enlarge  on,  as  that  may  be  considered  a  per- 
sonal matter,  but  we  trust  that  we  have  shewn  that  it  is  the  plain  interest 
of  the  Kentish  landowners  that  the  series  should  be  completed,  as  it  is  of 
proprietors  in  all  parts  of  the  country  that  other  Societies  should  imitate 
bo  excellent  an  example  as  to  their  respective  districts. 


Stuast  Relics. — Some  well-authenticated  relics  of  the  Stuarts  were  sold  by 
auction  in  Edinburgh  a  short  time  ago.  The  embroidered  cap  and  handkerchief 
worn  by  Charles  I.  on  the  scaffold,  carefully  preserved  by  the  Hyndford  family,  the 
descendants  of  Lord  Carmichael,  who  was  a  faithful  subject  and  servant  of  Charles 
L,  fetched  £30 ;  Cardinal  York's  scarlet  coat  and  vest,  worn  by  the  Cardinal  when 
he  was  a  field-marshal,  £12 ;  a  white  satin  coat,  richly  embroidered  in  silver  and 
cloth  of  gold,  also  satin  vest  to  correspond,  which  belonged  to  Prince  Charles 
Edward  Stuart,  and  were  afterwards  the  property  of  Mr.  Edger  of  Keetnock,  so 
long  attached  to  the  Stuart  family  in  the  capacity  of  secretary,  £25. 

Wedgwood  the  Potteb. — We  believe  no  memoir  has  yet  been  given  to  the 
world  of  this  celebrated  potter ;  but  it  is  rumoured  that  Miss  Meteyard  contem- 
plates publishing  a  biography  which  will  be  assisted  by  papers  in  the  possession  of 
Mr.  Joseph  Mayer,  who  also  possesses  an  extensive  and  valuable  collection  of  the 
fictile  works  of  Wedgwood. 

Noviomagu8. — In  a  paper  by  W.  W.  Pocock,  Esq.,  in  part  1,  vol.  ii. "  Collections 
of  the  Surrey  Archaeological  Society,"  occurs  this  passage: — "This  Roman  sta- 
tion (Noviomagu8),  which  has  been  looked  for  in  Dartford,  Croydon,  Guildford, 
and  perhaps  a  score  more  places,  is  described  in  the  *  Itinerary  of  Antoninus,* 
compiled  probably  in  the  reign  of  Hadrian,  or  about  a.d.  120,  as  situated  on  one 
of  the  roads  from  London  to  Canterbury,  passing,  not  through  Rochester,  but 
through  Yagniacs,  probably  Maidstone." 

Mr.  Pocock  is  here  in  error.  Noviomagus  occurs  in  the  second  iter  of  Anto- 
ninus, a  Folio  ad  P or  turn  Ritvpas,  and  is  placed  next  to  Londinium  at  the  distance 
of  ten  miles ;  the  next  station  is  Vagniacae,  and  the  next  Durohrovis,  or  Roches- 
ter, through  which  the  road  passes  on  through  Durovernum,  now  Canterbury, 
to  RutupiflB. 


Got,  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


146 


[Feb. 


THE  WESTMINSTER  PLAT. 

The  Christmas  of  1860  will  be  remarkable  in  the  annals  of  Westminster  School  as 
having  witnessed  a  departure  from  the  time-honoured  usage  of  presenting  Terence, 
and  Terence  only,  as  the  Christmas  Play.  The  Trinummus  of  Plautus  was  repre- 
sented with  much  ability,  the  cast  being  as  follows : — 


Luxuria   .       • 
Inopia     .       • 
MegaronidesL 
Callidee  . 
Lydteles . 


A.  J.  Mackey. 
O.  Oaborn. 

B.  B.  Dickson. 
B.  J.  More. 

H.  B.  Harrison. 


Lesbonieus       • 
Stsdmua  . 
Megaronides  II. 
Charmides 
Syoophanta 


P.  R.  Wonley. 
W.  A.  Hetherington . 
A.  Maude. 
A.  C.  Onalow. 
A.  H.  Harrison. 


PbJlto W.  8.  Wright. 

We  need  not  analyse  the  plot  for  the  benefit  of  our  readers,  but  we  do  them  no  dia* 
service  in  calling  their  attention  to  a  spirited  translation  in  blank  verse,  just  put  forth 
by  "  An  Old  Westminster*."  As  is  our  custom,  however,  we  append  the  Prologue  and 
the  Epilogue.  The  former  was  spoken  by  Mr.  Harrison,  the  captain  of  the  School) 
the  latter  by  the  characters  indicated,  whose  names  will  be  gleaned  from  the  cast. 

PROLOGUS. 


Jam  saaculares  tertU.  ludos  rice 
De  more  prieca  ooneelebramiu  in  domo : 
Annos  treeenos  numerat,  invidfe  tamen 
Digitum  senecta  protinus  oatendit  Schola. 
Jam  rare  siquis  urban  noanet  ac  Lares 
Mutare  jubeat— religio  loci  retat : 
JState  bio  acta  atetimua ;  hie  manebimue. 
Yerum  renoratam,  qusao,  nonne  agnoedtls 
Faoiem  loci  f    Verendi  nempe  Pneaules 
Car  ampliua  delicto  majorum  luant  t 
Qui  templa  Musarumque  labentes  diu 
JEdes  refldunt,  et  situ  nigrantia 
Fumoque  teeta.    Quo  noa  lati  monere 
Orates  agamus  debitoa :  dtfasaimul 
Oremua,  at  benef  aeta  do  semper  sua 
Benemctis  aliia  pertegant,  ne  perpluant. 

Yettrom  qoinetiam  noa  recordari  deeet, 
Dolces  Patroni :  quorum  et  none  et  antea 
Aocepta  tot  referimoa  aoxilio  bona. 
Ah  1  quam  jurat  tob  ronrat  in  eubselliis 
Yiderel— Quanquam  hoc  heal  non  omne  gau- 

diumeet 
Dedderatur  aliquid.    Hie  acilieet 


Juvenis  com  Patre  praBsens  qui  juvenmn  modo 
Favit  oaterva),  patriam  optato  redux 
Prineepa  reridt— eed  quia  abreptoa  soia 
Beddetsodalesf    His  non  ordiniadecuak 
Ampliaaimi,  moltoqae  quondam  pralio 
Bpeetata  virtua :  non  via  eloquentto 
Aut  in  Camsmia  indytum  Oralis  opus* ; 
Non  sadium  nostrarom  amor*,  et  qua  devii 
Florene  tab  ambri  rulgi  eonapectum  fugit 
Propriiaqae  rirtua  erabeadt  laudibua, 
DinVrre  mortem  valuit,  at  noster  dolor 
In  seriorem  eaderet  amotus  diem. 

Sed  tob  nimii  moramur— aperient  statim 
Aalasa  acenam :— liquid  etiam  iatic  novi  eat, 
Benigne  aedpite ;  namque  his  ipsto  in  locia 
Yeatri  tales  riaere  Plautinoe  ari : 
Xt  robia  idem  ut  plaoeat,  quantum  poaaumua, 
Operam  naramua.    Bcoe  I  jam  veraam  Anglice 
Tenent  puelle  fabulam ;  baud  quiequam  pudet. 
Yeatra  ergo  certe  ferre  noa  suflragia 
Speramua,  domina :  Tester  ut  adfuerit  favor, 
Yhi  aequentor,  et  uno  ore  omnea  omnia 
Bona  dicent,  plauauque  adatrepent  laatiaaimo. 


EPILOGUS. 


[Enter  Lzasoincua  and  Ltsitslbs  ;  Btasdcvs 
behind.] 

Lxa.— Conradenda  mini  est  alicunde  pecunia— 
pland 
Id  liquet.  Lt.— Ex  nihilo,  nil  fit,  opinor.  Las. 
-Agro* 
Jam  TothilM  Ludumqu*  (tUL  ha*e  auprema  aa- 
lutia), 
Antiquum  huno  eertum  est  rendere.    Lt.— 
Yendere,  aiat 

•  The  Trinummua  of  Plautua.  Translated  into 
English  Yene.  By  An  Old  Weatminater.  (Ox- 
ford and  London :  J.  H.  and  Jas.  Parker.) 


Dt  tandem  avortant!    Las.— QuidTif  sordead 
abuau 
Tota  domua  longo—  Lt. — Sordida— eara  tamen  I 
Nil  pietatia  habea?    Las.— Sine  re  pia  pectora 

frigentl 
St.— At  mihi  prospidam  nuno  opua  esse  reor. 
Lt.  — Nee  aoensa  te  tangit  amor,  qui  ludere 
quondam 
Suetuaeraat  Lxa.— Etquarerbcramulta  pati! 

k  The  Duke  of  Richmond. 
•  Colonel  Mure. 

4  B.  Richards,  Esq.,  Master  in  Chanoery;  W. 
P.  Richarda,  Esq.;  William  Phillimore,  Esq. 


1861.] 


The  Westminster  Play. 


147 


Lt. — Qui  M  uses  colore  T— • Lbs.— Hexametrorum 
et  Pentametrorum 

Seri  inoondnnos  pangere  noote  modes— 
Lt.— Tom  dilectcs  ©des, — haw  dormitoria  longa, 

Haurit  ubi  rarum  celaa  fenestra  diem, 
Duldaque  hac  patriot  referunt  qua  nomina  Autos, 

Et  nitet  auratis  olara  tabella  notto% 
Trita  Deeanalie  pedflms  quondam  area  nostril, 

Et  Scbola  per  moltos  scsnsn  adeunda  gradus ; 
Dein  sanctum  Wpcvof  nostrum  qui  sanguine 
honesto 

Claustris  dneta  suis  scope  madebat  humus— 
Cuneta,  eheu  1  posit*  sunt  venundanda  sub  hasti  I 
St.- Salve!  here,— num  verus  rumor  in  urbe 

roUt, 
Hos  te  venales  inscribere  velle  recessus? 
Lxs.— Verum  est.     St.— Ah !  cave  sis  feceris. , 

Lxs.-Ito,  tui 
Quid  refert!— tibi  egon'  rationem  reddere  cogar, 

Fureifer !— effodiam,  ni  taceas,  oculum  I 
8t. — Si  sic  non  lioeat,  certum  est  mini  dioere 
lusco; — 

Ne  tu  projidas  oommoda  tanta— viden'  T 
Hlc  TothiU*  rident  aeterno  lumine  campi, 

Et  deeorat  lstas  regia  crebra  via*. 
Thamesie  hlc  refluit  vitrei*  argenteus  undis, 

Et  pladdo  lintres  fertque  refertque  sinu. 
Lt. — Atque  ubi  vicinas  protexena  Curia  ripas 

Vertiee  multipliei  tollit  ad  astra  caput, 
Audit  quanta  Fori  facundia,  quanta  SenatiU, 

Discit  et  eloquii  fingers  verba  puer ! 
Hlc  etiam,  Hesperidum  superans  pomaria,  floret 

Hortulus,  ElysiiB  anteferendus  agris ; 
Lilia  habet  naso  non  oifacienda  profano, 

Pomaque  plebdi  non  riolanda  manu ! 
Bed,  si  forte  potes,  mini  die—  urbemne  lubenter 

Dilectam  conjux  deserit  1    Lis.— Hem !  fateor, 
Hoc  dubium  esse.    Lt.— Homlnem  teneo  [aside] 
— tua  te  Tocat  uxor ! 

I  modd !  (victor  ero)— te  vocat  uxor,  abi  I 

[Lxs.  goes.] 
En !  abit— at  nondum  victoria  parta— procul  jam 

Calliclis  emptoris  forma  vldetur—  St.— Ohe  I 
Nedubites,— modd  tu  taceas ;— [Enter  Calliclxs] 
—hem,  Calllcles,  harum 

Die  mini  tun'  emptor,  si  licet,  sodium  eris  ? 
Cai~— Quidvi!     St.— Per  si  qua  est,  oro,  tibi 
euratuorum 

Has  ne  tu  sedes  siveris  esse  tuas ! 
Cbnditur  aeternl  Ibthilie  caligine  campus, 

Tristis  et  omnigenis  pestibus  halat  ager  ;— 
Aspeetum  atque  habitus  horum  perpende  looorum, 

Densatum  nebulis  ae*ra  perpetuis, 
Sol  nunquam  aspidtur!— dubii  sub  noote  per 
umbram 

Vivitur  in  mediis  feedbus  et  fadbus  I 
Cal. — Lumine  at  ssternosamposridere  putabam— 
St.— Hydrogenl  gassis  lumine  ridet  ager— 
Cai~— Thametis  at  refluit  vitreis  argenteus  undis, 

Et  pladdo  lintres  fertque  refertque  sinu  1 
St.— Que  te  fallit  anus?  scin'  tu  quot  ThameeU 
iste 

Subter  odoriferas  turbldus  amnis  aquas, 
eanum,  felesque,  et  putida  corpora  volvat 

Spurdfleus,  salens,  Styx  grave  semper  olensf 

•  The  tablets  of  "Captains." 


Gal.— Sed  d  tanta  mali  eoeant  elements,  quid 
obstat 

Quin  abeas  f— standi  hie  qui  tibi  tantus  amor  t 
St.— Nominor  a  Divis  Staeimut ;— mortalia  ssscla 

Johaxxbm  titulo  nobiliore  vocant. 
Est  nostrum  nigro  soleas  aspergere  suoco, 

Et  pueris  solitas  suppeditare  dapes. 
Est  etiam  octuplid  fasces  contexere  furoa 

Yirgea  quos  tremula  betula  fronde  parit. 
Sic  pedibus  aolea,— ventri  eibus,— ingenioque  et 

Motions  est  nostri  virga  parata  manu. 
Hie  labor,  h®c  patria  est ;  parvos  educere  natos 

Hie  soli  his  soils  fas  erit  arte  locis. 
Quid  prosunt  sole®,  d  non  puer  ambulat  ullus, 

Betula  quid  si  nil  quod  fedatur  erit  f 
Sed  tu  qui  forsan  mediis  in  Auctions  erras, 

Quo  tandem  haw  vultu,Charmidis  umbra,vides  T 
[Enter  Shade  of  Busbt.] 
Quisnam  hue  aooedit  tarn  pallidus  f 

Busbt.— Alteram  eundemque 

Aspidtis ;— nimium  ne  trepidate,  boni. 
Adsum  Busbkius,  non  Charmidis  umbra,  palaestra 

Arbiter  atque  hujus  Conditor  usque  Domus. 
Otia  securd,  baculo  virgique  repostis, 

Nostra  apud  infernos  egerat  umbra  diu 
Orammaticen  semper  meditans; — nuno  omine 

lflBVO 

Mt  fuit  ista  omnia  fracta  repente  quies. 
Nimirum  vetus  hoe  quidam  mussabat  alumnus, 

Trans  Stygian  nuper  qui  rate  vectus  aquam 
est, 
Yendere  te,  fill,  has  axles,  ingrate,  paratum  ;— 

Et  pretium  nostra)  solvere  velle  domus 
Calliclem,  wt«<c<M«p  conjunctum  tedere,  cujus 

Mandiram  fidei  prodia,  fllium,  opes ; 
Cumque  domo  Theaaurum  altd  penetralibus  imis 

Defossum, — solus  sds  ubi  condiderem. 
Lxs.— Theaaurum  !— at  dtd  qusBramus,— Vos, 

ferte  ligones. 
Lt.— Heus,  tu  1    Thesaurus  Lexicon  esse  potest ! 
Call.—"  Alloquere,  O  Philto,  tu  nam  facundus  V* 
ethujus 

8i  poteras  terra  non  minus  emptor  eras. 
Philto.— 0    Lux    Grammatioes!   "  dubii  sed 
amicte  figurif," 

Indefinite  mortis  in  artieulo, 
Num  Subitantivi  solido  de  oorpore  eonstas, 

Anne  Adjectivi  nominis  umbra  volas  ? 
Sive  Aceutativua  ades,  sen  forte  Dativut, 

Ceelibe  nam  viti  non  Oenitivua  eras ; 
Qui  te  eunque  affert  casus;  quo,  maxime,  Verbo, 

Die  quo  te/Uctam  tempore,  quove  modo  f 
Indicat  os  trepidum  quam  fervidus  imperet  ardor, 

Quo  me  tubjungit,  quamque  potente  jugo  I 
Tu  prasens  audi  mea  vota,  nee  imperfecta 

Tempore  t&nt  xxHo  prcettrita  que  preces. 
Infinite  aded  paulld  pott  gaudia  reddet 

Plus-quam-perfectus  rite  futurus  amor  I 
Call.— Stat  tibi  sive  aurum,  dve  ss,  sen  lexicon 
illeest, 

Thesaurus  nostri  salvus  amidtii  I 
Busbt.— HAc  de  causa  empturus  eras  T    Call.— 
Sand.    Busbt.  —  Optume,  salve ! 

Nam  sine  Thesauro  nil  valet  ipsa  Domus : 
Non  aurum  est,  non  ass,  non  lexicon ;— effode 


'Hamlet,  LI. 


148 


Recovery  of  the  Columns  of  Reculver  Church.  [Feb. 


[The  attendant  Alumni  dig— a  gigantic  Rod  ia 

produced.] 

Solas 

En!  tiWBoibeiuflquas ■epeliretopet! 

Ctelom  non  sellam  mutantqui  trans  mare  cnrrnnt, 

Post  equitem,  pneri,  virgea  onra  sedet ! 
Aurea  virga  tibi  est  portas  qu®  pandit  honornxn, 

Hoc  rita  primum  mobile,— finit  idem  t 
At  to*,  nostra  qnibus  fama  est  et  gloria  cone, 

rtruma  (to  the  Pit)— Numtri  (to  the  Gods)— 
Famineumqtu  genu*  (to  the  Ladies), — 
Bnsbeius  salvere  jubet ;— jam  visere  sedes 

Gestio,  qua*  Minos,  quas  Rhadamanthos  habet, 
Com-que-petitico  trepidos  examine  Manes 

Exercere ;— vclis  si  quia  adesse,  veni. 
VestrsB  hos  oommendo  Add,  et  pro  meque  meis- 

que 
(Looking  round  to  his  Alumni  in  a  circle  behind) 

Tartareas  grates,  (ne  renuatis,)  ago ! 
Call.— Sed  prins,  oro,  senex,  sooiis  quam  red- 
deris  umbris, 

Hsec  lustres  ooulis  singula  rito  tuis ; 
Luce  nor*  oiroum  plates  eandere  videntur, 


Sordida  nee  squallent  atria,  ut  ante,  sitae ; 
Tbrcentum  totos  regnatum  hie  jam  foit  Amros, 

Nascitur  atque  novis  regions  ordo  norus ! 
Sunt  pueris  thalami  quos  Tit®  postulat  usus, 

Et  quales  hodie  vellet  Eliza  dapes ! 
Busby.— Laudo ;  —  et  ago  grates  tibi,  Prases 
amate  *»,  lubenter ; 

Macte  esto  inceptis  Tu  Sociique  bonis  1 
jEdibus  antiquis  Ludom  hunc  trabibusque  sub 
iisdem 

Vellem  ego  florentem  perpetuumque  fore. 
Ad  si  immutetur  ratio  volventibus  annls, 

Et  sedes  placitum  sit  petiisse  novas, 
Ibiti8  nine  quocunqne  mea  adjungetur  Alumnls 

Prasens  usque  locis  omnibus  Umbra  comes  I 
Ceu  prius  infundant  animum  pracepta  virilem, 

Et  solitsd  accendat  pectora  laudis  amor, 
Libertatem  una  discant  Soliumque  vereri, 

Et  colere  hos  Ada  relligione  Lares. 

s  The  late  improvement*  in  the  School  and  its 
precincts. 
k  The  Dean  of  Westminster. 


RECOVERY  OF  THE  COLUMNS  OF  RECULVER  CHURCH. 

The  now  spoliated  church  of  Reculver,  which  stands  upon  an  elevation 
overlooking  the  sea,  between  Heme  Bay  and  Margate,  is  well  known  to  the 
visitors  of  the  watering-places  on  the  Kentish  coast,  and  to  mariners,  to 
whom  the  spires,  popularly  called  u  The  Two  Sisters,"  serve  as  a  landmark. 
It  stands  upon  a  precipice  which,  some  200  years  since,  before  the  ground 
had  been  undermined  by  the  sea,  was  firm  land  in  the  centre  of  the  Roman 
castrum  of  Regulbium ;  at  that  time,  as  we  learn  from  an  old  map  *,  this 
was  surrounded  by  walls,  of  which  now  only  the  southern  and  portions  of 
the  eastern  and  western  remain.  In  that  map  the  church  appears  as  perfect, 
and  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  it  was  so ;  in  fact,  it  was  only  in  the 
present  century  that  it  was  given  up  to  the  spoilers.  Mr.  Roach  Smith, 
who  some  few  years  since  published  the  map  alluded  to,  and  other  curious 
illustrations  of  the  antiquities  of  the  place,  refers  the  reader  "  who  may  be 
inclined  to  go  into  the  repulsive  details  of  the  heartless  destruction  of  the 
church,"  to  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  the  years  1808-10. 

Among  the  illustrations  alluded  to  is  one  engraved  from  a  drawing  made, 
long  before,  by  Mr.  Gandy,  A.R.A.,  representing  two  columns  supporting 
three  arches  which  separate  the  chancel  from  the  nave.  The  arches  had 
been  destroyed,  and  the  columns,  and  everything  else  that  was  portable, 
had  been  sold  and  carried  away,  nobody  knew  where,  and  it  was  supposed 
they  had  perished  utterly.  These  were  of  high  interest  in  connection  with 
the  masonry  of  the  walls,  which,  from  the  drawing  of  Mr.  Gandy,  appears 
to  have  been  Roman,  being  made  by  layers  of  squared  stones,  neatly  faced, 


•  Antiquities  of  Richborough,  Reculver,  and  Lymne,  by  C.  Roach  Smith,  p.  193. 


1861.]        Recovery  of  the  Columns  of  Reculver  Church.  149 

separated  at  intervals  by  courses  of  tiles.  Mr.  Roach  Smith  placed  this 
masonry  so  far  back  as  the  Roman  times,  and  considered  it  had  been 
enclosed  in  the  Saxon  church,  and  preserved  through  all  its  subsequent 
changes.  The  columns,  we  now  learn,  have  unexpectedly  turned  up  in  a 
garden  or  orchard  at  Canterbury  !  They  were  accidentally  noticed  by  Mr. 
Sheppard  of  that  town,  who  recognised  them  (from  the  engravings  in  "  The 
Antiquities  of  Bichborough  and  Reculver*')  as  the  identical  columns  of 
Reculver  Church.  They  had,  it  appears,  been  carried  there  to  do  service  as 
embellishments  of  the  garden,  or,  as  some  assert,  to  be  cut  into  rollers  for 
the  grass.  The  owner  died ;  and  then,  from  Mr.  Sheppard's  discovery, 
these  curious  monuments  were  identified  and  saved.  Mr.  W.  J.  Cooper, 
the  present  possessor,  has,  with  much  good  feeling,  consented  to  allow  them 
to  be  set  up  in  the  Precincts  of  the  Cathedral,  as  suggested  by  the  Dean, 
and  Canons  Robertson  and  Stone,  who  have  acted  most  liberally  and  cour- 
teously in  entertaining  an  appeal  made  to  them.  Whether  upon  an  ex- 
amination of  the  columns  themselves  the  notion  of  their  Roman  origin  will 
be  confirmed  is  immaterial.  There  seems  to  be  less  difficulty  in  accepting 
the  columns,  arches,  and  walls,  as  shewn  in  the  engraving,  as  Roman,  than 
in  considering  them  Saxon  constructed  more  Romano. 

The  church  of  Reculver  is  now  a  mere  shell ;  but  as  the  author  of  the 
work  referred  to  observes, — 

"It  possessed  especial  claim  for  preservation.  The  Roman  architecture  gave  it  a 
distinctive  feature  of  remote  antiquity,  of  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  another 
example  in  this  country.  It  stood  as  a  monument  of  the  downfall  of  paganism  and 
the  triumph  of  Christianity.  Upwards  of  a  thousand  years  our  forefathers  had  pre- 
served, endowed,  and  repaired  it;  and  generation  after  generation  had  called  it 
theirs,  and  within  its  walls  had  ratified  the  obligations  of  social  life :  they  had  died, 
and  were  buried  about  it.  Tradition  hallowed  it  as  the  burial-place  of  Ethelbert,  who 
received  and  protected  Augustine.  Monuments  of  the  ancestors  of  rich  and  influential 
families,  whose  near  relatives  also  lay  there  interred,  stood  within  and  around  its  walls. 
The  church  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  century,  though  it  had  been  neglected 
and  was  dilapidated,  might  have  been  easily  repaired ;  but  the  gentry  and  clergy  aban- 
doned it  to  jobbers  and  speculators,  who  seized  upon  the  venerable  pile,  tore  it  to 
pieces,  and  divided  the  spoil ;  and  old  people  who  remember  the  circumstances,  tell 
how  the  bells  fell  to  the  share  of  one,  the  lead  to  another ;  recount  the  prices  at  which 
the  materials  were  sold ;  and  relate  how,  ere  long,  the  curse  of  Heaven  fell  on  all  the 
destroyers  of  the  church ;  that  nothing  prospered  with  them ;  and  that,  at  last,  they 
and  their  families  came  to  misery  and  ruin.'* 

For  a  notice  of  Reculver  in  its  present  state  we  may  refer  our  readers  to 
a  paper  called  "  Strolls  on  the  Kentish  Coast,"  which  appeared  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine  for  September,  1856. 


[Feb. 


GRANT  OF  ARMS  TO  THE  TOWN  OF  HADLEIGH. 


In  our  notice  of  Mr.  Pigot's  "  History  of  Hadleigh,"  (pp.  135 — 138  of 
the  last  volume,)  we   gave  some   extracts  to  shew   that  Hadleigh   was 
formerly  a  cloth-making  town.     In  the  sixteenth  century,  when  its  trade 
was  flourishing,  efforts  appear  to  have  been  made  to  obtain  a  charter  of 
incorporation,  for  this  item  occurs  in  one  of  the  old  parish  books  in  the 
year  1571  :— 
*'  P«jd  to  John  Smythe  for  that  he  hath  lajd  out  shout  the  Charter  iiij/." 
And  again  in  the  year  1586  there  is  the  following  entry : — 
"  M-  that  there  rerttth  in  the  hand*  of  W-  Forth,  gent.  *'»,  wtk  is  dew  to  the 
towne,  &  ia  parte  of  that  monoj  wck  wa*  gathered  for  the  Charter ," 


1861.]  Grant  of  Arms  to  the  Town  of  Hadleigh.  151 

These  efforts  were  all  in  vain,  but  a  renewed  application  was  more  suc- 
cessful in  1618,  when  James  I.  gratified  the  inhabitants  by  conferring  the 
charter  which  they  had  so  long  desired,  together  with  the  grant  of  arms,  a 
copy  of  which,  with  the  autograph  of  Camden,  then  Clarenceux,  we  lay 
before  our  readers. 

The  charter  continued  in  force  till  the  year  1687,  when  it  was  surren- 
dered on  a  writ  of  quo  warranto,  the  Government  of  the  day  being  excited 
to  action  not  only  by  the  general  desire  to  secure  the  surrender  of  charters 
into  their  hands  in  order  that  they  might  re- issue  them  with  provisions 
more  favourable  to  the  Crown,  but  also  by  the  representations  of  some  of  the 
inhabitants  that  the  Corporation  had  been  guilty  of  applying  to  their  own 
purposes  funds  which  were  originally  left  for  the  support  of  religious  and 
charitable  objects. 

Various  attempts  were  subsequently  made  to  obtain  a  new  charter,  but 
after  considerable  expenses  had  been  incurred  without  avail,  the  design  was 
finally  abandoned  in  1707-8. 

The  first  Mayor  was  John  Gaell,  a  member  of  a  respectable  family  which 
left  several  benefactions  to  its  native  town,  but  which  is  now  extinct  in 
Hadleigh.  He  died  in  March  1641-2,  and  his  monument  surmounted  by 
his  arms — on  a  fesse,  between  three  saltires,  three  lions'  heads  erased — still 
remains  on  the  south  pier  of  the  chancel-arch  of  Hadleigh  Church.  The 
inscription  tells  us  nearly  all  that  is  known  about  him  :— 

Siste,  viator,  ubi  teternum  dates, 

Dumq?  hujus  mortem  deplores,  expecta  tuam. 

Ivit  hie  sub  umbras 

Johannes  Gaell  Gen"  primus  hujus  Bnrgi  Pretor 

Quo  qoidem  mnnere  denuo  functus  est. 

Yir  integritate  morum  simplex, 

Animi  prudentia  insignia, 

Vita  moderatione  compositus, 

Hospitalitate,  Comitate,  equitate  instructissimns, 

Amicis  prima  spes,  ultimas  dolor. 

Tres  amantissimas  fcBminas  conjugio  duxit, 

Rosam  Badulphi  Hay  ward  Filiam  (quam  ex  Susanna 

Overall  Episcopi  Norvicensis  sorore  suscepit) 

Saram  et  Margaretam. 
Ex  prima  numerosam  suscepit  sobolem,  viz., 
Septem  filios,  Edvardum, 
Gulielmum,  Qulielmum  tenella  state  defunctos,  Johannem  nuper 
Sodom  Aula  Pemb.  Cantab,  Edvardum  ter  itidem  Hadleii  Pnetorem, 
Ctoorgium  Procuratorem  de  Arcubus,  Thomam,  &  duas  Filias  Juditham 
Boberto  Ayleff  LL  Do'ori  et  Mariam  Qulielmo  Appleton,  gen.  nupt : 
Sad  tx  alteris  nullam. 

Abi,  Viator,  et  disoe  mori. 
Monumentum  hoc  Patris  Carissimi  Filius  Oeorgius 

M.  S.  P.  C. 


152  Or  ant  of  Arms  to  the  Town  of  Hadleigh.  [Feb. 

The  grant  of  arms  is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  a  floriated  border.  In 
the  centre  are  the  arms  of  James  I.,  viz.,  Quarterly,  1st  and  4th  France 
and  England  quarterly ;  2nd,  Scotland ;  3rd,  Ireland ;  an  imperial  crown 
surmounting  the  shield ;  on  the  dexter  side  is  a  shield  charged  with  Argent, 
a  cross  gules  impaling  the  royal  arms,  and  on  the  sinister  the  same  arms 
impaling  Denmark. 

Immediately  under  the  arms  of  Hadleigh,  which  are  emblazoned  on  the 
dexter  side  of  the  grant,  is  a  shield  with  these  arms, — Argent,  a  cross  gules 
impaling  Azure,  a  sal  tire  argent ;  and  on  the  other  side  are  the  royal  arms, 
with  a  label  of  three  points. 

The  seal,  which  is  now  lost,  was  appended  by  blue  and  yellow  ribands, 
being  the  colours  of  the  field  and  principal  charge  of  the  arms  of  Hadleigh. 


To  all  and  singular  aswell  Nobles  as  Gentles  and  others,  to  whom©  theise  pre- 
sents shall  come,  I,  William  Cambden,  Esquire,  alias  Clarenceux  King  of  Armes  of 
the  South  East  and  West  partes  of  this  Realme  of  England,  from  the  River  of 
Trent  Southward,  doe  send  greeting  in  our  lord  God  everlasting.  Br  the  consti- 
tucons  of  our  prudent  Progenitors  the  bearing  of  Signes  in  Sheildes  comonly 
called  Armes  hath  bene  devised  and  assigned  to  private  men  of  worth  and  good 
desert  for  seruice  to  their  Prince  and  Country  in  warre  or  peace  as  demonstrations 
of  their  vertues  and  rewardes  of  the  same.  See  alsoe  such  like  signes,  monuments 
and  Armes  have  ben  appropriated  in  like  respect  to  Citties,  Burroughes,  Corporations, 
Cominalties  and  Societies  of  this  Realme  vnited  by  authoritie  of  Princes  for  con- 
seruacon  of  themselves  as  well  in  peace  as  warre,  supporting  and  aduancing  vertue 
and  honestie,  repressing  vice  and  wickednes  by  law©,  order  and  goverment.  And 
whereas  the  Kinges  maiestie  our  dread  Soveraigne  lord  James,  by  the  grace  of  god 
King  of  England  &&,  by  his  Letters  patents  vnder  his  greate  Seale  of  England, 
bearing  date  at  Westminster  the  two  and  twentith  day  of  November,  in  the  Six- 
teenth yeare  of  his  Raigne  of  England,  (France,  and  Ireland,  and  the  two  and 
ffiftith  of  Scotland,  hath  recited  that  the  Towne  of  Hadleigh  in  the  Countie  of 
Suffolke  is  an  auncient  and  populous  Towne,  and  the  Inhabitants  thereof  of  long 
tyme  have  laudablie  used  and  exercised  the  facultie  of  making  of  wollen  cloth  to 
the  great  releife  of  the  poore  Inhabitantes  of  the  said  Towne  and  of  other  Townes 
there  neere  adioyning,  And  graciouslie  affecting  the  bettering  and  publike  good  of 
the  said  Towne,  did  by  the  said  Letters  pattents  graunte  that  the  said  Towne,  and 
a  certaine  streete  called  Woodkekstreete  lying  in  or  neere  Hadleigh  aforesaid, 
within  the  fee  and  precinct  of  the  mannor  of  Hadleigh,  shalbe  and  remaine  for 
ever  a  free  Burrough  and  Towne.  And  that  the  Inhabitantes  of  the  said  Burroughe 
or  Towne  and  Streete,  without  any  question  bee  and  shalbe  one  body  corporate  and 
politique  in  deede,  fact  and  name,  by  the  name  of  maior,  Aldermen,  and  Burgesses 
of  Hadleigh  in  the  Countie  of  Suffolke.  And  them  by  the  name  of  maior,  Aldermen 

and  Burgesses  of  Hadleigh  in  the  Countie  of  Suffolke,  one  bodie  corporate  in  deede, 
4 


1861.]  Grant  of  Arms  to  the  Town  of  Hadleigh.  153 

fact  and  name,  reallie  and  fullie  did  make,  ordeyne,  constitute,  create,  confirme,  ra- 
tifie,  and  declare  by  the  same  Letters  patents.  And  that  they  by  the  same  name  of 
maior,  Aldermen  and  Burgesses  of  Hadleigh  in  the  Conntie  of  Suffolke  shall  have 
perpetuall  Succession,  and  be  persons  perpetuallie  able  and  in  lawe  capable  to  have, 
receive  and  enioye  landes,  tenements,  liberties,  priuiledges,  iurisdicons  and  ymu- 
nities  of  what  kind  soever.  And  in  his  said  letters  pattents  did  graunte  That  there 
should  be  for  ever  within  the  said  Towne,  A  maior,  eight  Aldermen  and  sixteen 
cheife  Burgesses.   And  did  nominate  and  assigne  John  Gael),  gent,  to  be  first  maior 
of  the  said  Burrough,  and  the  said  John  Gaell  and  John  Alabaster,  John  Britten, 
Robert  Strutt,  Phillipp  Eldred,  Robert  Reason,  Richard  Glamfeilde,  and  John 
Wliiting,  gent,  the  first  Eight  Aldermen  of  the  said  Burrough,  and  Andrew  ffuller, 
John  Blewett,  William  Richardson,  Thomas  Britten,  Edward  Beamont,  Thomas 
Blewett,  Robert  Holgrave,  Robert  Norris,  Thomas  Smith,  Thomas  Sympson,  Thomas 
Colman,  John  Beamont,  Thomas  Humfrey,  John  Gresby,  Thomas  Cole,  and  John 
Smith  the  first  sixteene  cheife  Burgesses  of  the  said  Burroughe,  and  Thomas  Locke, 
Esquier,  Recorder,  and  ffrancis  Andrewe,  gent,  Towncclarke  of  the  said  Burroughe. 
And  further  graunted,  That  the  said  maior,  Aldermen  and  Burgesses  of  Hadleigh 
aforesaid,  and  their  Successors,  may  have  for  ever  a  comon  Scale  to  serve  for  the 
doing  of  their  causes  and  busines,  and  may  at  their  pleasure  breake  and  change  the 
same  and  make  a  newe.   ffor  the  which  their  Seale,  whereas  they  have  required  me 
to  assigne  and  appropriate  to  them  peculier  armes,  I  have  assigned  these,  videlt., 
The  ffeild  Azure  a  chevorn  erminois  betweene  three  woolsackes  argent,  and  to  the 
Crest  or  Cognizant  on  a  Helmc  a  wreth  of  his  cullors,  Or  and  Azure  a  mount  vert, 
thereon  a  lambe  standing  argent,  holding  a  banner  Azure  with  a  woolsacke  argent, 
the  staffe  Or  mantelled  argent,  doubled  gules,  tasselled  Or,  as  more  plainelie  ap- 
peareth  depictured  in  the  margent.    The  which  armes  I  assigne  give  and  graunte 
unto  the  said  Burrough  or  Towne  and  Corporacon,  and  to  the  said  maior,  Alder- 
men and  Burgesses  of  the  said  Burroughe  or  Towne  of  Hadleigh  and  their  Suc- 
cessors by  theise  presents  p'petuallie  to  be  borne. 

In  witnes  whereof,  I,  the  said  King  of  Armes,  have  hereunto  sett  my  hand  and 
8eale  of  Office  the  Eighteenth  day  of  ffebruary,  in  the  sixteenth  yeare  of  the 
Raigne  of  our  Soveraigne  lord  James  of  great  Britayne,  ffraunce  and  Ireland, 
Defendor  of  the  faith,  &c,  Anno  Dni.  1618. 


~afnd^n^  (^Jcvrencet 


X>.*£y^Arm& 


Grrr.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


154  [Feb- 


PROGRESS  OF  ARCHITECTURE  IN  1860. 

The  constructive  art  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  progressed  satisfactorily 
daring  the  past  year.  What  is  meant  for  Gothic  architecture  is  certainly 
making  way,  and  is  being  adopted  for  every  variety  of  edifice,  whether 
church,  town-hall,  or  school ;  but  it  is  equally  clear,  and  is  much  to  be 
regretted,  that  the  Gothic  architects  are  not  at  one  among  themselves. 
Not  content  with  the  variety  which  the  architecture  of  our  own  country 
affords  in  the  three  recognised  divisions  of  Early  English,  Decorated, 
and  Perpendicular,  many  indulge  in  strange  fancies ;  they  bring  in 
novel  features  from  France,  Italy,  or  Germany,  without  due  consider- 
ation; where  they  introduce  polychrome  it  is  too  often  in  a  way  that 
shews  an  indistinct  appreciation  of  its  purposes;  but  especially  they 
seem  to  task  themselves  to  produce  as  great  a  variety  of  outline  as 
possible — proceedings  which  Sylvaitus  TJbban  conceives  to  be  quite  at 
variance  with  the  true  principles  of  Gothic  architecture,  and  calculated, 
by  a  total  disregard  of  its  noble  simplicity,  to  render  it  grotesque 
rather  than  effective.  Indeed,  it  appears  to  require  a  sounder  judgment 
than  some  of  our  rising  architects  have  yet  evinced  to  manage  effectively 
the  contrasts  of  colour  produced  by  bands  of  red,  black,  or  yellow  dispersed 
over  a  building  of  white  brick ;  and  many  of  their  intended  enrichments  of 
so-called  Gothic,  if  they  resemble  anything  at  all,  approach  to  the  corrupt 
taste  of  the  Renaissance.  Whether  from  all  this  confusion,  the  hoped-for 
new  style,  termed  by  anticipation  Victorian  architecture,  may  yet  be 
evolved,  is  more  than  any  one  can  safely  affirm ;  but  it  appears  quite  certain 
that  the  Classic  styles  have  been  finally  abandoned. 

Taking  as  our  basis  the  excellent  article  on  "  Public  Improvements"  in 
the  "  Companion  to  the  Almanac"  for  1861,  we  proceed  to  notice  the  most 
remarkable  edifices  completed  in  the  past  year  : — 

"  In  London  no  church  entering  into  comparison  with  All  Saints,  Margaret-street,  has 
been  this  year  completed.  That  claimed  the  first  place  last  year  as  the  most  elaborate 
and  the  most  successful  attempt  to  embody  the  developed  views  of  Anglo-Catholic  eccle- 
siology.  This  year  a  church  of  a  very  different  kind,  St.  Paul's,  Haggerstone,  deserves 
special  note  as  being  avowedly,  on  the  part  of  the  architect,  Mr.  A.  W.  Blom  field,  an 
abandonment  of  the  mediaeval  type :  it  'being  his  conviction  that  the  received  mediaeval 
type  is  not  the  buildhig  best  adapted  to  the  ritual  of  the  Church  of  England.'  In  this 
church,  therefore,  the  problem  he  has  attempted  to  solve  is  how, ( without  sacrificing 
ecclesiastical  character,'  a  thousand  persons  should  find  accommodation  so  that  all  may 
see  as  well  as  hear  the  clergyman.  The  church  is  of  brick,  with  stone  dressings,  Early 
English  in  general  character,  and  consists  of  a  nave  with  aisles,  80  feet  long  and  53 
wide,  and  a  polygonal  chancel  36  feet  deep  by  24  wide.  The  roof  of  the  nave  is  ceiled, 
'but  the  principal  timbers  are  shewn.  The  aisles  are  covered  by  a  series  of  gable  roofs, 
one  oyer  each  of  the  five  bays.    Galleries  12  feet  deep  run  along  the  sides  and  western 


1861.]  Progress  of  Architecture  in  1860.  155 

end  of  the  church.  In  all  this  there  ii  not  much  departure  from  precedent.  The  real 
novelty  perhaps  consists  in  the  free  recognition  of  a  material  which  ecclesiastical  archi- 
tects usually  shrink  from  making  visible  use  of.  The  main  arches  of  the  roof  are 
borne  on  lofty  but  slender  iron  pillars,  four  on  each  side,  which  rest  on  a  base  of  Port- 
land stone.  The  galleries,  which  are  set  back  from  the  main  pillars,  aie  also  supported 
on  thin  iron  columns.  Whilst,  therefore,  in  the  general  aspect  of  the  interior  there  is 
no  very  marked  '  sacrifice  of  ecclesiastical  character,'  the  architect  has  certainly  sue* 
ceeded  in  the  other  part  of  his  self- imposed  task,  for,  as  we  found  by  personal  trial, 
the  congregation  can  both  see  and  hear  their  minister — at  least  whilst  he  is  in  the 
pulpit,  and  nearly  all  whilst  he  is  at  the  communion-table.  Still  we  are  far  from  ad- 
mitting that  the  greater  question — What  is  the  best  form  of  church  for  the  ordinary 
service  of  the  ritual  of  the  Church  of  England  ?  is  here  answered.  The  church  is 
a  very  useful  and  convenient  district  church,  far  above  the  average  of  churches  of 
its  size  and  cost,  but  by  no  means  a  model.  The  architect  has  dealt  too  timidly — 
necessarily  so  most  likely,  for  a  church  architect  is  largely  at  the  mercy  of  his  em- 
ployers, who  exercise  often  their  power  of  control  most  pitilessly — with  his  essay  to 
have  accomplished  that.  Still  it  is  one  that  will  do  good  service.  It  is  the  recogni- 
tion of  a  just  idea,  and  one  that  will  bear  fruit  in  due  season.  Even  Mr.  Blomfield 
himself  will  find  in  it  a  point  d'appui  whence  he  may  advance  further  another  time.'* 
—(pp.  231,  232.) 

"  Of  other  new  churches  in  London  or  its  vicinity  only  two  or  three  have  been  com- 
pleted.— St.  Thomas',  Hemingford-road,  Islington,  is  one  of  ten  new  churches  pro- 
posed to  be  erected  to  meet  the  necessities  of  the  rapidly  increasing  population  of  that 
extensive  parish.  It  consists  of  nave  and  chancel,  with  side  aisles  and  galleries,  and 
will  accommodate  950  persons.  It  is  built  of  Kentish  rag,  with  Bath  stone  dressings, 
and  is  early  Decorated  in  style ;  but  it  being  necessary  to  avoid  unnecessary  expendi- 
ture, there  is  not  much  ornament :  the  great  east  window  of  five  lights  is  a  handsome 
feature.  A  bell-turret  over  the  chancel-arch  serves  instead  of  a  tower.  The  cost  was 
about  4,000/.  The  architects  were  Messrs.  Newman  and  Billing.  At  Oiisiow-square, 
Brampton,  a  church  intended  to  accommodate  1,600  persons  approaches  completion.  It 
is  late  Decorated  in  style,  100  feet  long,  60  wide,  and  will  have  a  tower  and  spire  160  feet 
high.  Galleries  are  carried  along  the  sides  and  end,  and  in  order  that  all  may  see  the 
preacher  the  pulpit  is  fixed. in  a  now  almost  obsolete  position,  fronting  the  centre  of 
the  altar.  The  altar  is  raised  and  here  is  a  carved  oak  reredos.  The  roof  is  an  open 
timber  one.  The  walls  are  of  Kentish  rag,  with  Bath  stone  dressing.  The  architect 
is  Mr.  C.  J.  Freak,  who  is  also  the  owner  of  much  of  the  surrounding  property,  and 
who  has  subscribed  5,000/.  towards  defraying  the  cost  of  the  church. 

"  A  church  with  some  interesting  features,  but  certainly  of  no  external  beauty  or 
attractions,  has  been  completed  for  the  district  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  Hammer- 
smith, from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Butterfield,  the  architect  of  All  Saints',  Margaret-street. 
Bat  more  interest  attaches  to  his  church  now  erecting  in  Baldwin's  Gardens,  Gray's  Inn 
Road,  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  most  wretched  localities  in  the  metropolis.  In  this 
church,  which  is  being  built  at  the  expense  of  a  City  merchant,  we  are  promised  the 
latest  development  of  ccclesiology.  Every  part  is  to  be  constructively  and  deooratively 
'real  f  there  will  be  narthex  and  Galilee  porch,  as  well  as  nave  and  saerariuni,  and  all 
fitting  symbolic  forms  and  affinities :  but  of  course  there  will  be  little  of  the  Margaret- 
street  pomp  and  luxury.  As  far  as  it  has  proceeded  the  church  promises  to  be  quite  as 
remarkable,  and  perhaps  almost  as  attractive  in  its  way,  as  its  more  fashionable  prede- 
sessor.  A  parsonage  and  sexton's  house  form  part  of  the  architectural  composition. 
Other  churches  have  been  commenced  at  South  Lambeth — a  large  and  important 
structure  erecting  at  the  cost  of  the  Hector  of  Bath,  who  was  formerly  incumbent  of 
Stockwell,  out  of  which  this  district  is  to  be  formed ;  at  Paddington,  by  Mr.  Hawkins; 
at  Stamford  Hill;  at  Hornsey  Rise;  at  Penton-street,  PentoavUle;  in  Great  Wind- 


156  Progress  of  Architecture  in  1860.  [Feb. 

mill-street,  by  Mr.  Brandon;   Holy  Trinity,  Knightsbridge ;  at  King's  Cross,  and 
elsewhere.*'— (pp.  232,  233.) 

"  One  of  the  richest  of  recent  Gothic  churches  has  just  been  built  on  a  picturesque 
eminence  overlooking  the  valley  of  the  Clwyd,  about  three  miles  west  of  St.  Asaph's. 
St.  Margaret's,  Bodelwyddan,  was  erected  by  the  Dowager  Lady  Margaret  Willoughby 
de  Broke,  as  a  memorial  of  her  late  husband  Lord  Henry  Willoughby  do  Broke.  It  is 
built  of  Bodelwyddan  limestone,  but  the  shafts  of  the  columns  and  much  of  tho  deco- 
rative work  are  of  the  coloured  Belgian  and  Black  Irish  marbles,  with  Talacre  stone, 
Caen  stone,  and  alabaster  for  the  facings  and  carved  work.  The  church  consists  of 
a  nave  66  feet  long,  sacrarium  (chancel,  &c.)  42  \  feet,  with  a  tower  and  spire,  202  feet 
high,  at  the  western  end,  and  an  octagonal  vestry  at  the  north-east  angle.  The  nave- 
piers  have  clustered  shafts  of  Belgian  marbles,  with  richly  carved  capitals,  formed  by 
native  plants  and  flowers ;  and  there  are  marble  shafts  in  the  arcade  above.  The  roofs  of 
the  nave  and  aisles  are  of  oak.  The  chancel  has  a  series  of  crocketed  canopies  borne  by 
shafts  of  Languedoc  marble,  which  rest  on  bases  of  Purbeck  marble.  The  reredos  is  of 
ahibaster  elaborately  carved ;  and  throughout  the  chancel  this  richness  of  ornamenta- 
tion is  maintained.  The  great  east  window  of  five  lights  is  filled  with  stained  glass, 
as  are  some  of  the  other  windows.  The  exterior  is  less  ornate*  but  a  striking  effect  is 
produced  by  the  unusually  large  chancel  with  its  pierced  spires  at  the  inner  angles, 
and  the  lofty  tower  and  spire.  This  spire  is  crocketed,  has  bands  of  coloured  stone, 
is  pierced  with  small  trefoil  and  quatrefoil  openings,  has  large  traccried  windows  at 
the  base,  an  entasis  of  a  foot  in  the  middle,  and  is  united  to  the  pinnacles  of  the  tower 
by  flying  buttresses.  The  church  is  said  to  have  cost  22,000/.  The  architect  was 
Mr.  J.  Gibson."— (pp.  235,  236.) 

The  following  summary  is,  we  believe,  tolerably  complete : — 

"  Churches,  Early  English  in  style,  have  been  constructed  at  the  following  places : — 
By  ton,  near  Leominster,  cruciform ;  Brosely  tiles  employed  on  the  exterior ;  architect, 
Mr.  Bannister  of  Hereford.  St.  David's,  Brecon;  nave,  chancel  (with  windows  of 
stained  glass  by  Clayton  and  Bell),  tower  at  west  end;  300  sittings;  cost  1,500/.; 
architect,  Mr.  J.  Clayton.  St.  Paul's,  High  Elswick,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne;  nave  and 
aide  aisles,  chancel,  clerestory,  and  open- timber  roof;  bell -turret  and  spires  at  south- 
west angles ;  900  sittings ;  cost  4,500/. ;  architect,  Mr.  John  Dobson.  East  Orchard, 
in  the  parish  of  Iwerne  Minster.  Christ  Church,  Higher  Bebington,  has  seven  three- 
light  windows  on  each  side,  a  west  window  of  six  lights,  and  a  large  east  window,  all 
filled  with  stained  glass ;  500  sittings,  but  can  be  increased  to  700 ;  cost,  exclusive  of 
the  stone  of  which  it  is  built,  3,000/. ;  architect,  Mr.  Walter  Scott  of  Birkenhead. 
St.  Aidin's,  Victoria-road,  Liverpool ;  of  red  sandstone  ;  900  sittings  ;  cost  3,500/. ; 
architect,  Mr.  A.  H.  Holme.  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  Stoke,  near  Bristol ;  336  sittings ; 
cost  2,800/.,  exclusive  of  the  stained  glass  windows  of  the  apse ;  architect,  Mr.  Norton. 
Blakedown,  chapel-of-ease  to  the  pari»h  of  Hagley ;  120  sittings,  all  free ;  architect, 
Mr.  Street.  St.  Stephen,  Moore-lane,  Congleton ;  nave,  aisles,  and  apsidal  chancel ; 
600  sittings ;  cost  3,000/. ;  architect,  Mr.  J.  Clarke.  Corris,  Merioneth,  a  memorial 
church  to  the  late  Sir  John  Edwards,  erected  at  the  cost  of  Lord  and  Lady  Vane. 
Norden,  near  Rochdale ;  600  sittings  ;  cost  near  3,000/. ;  architect,  Mr.  Shaw,  of  Sad- 
dle worth.  St.  Andrew's,  Yarmouth ;  400  sittings,  besides  children's  gallery ;  cost 
1,050/. ;  organ  the  gift  of  Miss  Burdett  Coutts ;  architect,  Mr.  C  E.  Giles.  FalSeltl, 
Gloucestershire  ;  elaborately  finished ;  roofs  of  very  high  pitch  ;  206  sittings,  of  which 
160  are  free,  besides  seats  for  50  children;  architect,  Mr.  S.  W.  Daukes.  Christ 
Church,  Buckington,  Wilts. ;  a  pretty,  inexpensive,  little  stone  building,  with  the  bell- 
turret  at  the  end,  and  an  open-timber  roof ;  cost  under  1,000/. ;  architect,  Mr.  F. 
Cundy.    Whitfield,  Northumberland ;  cruciform,  with  central  tower  and  spire,  150 


1861.]  Progress  of  Architecture  in  1860.  157 

feet  high ;  erected  at  the  cost  of  the  Rev.  J.  A.,  and  Mrs.  Blackett  Ord,  as  a  memorial 
of  the  late  \V.  Ord,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  architect,  Mr.  A.  B.  Highara  of  Newcastle. 

"  At  the  head  of  our  summary  of  the  Decorated  churches  we  will  place  one  which, 
when  we  went  over  it  shortly  before  its  completion,  seemed  to  as  to  present  some 
commendable  features.  St.  Barnabas,  Ryland-street  North,  Birmingham,  only  shews 
its  facade  from  the  street ;  and  in  that  the  chief  features  are  a  wide  window  of  seven 
lights,  with  some  good  tracery,  and  a  neat  broach  spire.  The  body  of  the  church, 
divided  into  seven  bays,  is  80  feet  long,  44  wide,  and  50  feet  to  the  ridge  of  the  extra- 
vagantly high  roof.  The  apsidal  chancel  has  three  lights.  Deep  galleries  pass  round 
the  sides  and  end  of  the  church,  rendering  it,  as  it  seemed  to  us,  rather  dark  for  so 
murky  an  atmosphere  as  that  of  Birmingham ;  but,  take  it  altogether,  the  church  is 
a  very  pleasing  and  convenient  one.  It  will  seat  near  1,000  persons,  and  cost  3,000/. 
The  architect  was  Mr.  Bourne  of  Dudley.  St.  Mary,  Crumpsall,  Manchester,  consists  of 
a  nave  50  feet  long  with  side-aisles,  chancel  with  side-aisles  35  feet  deep,  the  width 
being  37  feet  throughout ;  a  vestry  and  organ  gallery  on  the  north  side,  an  ornamental 
opeu- timber  roof,  and  a  tower  at  the  west  end.  The  excessive  depth  of  the  chancel 
seems  to  cut  the  church  into  rather  inharmonious  proportions,  but  the  whole  is  some- 
what peculiar  in  character.  St.  Peter,  Levenshuhne,  Lancashire,  consists  of  nave  with 
aisles  and  chancel,  but  is  nearly  square,  being  60  feet  by  58 ;  the  tower,  with  its 
spire,  will  be  135  feet  high;  600  sittings,  of  which  200  are  free ;  cost  3,000/. ;  archi- 
tect, Mr.  G.  Fisher  of  Manchester.  St.  Philip,  Girlington,  Bradford  ;  the  first  of  ten 
to  be  erected  in  that  parish ;  600  sittings ;  cost  1,000/. — which  seems  a  curiously  small 
sum  for  a  church  of  such  a  size;  architects,  Messrs.  Malliuson  and  Healey.  At  Wol- 
laston,  near  Stourbridge,  a  church  of  handsome  design,  with  650  sittings,  has  been 
erected,  together  with  schools  and  a  master's  house  ;  the  entire  cost,  nearly  10,000/., 
being  borne  by  Mr.  W.  O.  Forster,  M.P.  for  South  Staffordshire ;  the  architect  was 
Mr.  G.  Bidlake  of  Wolverhampton.  Pontardawe,  near  Swansea ;  of  rather  elaborate 
character,  with  a  tower  and  spire  200  feet  high ;  architect,  Mr.  Baylis  of  Swansea. 
Offham,  Sussex ;  of  flint  work,  with  Sussex  stone  dressings,  and  a  tower  with  a  low 
shingle  spire ;  the  architect,  Mr.  Christian,  having  throughout  preserved  the  local 
character  of  the  old  churches  of  Sussex.  St.  John's,  Moggerhanger,  Beds. ;  built  of 
Kempston  stone,  varied  with  Silsoe  red  sandstone,  and  pillars  of  Ancaster  stone;  con- 
sists of  nave,  with  aisles,  transepts,  apsidal  chancel,  and  central  tower,  and  was  erected 
at  the  expense  of  Mrs.  Dawk  ins,  of  Moggerhanger- house,  as  a  memorial  of  her  late 
husband,  the  Rev.  E.  II.  Dawkins,  who  is  interred  in  the  chancel;  architect,  Mr. 
Slater.  St.  Augustine's,  New  Basford,  Nottingham;  of  brick,  with  stone  dressings; 
windows  of  stained  glass  ;  architect,  Mr.  A.  Wilson  of  Nottingham.  All  Saints,  King's 
Heath,  Birmingham  ;  430  sittings ;  one  aisle  and  tower  to  be  added  when  funds  accrue ; 
architect,  Mr.  F.  Preedy.  St.  Philip,  Huline,  Manchester ;  a  very  handsome  and  highly 
finished  church,  of  5  bays,  117  feet  long,  50  wide,  and  54  high  to  the  ridge  of  the 
roof;  all  of  stone ;  spire,  159  feet  high ;  all  the  windows  of  stained  glass ;  670  sittings, 
all  free*  and  all  parted  off  like  arm-chairs ;  total  cost  8,000/.,  nearly  all  which  is  de- 
frayed by  the  Birley  family,  of  Manchester  ;  architects,  Messrs.  Shellard  and  Brown. 
Schools  have  also  been  built,  which  have  cost  3,000/. ;  and  a  parsonage  is  building, 
st  ft  coat  of  1,700/.  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  Whitwell,  near  Malton,  Yorkshire ; 
a  wry  finished  little  structure,  with  much  coloured  marble,  excellent  carved  work,  and 
stained-glass  windows;  180  sittings;  the  building  alone,  without  the  site,  stained 
and  some  other  gifts,  cost  3,700/.,  which  was  defrayed  by  Lady  Lechmere,  who 
■Un  added  an  endowment  of  150/.  a-year ;  architect,  Mr.  Street.  At  Howsham, 
soar  miles  from  Whitwell,  a  new  church,  also  Decorated  in  style,  and  by  the  same 
architect,  has  been  built  at  the  sole  expense  of  Mrs.  Cholmlcy,  as  a  memorial  of  her 
husband,  the  late  Col.  Choluiley  :  it  is  smaller  in  size  than  Whitwell  Church,  but  ac- 
about  the  same  number  of  persons :  like  that,  it  is  highly  finished,  and 


V 


158  Progress  of  Architecture  in  1860.  [Feb. 

has  windowi  of  stained  glass :  the  entire  cost  was  nearly  3,000£.  St.  Andrew's, 
Swanwick,  Derbyshire ;  entire  length,  100  feet,  of  which  the  chancel  occupies  39  feet ; 
450  sittings ;  cost  2,300t. ;  architect,  Mr.  B.  Wilson  of  Derby.  St.  John  the  Evan- 
gelist, Twinstead,  Essex ;  of  coloured  bricks  in  geometrical  patterns,  pavement  of  en- 
caustic tales,  east  window  of  stained  glass.  St.  John  the  Baptist,  Bamford,  Derbyshire ; 
nave,  and  north  aisle  and  chancel ;  floor  of  encaustic  tiles,  coloured  marbles  in  altar 
and  chancel,  windows  of  stained  glass ;  tower  and  spire,  108  feet  high ;  seats  all  free  ; 
architect,  Mr.  Butterfield. 

"  Of  churches  marked  by  the  predominance  of  a  foreign  element  we  may  note  the 
following : — St.  Peter's,  Troy  Town,  Chatham ;  thirteenth-century  Gothic,  but  orna- 
ment confined  chiefly  to  the  interior ;  of  red  rag-stone,  with  dressings  of  red  and  white 
bricks ;  823  sittings ;  cost  4,5002. ;  architect,  Mr.  E.  Christian.  St.  Peter's,  Oldham- 
road,  Manchester ;  Lombardic,  of  red  and  white  bricks ;  has  nave  and  side  aisles,  with 
a  gallery  at  the  sides  and  west  end,  a  semicircular  apse,  and  a  tower,  125  feet  high,  at 
north-west  angle;  1,350  sittings,  of  which  500  are  free,  cost  4,200/.;  architects, 
Messrs.  Holden  and  Son.  Little  Cawthorpe,  Louth,  of  light-coloured  bricks,  striped 
with  horizontal  lines  of  black  bricks;  architect,  Mr.  J.  R.  Withers.  Newbury,  Berks. ; 
of  very  ornate  character ;  red  brick  with  stone  dressings ;  architect,  Mr.  Butterfield : 
the  large  east  and  west  windows  are  filled  with  stained  glass;  the  floor  is  laid  with 
encaustic  tiles."— (pp.  236—238.) 

Next  in  importance  to  church  building  stands  the  "  restoration*'  which 
is  now  so  actively  proceeding  in  almost  every  quarter.  Happily  in  the 
more  important  works,  as  our  cathedrals,  the  operations  are  under  the 
direction  of  the  ablest  and  safest  of  our  Gothic  architects,  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott, 
who  is — 

"At  this  moment  directing  restorations  in  the  following  cathedrals,  perhaps  in  more: — 
Westminster,  where  the  works  are  advancing  quietly  and  carefully,  the  north  transept 
being  at  present  in  hand ;  Hereford,  where  the  transepts  are  just  completed ;  Ely, 
where  the  polychromatic  decoration  of  the  interior  is  making  rapid  progress,  and  where 
the  restoration  of  the  octagon  is  about  to  be  commenced,  and  a  spire  added  to  it,  as 
a  memorial  to  Dean  Peacock ;  Durham,  where  the  great  central  tower  is  to  be  rebuilt ; 
Lichfield,  where  a  large  sum  has  already  been  expended  and  important  progress  made ; 
and  Peterborough.  Chichester  Cathedral  is  being  restored  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Slater;  the  west  front  of  Winchester,  by  Mr.  J.  Colson  ;  Wells,  nearly  completed,  we 
believe,  under  Mr.  Ferrey ;  Worcester,  under  Mr.  Perkins ;  Lincoln  and  Llandaff,  un- 
der Messrs.  Prichard  and  Seddon ;  Manchester,  under  Mr.  J.  P.  Holden ;  and  Bristol, 
which  has  been  closed  to  the  public  since  Easter,  to  allow  of  the  more  efficient  prose- 
cution of  the  works,  which  are  on  a  very  extensive  scale. 

"  Our  civic  St.  Paul's,  we  must  note,  has  been  greatly  altered  inside  by  the  removal 
of  the  organ-loft,  and  placing  the  organ  in  the  side  aisle,  where  Sir  Christopher  Wren 
originally  wished  it  to  be  placed ;  by  cleaning  and  repainting  the  pictures  inside  of  the 
dome,  and  gilding  the  balcony.  These  alterations  have  undoubtedly  brought  out  more 
fully  the  noble  proportions  of  the  building— the  removal  of  the  organ  and  organ-loft 
alone  has  been  a  prodigious  improvement  in  that  respect — but  they  have  also  served  to 
shew  more  distinctly  its  coldness  and  want  of  decoration.  But  the  Dean  and  Chapter 
are  most  anxious  to  carry  their  improvements  much  further— to  complete  the  interior, 
in  short,  in  the  spirit  of  the  intention  avowed  by  Wren,  who,  amongst  other  things, 
wanted  to  bring  over  workers  in  mosaic  from  Italy,  to  decorate  the  interior  with  pic- 
tures in  that  indestructible  material — and  their  architect,  Mr.  Penrose,  has  prepared 
elaborate  designs  for  the  purpose.  We  can  only  hope  there  will  be  no  lack  of  funds 
for  the  accomplishment  of  so  good  a  work." — (pp.  238,  239.) 


1861.]  Progress  of  Architecture  in  1860.  159 

Mr.  Burges'  successful  operations  at  Waltham  Abbey  have  been  already 
fully  recorded  by  us*,  and  of  the  proceedings  at  the  church  in  Dover 
Castle  and  at  Lichfield  Cathedral  we  trust  soon  to  have  special  reports  to 
offer  to  our  readers.  A  very  remarkable  work  is  the  **  re-casting,"  as  it  has 
been  termed,  of  the  church  of  St.  Michael,  Cornhill,  where  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott 
has  turned  one  of  Wren's  Debased  Classic  edifices  into  something  medi- 
eval,— a  proceeding  conducted,  as  all  allow,  with  great  ability,  but  which 
wUl  be  very  differently  appreciated  according  to  the  Gothic  or  Classic  point 
of  view  of  the  observer.  A  restoration,  on  a  small  scale,  that  has  not 
attracted  the  attention  it  deserves,  is  that  recently  effected  at  the  Rolls 
Chapel,  which,  after  being  for  centuries  used  as  a  law  court  and  a  record 
repository,  has  now,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  been 
restored  to  sacred  uses,  and  has  in  its  interior  been  made  to  resume  the  sem- 
blance of  a  fifteenth -century  chapel;  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  exterior  will 
at  some  future  day  be  equally  cared  for.  The  Chapter-house  at  Westmin- 
ster has  also  been  cleared  of  its  records,  but  whether  the  Government  will 
undertake  the  restoration  of  that  noble  edifice  remains  to  be  seen. 

"  The  parish  churches  throughout  the  country  which  have  been  rebuilt,  restored,  or 
repaired — for  all  alike  are  now  termed  restorations — are  far  too  numerous  to  specify. 
A  few  must  serve  as  examples  for  the  whole.  Every  one  who  has  visited  the  pic- 
turesque village  of  Bowdon,  Cheshire,  must  have  been  struck  with  the  magnificent 
position  of  the  whole  church,  and  will  remember  the  weatherworn  and  battered  aspect 
of  the  church  itself.  It  is  now,  with  the  exception  of  the  tower,  among  the  things  that 
were.  But  a  new  church  has  been  erected  on  its  site — a  modified  copy  of  the  old  one — 
from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Breakspear.  From  the  drawings  which  were  exhibited  it 
hardly  seemed  to  us  that  justice  had  been  done  to  the  opportunity;  but  we  believe  the 
design  was  modified  in  the  execution.  The  cost  is  said  to  have  exceeded  12,0001. 
St.  Leodegarius,  Old  Basford,  near  Nottingham,  a  fine  Early  English  building,  has 
been  completed  and  re-opened,  after  being  two  years  in  the  hands  of  the  builders.  The 
principal  new  feature  is  a  lofty  tower  in  three  stories,  with  bold  double  buttresses  at 
the  angles ;  the  cost  has  been  3,000Z. ;  the  architect  was  Mr.  A.  Wilson  of  Notting- 
ham. Boyton  Church,  Wiltshire,  has  been  in  great  part  rebuilt,  enlarged,  made  con- 
sistent in  style  throughout,  and  several  stained- glass  memorial  windows  inserted,  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  T.  H.  Wyatt,  at  an  expense  of  over  2,000/.  Yeovil  Church  has 
mndergone  extensive  general  repairs,  and  a  tolerably  complete  restoration  of  the  into* 

%  including  the  making  good  of  the  stonework  throughout,  the  substitution  of  open 
with  carved  oak  ends,  for  the  former  high  pews,  and  the  insertion  of  several 
•Uined-glass  windows,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  R.  H.  Shout.  At  Publow,  Somerset, 
the  old  parish  church  has  been  almost  reconstructed  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
Ferrey,  at  a  cost  of  about  12,0001.  The  same  may  be  mid  of  the  so-called  restoration 
•f  St.  Mary's,  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  by  Mr.  Scott,  who  has,  however,  m  his  new  work, 
carefully  followed  the  Early  English  type  of  the  old  church.  Like  all  that  he  does,  the 
worka  have  been  executed  in  the  most  thorough  manner.  St.  Swithin's,  Sandy,  Bed- 
fordshire, has  undergone  a  complete  restoration  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  Q. 
Hftbershon,  at  a  cost  of  above  3,0002.  Stockton  Church,  Shropshire,  has  been  partly 
lettered,  partly  reconstructed,  the  chancel  entirely  refaeed  with  stone  both  inside  and 
ont,  smd  stained-glass  windows  inserted,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  T.  C.  Whitmore,  of 


•  Gbnt.  Mag.,  Jan.  1860,  pp.  75-77 ;  July,  pp.  46—61. 


160  Progress  of  Architecture  in  I860.  [Feb. 

Apley  Park.  St.  Mary,  Ludborongb,  near  Louth,  Lincolnshire,  a  very  fine  Early  English 
structure,  has  been  similarly  restored,  uuder  the  direction  of  Mr.  J.  Fowler  of  Louth. 
Down  Hatberley,  Gloucestershire,  Decorated  in  style,  has  been  rebuilt  by  the  family  of 
the  late  Sir  M.  Wood,  M.P. ;  architects,  Messrs.  Folljames  and  Waller.  St.  Nicholas,  Car- 
diff, has  been  restored  under  the  direction  of  Messrs.  Prichard  and  Seddon.   Wivenhoe, 
Sussex,  has  been  almost  rebuilt,  in  the  Decorated  style  of  the  old  church,  open-timber 
roofs  of  high  pitch  added,  and  stained-glass  windows  inserted,  at  a  cost  exceeding 
8,000/.;    architect,  Mr.  E.  C.  Hakewill.    Chew  Magna,   Somerset,  Decorated,  has 
been  restored  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Norton.     St.  Mary's,  Bridport,   has  been 
carefully  restored,  the  old  stained  glass  repaired,  and  some  new  added,  the  organ 
removed  from  before  the  west  window  to  the  north  end  of  the  chancel,  &c.,  at  a 
cost  of  above  3,0001.     St.  Mary,  Swanage,  a  fine  cruciform  church,  partly  Decorated, 
but  for  the  most  part  Perpendicular,  has  been  restored,  at  a  cost  of  above  3,000/,, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  T.  H.  Wyatt.     St.  Edward  the  Martyr,  Corfe  Castle, 
Early  English,  rebuilt,  except  the  tower,  also  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  T.  H.  Wyatt. 
St.  Helen's,  Kirmington,  near  Brigg,   Lincolnshire,  north  and  south  aisles  at  the 
cost  of  two  parishioners;  stained-glass  windows  have  been  added  by  the  same  gen- 
tlemen and  other  donors;    architect,   Mr.   Teulon.      Church   Stowe,  Northampton, 
Decorated,  restored  throughout  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Hard  wick.    Oystermouth, 
Mumbles,  South  Wales,  restored  and  enlarged  at  a  cost  exceeding  2,000Z. ;  architect, 
Mr.  J.  K.  Penson.    Clyst  St.  George,  near  Exeter,  the  old  church  restored  and  school 
and  teachers'  residence  built  from  the  designs  and  under  the  superintendence  of  the 
rector,  the  Rev.  H.  T.  Ellacombe.     St.  Fagan's,  near  Cardiff,  thoroughly  restored 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Street,  at  a  cost  of  2,000/.    The  interior  of  Ditton  Church 
has  been  carefully  restored  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Scott.    Talaton,  near  Ottery, 
Devon,  restored,  and  much  carved  work  added,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Ash  worth 
of  Exeter,  at  a  cost  of  1,500/.     St.  Clement's,  Horsley,  Derbyshire,  at  a  cost  of  above 
2,000/.,  principally  borne  by  members  of  the  Sit  well  family.     Wolstanton,  North  Staf- 
fordshire, almost  entirely  reconstructed  in  the  Decorated  style,  the  model  of  the  old 
church  being  carefully  followed,  but  the  spire  heightened,  at  a  cost  of  4,500/. ;  archi- 
tects, Messrs.  Ward  and  Son,  of  Hanley.    Feliskirk,  near  Thirsk,  Yorkshire,  almost 
entirely  rebuilt  from  the  foundations,  the  old  model,  a  Norman  chancel  and  Early 
English  nave,  being  followed;  architect,  Mr.  W.  H.  Dykes  of  York.     St.  Mary's,  Lei- 
cester, restored  throughout  and  new  clerestory  added,  fittings  all  new  and  in  accord* 
ance  with  ecclesioiogical  requirements,  new  organ  by  Messrs.  Foster  and  Andrews  of 
Hull ;  architect,  Mr.  Scott."— (pp.  240—242.) 

Woolvercot  Church,  Oxfordshire,  early  Decorated  in  style,  has  been  re- 
built, except  the  tower,  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  C.  Buckeridge, 
and  is  very  creditable  to  the  taste,  judgment,  and  talent  of  a  rising  young 
architect. 

In  Oxford  Cathedral  a  new  east  window  has  been  inserted  in  the 
well-known  and  beautiful  chapel  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel,  usually 
called  the  Latin  Chapel,  built  by  Lady  Elizabeth  de  Montacute  in  the 
middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  in  the  Decorated  English  Btyle.  The 
new  window  is  quite  at  variance  with  the  style  of  the  chapel  itself,  and  seems 
to  be  studiously  foreign-looking,  the  tracery  being  thoroughly  Venetian, 
covered  with  the  shallow  carving  of  Italy.  The  idea  is  evidently  the  same 
as  those  of  the  new  Museum  at  Oxford,  but  a  licence  which  is  perhaps 
allowable  in  a  new  building  is  intolerable  in  an  old  one.  It  is  as  much  out 
of  place  as  a  patch  of  red  cloth  sewn  on  a  blue  coat,  and  makes  us  quite 
5 


1861.]  Progress  of  Architecture  in  1860,  161 

regret  the  loss  of  the  venerable-looking  Jacobean  window  which  we  used 
to  think  so  ugly.  Why  this  window  should  have  been  divided  into  four 
lights  instead  of  either  three  or  five  we  cannot  imagine ;  a  four-light  window 
always  has  a  bad  effect.  The  painted  glass  with  which  it  is  filled  is  equally 
strange  and  bizarre,  and  we  can  only  suppose  either  that  the  intention  of 
the  architect  was  to  offend  every  English  prejudice  as  much  as  possible, 
or  that  he  has  resided  so  long  in  Italy  that  he  is  entirely  ignorant  of  the 
architecture  of  his  own  country. 

The    proceedings    of   other    religious    bodies    may    be    thus    briefly 
chronicled : — 

"Tbe  Roman  Catholics  have  during  the  year  completed,  at  least  sufficiently  to  open 
for  worship,  several  churches  and  religious  bouses.  The  following  are  among  the 
principal : — At  Belmont,  near  Hereford,  a  large  cruciform  church,  very  richly  deco- 
rated, as  far  as  the  ornamentation  is  yet  carried,  and  a  wing  of  a  Benedictine  monastery 
containing  forty  chambers ;  the  whole  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Welby  Pugin.  The 
church  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Standish-street,  Liverpool,  has  a  nave  102  feet  long,  80  wide, 
and  70  high,  and,  as  far  as  the  work  has  proceeded,  is  very  rich  in  constructive  decora- 
tion; the  church  can  accommodate  800  persons;  attached  to  it  are  a  presbytery  and 
other  buildings ;  the  architect  is  Mr.  Pugin.  Also  by  Mr.  Pagin  are  a  House  of  Mercy 
at  Wolverhampton,  and  a  convent  at  Ravenhurst.  A  convent  dedicated  to  St.  Columb, 
of  considerable  sise,  but  not  remarkable  for  architectural  beauty,  has  been  completed 
in  the  Ladbroke-road,  Notting-hill,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  H.  Clutton ;  and  in  the 
same  neighbourhood,  but  some  distance  westward  of  the  convent,  a  chapel  has  been 
built  by  the  same  architect.  Another  chapel,  but  quite  plain  in  character,  is  nearly 
finished  at  St.  John's  Retreat,  the  corner  of  Maiden-lane,  Highgate.  The  church  of 
St.  Catherine,  Penrith,  has  been  greatly  extended,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  J.  Scard, 
and  some  stained-glass  windows  from  tbe  Munich  factory  added.  St.  Joseph's,  Hunslet, 
Gothic,  coloured  brickwork  with  terra-cotta  dressings,  560  sittings,  cost  1,500/ ;  archi- 
tects, Messrs.  Child  of  Leeds.  Yarm,  Gothic,  brick  with  stone  dressings,  Messrs. 
Hadfield  and  Goldie.  Northgate-street,  Gloucester,  Decorated  in  style,  but,  though 
opened  for  service,  only  the  chancel,  Lady-chapel,  confessionals,  and  about  two-thirds 
of  the  nave  are  finished ;  the  remainder  of  tbe  nave,  with  the  tower  and  spire,  will  be 
erected  when  sufficient  funds  are  obtained ;  the  architect  is  Mr.  G.  Blount.  At  Aber- 
gavenny the  church  of  Our  Lady  and  St.  Michael,  Decorated,  of  local  stone  of  irregular 
sixe,  with  Bath  stone  dressings ;  architect,  Mr.  B.  BucknelL  The  church  of  St.  An- 
thony, at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  600  sittings,  cost  up  to  opening  1,7002.,  but  about 
400/.  more  required  to  finish  it ;  architect,  Mr.  A.  M.  Dunn. 

M  The  Congregationalists,  or  Independents,  are  just  now  by  far  tho  most  active  of 
the  dissenting  bodies  in  architectural  operations ;  and  whilst  all  their  recent  churches 
and  chapels  make  some  pretence  to  architectural  character,  some  among  them  are  of  a 
very  superior  order.  In  London  tbe  principal  Congregational  church  completed  during 
the  year  is  one  in  Markham-square,  Chelsea;  it  is  built  of  Kentish  rag,  with  Bath 
atone  dressings;  is  Decorated  in  style,  with  a  square  tower  and  spire  rising  to  a  height 
of  188  feet,  has  boldly-designed  buttresses,  tracery  of  good  character  in  the  windows, 
some  excellent  stone  carvings,  and  is  altogether  a  very  effective  structure— the  draw- 
back being  the  schools  beneath;  it  has  1,100  sittings,  and  cost  6,000/.;  the  architect 
is  Mr.  Tarring. 

"  At  Socles,  near  Manchester,  a  Congregational  church  and  schools  have  been  built* 

of  a  somewhat  ornate  character.    The  church  is  88  feet  long  and  41  wide,  interior 

measurement,  and  has  700  sittings ;  it  has  an  open  timber  roof  of  lofty  pitch  and  rather 

oppressively  heavy  wood-work,  the  principals  being  borne  on  stone  corbels,  which  are 

GnrT.MiG.Vot.CCX.  z 


162  Progress  of  Architecture  in  I860.  [Feb. 

supported  on  short  shafts  of  polished  red  granite.  A  small  apse  has  a  low  groined  roof, 
and  on  either  side  is  a  small  vestry.  The  tower  has  doable  buttresses  at  the  angles,  of 
considerable  projection ;  the  spire  is  120  feet  high.  The  school,  detached  from  the 
church,  has  an  angle  turret  with  a  tall,  spire-like  roof.  The  whole  are  of  brick,  with 
stone  dressings,  and  form  a  rather  picturesque  group.  The  cost  was  6,5002. ;  the  ar- 
chitects were  Messrs.  Poulson  and  Woodman  of  Beading.  Droylsden,  Lancashire; 
late  Gothic,  French  in  character;  516  sittings,  cost  1,9002.;  architect,  Mr.  E.  M. 
Smith  of  Manchester.  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Anglo- Italian  in  style,  with  the  objec- 
tionable addition  of  a  lecture- hall  and  schoolroom  in  the  basement ;  architects,  Alison 
and  Lamb  of  Newcastle.  Newport,  Herefordshire,  French  Renaissance,  the  principal 
front  of  Bath  stone,  will  seat  1,200  in  body  of  chapel  and  galleries,  so  that  every  one 
can  see  as  well  as  hear,  schoolrooms  and  vestry  in  basement ;  architect,  Mr.  A.  O.  Wat^ 
kins.  Grimshaw-street,  Preston,  has  a  stone  front  of  early  Decorated  work,  900  sit- 
tings, cost  3,0002. ;  architects,  Messrs.  Bellamy  and  Hardy  of  Lincoln.  Buxton,  Der- 
byshire, Gothic,  but  designed  by  Mr.  H.  Cnrrey  with  a  special  view  to  Congregational 
purposes ;  it  is  60  feet  long  by  43  wide,  the  tower  and  spire  are  110  feet  high  ;  of  the 
local  grit-stone,  with  bands  of  red-stone.  Keswick,  Cumberland,  Decorated,  300  sit- 
tings; architect,  Mr.  J.  Hogg  of  Halifax.  Bishop  Stortford,  Italian,  white  brick, 
with  stone  dressings,  1,050  sittings;  architects,  Messrs.  Poulton  and  Woodman  of 
Reading.    Milton-next-Stttingbourne,  Kent,  cost  1,200/."— (pp.  242,  243.) 

One  item  of  dissenting  architecture  is  curious : — 

"The  founder  of  the  Methodist  New  Connexion,  Alexander  Kelham,  was,  like  the 
founder  of  Wesleyan  Methodism,  a  native  of  Epworth  in  Lincolnshire.  His  followers 
a  few  years  back  came  to  the  resolution  of  erecting  as  a  memorial  to  him  a  church  in 
his  native  place.  It  was  opened  in  the  past  summer.  Considering  its  origin  and  pur- 
pose it  is  somewhat  ultra-eoclesiologicai  in  appearance.  It  is  a  Gothic  building, 
with  a  boldly  projecting  porch,  gable,  and  large  gilt  gable-cross;  a  roof  of  very  high 
pitch,  with  open  timber-work  inside ;  stone  pulpit  and  the  like.  The  architects  are 
Messrs.  Sutton  and  Paull  of  Nottingham ;  the  cost  approaches  2,000/." — (p.  244.) 

As  regards  buildings  for  public  purposes  we  find  little  to  record. 
The  hapless  New  Houses  of  Parliament  are  evidently  decaying ;  not  only 
are  the  exterior  ornaments  dropping  off,  and  masses  of  stone  crumbling  in 
spite  of  a  variety  of  remedies  applied,  but  the  roofs  are  said  to  shew 
symptoms  of  being  out  of  order,  which  is  attributed  to  "  the  destructive 
effects  of  gas,"  and  the  frescoes  on  the  walls  are  perishing  from  damp. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Oxford  Museum  is  universally  pronounced  a  noble 
structure,  equally  graceful,  useful,  and  sound. 

The  street  architecture  of  London  and  the  great  towns  continues  steadily 
to  improve.  Some  city  warehouses  and  suites  of  chambers,  in  Mincing-lane, 
in  Bishopsgate-street  and  in  Cannon-street,  have  been  erected  in  excellent 
taste ;  an  Insurance  Office  in  Fleet-street  (the  Promoter)  is  a  good  speci- 
men of  Italo-French  Renaissance ;  and  a  Printing  and  Publishing  Office 
near  Smithfield  is  worth  notice  for  its  effective  introduction  of  German 
features  into  domestic  Gothic.  In  Liverpool  we  have  a  Classic  building  for 
the  Free  Library ;  but  the  numerous  private  edifices,  which  are  rising  daily, 
mostly  affect  the  Gothic  character.  The  same  movement  is  observable  in 
Manchester,  Leeds,  Chester,  Birmingham ;  and  at  Bristol,  a  clever  archi- 
tect, whose  name  we  regret  is  unknown  to  us,  has  succeeded  in  giving  an 
artistic  character  to  an  enormous  sugar  factory  in  Temple-street 


186].]  163 


antiquarian  anti  £tterarg  fotteUtgeitrer, 


[Correspondents  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  not,  unlet*  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  mag  be  forwarded  to  them.'] 

SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 

Dee.  20, 1860.    John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  Hugh  Pigot  exhibited,  through  J.  J.  Howard,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
a  gold  finger  ring  bearing  five  oval  medallions,  on  each  of  which  is  en- 
.  graved  the  figure  of  a  female  saint. 

The  Eabl  of  Enniskillen  exhibited,  by  permission  of  Capt.  Francis,  an 
enamelled  chaise  of  Limoges  work,  with  episodes  from  the  story  of  "  The 
Three  Bangs  of  Cologne,"  Melchior,  Balthasar,  and  Gaspar.  The  Director 
stated  that  a  shrine  with  similar  subjects  was  now  in  the  British  Museum, 
having  been  obtained  at  the  Bernal  sale. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Society  it  will  be  remembered  that  the  Vice- 
President,  Mr.  Bruce,  favoured  the  Society  with  some  interesting  details  on 
the  early  history  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  In  connection  with  this  subject,  W. 
H.  Hart,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  this  evening  an  extract  from  the.  "  Composi- 
tions" for  Huntingdon,  which  he  had  found  at  the  Record  Office,  which 
also  contained  the  name  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  These  "  Compositions"  were 
fines  paid  by  persons  for  refusing  to  take  the  order  of  knighthood.  The 
book  from  which  this  extract  was  taken  bore  date  1630-31. 

The  Rev.  Jakes  Beck  exhibited  two  objects  of  considerable  interest. 
1.  A  quadrangular  plaque  of  enamel  bearing  the  image  of  the  Saviour, 
and  inscribed  Salvatob  mundi.  From  the  initials  I.  L.  in  one  corner,  and 
-from  the  general  style  of  the  work,  the  Director  concluded  that  the  artist 
was  probably  Joseph  Limousin.  2.  A  folding  ivory  fork  and  spoon  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  which  was  so  contrived  with  ingenious  inconvenience 
that  the  two  implements  could  never  be  used  together. 

J.  Y.  Akervan,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  forwarded  for  exhibition  a  hazel  wand, 
resembling  an  Exchequer-tally,  the  meaning  of  which  gave  rise  to  some 
discussion.  It  bore  the  following  inscription : — "  Per  Johannem  Dove  et 
Johannem  Wilson  pro  perquisito  unius  messuagii  cum  sex  virgatis  terns  ia 
Esthendred  in  comitatu  Bark  et  quatuor  parvorum  croftorum  continentiam 
per  aestimationem  septem  acras  terra  et  tres  [«ic]  virgatarum  et  unius  quar- 
tern terras  continentium  per  aestimationem  quinquaginta  quatuor  acras  terras 
et  prati  in  Bascott  in  comitatu  Warr.  Bark  et  Warr."  In  another  part 
x>f  the  wand  was  inscribed  the  following:—"  Pasch©  xxx°  April,  anno  Re- 
g'uueEliz. xlii?*"  . 


164  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [Feb. 

Edmund  Watebton,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  fifteen  rings,  forming  part 
of  his  collection,  on  which  the  Secretary  read  some  illustrative  remarks 
from  the  pen  of  the  exhibitor.  One  of  the  number  had  already  been  laid 
before  the  Society  in  1775,  when  an  elaborate  paper  was  read  on  it  by  Dr. 
Fegge  (Arch.  iv.  47),  being  none  other  than  the  famous  Alhstan  ring,  so 
called  from  the  Saxon  Bishop  of  Sherborne  from  823  to  867.  Another 
Anglo-Saxon  ring  exhibited  by  Mr.  Waterton  bore  on  the  bezel  a  bast, 
and  the  name  »f*  ayf&et.  Among  these  rings  were  three  made  of  hoof, 
which  the  exhibitor  believed  to  be  as  remarkable  as  they  are  rare,  he  not 
being  acquainted  with  any  but  those  in  his  own  collection. 

The  Abbe  Cochet  communicated  some  remarks  (translated  into  English 
.by  Mr.  Wylie,  and  read  by  the  Secretary)  on  Roman  sepulchral  remains 
found  this  year  at  Lillebonne,  the  ancient  Julia  Bona,  This  cotnmunicsj- 
tion  was  illustrated  by  drawings  from  Mr.  Wilmer.  Among  the  most  curi- 
ous of  these  remains  was  a  small  circular  box  of  bronze,  6  centimetres 
thick  (2  ins.),  and  7  centimetres  in  diameter,  fitted  with  tinned  mirrors,  and 
a  coin  of  Nero.  The  Director  called  attention  to  a  similar  example  of 
vthe  use  of  a  coin  engraved  in  the  Archmologia. 

Mr.  Galloway  communicated,  through  W.  J.  Thorns,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
•drawings  of  and  remarks  on  a  stone  hammer. 

Notice  was  given  that  the  Rules  for  the  government  of  the  Society's 
Library  had  been  revised  by  order  of  Council,  and  were  now  suspended  in 
the  Library,  where  copies  might  be  had  on  application  by  any  Fellow  of 
the  Society.  The  Rules  will  also  be  circulated  among  the  Fellows  in  the 
shape  of  a  flyleaf  to  the  forthcoming  number  of  the  Proceedings. 

Jan.  10,  1861.    John  Bbucb,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  Mackenzie  Edward  Charles  Walcott,  William  Harrison,  Esq., 
John  Garle,  Esq.,  and  William  Tayler,  Esq.,  were  severally  declared  duly 
elected  Fellows  of  the  Society. 

Jomr  Williams,  Esq.,  exhibited  and  presented  some  lithographic  im- 
pressions of  rubbings  of  brasses. 

Robebt  Cole,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  autograph  warrant  by  Lord 
Essex,  leader  of  the  Parliamentary  forces,  authorising  the  payment  of 
Certain  monies  to  "Captaine  Oliver  Cromwell/9  whose  autograph  was  also 
laid  upon  the  table  by  Mr.  Cole  in  the  shape  of  an  authorization  to  his 
servant  to  receive  the  monies  in  question.  This  exhibition  formed  one  of 
several  which  had  been  elicited  by  Mr.  Brace's  interesting  communication 
on  the  early  life  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  noticed  in  our  last  number. 

Robebt  Mebsox,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  fragment  of  Samian  ware 
and  a  bronze  fibula  of  lyre  form. 

John  Yojtgb  Akbbkav,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  the  drawing  of  a  brooch 
recently  found  at  Canterbury  in  digging  a  deep  drain  at  a  depth  of  about 
twelve  feet  below  the  surface.    The  brooch  was  of  bronze,  and. consisted  of 


1861.] 


Numismatic  Society. 


165 


lour  members  meeting  in  a  centre.     Each  member  had  a  triangular  portion 
of  its  surface  inlaid  in  silver. 

Mr.  Akerman  also  favoured  the  Society  with  the  exhibition  of  the 
results  of  further  excavations  made  by  him  at  Long  Wittenham,  Berks, 
-in  the  summer  of  1860.  Our  readers  will  remember  the  very  interesting 
researches  communicated  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  Akerman  in  the  year  1859. 
Those  now  exhibited  were  in  some  respects  of  inferior  interest,  but  present 
us  with  a  few  additional  details  which  the  antiquary  will  find  worthy  of 
note.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  Report  on  these  more  recent  excavations 
which  accompanied  the  exhibition,  Mr.  Akerman  called  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  number  of  graves  explored  by  him  in  the  cemetery  of  Long 
Wittenham  approximated  very  closely  to  those  of  two  other  burial-grounds 
in  different  parts  of  England ;  viz.  that  at  Sibertswold,  Kent,  explored  by 
Mr.  Faussett  in  1772-3,  and  thafcby  the  Hon.  Mr.  Neville  at  Little  Wil bra- 
ham,  each  containing  between  180  and  190  graves.  Of  this  fact  Mr. 
Akerman  offered  an  explanation,  which  will  hereafter  be  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Society. 


NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY. 


No*.  22,  1860.  W.  8.  W.  Vaxtx,  Esq., 
Prescient,  in  the  chair. 
•  Mr.  Madden  read  a  paper  upon  "  Some 
Unpublished  Roman  Coins"  in  gold,  some 
of  them  entirely  new  types,  and  others 
described  as  only  existing  in  silver  in  M. 
Cohen's  learned  work  on  the  "  Roman  Im- 
perial Coinage."  Among  them  was  the 
pi  BBTTAinr  type  of  Claudius  with  the 
-equestrian  statue  to  the  left;  the  jtppiteb 
CTSTOS  of  Nero  in  gold;  a  coin  of  Vespa- 
sisai  with  soma,  with  Rome  seated  to  the 
right,  which  was  among  the  coins  pre- 
sented to  the  British  Museum  by  J.  F.  de 
nans,  Esq. ;  of  Titus  cos  n.,  Rome  seated 
to  the  right;  another  of  Ephesian  fabric 
with  AVG  in  a  laurel  wreath ;  and  a  third 
cola  of  the  same  Emperor  with  the  type 
of  pax  ATO,  Peace  standing  near  a  tripod, 
on  which  is  what  has  been  described  as 
the  purse  of  Mercury,  but  is  more  pro- 
nably  a  wine-bag.  Besides  these  were 
dssfribod  unpublished  coins  of  Domitian, 
Narva,  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  various  other 
emperors  down  to  the  time  of  Macrinus. 

Mr.  Yaux  read,  a  paper,  "  On  the  Coins 
of  Carthage,"  in  which  he  shewed  that 
11  tain  coins  which  have  hitherto  been 
attributed  to  Panorama,  though  upon  no 
grounds,  may,  from  the  character 


of  their  workmanship  and  their  Panic 
legends,  be  ascribed  with  some  degree  of 
certainty  to  Carthage. 

Dee.  13.  W.  S.  W.  Vaux,  Esq.,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Madden  read  a  paper  upon  the  late 
popular  discussion  whether  bbit.  or  beitt., 
as  it  appears  upon  the  new  copper  coinage, 
is  the  correct  abbreviated  form  for  the 
name  of  Her  Majesty's  dominions.  Ho 
shewed  clearly  in  the  first  place,  from 
poetical  authority,  that  Britannia  is  spelt 
with  only  one  t  ;  and  in  the  second  place, 
from  classical  authority,  that  the  abbrevia- 
tion of  a  plural  is  always  formed  by  the 
repetition  of  the  last  letter  of  the  first 
syllable  of  the  word  when  more  than  the 
first  letter  of  the  word  is  given.  In  proof 
of  this  Mr.  Madden  gave  many  examples, 
as  MSS.  for  manu-tcripta,  Cfiss  for 
Crosares  or  Cffisaribus,  aygg  for  two 
Augusti,  and  ayooo  for  three  Augusti, 
though  the  double  a  does  not  always 
restrict  the  word  to  two  Augusti,  AYOOt 
being  often  used  in  a  plural  sense.  Many 
other  similar  instances  of  abbreviation 
were  quoted;  and  the  form  bbitt., repre- 
senting as  it  is  meant  to  do,  Britanniarum, 
i.e.  of  the  British  Islands,— Great  Britain 


166 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


{Feb. 


and  Ireland, — was  clearly  proved  to  be  cor- 
rect as  placed  on  the  new  coinage  of  1860. 

Mr.  Madden  also  communicated  some 
remarks  npon  a  rare  bronze  medallion  of 
-Hadrian  in  the  Museum  collection,  of  gem- 
like workmanship,  and  with  the  figures  of 
Hygeia  and  apparently  Antinous  on  the 
reverse. 

Mr.  Evans  read  a  paper  upon  a  hoard  of 
ancient  British  coins  discovered  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Frome.  The  coins  in 
question  bad  been  lately  ploughed  up  in  a 
field  belonging  to  the  West  Down  Farm 
in  the  parish  of  Nunney,  about  three  miles 
west  of  Frome,  and  after  having  been  dis- 
persed in  various  directions,  had  nearly  all 
«ome  into  Captain  Murchison's  possession. 
They  had  originally  been  deposited  in  an 
urn  of  imperfectly  burnt  clay  mixed  with 
calcareous  matter,  (as  is  so  frequently  the 
case  with  British  pottery,)  which  had, 
however,  been  completely  shattered  by  the 
plough,  so  that  it  was  impossible  to  make 
out  its  form.  The  coins  were  about  250 
in  number,  and  consisted  of  10  British 
coins  in  gold,  about  233  in  silver,  3  Roman 
coins  in  silver,  and  4  in  second-brass.  The 
gold  coins  are  of  the  type  so  frequently 
found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Frome, 
with  an  object  like  a  fern  leaf  on  the  ob- 
verse, and  a  rudely  executed  three-tailed 
horse  on  the  reverse.  Two  of  them  bore 
the  legend  oatti,  and  the  remainder  that 

of   ANTEDBIGY,  or  AOTSeRIGV,  of  which 

only  the  two  first  syllables  had  previously 
been  known.  The  gold  is  excessively  base, 
so  much  so  that  it  is  doubtful  whether 
some  of  them  are  not  merely  copper  or 
brass  richly  gilt,  though  with  base  gold. 

The  type  of  the  silver  coins  is,  on  the 
obverse,  an  extremely  rude  head  in  profile 
to  the  right,  with  some  dolphin-shaped 
objects  in  front;  and  on  the  reverse  a 
.three-tailed  horse  to  the  left,  with  various 
ring  ornaments,  crosses,  and  crescents  in 
the  field.  On  many  of  them  the  head  is 
so  barbarously  executed  as  with  difficulty 
to  be  recognised;  but  on  some  few  it  is  of 
better  execution,  and  a  succession  of  three 
or  four  types  may  be  traced  among  the 
.coins,  each  more  barbarous  than  the  last. 
About  43  of  them  are  inscribed,  16  with 
jJLNZed  or  Airae  (a*  below  and  th>  above 


the  horse),  and  27  with  sv-rct  divided  in 
a  similar  manner,  the  type  being  the 
same  as  that  of  most  of  the  uninscribed 
coins.  The  average  weight  of  the  silver 
coins  is  about  18  grains,  while  those  in 
gold  vary  from  69  to  85  grains.  The 
Roman  coins  found  with  them  are  denarii 
of  the  ^Emilia,  Julia,  and  Servilia  families, 
and  second-brass  coins  of  Agrippa  (?),  Clau- 
dius, and  Antonia ;  the  latter,  two  in  num- 
ber, being  of  barbarous  fabric  Mr.  Evans 
shewed  that  the  type  of  the  gold  British 
coins  was  probably  derived  by  successive 
imitations,  each  getting  farther  from  the 
prototype,  from  the  stater  of  Philip  II.  of 
Macedon ;  and  that  the  silver  coins  were 
connected  with  those  found  in  the  Channel 
islands  and  with  Gaulish  coins.  The 
legends  aotedbigy  and  bvsi  he  considered 
to  be  intended  to  designate  the  names  of 
princes  rather  than  those  of  tribes  or 
towns.  It  was  evident  from  the  Roman 
coins  that  were  found  that  the  interment 
of  this  hoard  could  not  have  taken  place 
till  some  years  after  the  accession  of 
Claudius,  and  the  period  when  Ostorius 
Scapula  was  Propraetor  in  Britain,  aj>. 
50 — 55,  was  suggested  as  the  probable 
date.  At  that  time  the  two  most  power- 
ful tribes  with  whom  the  Romans  were  at 
war  were  the  Iceni  and  the  Cangi,  and 
from  various  circumstances  mentioned  by 
Tacitus,  and  from  other  grounds,  the  posi- 
tion of  the  Cangi  had  been  fixed  (with 
much  show  of  reason,  by  Camden  and 
Bishop  Gibson)  in  the  Somersetshire  dis- 
trict. It  was  therefore  thought  by  no 
means  improbable  that  we  had  in  this 
hoard  the  coins  of  the  Cangi,  and  some 
curious  points  of  resemblance  between 
these  coins  and  those  of  the  Iceni  were 
pointed  out  both  in  their  weight  and 
legends,  though  at  present  it  seemed  im- 
possible to  explain  them  all.  The  most 
important  features  presented  by  the  hoard 
discovered  at  Nunney  are  the  following: 
the  presence  of  one  or  two  hitherto  un- 
published types  of  uninscribed  coins,  the 
entirely  new  legend  stei,  the  addition  of 
the  name  of  ▲jtctdbiots  to  the  roll  of 
British  princes,  and  the  proof  of  the 
simultaneous  currency  of  inscribed  and 
uninscribed  coins  in  the  west  of  Rng-i^, 


1861.]      London,  Middx.,  and  Surrey  Arcfueol.  Societies.        167 


Bat  in  addition  to  this  the  fact  is  now 
established  of  the  native  British  coinage 
Baring  survived  till- at  all  events  some 
years  after  the  accession  of  Claudius,  not 


only  among  the  Brigantes  and  Iceni,  as 
had  hitherto  been  conjectured,  but  also, 
among  one  of  the  Western  tribes,  and 
that  possibly  the  long  sought  for  Cangi. 


LCHTDON,  MIDDLESEX,  AND  SUKREY  ARCHAEOLOGICAL 

SOCIETIES. 


Dec  18,  1860.  Alfbed  White,  Esq., 
F.L.S.,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Overall  exhibited  and  described  a 
plan  of  what  he  conceived  to  be  the  boun- 
daries given  in  the  charter  of  King  Ed- 
gar to  the  Abbot  of  Westminster  in  951. 

Robert  Cole,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  an  ac- 
count of  the  pretended  gift  of  healing  the 
king's  evil  by  the  royal  touch,  as  exercised 
by  Charles  II.,  and  exhibited  many  curious 
documents  relating  to  the  same  subject. 

Mr.  Cole  observed  that  the  first  English 
king  who  exercised  the  healing  art  was 
Edward  the  Confessor,  and  that  the  prac- 
tice was  continued  down  to,  and  inclusive 
<£,  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  with  the 
exception  of  William  III. 

Queen  Elizabeth  was  averse  to  this  mode 
of  healing,  yet  adopted  it;  but  it  flourish* 
ed  most  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

The  first  mention  of  money  being  given 
to  the  recipients  of  the  royal  touch  is  in 
the  annals  of  the  reign  of  Edw.  I. ;  but 
prior  to  Charles  II.  no  particular  medal 
or  coin  appears  to  have  been  given  at  the 
time  of  heating.  In  the  reign  of  Hen.  VII. 
the  angel-noble  of  that  sovereign  was 
given ;  it  was  the  coin  of  the  time,  and  not 
made  for  this  especial  purpose. 

After  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  the  size 
was  reduced  on  account  of  the  numbers 
that  applied  to  be  touched. 

Charles  I.  touched  for  the  evil,  and  sub- 
stituted, in  some  cases,  a  piece  of  silver 
instead  of  gold.  The  moneys  issued  from 
the  Exchequer  during  a  portion  of  this 
king's  reign  for  providing  "Angeli-gold 
for  the  King's  Healinge,"  from  Michael- 
mas 1628>  to  Lady  Day  1635,  a  period  of 
seven  years,  amounted  only  to  £2,410,  a 
small  sum  compared  with  the  gold  issued 
fir  healing -medals   in   the    succeeding 


Mr.  Cole  called  attention  to  several 
original  Treasury  orders,  which  he  exhi- 


bited, from  which  it  appears  that  in 
Charles  II.'s  reign  no  less  a  sum  than 
£6,000  had  been  ordered  for  providing 
gold  for  healing-medals  during  a  period 
of  two  years.  In  this  reign  the  medal, 
or,  as  it  is  commonly  called,  the  "  touch- 
piece"  of  Charles  II.,  was  coined  for  the 
ceremony  of  healing.  The  medal  of 
James  II.  (a  specimen  of  which  was  ex- 
hibited) was  of  smaller  size;  it  was  en- 
larged by  Queen  Anne. 

The  various  documents  which  Mr.  Cole 
exhibited  in  illustration  of  bis  paper  were 
found  by  him  among  the  mutilated  Ex- 
chequer records  which  were  sold  as  waste 
paper  about  twenty  years  ago,  by  order  of 
the  Lords  of  the  Treasury  of  that  day. 
From  these  documents  we  learn  that  be- 
tween the  5th  of  August  and  the  22nd 
of  December,  1669,  the  king  touched  779 
persons,  to  whom  so  many  medals  were 
delivered ;  and  during  the  four  months  of 
February,  March,  April,  and  May,  1668, 
no  less  than  3,028  persons  to  whom  medals 
wire  given. 

Queen  Anne  touched  200  persons  on  the 
80th  of  March,  1714;  among  them  was 
the  celebrated  Dr.  Johnson,  then  4y  years 
old. 

With  the  accession  of  the  House  of 
Brunswick  the  practice  of  healing  by  the 
royal  touch  in  England  ceased,  but  the 
Pretenders  caused  touch-pieces,  or  healing- 
medals,  to  be  Btruck. 

Mr.  Dennistoun  of  Edinburgh  favoured 
Mr.  Cole  with  the  following  particulars 
relating  to  these  medals. 

Three  scrofula-medals,  or  touch-pieces; 
were  issued  by  the  exSed  Stuart  princes 
(one  by  James  the  old  Pretender,  another 
by  his  son  Prince  Charles  Edward,  and 
the  third  by  Cardinal  York)  to  the  Italian 
peasantry  whom  they  touched  for  the 
evil,  to  be  worn  as  amulets  round  the 
neck;  most  of  them  have  been  melted 


168 


Antiquarian  and  LUirary  Intelligencer. 


[Feb. 


down,  but  those  of  James  III.  may  still 
be  picked  tip  at  Rome. 

Those  of  Henry  IX.  (Cardinal  York) 
are  excessively  rare.  In  a  MS.  journal 
of  Cardinal  York  (in  Mr.  Dennistoun's 
possession)  mention  is  made  of  these  me- 
dals being  from  time  to  time  issued  to 
persons  affected  with  scrofula,  even  though 
not  touched  by  his  Eminence. 

The  trial-piece  of  Cardinal  York,  whilst 
Dean  of  the  Sacred  College  during  the 
sede  vacant*  of  1774,  was  struck  for  the 
Roman  three-paul  piece,  but  it  is  believed 
this  coinage  was  never  issued. 

W.  H.  Hart,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  state- 
ment of  the  number  of  persons  touched 
for  the  king's  evil  from  April,  1685,  to 
1689,  the  numbers  averaging  from  300  to 
400  per  diem. 

J.  J.  Howard,  Esq.,  F.S.A~,  exhibited  an 
original  proclamation,  dated  1683,  fixing 
the  times  of  public  healing,  viz.  "  from  the 
Feast  of  All  Saints,  commonly  called  All- 
hallow-tide,  till  a  week  before  Christmas ; 
and  after  Christmas  until  the  first  day  of 
March,  and  then  to  cease  till  the  Passion- 
week." 

Mr.  Cole  also  exhibited  a  power  of 
attorney  signed  by  Nell  Qwynne,  and 
attested  by  Otway  the  poet.  The  seal 
affixed  to  this  document  bears  on  a  shield 
a  lion  rampant;  crest,  a  lion's  head 
erased. 

George  B.  Corner,  Esq.,  F.SJk.,  ex- 
hibited and  described  four  curious  illu- 
minations from  a  manuscript  book  of  the 
fifteenth  century  representing  the  four 
Courts  of  Law  at  Westminster.  These 
illuminations  are  the  property  of  Selby 
Lowndes,  Esq.,  of  Whaddon-hall. 

Thomas  Wills,  Esq.,  exhibited  his  curi- 
ous and  extensive  collection  of  spurs  of 
European  and  Mexican  fabric  The  fol- 
lowing were  specially  alluded  to : — 

A  spur  of  brass,  dating  about  the  middle 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  neck  (as  is 
usual  at  this  period)  being  very  long;  the 
shanks  are  curved  to  render  them  suitable 
to  the  ankle  of  the  wearer.  This  rare 
specimen  was  found  in  digging  the  founda- 
tion of  a  house  at  Tower  Boyal,  Cannon- 
street,  London,  in  1854. 

A  spur,  temp.  Hen.  VII.,  the  arched 
6 


neck  and  shanks  being  of  brass,  the  rowel 
of  steel.  This  spur  was  discovered  in  a 
sewer  at  the  bottom  of  Holborn-hill,  near 
the  old  Fleet-ditch,  in  1850. 

An  iron  spur,  temp.  Hen.  VIII.,  the 
shanks  being  straight,  the.  neck  elevated 
and  gently  curved,  and  the  eight  points 
of  the  large  rowel  dagger-shaped.  This 
spur  was  found  in  a  drain  running  through 
Bread-street  and  Watling-street  in  1856. 

A  pair  of  brass  pageant  spurs,  temp. 
Henry  VIII.  These  spurs  are  richly  or- 
namented, having  at  their  shanks  a  bird 
supposed  to  represent  the  peacock;  their 
rowels  are  singularly  made,  with  plain 
flat  plate  axle,  and  having  fourteen  steel 
■pikes  to  each. 

Mr.  Henry  S.  Richardson,  of  Greenwich, 
exhibited  a  rubbing  of  the  palimpsest  brass 
from  Constantino,  in  Cornwall,  the  original 
of  which  was  lately  exhibited  at  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  by  Mr.  Waller. 

The  brass  on  the  obverse  side  represents 
a  man  and  his  wife  in  Elizabethan  cos- 
tume, having  a  shield  of  arms  on  a  sepa- 
rate piece  of  metal  in  the  centre  of  the 
plate.  This  shield  is  of  different  metal, 
and  appears  as  if  it  had  been  a  correction 
of  some  former  engraving.  The  quarter- 
ings  are  somewhat  indistinct,  but  are  most 
likely  those  of  Richard  Gervis,  the  son  of 
William  Gervis,  of  Constantine,  and  grand- 
son of  Peter  Gervis  who  lived  temp. 
Henry  VI.  Richard  Gervis  married  Jane, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Trefusis.  The  quar- 
terings  may  be  thus  described : — 

Quarterly  of  4,  viz.  1st,  A  chevron  be- 
tween three  cressets,  Gerveys;  2nd,  Three 
garbs  and  a  chief,  Peverell;  3rd,  On  a 
bend  cotised  three  fleurs-de-lis ;  (these  arms 
are  stated  by  Gilbert  to  be  a  bend  bearing 
three  fusils);  4th,  A  lion  rampant,  a 
crescent  for  difference,  Petit.  Impaling, 
quarterly,  1  and  4,  A  chevron  between  three 
spindles,  Trefusis ;  2  and  3,  On  a  chevron 
between  three  roses  a  mullet  pierced,  Tre- 
sithney. 

The  reverse  of  this  brass  exhibits  a  re- 
markably fine  specimen  of  Flemish  work, 
representing  a  knight  with  coat  of  arms 
on  tabard,  the  bead  supported  on  an  ele- 
gantly diapered  pillow  with  angels  at  the 
corners. 


1861.] 


Cambridge  Architectural  Society. 


169 


Mr.  Richardson  also  exhibited  a  litho- 
graphic impression  of  the  Constantino 
brass  taken  from  a  rubbing  reproduced 
by  a  process  invented  by  J.  Williams, 
Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Mr.  Deputy  Lott  exhibited  two  frag- 
ments of  stone  recently  discovered  in 
Cannon-street.  One  of  these  stones  bears 
s  Latin   inscription    commencing  "Qui 

habet  aures "    In  the  centre  of  the 

inscription  is  a  circular  hole  extending 
through  the  stone. 

The  other  stone  is  very  fragmentary; 
the  inscription  on  this  fragment  is  as 
follows: — 

•  •  •  •  AKITB  .  VP  .  TH 

.  .  .  .  E  .  THE  .  SOWLB  .  .  .  ; 

•  .  .  SOTS 

♦  .  .  B  .  WHO  .  BYILD  .... 
...  IB  .  AND  .  THIS  .  I  .  .  . 

A°.  d>.  1544 

A°.  Bl.  B.  H.  8.  86. 

J.  J.  Howard,  Esq.,  exhibited  and  de- 
scribed impressions  of  two  of  the  seals  of 
the  Corporation  of  Boston,  Lincolnshire. 

On  the  common  seal  are  represented 
the  arms  of  the  town,  namely,  three  ducal 
coronets,  and  on  one  side  the  letter '  B,' 
and  on  the  other  a  tun  surrounded  by  the 
legend, — SIGILL  :  COB  :  MAIOB  :  ET  :  BUB- 
GEN  :  BTTBGI  :  DB  BOSTON  :  IN  :  COM  : 
UNCOLN. 

The  above  arms,  "Sable,  three  ducal 
coronets  in  pale  or,"  with  the  crest,  "  On 
a  woolpack  a  ram  couchant  or,"  were  al- 
lowed to  the  Corporation  of  Boston  by 
Bobert  Cooke,  Clarenceux,  Dec.  1, 1568. 

The  Admiralty  seal  is  circular,  and  in 
the  centre  is  an  antique  ship,  on  the  sails 
of  which  is  a  shield  charged  with  the 
arms  of  Boston :  legend, — sigillu  .  con- 

OBBjr  .  CAUSJB  .  HABXNAS  .  MAIOBATTJB  . 
BTTB0I  .  DB  .  BOSTON  .  1573. 


Bassett  Smith,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  exhibited 
a  plan  representing  a  portion  of  the  north 
boundary  wall  of  the  Temple,  discovered 
during  the  recent  excavations  in  the  lo- 
cality. The  wall  was  composed  of  rag- 
stone,  freestone,  and  chalk,  very  rudely 
put  together  and  resting  on  the  natural 
ground,  which  consisted  of  undisturbed 
gravel. 

Several  capitals  and  bases  of  columns  of 
Caen  stone  and  Purbeck  marble  were  also 
discovered,  of  the  same  character  as  those 
at  present  existing  in  the  church. 

W.  H.  Hart,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a 
deed  dated  on  the  Friday  after  the  feast 
of  the  Nativity  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  1390,  whereby  the 
abbot  of  the  monastery  of  SS.  Sergius  and 
Baccus,  near  Angiers  in  France,  nomi- 
nated John  Tournedon  to  be  prior  of  Swa- 
vesey  Priory,  in  Cambridgeshire.  To  this 
deed  is  attached  the  seal  of  the  abbey,  in 
good  preservation ;  its  design  is  elaborate, 
and  on  it  are  represented  the  figures  of 
two  soldiers  bearing  spears  in  their  hands. 
They  are  doubtless  intended  for  the  two 
saints,  Sergius  and  Baccus,  who,  according 
to  Dr.  Husenbeth,  were  Roman  soldiers. 

Mr.  Hart  at  the  same  time  exhibited 
casts  of  two  seals  of  this  monastery,  ob- 
tained from  the  Imperial  Archives  of  Paris. 
One  was  said  to  be  of  the  year  1232,  but 
it  was  unfortunately  in  a  very  bad  condi- 
tion. It  is,  however,  very  different  from 
the  original  seal  exhibited  by  Mr.  Hart, 
being  rather  larger  and  not  having  such 
elaborate  tabernacle  work.  The  other  cast 
was  of  a  much  smaller  seal,  in  very  good 
condition;  that  of  Philip,  abbot  of  the 
same  monastery,  of  the  same  year.  In 
this  specimen  there  is  only  one  figure,  that 
of  the  abbot  himself. 


CAMBKIDGE  AKCHITECTUKAL  SOCIETY. 


2fiw.  1, 1860.  At  the  first  meeting  for 
the  term,  the  Rev.  H.  R.  Luabd,  Trinity 
Colic  ge,  in  the  chair,  the  Secretary  read 
the  report  for  the  past  year,  which  was 
adopted  with  a  slight  alteration. 

The  following  are  the  principal  points  :— 


u 


We  proceed  to  our  customary  review 
of  works  done  in  the  town  and  diocese* 

Onrr.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


''Among  those  carried  on  in  the  town, 
the  New  Court  at  Trinity  College,  built 
by  the  liberality  of  the  Master,  from 
designs  of  Mr.  Salvin,  is  the  most  import- 
ant. The  design  is  very  good.  It  is  by 
far  the  best  piece  of  work  we  know  of 
from  Mr.  Salvin's  hands,  and  we  beg  to 
congratulate  him  most  heartily,  as  well 
as  the  Master  of  Trinity,  on  the  great 
success  achieved  in  this  building ;  and  we 


170 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Feb. 


hope  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  it 
will  be  seen  to  greater  advantage. 

"  The  work  at  Queens'  College  chapel  is 
now  finished,  and  is  a  most  valuable  speci- 
men of  modern  art.  We  are  glad  to  find 
that  the  Fellows  are  not  content  with  this 
good  beginning,  but  are  endeavouring  to 
make  the  music  of  their  services  worthy  of 
their  architecture. 

"  Great  St.  Mary's  Church  still  remains 
in  abeyance;  but  it  has  advanced  one  stage 
further  in  the  preliminary  part  of  the  ne- 
gotiation in  the  course  of  the  year,  and  we 
believe  that  this  year  will  see  something 
effectually  done. 

"  The  Guildhall  is  fairly  settled  in  its 
design,  and  a  contract  has  been  entered 
into  to  complete  it  by  next  October.  How- 
ever we  may  regret  that  a  good  Gothic 
design  has  not  been  carried  out,  we  still 
rejoice  that  something  is  really  being  done 
to  supply  the  town  with  better  accommoda- 
tion than  the  present  rooms  afford.  We 
memorialized  the  committee  on  the  ques- 
tion of  style,  but  without  any  effect. 

M  Among  architectural  works  in  the 
county,  of  course  Ely  Cathedral  stands 
the  first.  Mr.  Le  Strange's  work  on  the 
roof  of  the  nave  has  had  another  year 
added  to  it,  but  is  still  far  from  being 
completed.  The  planks  of  the  scaffolding 
have  lately  been  partially  removed,  so  that 
some  idea  of  the  effect  may  be  obtained 
from  below.  We  do  not  like  to  criticise 
unfinished  works,  but  this  certainly  pro- 
mises to  be  one  of  the  most  successful  of 
the  kind  during  modern  times.  One  effect 
of  the  work  is  to  give  the  appearance  of 
increased  height  to  the  nave.  The  tone 
of  the  colours  is  remarkably  pleasing,  which, 
together  with  the  masterly  conception  and 
bold  treatment  of  the  whole,  renders  it 
particularly  fine. 

"The  Lantern,  which  is  to  be  restored 
in  memory  of  Dean  Peacock,  is  still  un- 
touched. It  was  settled  to  give  a  spiral 
termination  to  it,  but  we  fear  this  has  been 
abandoned  on  account  of  the  expense  it 
would  involve. 

"  The  base  of  Dr.  Mill's  monument  has 
been  completed,  but  the  effigy  is  not  yet 
placed  on  it:  we  hope  this  will  not  be 
long  delayed.  It  is  particularly  interest- 
ing to  us,  as  the  memorial  of  one  who  for 
so  long  laboured  for  the  good  of  our  Society. 
^  "  Besides  the  works  that  have  been  no- 
ticed, little  has  been  done  to  the  cathedral, 
excepting  the  partial  restoration  and  al- 
teration of  the  range  of  buildings  on  the 
north  side,  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Fawcett. 

"The  church  of  Littleport,  which  for  some 
years  has  been  underreparation,  is  at  length 
completed,  and  on  the  whole  is  sueeessfuL 


M< 


The  old  gateway  to  the  churchyard  at 
Burwell,  commonly  called  the  Guildhall,  no 
longer  exists.  We  are  sorry  to  add  that 
such  a  work  of  demolition  has  been  carried 
on  in  the  most  legal  manner.  The  Inclo- 
sure  Commissioners,  the  Charity  Commis- 
sioners, the  Trustees  of  the  Burwell  Cha- 
rity Lands  Charity,  the  Vicar  and  church- 
wardens, are  all  implicated  in  this  work 
of  destruction.  We  much  regret  that  no 
voice  was  raised  to  stop  this  demolition, 
because  this  gateway  was  the  only  exam- 
ple of  the  kind  in  the  county,  and  as  such 
ought  to  have  been  preserved. 

"  At  Grantchester,  some  repairs  and  re- 
storation of  the  church  are  in  progress. 
A  plain  waggon-head  roof  has  been  put 
up,  but  the  remainder  is  not  sufficiently 
advanced  for  us  to  form  an  opinion  upon 
it. 

"  The  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Ely  have  an 
interesting  work  in  hand  at  Hauxton 
Church.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  churches 
in  the  neighbourhood,  and  has  very  many 
interesting  points  about  it.  On  taking 
out  the  old  wooden-framed  east  window, 
the  fragments  of  a  Decorated  window  were 
found  in  the  walls,  and  this  has  been  re- 
worked in  Eetton  stone.  On  further  exa- 
mination, the  jambs  of  an  Early  English 
triplet  were  discovered;  and  on  examin- 
ing the  foundations,  the  chancel  was  found 
originally  to  have  bad  a  semicircular  apse. 
It  is  unfortunate  that  these  investigations 
were  not  made  more  thoroughly  before  the 
work  was  commenced.  Much  remains 
still  to  be  done,  as  little  more  than  the 
fabric  of  the  chancel  has  been  touched. 
All  the  present  unsuitable  furniture  will 
remain  very  much  in  its  present  condition. 
We  hope,  however,  now  that  the  Dean 
and  Chapter  have  given  tbem  the  start, 
those  connected  with  the  parish  will  put 
their  shoulders  to  the  wheel,  and  complete 
the  work.  Such  a  good  church  ought  not 
to  be  left  half-done,  merely  because,  as  in 
many  other  cases,  there  is  some  difficulty 
in  collecting  funds. 

"By  far  the  most  successful  piece  of 
church  restoration  is  that  at  Tadlow,  un- 
der the  direction  of  Mr.  Butterfield.  It 
is  an  interesting  Early  English  church, 
though  small,  and  the  work  has  been 
done,  not  merely  with  a  view  to  personal 
comfort,  but  also  with  due  regard  to 
ritual  arrangement.  The  cost  has  been 
£725,  and  the  money  has  been  very  well 
spent  over  the  church. 

"  A  vicarage-house  has  been  built  at  Or- 
well, and  the  church  has  undergone  some 
repairs.  Also  the  church  of  All  Saints, 
Huntingdon,  has  been  satisfactorily  re- 
stored, under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Scott." 


1661 .]     Kilkenny  and  South-East  of  Ireland  ArchceoL  Soc.       171 


Mr.  Norris  Deck  announced  a  work 
shortly  to  be  published  on  the  Bells  of 
East  Anglia,  and  solicited  the  aid  of  mem- 
bers in  procuring  sundry  inscriptions 
wanted  to  complete  the  work. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Fawcett  then  read  his  pa- 
per, "  On  Church  Arrangement/'  in  which 
he  discussed  the  principal  things  to  be 
sought  after  in  bringing  a  church  into  a 
fitting  condition.  He  also  severely  cen- 
sured many  anomalies  still  remaining  in 
the  neighbourhood. 

Nov.  15.  The  Rev.  M.  M.  U.  Wilkinson 
in  the  chair. 

A  letter  was  read  relative  to  the  pro- 
posal of  establishing  a  Motett  choir  for 
the  study  of  the  ancient  choral  music  of 
the  Church,  and  of  connecting  the  ehoir 
with  this  Society.  After  a  short  discus- 
sion, a  meeting  was  announced  for  those 
interested  in  the  formation  of  the  choir. 

Mr.  Norris  Deck  then  read  a  paper, 
*•  On  the  Dedications  of  Churches  in  Eng- 
land." He  discussed  the  influence  exer- 
cised on  our  dedications  by  the  ancient 
territorial  and  ecclesiastical  divisions  of 
Great  Britain;  and  while  by  the  aid  of 
local  tradition  and  historical  research  he 
cleared  up  many  difficulties  connected 
with  the  subject,  he  yet  frankly  admitted 
that  many  enigmas  remain,  difficult  if 
not  incapable  of  solution. 

A  general  and  interesting  conversation 
ensued,  during  which  much  additional  in- 
formation was  given  by  Messrs.  Norris 
Deck  and  C.  H.  Cooper,  after  which  the 
meeting  adjourned. 

Nov.  29.  The  Rev.  H.  R.  Luabd,  Trinity 
College,  in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  J.  Glover,  M.A.,  Trinity  Coll.; 
J.  Carter,  Esq.,  surgeon,  Petty  Cury; 
and  G.  Bosanquet,  Esq.,  Trinity  College, 
were  elected  members. 


The  Rev.  G.  Williams  then  gave  a  very 
interesting  account  of  some  of  his  Eccle- 
siogical  Discoveries  in  Georgia.  The 
churches  which  he  dwelt  chiefly  upon 
were  those  of  Timothesmana  and  Daba. 
The  former  of  these  is  a  small  cross 
church,  with  aisles  and  apsidal  chancel, 
with  north  and  south  chapels.  Daba  is 
a  small  chapel,  terminated  in  an  apse. 
Both  of  these  have  many  peculiarities, 
which  he  dwelt  on  at  some  length ;  and 
also  noted  the  singular  preservation  they 
are  in,  notwithstanding  the  severe  climate 
of  the  country.  These  churches  are  both 
situated  in  very  remote  parts,  seldom 
visited  by  travellers,  and  no  account  has 
hitherto  been  issued  of  them. 

Mr.  Williams's  paper  was  illustrated  by 
drawings,  furnished  by  the  Rev.  W.  F. 
Witts,  of  King's  College,  from  sketches 
taken  on  the  spot,  and  by  Mr.  Fawcett, 
Jesus  College,  taken  from  Mr.  Williams's 
notes.  Mr.  Williams  hopes  to  give  fur- 
ther accounts  of  his  discoveries  to  the 
Society. 

The  Chairman,  after  thanking  Mr.  Wil- 
liams for  his  paper,  alluded  to  the  Motett 
Choir  which  it  was  hoped  to  form  in  the 
University  for  the  study  of  Church  music. 
He  said  that  many  members  of  the  Cam- 
bridge Architectural  Society  took  a  great 
interest  in  the  matter,  and  therefore  they 
had  arranged  to  discuss  the  matter  at 
their  meeting. 

Mr.  Fawcett,  Mr.  Williams,  and  several 
others  spoke  on  the  subject,  stating  how 
they  thought  the  choir  could  best  be 
formed;  and  it  was  agreed  to  refer  the 
matter  to  a  Committee  then  formed,  who 
should  investigate  the  matter  of  expense, 
draw  up  rules,  and  make  some  definite 
arrangements,  to  be  laid  before  the  next 
meeting  of  the  Society. 


KILKENNY  AND  SOUTH-EAST  OF  IBELAND  ABCK2E0L0- 

GICAL  SOCIETY. 


Nov.  7, 1860.  The  Rev.  Chables  A. 
VIG50LE8,  Rector  of  Clonmacnoise,  in  the 
chair.  The  following  new  members  were 
elected: — 

Lady    Orde,    Eilmory,    Lochgilphead* 


N.B. ;  Edward  Maxwell  Dillon,  Esq, 
A3f.,  T.CJ).,  Bishop's  Stortford,  Herts; 
the  Rev.  John  Flanagan,  A.M.,  Rector  of 
Killeven,  Clones;  the  Rev.  John  Saul, 
Kilkenny,  and  John  Bradford,  Esq.,  Dis- 


172 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Feb. 


trict  Inspector  of  National  Schools,  Kil- 
kenny; William  H.  Hill,  Esq.,  architect, 
St  Patrick's  Hill,  Cork;  and  Mr.  Martin 
Carroll,  Jamestown,  Piltown. 
.  The  Treasurer's  accounts  for  the  year 
1859,  as  audited,  were  brought  up.  The 
amount  received  during  that  year  was 
£294  Os.  4& ;  and  the  sum  expended  was 
£206  8s.  1R ;  shewing  a  balance  of  £87 
16s.  2fcL  in  favourof  the  Society — a  balance 
which  arose  from  an  unusually  large  num- 
ber of  life  compositions  having  been  re- 
ceived from  members  during  the  year 
1869.  Indeed,  owing  to  the  number  of 
subscribers  in  default,  the  legitimate  in- 
come of  the  Society  was  more  than  £20 
less  than  during  previous  years. 

The  Rev.  James  Graves,  in  accordance 
with  the  rule  on  that  subject,  gave  notice 
that,  at  the  January  meeting  of  1861,  he 
would  move,  that  an  alteration  be  made 
in  the  general  rules  of  the  Society,  au- 
thorising its  meetings  to  be  held  quarterly 
in  future,  instead  of  bi-monthly  as  hereto- 
fore, and  that  the  ''Journal"  should  be 
issued  accordingly. 

The  Rev.  James  Mease  presented  a  num- 
ber of  objects  of  antiquity  lately  turned  up 
in  Ballylarkin  Churchyard.  These,  be- 
sides some  large  animal  teeth,  consisted 
of  three  specimens  of  copper  Irish  "  money 
of  necessity,"  a  silver  sixpence  of  James  1., 
and  a  copper  tag  of  the  strap  of  an  ancient 
book,  which  from  the  style  of  ornamenta- 
tion appeared  to  belong  to  the  latter  end 
of  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  Rev.  Jas.  Craves  presented  a  speci- 
men of  an  encaustic  flooring  tile,  picked 
up  by  him  at  Netley  Abbey  last  summer, 
which  was  of  precisely  the  same  pattern  as 
some  of  the  tiles  in  St.  Canice'B  Cathedral. 

Lord  James  Butler  sent  for  presenta- 
tion, on  behalf  of  Mr.  David  Rogers,  of 
Glassmullagh,  Omagh,  a  silver  coin  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  in  admirable  preserva- 
tion. It  was  one  of  about  150  of  different 
sizes  found  at  Glassmullagh,  in  the  parish 
of  Ardstraw,  oo.  Tyrone,  last  August. 
They  were  enclosed  in  a  leather  bag,  which 
fell  to  pieces  in  being  lifted  out  of  the 
ground.  The  dates  of  the  coins  ranged 
from  1561  to  1593. 
•  Robert  Malcomson,  Esq.,  Carlow,  pre* 


sented  an  unedited  tradesman's  token, 
given  him  by  Dr.  Shewbridge  Connor,  of 
that  town.  It  waft  without  date,  but  bore 
the  legend  "Jonah  Woodman  op  Don- 
lav  an."  The  device  was  a  pair  of  scales. 

Mr.  Prim,  on  the  part  of  a  member  of 
the  Society,  exhibited  a  grant  of  "  English 
Liberty,"  from  Henry  VI.,  in  the  twenty- 
ninth  year  of  his  reign,  to  Thomas,  the 
son  of  Philip,  the  son  of  William  O'Neill. 
The  patent  recited  a  previous  grant  of 
Edward  III.,  making  a  similar  grant  to 
William  O'Neill,  then  Vicar  of  Carrick, 
and  to  Philip  and  Thomas  O'Neill,  and 
their  heirs  "then  being  Irish."  The 
document  was  much  injured,  and  had 
been,  about  a  century  since,  inclosed  in  a 
piece  of  vellum,  part  of  an  old  lease,  on 
the  back  of  which  was  the  following 
entry  :— 

*  Constantino  O'Neill,  Prince  of  Ulster, 
maryed  Albina,  daughter  to  a  Danish 
King,  in  y«  city  of  Waterford.  From 
them  descended,  as  per  their  Vault-stone 
appears,  now  at  Mount  Neale,  in  the 
county  of  Kilkenny — 2,  John;  3,  Wil- 
liam ;  4,  Philip :  5,  Thomas;  6,  John ;  7, 
Henry ;  8,  John ;  9,  John ;  10,  Thomas  ; 
11,  John ;  12,  John,  issueless ;  13,  Thomas, 
succeeded;  14,  John;  15,  Lawrence  ;  16, 
John,  the  first  Protestant  of  the  family, 
and  the  last  male  heir.  So  promiscuously 
said  of  him  by  his  grandfather,  J.  N. 
O'Neill,  when  a  minor,  and  told  to  •  .  .'s 
fether." 

A  fragment  of  the  great  seal  of  Ireland 
was  attached  to  the  document.  The  Rev. 
James  Craves  suggested  that  perhaps 
Mount  Neale  meant  Ballyneale,  between 
Ross  and  Inistioge,  where  there  was  an 
old  church,  and  near  which,  on  the  Nore, 
was  a  steep  rock  called  Carrick-O'Neale. 

The  Rev.  M.  Saul  asked  whether  it  was 
known  if  a  curious  silver  matrix  of  the 
seal  and  counter-seal  of  the  O'Neills  of 
Ulster  was  still  in  the  possession  of  the 
Ormonde  family  ?  He  saw  it  many  years 
ago  in  the  North,  and  had  got  an  im- 
pression from  it,  which  he  subsequently 
gave  away.  The  matrix  of  the  seal  was 
originally  fitted  with  a  screw,  which,  when 
required,  served  to  detach  the  central  por- 
tion of  the  seal,  bearing  the  red  hand  of 
O'Neill,  from  the  outer  rim,  thus  allowing 


1861.] 


Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 


17a 


it  to  be  wed  separately,  apparently  for  a 
counter  seal.  The  crater  rim  bore  the 
name  of  Mnrtough  O'Neill,  King  of  Ul- 
ster. Mr.  Saul  was  informed  at  the  time 
that  this  seal  had  been  purchased  by  the 
late  Dowager  Marchioness  of  Ormonde. 

The  Rev.  James  Graves  presented  a 
ntc- simile  of  the  writing  of  Addison, 
being  a  portion  of  a  letter  from  him  to 
Mrs.  Wortley. 

Mr.  Prim  presented  a  deed  executed 
between  the  Rev.  John  Ellison  and  the 
Rev.  Anthony  Pack,  whereby  the  latter 
bound  himself  to  pay  the  former  half  the 
endowment  (£70)  of  Kilkenny  College,  on 
succeeding  him  in  the  mastership  of  that 
institution,  until  such  time  as  the  said 
Rev.  J.  Ellison  or  his  assigns  should  be 
presented  to  a  living  by  the  Provost,  Fel- 
lows, and  Scholars  of  Trinity  College,  Dub- 


lin. The  deed  was  dated  19th  December, 
1792. 

A  paper  was  read  from  the  Rev.  John 
O'Hanlon,  R.C.C.,  SS.  Michael  and  John, 
Dublin,  being  a  continuation  of  his  ac- 
count of  the  topographical  collection  made 
by  the  Ordnance  Survey  for  the  province 
of  Leinster.  The  present  paper  related  to 
the  county  of  Longford. 

The  Rev.  James  Mease  read  some  re- 
marks on  the  ancient  churches  usually 
found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  castles,  in 
the  district  round  Freahford.  The  paper 
was  illustrated  by  an  accurate  photograph 
of  the  east  window  of  the  old  church  of 
Folkscourt,  executed  by  Lieutenant  Lys- 
ter,  R.E. 

Thanks  having  been  voted  to  the  vari- 
ous donors  and  exhibitors,  the  meeting 
adjourned  to  the  first  Wednesday  in  Jan. 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  SCOTLAIST). 


Dee.  10, 1860.  At  the  meeting  of  the 
8ociety  in  their  library,  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Professor  J.  Y.  Siicpson,  Vice- 
President,  in  the  Chair,  the  following  com- 
munications were  read : — 

L  Notice  of  the  ruins  of  ancient  build- 
ings in  the  Alps,  called  "  Heathen  Huts," 
in  a  letter  to  Mr.  David  Laing,  Vice- 
President,  by  Dr.  Ferdinand  Keller,  Zu- 
rich, Corr.  Mem.  S.  A.  Scot.  In  this 
communication  Dr.  Keller  referred  to  the 
notice  of  beehive  houses  in  Harris  and 
Lewis,  recently  submitted  to  the  Society 
by  Captain  Thomas,  and  stated  that  con- 
siderable light  was  thereby  thrown  on  the 
remains  of  similar  stone  houses  in  the  Alps, 
the  age  and  use  of  which  had  hitherto 
been  quite  unknown.  These  only  occur 
in  sunny  spots  on  the  higher  mountains, 
at  an  elevation  of  more  than  four  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and 
are  generally  built  in  groups  round  an 
enclosed  circular  space,  into  which,  it  is 
probable,  the  cattle  were  driven  at  night. 
The  form  of  the  huts  is  in  some  cases  a 
rectangle,  in  others  an  ellipse  or  a  circle ; 
and  the  inside,  which  measures  from  six 
to  twelve  feet  in  diameter,  is  paved  with 
stone. 

Mr.  Stuart  expressed  a  hope  that  ere 


long  we  might  obtain  notices  of  the  many 
similar  remains  which  occur  in  Scotland, 
for  comparison  with  those  in  Wales,  Ire- 
land, and  elsewhere ;  and  Professor  Simp- 
son adverted  to  their  appearance,  not  only 
on  hills  and  lofty  ground,  but  in  many 
places  in  the  low  parts  of  Scotland,  and 
within  a  few  miles  of  Edinburgh. 

II.  On  early  Sepulchral  Remains  at 
Toason,  near  Rothbury,  Northumberland, 
and  other  antiquities  among  the  Cheviots, 
by  Mr.  George  Tate,  Alnwick,  Corr.  Mem. 
S.  Ant.  Scot.  Mr.  Tate  began  by  giving 
a  sketch  of  the  localities  and  grouping  of 
the  ancient  remains  found  in  the  hilly 
parts  of  Northumberland.  Fortlets,  tu- 
muli, and  ruins  of  circular  houses  are  so 
grouped  as  to  shew  their  relation  to  each 
other.  Clusters  of  the  latter  appear  on 
the  slopes  of  the  hills  and  in  the  upland 
valleys.  The  sepulchre  of  the  tribe  was 
not  far  distant,  usually  on  high  ground ; 
and  in  a  strong  position  on  some  neigh- 
bouring hill  was  the  circular  fort,  to  which 
the  people  might  flee  for  refuge  in  times 
of  danger.  This  arrangement  is  to  be 
seen  in  the  Cheviot  range  at  Yeavering, 
and  at  Greavesesh,  near  Linhope-burn,  at 
both  which  places  the  remains  of  the 
ancient  villages,  with  neighbouring  cairns 


174 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Feb. 


and  forts,  may  be  traced.  Similar  ves- 
tiges  probably  were  to  be  seen  at  Tosson, 
bat  cultivation  haa  obliterated  the  site*  of 
the  houses  in  the  valley,  while  the  se- 
pulchres and  fortlet  still  remain.  On  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  Coquet  are  other 
fortlets  and  barrows,  and  near  to  them  a 
rock  on  which  are  inscribed  concentric 
circles,  similar  to  those  on  the  rocks  at 
Boutin  Linn  and  Old  Bewick  in  Northum- 
berland, and  at  High  Auchinlary  in  Gal- 
loway. At  Tosson  four  cists  were  die- 
covered  formed  of  slabs,  two  of  them 
about  four  and  a-half  feet  in  length,  and 
the  others  little  more  than  two  feet.  A 
skeleton  and  an  urn  were  in  each  cist,  and 
the  bodies  were  doubled  up.  Three  circu- 
lar ornaments  of  cannel  coal  were  found 
in  one  of  the  larger  cists;  in  another 
a  email  bronie  buckle;  and  in  another 
an  iron  weapon,  with  a  portion  of  the 
wooden  handle  in  the  socket  in  a  decayed 
state. 

Some  conversation  occurred  regarding 
the  reference  by  the  Venerable  Bede  to 
Teavering  as  the  "villa  regia"  of  the 
Northumbrian  king,  when  Paulinos  bap- 
tised great  numbers  of  his  subjects  in  the 
adjoining  stream;  and  Mr.  Stuart  exhi- 
bited a  plan  of  the  remains  of  the  Celtic 
village  near  Linhope,  and  drawings  of  the 
concentric  circles  on  rocks  at  Boutin  Linn 
and  Old  Bewick. 

III.  Note  of  Antiquities  in  the  Parish 
of  Udny,  Aberdeenshire,  in  a  letter  to 
the  Secretary,  by  Mr.  Charles  S.  Temple, 
Cloisterseat.  This  letter  related  to  a  valu- 
able donation  of  implements  of  flint  and 
atone  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr. 
Temple,  and  was  in  answer  to  inquiries  on 
the  subject.  It  appeared  that  the  whole 
of  the  large  collection  of  flint  arrowheads, 
and  three  of  the  stone  hammers,  were 
found  on  Mr.  Temple's  farm  in  the  course 
of  agricultural  operations.  An  account 
was  given  of  an  "  eirde  house,"  and  graves, 
and  a  stone  circle  in  the  neighbourhood. 
The  former  was  semicircular  in  form,  about 
sixty  feet  in  length,  cut  out  of  a  hard 
rocky  soil,  well  built  on  each  side  with 
stones  without  mortar,  covered  over  with 
long  stones  of  rough  unhewn  granite. 
On  clearing  it  out,  some  pieces  of  pottery 


were  found,  some  pieces  of  flint  and  charred' 
wood,  and  a  bead  of  jet.  It  was  round  at 
the  end,  and  here  was  a  deposit  of  burnt 
ashes. 

Mr.  Stuart  adverted  to  the  varying  cir- 
cumstances under  which  flint  arrowheads 
were  found.  The  popular  belief  which 
long  regarded  them  as  "  elf-darts,"  and 
which  was  not  confined  to  Scotland,  had 
been  expressed  by  the  well-known  Scot- 
tish geographer,  Robert  Gordon  of  Straloch, 
about  two  centuries  ago.  After  giving  some 
details  about  them,  he  adds  that  these  won- 
derful stones  are  sometimes  found  in  the 
fields,  and  in  public  and  beaten  roads,  but 
never  by  searching  for  them ;  to-day  per- 
haps one  will  be  found  where  yesterday 
nothing  could  be  seen,  and  in  the  after- 
noon in  places  where  before  noon  there 
was  none,  and  this  most  frequently  under 
clear  skies  and  in  summer  days.  He  then 
gives  instances  related  to  him  by  a  man 
and  woman  of  credit,  each  of  whom  while 
riding  found  an  arrowhead  in  their  clothes 
in  this  unexpected  way.  The  want  of  in- 
tention, which  was  necessary  in  order  to 
find  these  arrowheads,  was  equally  valu- 
able in  other  matters,  as  appears  from  a 
peculiarity  of  the  oat-harvest  in  Buchan, 
told  by  Boece : — "  In  Buchqnhane  growis 
aitis  but  ony  tilth  or  seid.  Quhen  the 
peple  passis  with  set  purpos  to  scheir 
thair  aitis,  thay  find  nocht  but  tome 
hullis;  yet  quhen  thay  pas  but  ony  pre- 
meditatioun  thay  find  thair  aitis  ful  and 
weil  ripit." 

It  appeared  that  while  flint  arrowheads 
occur  in  cists  in  most  parts  of  Scotland, 
and  have  been  found  along  with  a  quern 
and  a  wooden  wheel,  under  moss  at  Blair 
Drummond;  and  while  there  are  localities, 
like  Mr.  Temple's  farm,  where  they  are 
found  in  numbers  in  the  course  of  agri- 
cultural operations,  and  as  on  the  banks 
of  the  burn  of  Rothes  after  a  flood,  there 
are  also  plaoes  where,  from  the  occurrence 
of  flint  chips  as  well  as  arrowheads,  there 
is  reason  to  think  there  had  been  manu- 
factories of  the  article,  such  as  a  spot  in 
the  sand  hills  of  Culbin,  on  the  coast  of 
Moray,  and  another  on  the  sands  of  Bel- 
helvie,  about  eight  miles  north  of  Aber- 
deen.   It  was  also  worth  remarking  that 


1861.] 


Worcestershire  Architectural  Society. 


17S 


manufactories  of  flint  are  found  on  some 
of  the  pile  habitations  in  the  Swiss  lakes, 
as  at  Moosedorf,  near  Berne,  although  no 
flint  occurs  in  Switzerland,  thus  suggesting 
the  existence  of  a  traffic  with  other  conn- 
tries — probably  Gaul — for  supplying  the 


wants  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  these 
wooden  huts. 

Many  donations  to  the  Museum  were 
announced,  which  chiefly  consisted  of  stone 
celts  and  knives  from  Shetland,  Cornwall, 
Ireland,  and  elsewhere. 


WORCESTERSHIRE  ARCHITECTURAL  SOCIETY. 


Oct.  8,  9,  1860.  The  seventh  annual 
meeting  and  excursion  took  place. 

The  meeting  was  held  in  the  afternoon 
of  October  8,  in  the  Natural  History 
rooms,  at  Worcester,  the  Hon.  F.  Lygok, 
X.P.,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Walker,  one  of 
the  hon.  secretaries,  read  the  report,  which, 
mUr  •/•«,  described  the  progress  of  the 
works  at  Worcester  Cathedral  These 
were  generally  approved.  With  regard 
to  the  new  east  window  of  that  edifice, 
its  colours  were  described  as  very  rich, 
but  not  so  well  arranged  as  is  generally 
found  in  Messrs.  Hardman's  works,  a  blue 
tint  pervading  too  uniformly  throughout 
the  window.  This  might  have  been  obvi- 
ated by  the  use  of  more  white  glass  in  the 
spaces  between  the  medallions,  and  the 
employment  of  less  blue  in  the  borders. 
The  small  sfoe  of  the  groups  was  necessi- 
tated by  the  architectural  character  of  the 
window.  Nevertheless  the  report  pro- 
nounced it  to  be  a  very  fine  window,  one 
of  which  the  city  might  justly  be  proud, 
and  a  wonderful  improvement  to  the 
general  appearance  of  the  interior  of  the 
whole  east  portion  of  the  cathedral.  The 
effect  would  be  still  better  if  the  side 
windows  of  the  Lady-chapel  were  to  be 
partially  obscured,  until  they  could  be 
filled  with  stained  glass.  Malvern  Church 
restoration  was  the  next  subject  alluded 
to,  the  progress  of  the  works  being  de- 
scribed as  highly  satisfactory,  with  a 
strong  recommendation  to  all  who  could 
aflbrd  to  assist  the  funds.  The  enlargement 
of  St.  Matthias'  Church,  Malvern  Link, 
the  little  church  at  Wick,  near  Pershore, 
Great  Alne,  near  Alcester,  the  re-decora* 
tion  and  re-pewiog  of  Witley  Church, 
the  restoration  of  Doverdale,  Shelsley 
Walsh,  aad  Upper  Sapey  churches,  had 
aD  been  successfully  accomplished;  and 
at  to  works   going  on,  the  committee 


had  the  gratification  of  announcing  that 
the  restoration  of  the  long  ruined  church 
of  Cow  Honeybourne  was  being  satisfac- 
torily done,  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Hopkins.  A  good  design  for  the  restora- 
tion of  the  chancel  of  St.  Andrew's,  Wor- 
cester, had  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Perkins, 
and  a  parishioner  had  liberally  undertaken 
to  present  stained  glass  for  the  new  win- 
dow. The  munificence  of  Miss  Lavender, 
in  building  and  endowing  a  new  church 
at  Barbourne,  was  warmly  acknowledged. 
The  report  went  on  to  suggest  that  the 
Society  might  profitably  devote  more  at- 
tention than  hitherto  to  secular  and  do- 
mestic architecture,  including  cottage 
building. 

The  report  was  adopted;  after  which 
several  new  members  were  elected,  mak- 
ing the  whole  number  of  the  Society 
about  140. 

Oct.  9.  In  spite  of  very  unfavourable 
weather,  an  excursion  was  made,  by  rail- 
way, to  Bromsgrove.  The  first  halt  was 
at  Stoke  Prior,  where  the  party  was  cour- 
teously received  by  the  Rev.  Harcourt 
Aldham,  the  incumbent.  There  was  much 
here  to  interest  the  visitors,  the  fine  old 
fabric  exhibiting  almost  every  variety  of 
Gothic  architecture,  admirably  blended. 
It  was  restored  in  1848,  when  great  results 
were  produced  at  a  very  moderate  outlay. 
The  north  aisle  and  its  arches  are  early 
Norman,  the  tower  and  a  portion  of  its 
substructure  are  transitional,  the  south 
aisle  and  its  arches  Early  English,  and 
some  portions  of  the  chancel  are  Deco- 
rated. The  tower  is  in  an  unusual  posi- 
tion, being  placed  at  the  east  end  of  the 
south  aisle ;  and  among  the  other  features 
of  the  church  are  two  chapels,  triple  se- 
dilia  in  the  chancel,  a  vestry  with  a 
vaulted  roof  and  a  chamber  over,  open 


176 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Feb, 


roofs,  a  wooden  spire,  ancient  coffin  slabs 
with  crosses,  a  fine  old  porch,  and  a  five- 
light  Decorated  east  window,  with  re- 
ticulated tracery,  the  stained  glass  having 
been  inserted  in  1859, "  by  some  friends  of 
John  Corbett,  Esq.,  to  commemorate  his 
having  nobly  stood  forward  in  the  cause 
of  morality  by  putting  an  end  to  the  em- 
ployment of  female  labour  at  his  salt- 
works in  this  parish."  The  window  con- 
tains the  figures  of  the  Saviour  and  the 
Evangelists,  but  the  tracery  is  filled  with 
fragments  of  old  glass.  Mr.  J.  S.  Walker 
described  the  principal  features  of  the 
edifice,  which  seemed  greatly  to  interest 
the  visitors. 

From  Stoke  they  proceeded  in  carriages 
to  Bromsgrove,  alighting  at  the  Grammar- 
school,  where  the  Rev.  Br.  and  Mrs.  Collis 
entertained  them  at  luncheon.  The  health 
of  Dr.  Collis  was  proposed  by  the  Hon.  F. 
Lygon,  and  Dr.  Collis  in  returning  thanks 
remarked,  that  ecclesiastical  architecture 
had  been  his  favourite  study  for  many 
years,  he  having  been  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Oxford  Architectural  Society  in 
1838,  which  might  be  said  to  have  been 
the  parent  of  most  other  kindred  So- 
cieties, and  was  followed  in  1839  by  the 
Cambridge  Camden,  since  which  time  a 
taste  for  architecture  had  spread  far  and 
wide  through  the  land.  He  had  also  taken 
a  part  in  the  formation  of  the  Worcester 
Diocesan  Society  in  1854.  They  had  not 
now  to  contend  for  first  principles,  as  at 
length  it  was  recognised  and  understood 
that  churches  were  to  be  built  in  the 
Gothic,  and  not  in  the  old  corrupt  styles. 
Among  the  architects  of  any  note  there 
was  but  one  exception  to  this  opinion,  and 
that  was  Mr.  Tite,  but  he  was  in  a  very 
considerable  minority  among  his  profes- 
sional brethren. 

The  party  was  then  conducted  over 
Bromsgrove  Church,  and  Dr.  Collis  gave 
an  account  of  the  labours  and  difficulties 
experienced  in  the  work  of  restoration. 
The  total  expense  had  amounted  to 
£5,436  Is.  lOd.,  not  including  the  painted 
windows,  font,  Ac,  and  a  further  esti- 
mated cost  of  £300  for  filling  the  east 
window  with  stained  glass,  which  is  al- 
most the  only  feature  required  to  lend 

7 


warmth  and  additional  beauty  to  this 
grand  old  structure;  and  he  appealed 
strongly  to  the  ladies  to  take  this  desirable 
work  in  hand.  It  was  only  those  who 
knew  what  Bromsgrove  Church  was  before 
its  restoration,  and  the  hideous  and  mon- 
strous deformities  by  which  it  had  been 
obscured,  who  could  properly  estimate  the 
task  which  Mr.  Scott  had  so  admirably 
accomplished.  He  had  first  (so  to  say) 
turned  the  church  inside  out,  by  removing 
the  galleries,  pews,  and  other  miserable 
and  unsightly  rubbish  by  which  it  had 
been  so  long  deformed;  then  the  walls 
were  scraped  of  four  or  five  coatings  of 
whitewash,  after  which  nearly  £1,000  was 
spent  in  replacing  stone  for  stone  where- 
ever  there  was  a  defect  in  the  entire  walls, 
being  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole  sur- 
face; a  part  of  the  work  which  was  not 
prima  facie  noticed  by  strangers — at  least 
it  made  but  little  show.  No  fewer  than 
thirty-two  windows  were  restored,  as  also 
the  pillars  and  their  capitals,  which  had 
been  shamefully  mutilated  to  make  way 
for  the  galleries.  The  difficulties  expe- 
rienced in  the  work  were  very  great,  but 
Mr.  Scott's  genius  had  overcome  them  all, 
and  one  elegant  arch  on  the  north  side  of 
the  nave  was  especially  pointed  out  as  a 
proof  of  his  skill  in  transforming  an  egre- 
gious deformity  into  an  attractive  feature. 
Mr.  Scott  had  been  rigidly  conservative 
in  the  work,  and  would  allow  no  fanciful 
ideas  to  be  carried  into  execution,  but  in- 
sisted on  the  fabric  being  restored  to  pre- 
cisely the  condition  it  was  in  before  its 
many  accumulated  mutilations.  The  roof 
of  the  nave — now  a  beautiful  feature  of 
the  church — was  the  old  one  faithfully  re- 
stored and  coloured  as  in  its  pristine 
state,  but  unfortunately  the  roof  of  the 
north  aisle,  which  was  said  to  have  been 
a  splendid  specimen  of  ancient  woodwork 
(temp.  Henry  VII.),  had  been  removed 
in  1814,  and  sold  by  auction  for  firewood, 
or  cut  up  into  bedsteads  which  were  still 
in  existence!  New  open  seats  for  the 
whole  church  had  been  provided  of  a  most 
substantial  character,  and  the  bench-ends 
were  beautifully  carved  by  hand  from 
nature,  scarcely  two  of  the  carvings  being 
alike.    That  was  almost  the  only  orna- 


1861.] 


Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society. 


\1T 


ment  introduced  into  the  new  work,  the 
character  of  the  edifice  itself  being  plain 
and  terere,  and  Mr.  Scott  being  anxious 
rather  for  substantiality  than  display.  Dr. 
Colli*  then  pointed  out  a  few  leading  fea- 
tures of  the  architecture,  the  prevailing 
styles  being  Early  English  and  Perpen- 
dicular, and  then  briefly  described  the 
monuments,  the  principal  ones  being  those 
of  the  Shrewsbury  (Talbot)  family,  that 
of  Bishop  Hall,  chaplain  to  Charles  II., 
tad  Judge  Lyttelton  (16C0).  The  latter 
would  have  been  better  removed  from  its 
position  against  one  of  the  chancel  win- 
dows, but  Mr.  Scott  said  he  had  got  into 
soch  difficulties  with  Architectural  So* 
actios  from  removing  similar  monuments 
in  other  churches,  that  he  intended  never 
to  displace  another  if  he  could  help  it. 

Among  the  noticeable  things  observed 
by  the  visitors  in  this  church  were  a  ha- 
gioscope in  the  vestry,  the  opening  from 
the  top  of  the  rood  stairs,  a  small  lectern 
with  a  volume  of  Jewell's  sermons  chained 
to  it,  having  been  in  this  church  ever 
since  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  on 
the  north  side  of  the  churchyard  an  an* 


cient  stone  figure  on  the  wall  to  which 
a  legend  attaches,  similar  to  that  of  the 
mural  figure  at  Furneaux  Pelham. 

The  Grammar-school  was  next  visited, 
after  which  the  party  proceeded  to  Red- 
ditch,  where  the  new  church  of  St.  Stephen 
was  visited.  On  their  way  they  inspected 
Headless  Cross  chapel,  where  the  Rev.  F. 
Lacon  exhibited  to  them  a  modern  edifice 
most  brilliantly  furnished  with  corona, 
crosses,  candlesticks,  flowers,  stained  glass, 
encaustic  tiles,  brass  standards  for  lights, 
and  many-coloured  church-text  on  the 
walls.  The  west  window  in  this  building 
was  presented  at  a  cost  of  £50,  by  a  work- 
ing man,  "  as  a  thank-cffering  on  account 
of  his  wife  having  become  possessed  of  con- 
siderable property."  It  is  proposed  to  en- 
large the  church,  a  plan  of  which  was 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Lacon,  The  burying, 
ground  here  was  noticed  to  be  in  beautiful 
order.  Time  did  not  allow  of  a  visit  to 
Bradley,  as  had  been  intended,  and  the 
party  returning  from  Redditch  to  Broms- 
grove,  proceeded  thence  direct  to  Wor- 
cester, where  they  arrived  early  in  the 
evening. 


YORKSHIRE  PHILOSOPHICAL  SOCIETY. 


Dee.  4, 1860.  At  the  monthly  meeting, 
W.  Pboctob,  Esq.,  in  the  chair,  R.  Davies, 
Esq.  F.S.  A.,  read  a  paper  on  "  The  original 
MS.  of  a  York  pageant  play,  presented  by 
Dr.  Sykes,  of  Ifemcaster,"  which  was  as 
follows.— 

u  The  valuable  MS.  now  offered  to  the 
acceptance  of  this  Society  by  Dr.  Sykes,  of 
Doncaster,  is  an  ancient  copy  of  one  of  the 
pageants  or  miracle-plays  which  in  medi- 
SBval  times  were  exhibited  in  the  streets  of 
York  upon  each  anniversary  of  tbe  festival 
of  Corpus  Christi.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  this  is  the  original  MS.  of  the 
'pageant  play'  which  our  late  fellow- 
citizen,  Mr.  John  Croft,  printed  in  his 
"  Excerpta  Antiqua'  in  the  year  1797,  and 
which  he  stated  to  be  then  '  amongst  the 
archives  at  Guildhall,  York/  A  few  years 
ago  the  M8.  was  found  with  other  neglect- 
ed papers  in  an  old  chest  at  Nether  Hall, 
near  Doocaster.  It  afterwards  came  into 
the  possession  of  Dr.  Sykes,  and  last  year, 
with  his  permission,  it  was  printed  by 
the  Camden  Society,  under  the  editorial 

Qnr.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


care  of  Mr.  Payne  Collier,  the  well-known 
Shakespeare  commentator.  Another  MS. 
of  great  interest  to  the  citizens  of  York  is 
still  in  existence.  It  is  the  volume  which 
contains  a  register  or  transcript  of  the 
whole  series  of  pageants  or  religious  mys- 
teries which  constituted  the  '  York  Corpus 
Christi  Play.'  The  history  of  this  vo- 
lume is  curious.  In  the  year  1715,  when 
Thoresby  published  his '  Ducatus  Leodien- 
sis/  it  whs  among  the  contents  of  his  mu- 
seum of  antiquities,  and  his  autograph 
upon  one  of  the  fly-leaves  denotes  that  it 
had  been  given  to  bim  by  Henry  Fairfax, 
Esq.  Upon  the  dispersion  of  Thorcsby's 
collections,  which  were  sold  by  auction  in 
1764,  the  volume  was  purchased  by  Horace 
Walpole.  After  sleeping  on  the  shelves 
of  his  mock-gothic  library  at  Strawberry 
Hill  for  above  three-quarters  of  a  century, 
unnoticed  and  unknown,  it  was  bought  at 
the  sale  of  Walpole*s  books  for  the  late 
Mr.  Benjamin  Heywood  Bright,  who  gave 
for  it  the  large  sum  of  £235.  In  the  year 
1844  Mr.  Bright's  fine  collection  of  MSS. 
was  brought  to  the  hammer,  and  instead 
of  the  volume  of  York  pageants  finding  its> 


178 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Feb. 


way  to  the  British  Museum,  its  proper 
place  of  deposit,  the  nation  was  outbid  by 
a  private  person,  who  parted  with  more 
than  £300  in  order  to  possess  it.  It  is 
now  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Ashburn- 
-ham.  At  the  sale  of  Mr.  Bright's  library 
the  MS.  did  not  escape  examination,  and 
hence  I  am  able  to  give  yon  some  slight 
account  of  it.  The  whole  of  the  Corpus 
Christi  play  comprised  in  the  MS.  register 
consists  of  about  fifty  different  scenes  or 
■  pageants,  which  are  divided  into  two  series : 
the  incidents  of  the  first  twelve  are  derived 
from  the  Old  Testament  history,  com- 
mencing with  the  Creation  and  ending 
with  the  drowning  of  Pharaoh  and  the 
Egyptians,  who  are  overwhelmed  in  spite 
■of  their  trust  in  Mahomet — 

"  Hefe  uppe  your  hartta  aye  to  Mahounde, 
He  will  be  nere  ua  in  our  nede." 

"  The  rest  are  taken  from  the  New  Tes- 
tament and  the  pseudo-evangelists.  The 
subjects  of  the  pageants,  the  order  in 
which  they  are  arranged,  and  the  several 
trade  companies  by  whom  they  were  ex- 
hibited, correspond  very  nearly  with  the 
list  printed  by  Mr.  Drake  in  the  appendix 
to  his  *  Eboracum ;'  except  that  in  Drake's 
list  several  trades  are  named  for  the  pro- 
duction of  each  pageant,  whilst  in  the 
MS.  only  one  occurs.  Some  of  the  pageants 
described  in  the  printed  list  are  not  to  be 
fonnd  in  the  MS.  register.  To  decide 
when  the  greater  part  of  the  MS.  was 
written  is  attended  with  considerable  dif- 
ficulty, but  thete  can  be  no  hesitation  in 
pronouncing  the  whole  to  be  of  much  later 
date  than  the  MS.  now  before  the  meet- 
ing. Some  things  in  it  appear  to  be  as 
late  as  since  the  Reformation,  and  it  is 
highly  probable  that  Lord  Ashburnham's 
MS.  is  the  identical  book  of  the  Corpus 
Christi  piny,  which,  in  the  spring  of  the 
year  1579,  the  Corporation  of  York  ordered 
to  be  carried  to  my  Lord  Archbishop  and 
Mr.  Dean  to  correct,  when  an  application 
was  made  to  them  by  the  citizens  to  allow 
the  play  to  be  played  at  the  encuing  anni- 
versary of  the  festival.  Prefixed  to  the 
Barbour's  pageant  is  a  note  in  these 
words :  '  Doctor,  this  matter  is  newly  mayd 
whereof  we  have  no  ooppy.'  The  person 
who  is  thus  addressed,  as  if  the  book  were 
intended  for  his  perusal,  was  probably  Dr. 
Matthew  Hutton,  then  Dean  of  York, 
whom  the  Corporation  bad  previously  con- 
sulted respecting  the  performance  of  an- 
other religious  mystery  called  the  '  Crede 
Play.'  On  six  of  the  fly-leaves  at  the  end 
of  the  volume,  beneath  the  words *  Corpus 
Christi  Plays,'  are  the  names  of  Thomas 
Cutler  and  Richard  Nandicke,  written  in 
•  hand  of  singular  beauty,  but  which  is 


unquestionably  of  no  earlier  date  than 
Queen  Elizabeth.  These  persons  had  pro- 
bably been  intrusted  by  the  Corporation 
with  the  custody  of  the  volume  at  the 
time  it  was  ordered  to  be  submitted  to  the 
correction  of  the  Dean  and  Archbishop. 
At  what  time  or  in  what  manner  the 
volume  passed  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Henry 
Fairfax,  by  whom  it  was  presented  to 
Thoresby,  can  only  be  a  matter  of  con- 
jecture. Perhaps  it  had  descended  to  him 
from  Lord  Thomas  Fairfax,  the  celebrated 
parliamentary  general,  to  whose  title  he 
afterwards  succeeded.  That  distinguished 
person,  in  his  retirement  at  Nun-Appletoa 
after  the  close  of  the  civil  wars, '  was  not 
forgetful  of  those  gentle  tastes  which  have 
made  his  name  illustrious.''  the  patron 
and  friend  of  Roger  Dodsworth  could 
scarcely  fail  to  be  a  lover  of  curious  MSS.# 
and  to  him,  as  a  citizen  of  York,  the  book 
of  the  York  Pageants  would  be  a  valuable 
acquisition.  By  his  will  he  bequeathed  to 
his  executors  all  his  books  and  manuscripts, 
except  those  collected  by  Dodsworth,  which 
were  to  be  deposited  in  the  University 
library  at  Oxford.  One  of  the  executors 
of  his  will,  and  the  immediate  successor  to 
his  title,  was  Henry  Fairfax,  Esq.,  of  Ogle- 
thorpe, the  father  of  Henry  Fairfax  who 
gave  the  MS.  of  the  York  Corpus  Christi 
play  to  Thoresby.  That  it  had  belonged 
to  Thomas  Lord  Fairfax,  and  was  one  of 
the  MSS.  which  passed  by  his  will,  I  think 
there  can  be  little  doubt.  The  sul »ject  of 
the  pageant  of  Dr.  Svkes's  MS.  is  the  ap- 
pearance of  our  Saviour  to  His  disciples 
after  His  resurrection,  and  the  incredulity 
of  the  apostle  Thomas,  as  recorded  in  the 
20th  chapter  of  St.  John's  Gospel.  A 
drama  upon  this  incident  of  Holy  Writ  is 
contained  in  every  known  series  of  miracle 
plays.  In  Drake's  list  this  pageant  is 
styled  *  Apparicio  Christi  Thome  Apostol. 
et  aliis,'  and  is  assigned  to  the  company 
of  Scriveners,  who  were  associated  in  the 
production  of  it  with  the  Lumners  or 
illuminators,  the  Questors  or  examiners, 
and  the  Dubbers  or  binders  of  MS.  books. 
Mr.  Collier  tells  us  that  Dr.  Svkes's  MS., 
upon  the  parchment  cover  of  which  the 
word  'Skryveners'  is  written  in  an  old 
hand,  was  doubtless  the  very  prompt-book 
used  by  the  person  denominated  the  book- 
holder,  whose  duty  it  was  to  watch  and 
assist  the  hesitating  performers  in  the  de- 
livery of  their  parts.  'When  the  repre- 
sentations were  at  an  end,'  (he  proceeds 
to  state,)  '  these  prompt-books  were  col- 
lected together,  and  deposited  in  some 
chest  or  other  receptacle  in  the  Guild- 
hall, until  they  should  again  be  required.* 
It  seems  to  me  more  probablo  that  each. 


1861.] 


Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society. 


179 


trade  had  the  custody  of  its  own  prompt- 
book, and  that  from  time  to  time,  as  the 
companies  were  dissolved  and  their  muni- 
ments and  records  dispersed  and  lost,  these 
MSS.  shared  the  fate  of  the  rest.  In  some 
instances  they  may  have  been  intentionally 
destroyed,  as  relics  of  superstition,  or  as 
containing  (to  use  the  words  of  Dean 
Hutton)  'many  things  disagreeing  from 
the  sincerity  of  the  Gospel.'  This  may 
account  for  the  circumstance  of  no  more 
than  a  single  specimen  having  escaped 
from  the  general  wreck.  As  illustrating 
the  tastes  and  habits  of  our  mediaeval 
ancestors,  and  as  indicating  the  character 
of  the  religious  knowledge  imparted  to 
them  by  means  of  these  representations, 
the  mysteries  of  miracle-plays  are  highly 
interesting.  Collections  of  those  which 
were  performed  at  Coventry  and  at  Ches- 
ter were  printed  by  the  Shakspeare  Society 
•bout  twenty  years  ago.  A  Yorkshire 
collection,  known  as  the  Widkirk  series, 
was  printed  by  the  Surtees  Society  in 
the  year  1884,  under  the  able  editorship 
of  an  honorary  member  of  this  Society, 
toy  venerable  and  much-valued  friend  the 
historian  of  South  Yorkshire.  It  is  much 
to  be  desired  that  the  noble  owner  of  the 
MS.  volume  which  contains  the  whole 
•eries  of  the  York  Corpus  Christi  pageants 
would  allow  it  to  be  committed  to  the 
press  under  the  supervision  of  an  equally 
competent  editor.  The  York  plays  are 
Supposed  to  be  of  greater  antiquity  than 
those  contained  in  any  of  the  few  collec- 
tions hitherto  brought  to  light.  Mr.  Col- 
lier is  of  opinion  that  although  the  hand- 
writing of  Dr.  Sykes's  MS.  may  not  be  of 
earlier  date  than  the  former  half  of  the 


fifteenth  century,  yet '  from  the  character 
of  the  speeches  and  the  extreme  simplicity 
of  its  construction,'  the  piece  itself  *  is  one 
of  the  oldest  dramas  existing  in  our  lan- 
guage;' and  that  it  has  e»me  down  to  us 
in  tbe  very  shape  in  which  it  was  pre- 
sented to  the  citizens  of  York  at  least  as 
early  as  the  reign  of  King  Edward  III. 
It  being  the  wish  of  Dr.  Sykes  to  place 
his  MS.  in  some  public  repository,  he  has 
kindly  consented,  upon  my  suggestion,  to 
present  it  to  the  Yorkshire  Philosophical 
Society,  to  be  added  to  their  Museum  of 
Antiquities,  where  it  will  be  accessible  to 
all  who  are  interested  in  our  early  language 
and  literature." 

The  Rev.  J.  Kenrick,  F.SJL,  read  a 
notice  of  the  discovery,  near  Monk-Bar, 
of  a  portion  of  the  north-eastern  wall  of 
the  Roman  city  of  Eboracum.  It  had 
been  buried  in  the  rampart  of  the  mediaeval 
wall,  and  was  brought  to  light  in  conse- 
quence of  the  removal  of  a  portion  of  the 
rampart  to  form  a  road.  Hitherto,  though 
portions  of  the  other  three  walls  which 
inclosed  the  Roman  city  had  been  found, 
no  part  of  the  north-eastern  wall  had  been 
discovered.  Mr.  Wellbelored,  however, 
in  his  "  York  under  the  Romans,"  p.  53, 
had  pointed  out  the  spot  in  which  it  might 
be  looked  for,  and  his  indication  has  been 
completely  confirmed  by  the  recent  dis- 
covery. This  discovery  has  been  more  fully 
described  in  another  page  *. 

•  Gxnt.  Mao.,  Jan.  1861,  p.  48. 


180  [Feb. 


Co  map  onii  mce  of  i&glbamtg  Bvbm. 


[Correspondent*  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  not,  unless  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  may  be  forwarded  to  them,'] 

THE  ARCHITECT  OF  LINCOLN  CATHEDRAL. 

Mr.  Urban, — With  reference  to  the  notices  contained  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  of  November  and  December,  on  the  constructor  of  Lin- 
coln Cathedral,  I  beg  leave  to  stand  up  on  behalf  of  the  Burgundian  origin 
of  Geoffrey  de  Noyers.  I  am  astonished  that  none  of  the  French  cor- 
respondents you  allude  to  (p.  640)  should  have  informed  you  that,  of  the 
thirteen  localities  known  under  the  name  of  Noyers  in  France,  by  far  the 
most  important  and  historically-celebrated  is  the  Burgundian  town  and  for- 
tress of  Noyers,  or  Noiers,  or  Noers,  (Latin  Nucerus,  Nucetum,  De 
Noeriis).  This  place  (at  present  a  chef  lieu  de  canton  in  the  departement 
de  TYonne)  was  formerly  a  chef  lieu  de  bailliage  in  the  province  of  Bur- 
gundy and  diocese  of  Langres.  It  has  given  its  name  to  one  of  the  oldest 
and  mightiest  baronial  families  of  Burgundy,  eight  of  whom,  all  bearing  the 
same  Christian  name,  Milo,  or  Miles  de  Noyers,  flourished  from  1140  till 
1390.  The  lordship  of  Noyers,  with  its  strong  and  celebrated  castle,  and 
the  eighty  fiefs  and  arriere-fiefs  which  were  held  under  it,  since  passed 
successively  through  females  into  the  houses  of  Longueville,  Bourbon- 
Conde,  and  Luynes.  The  town  itself  contained  a  handsome  church,  built  in 
1 195  by  one  of  the  most  celebrated  bishops  of  Auzerre,  Hugues  de  Noyers, 
uncle  of  Milo  III.,  who  was  born  there,  and  who  was  the  cotemporary  of 
St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln,  having  been  bishop  of  Auzerre  from  1186  to  1202. 

Now  I  submit  that,  according  to  every  probability  and  every  historical 
analogy,  an  architect  styling  himself  Geoffrey  de  Noyers  at  the  close  of 
the  twelfth  century,  was  taking  the  name  of  the  place  of  his  birth,  like 
Robert  de  Luzarches,  Eudes  de  Montreuil,  and  other  famous  architects  of 
those  days  ;  the  more  so  as  Noyers  was  then  a  flourishing  and  well-known 
borough,  in  fact,  a  small  provincial  or  feudal  capital,  quite  as  important  as 
Luzarches  or  Montreuil. 

Having  been  engaged  for  the  last  twenty  years  in  writing  the  history  of 
the  Western  Monks,  I  have  met  with  many  instances  of  monastic  architects, 
and  on  referring  to  Didron's  Annates  Archeologiques  (which  you  often 
quote)  for  1847,  yoa  will  see  that  I  am  most  anxious  to  render  full  justice 
to  their  well-earned  renown.  But  I  must  confess  that  I  have  no  notion  of 
any  Benedictine  architect,  of  so  late  a  period  as  1180,  being  employed  any- 


1861 .]  The  Architect  of  Lincoln  Cathedral.  181 

where  oat  of  his  own  abbey ;  and  I  may  add  that  it  would  be  surprising  if 
inch  an  eminent  artist  as  the  architectural  coadjutor  of  St.  Hugh  of  Lin- 
coln should  have  issued  from  the  very  obscure  and  recent  monastery  of 
Noyers  in  Touraine,  which  was  only  founded  in  1030,  and  never  deserved 
to  be  noticed  by  any  of  the  great  monastic  historians. 

If  the  foregoing  remarks  seem  to  you  worthy  of  being  inserted  in  your 
Journal,  I  beg  you  will  accept  of  them  as  a  proof  of  the  very  great  interest 
with  which  I  read  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  when  I  find  it  at  the  bureau 
of  the  Correepondant. — I  am,  &c, 

Le  Comte  de  Montalembebt. 

La  Boche  en  Breny,  Burgundy,  Jan.  13,  1861. 


Ms.  Ubbax, — While  thanking  you  for  your  information,  given  in  your 
December  number,  as  to  the  abbey  of  Noyers  in  Touraine,  not  far  from 
Blois,  I  hope  you  will  allow  me  to  express  a  doubt,  whether  you  do  not 
thew  too  much  readiness  to  conclude  that  Geoffrey  de  Noiers,  the  archi- 
tect of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  was  connected  with  that  locality. 

There  was  another  Noyers,  it  would  appear,  in  Normandy  ;  for  King 
John,  by  charter  dated  Feb.  6,  1200,  confirmed  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary 
of  Arden  certain  property  previously  granted  by  Richard  I.,  one  portion 
of  which  was  land  at  Noyers,  in  the  near  neighbourhood  of  the  abbey,  as 
appears  from  the  terms  of  the  charter.  Bot.  Chart,  (of  Record  Commission), 
p.  35;  and  Bot.  Normannue,  p.  16. 

Moreover,  from  whatever  Noyers  the  Lincoln  architect  may  have  de- 
rived his  name,  it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  he  was  not  born  and  bred 
in  England,  and  free  from  all  foreign  architectural  influences.  Very  soon 
after  St.  Hugh's  time  there  were  persons  of  the  name  possessing  property 
in  England.  In  1216  a  Gilbert  de  Noiers  occurs,  then  in  arms  against 
John,  who  had  land  at  Boarhunt  in  Hampshire,  valued  at  100*.  per  annum. 
Bot.  Lit.  Clout,  (of  Record  Commission),  pp.  250  b,  270  b,  326,  350.  In 
the  same  year  occurs  a  Nicholas  de  Noiers,  who  had  property  at  Norton 
in  Northamptonshire.  Ibid.,  246  and  300.  It  is  quite  possible  that  these 
persona  may  have  been  very  recent  settlers  in  England,  but,  so  far  as  I 
can  see,  it  is  also  possible  that  they  were  members  of  a  family,  or  families, 
settled  here  for  generations :  and  therefore  I  am  unwilling  to  conclude, 
merely  because  of  his  name,  that  Geoffrey  de  Noiers  was  not  English  to 
die  back-bone,  with  as  supreme  a  contempt  for  foreign  fashions  as  could 
well  possess  the  veriest  bucolical  John  Bull  of  the  present  day. 

Still  I  am  inclined  to  suspect  and  fear, — for  I  am  weak  enough  to  think 
our  Early  English  churches  far  superior  to  all  others,  of  whatever  date,  or 
style,  or  country,  and  should  rejoice  in  helping  to  prove  that  the  architect 
of  I«im*»ln  was  altogether  English,— that  proof  may  arise  that  your  sup. 


18SS  Correspondence  of  Sylvanu*  Urban.  [Feb. 

j>osition  ta  correct,  and  that  Geoffrey  de  Noters  was  a  ready-made  French 
architect,  connected  with  Blois,  who  had  been  imported  by  St.  Hugh  to 
build  his  cathedral.  Some  months  since,  Mr.  Scott  told  me  that  he  had 
seen  in  some  French  book,  but  in  what  book  he  could  not  remember, 
a  statement  that  St.  Hugh  built  Lincoln  after  some  church  at  Blois.  This 
French  statement,  coupled  with  the  likeness  which  you  mention  of  the 
north  rose-window  of  Lincoln  transept  to  one  at  Blois,  seems  to  tend  much 
towards  the  verity  of  your  supposition.  No  doubt  some  one  will  be  able 
to  point  out  Mr.  Scott's  authority :  and  this,  possibly,  may  at  once  de- 
cide the  question.  Or,  surely,  we  may  hope  that  some  French  antiquary, 
learned  in  the  history  of  Blois,  will  be  able  to  give  further  and  conclusive 
evidence. 

I  recollect  Professor  Willis's  excellent  exposition  upon  Lincoln  Cathe- 
dral, never  I  believe  published,  at  the  meeting  of  the  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute at  Lincoln  some  years  since ;  and,  unless  my  memory  sadly,  rails  me, 
he  talked  repeatedly  and  confidently  about  Hugh's  French  architect. 
Perhaps  he  might  be  able  to  help  us. 

Anyhow,  as  the  antecedents  of  Hugh's  architect  is  a  point  of  so  much 
interest  in  our  architectural  history,  and  as  you  have  taken  it  up  so  learn- 
edly and  earnestly,  I  trust  it  will  not  be  allowed  to  remain  in  its  present 
state  of  what  I  feel  bound  to  call  unsatisfaction. — I  am,  &c. 

Southwell,  Jan.  4, 1861.  James  F.  DncocK. 


ST.  HUGH  OF  LINCOLN,  &c. 
-  Mb.  Ubbav, — The  following  contemporary  memorandum  of  the  transla- 
tion of  St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln  may  possibly  interest  some  of  your  readers  at 
the  present  moment.  It  occurs  on  the  outside  leaf  (I  think)  of  a  volume  of 
Papal  briefs  and  privileges,  granted  to  a  bishop  of  the  Beck  family,  in  the 
MS.  Harleian  3,720. 

M M.  quod  Magister  Thomas  Beak  Menerensk  Episcopns  consecratus  fait  spud  Lin-' 
coin,  in  Octavis  Beati  Michaelts,  anno  regni  Regis  Edwmrdi  filii  Begis  Henrici  oc- 
tavo: et  eodem  die  translatos  fait  Beatas  Hugo  quondam  Lincolniensis  episoopus 
sumptions  dicti  Magistri  Thome.  Interfaerant  eidem  translation!  et  consecrationi 
Dominus  Edwardus  Rex  Angliee  et  Regina,  similiter  et  Dominus  Edmundus  frater 
dicti  Domini  Regit  et  Regina  Naverii  uxor  ejus,  Cornea  Glovernie,  Comes  Lincoln,  et 
Comitissa,  similiter  comes  de  Warwyke.  St  fuerunt  ibidem  Archiepiseopos  Cantuarf- 
enris,  Archiepiseopos  Ragepsii,  Ep.  Lincoln.,  Ep.  Bathon.,  Ep.  Elian*.,  Ep.  Norwioens* 
Ep.  Wyrcestrens.,  Ep.  Landav.,  Ep.  Asavena,  Ep.  Bangor.,  et  electus  Exoestrensis. 
Et  fuerunt  ibidem  230  milites,  et  fuerunt  ibidem  duo  conductus  vini  extra  portam 
Occidentalem  Manerii  Episcopi  Lincolniensis,  in  quibus  enrrebant  sex  dolia  vini  et 
•umebant  ex  eodem  vino  tarn  quam  paaperes  pro  voluntate  sua  et  encurrerunt  eodem 
die  ab  bora  nona  usque  ad  ignitegii  pwtaatnm." 

Thomas  Beck,  the  Bishop  of  St.  David's  at  whose  expense  the  trans- 
lation was  effected,  was  a  brother  of  the  magnificent  Antony,  Bishop  of 
Durham  and  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  who  on  the  occasion  of  his  consecra- 


1861.]  St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln,  %c.  183 

tion,  three  years  and  a-half  after  this  event,  translated  the  remains  of  St. 
William  of  York  at  his  own  expense.  Another  brother,  Walter,  was  father 
of  Antony  and  Thomas,  who  were  Bishops  of  Norwich  and  Lincoln  in  the 
following  century.  The  dates  of  their  consecration,  as  well  as  of  the  births 
of  all  the  children  of  Walter,  are  given  on  the  same  leaf. 

The  Archbishop  "  Ragensis,"  whose  name  occurs  in  the  list  of  visitors, 
was  the  Archbishop  of  Edessa,  which  the  Crusaders  had  identified  with 
Rages  in  Media,  (Ord.  Tit.,  viii.  14,  and  ix.  10).  He  is  a  worthy  who 
frequently  appears  in  history  about  this  time.  Rishanger  names  him  "  W. 
Archiepiscopus  Edessanus,"  and  describes  him  as  an  Englishman,  (Chron., 
p.  64).  The  Chronicle  of  Barnwell  (quoted  in  the  same  work,  p.  150,) 
seems  to  call  him  Gifred.  The  first  mention  I  find  of  him  is  his  appoint- 
ment to  the  deanery  of  Wimborne  Minster,  Feb.  12,  1265,  (Mon.  Angl.y 
vi.  1452,)  for  the  support  of  his  dignity  until  he  shall  return  to  his  province 
or  get  something  better.  In  1266  he  consecrated  Bishop  Roger  of  Nor- 
wich, on  the  4th  of  April,  by  the  direction  of  the  legate  Othobon,  at  St. 
Paul's.  He  was  employed  by  the  king  the  same  year  to  negotiate  for  the 
surrender  of  Kenil worth.  When  the  legate  quitted  England,  the  Arch- 
bishop seems  to  have  stayed,  and  to  have  established  himself  in  the  diocese 
of  Norwich.  In  1275  he  consecrated  the  Prior's  chapel  at  Bury,  {Cont* 
FL  Wig.9  ii.  215).  In  1278  he  assisted  at  the  dedication  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Norwich,  {Ang.  Sac.,  i.  401).  In  1280  he  was  at  the  translation 
of  St.  Hugh,  and  in  1286  was  still  acting  as  commissary  to  the  Bishop  of 
Norwich.  He  probably  came  in  the  suite  of  the  legate  to  collect  a  subsidy 
for  the  Holy  Land.  I  shall  be  glad  if  any  of  your  readers  can  tell  me  more 
about  him.  He  is  evidently  not  a  mere  bishop  in  partibus,  although  his 
tee  had  been  for  many  years  in  the  hands  of  the  infidels,  for  the  Barnwell 
Chronicle  mentions  him  in  connexion  with  the  Crusade,  nor  was  the  em- 
ployment of  bishops  in  partibus  common  in  England  until  sixty  years  after. 

I  am  curious  about  him  because  I  think  it  possible  that  to  such  influence 
as  his  might  be  supposed  to  be,  might  be  traced  the  origin  of  three  little 
siissionary  efforts  on  the  part  of  Englishmen  which  I  find  recorded  in 
Rymer,  among  the  documents  of  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  (pp.  17, 216,  433, 
vol.  ii.  of  the  new  edition). 

Edward  II.,  on  the  30th  of  November,  1307,  writes  to  the  King  of  Ar- 
menia, the  Pope  (Clement  V.,  founder  of  the  Franciscan  mission  to  Cathay)  y 
and  the  Emperor  of  the  Tartars,  in  favour  of  William,  Bishop  of  Lydda,  who 
is  leading  a  company  of  Dominican  friars  to  preach  to  the  infidels.  In  1313 
the  same  king  writes  to  the  King  of  Georgia,  the  Emperor  of  Trebizond, 
Carpente  Emperor  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  and  the  Emperor  of  Cathay,  in 
favour  of  William  of  Villa  Nova,  Bishop,  and  a  large  mission  of  Franciscans, 
going  to  preach  to  the  Tartars  ;  and  in  August,  1320,  he  writes  to  the  King 
of  Cyprus,  introducing  Robert  de  Braibrok,  John  de  Scone,  and  Robert  de 
Hattecombe,  Dominicans  who  are  on  their  way,  at  the  command  of.  the 


184 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Feb- 


Master  of  the  Order,  to  preach  to  the  Saracens.  The  missionaries  in  the 
last  case  are  certainly  Englishmen,  and  probably  in  the  others.  It  would  be 
very  interesting  to  find  the  chain  of  English  missionary  efforts,  so  glorious 
in  the  beginning  in  the  conversion  of  Germany,  and  in  their  present  work- 
ing over  all  the  world,  continued  during  the  Middle  Ages  even  by  small 

.  and  almost  imperceptible  links  like  these.  In  the  seventh  century  we  have 
Wilfrid,  Suidbert,  and  Willibrord  of  Ripon,  in  Friesland ;  in  the  eighth, 
Boniface  and  his  followers  in  Germany  ;  in  the  ninth,  King  Alfred  holding 

.communion  with  the  Christians  in  India  ;  in  the  tenth,  Siegfried  of  York, 

.  the  apostle  of  Sweden  ;  in  the  eleventh,  the  conversion  of  Norway  and  Ice- 
land by  Englishmen  under  St.  Olaf  and  Cnut ;  in  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
teenth, the  missions  attached  to  the  crusades ;  in  the  fourteenth,  the  efforts 
of  the  Friars  to  which  the  above  instances  belong,  and  the  indirect  effects  of 
which  may  be  traced  in  the  numerous  bishops  in  partibus  of  the  century. 

■  What  kind  friend  will  help  to  fill  up  the  gap  between  this  and  the  com- 
mencement of  colonization  in  the  sixteenth  ? — I  am,  &c, 
Navestock,  Jan.  1th.  William  Stubbs. 


MR.  PERGUSSON  ON  WALTHAM  ABBEY. 


Mb.  Urban,— -Do  not  be  afraid  that  I 
am  going  again  to  stir  up  our  old  contro- 
versy about  Waltbam.  I  mean  it  to  sleep, 
on  my  part  at  least,  at  all  events  till  I 
have  seen  Caen  and  some  other  Roman- 
esque buildings  which  I  have  not  yet  seen. 
But  I  wish  to  trouble  you  with  a  few 
words  about  the  way  in  which  the  subject 
has  been  lately  taken  up  by  another  writer, 
whose  way  of  dealing  with  it  must,  I 
should  think,  be  as  amazing  to  my  late 
antagonist  as  it  certainly  is  to  myself. 

A  few  days  ago  I  received  a  pamphlet  by 
Mr.  James  Fergusson  on  the  "  Site  of  the 
Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem,"  in  which 
he  attempts  to  answer  his  late  critic  in  the 
"  Edinburgh  Review."  The  "  Edinburgh" 
Reviewer,  especially  when  backed  up  by 
.Professor  Willis,  needs  no  support  of 
mine.  All  that  I  have  anything  to  do 
with  is  the  p  issage  in  which  he  speaks  of 
Waltham,  in  answer  to  a  passing  allusion 
to  our  controversy  on  the  part  of  the 
**  Edinburgh"  Reviewer.  I  will,  by  your 
leave,  extract  the  whole  passage  from  Mr. 
Ferguson's  pamphlet  at  length : — 

"As  the  reviewer  adduces  one  instance 
irf  the  uncertainty  of  architectural  deter- 

8 


urination,  it  is  only  fair  to  him  to  notice 
it ;  especially  as  I  can  honestly  give  him 
credit  for  the  discovery.  I  do  not  believe 
there  is  another  example  in  these  islands 
which  could  be  brought  forward;  and 
although  in  this  instance  the  'limits  of 
deviation'  do  not  extend  to  100  years,  and 
the  controversy  was  settled  as  soon  as 
stated,  still  archaeologists  have  written  as 
if  it  admitted  of  doubt,  and  that  is  saying 
a  great  deal. 

"The  paragraph  is  as  follows: — 'The 
controversy  is  not  yet  ended  which  on 
documentary  evidence  assigns  the  nave  of 
Waltham  Abbey  to  the  last  Snxon  king  of 
England ;  while,  on  that  of  its  architecture, 
the  building  is  asserted  to  belong  to  the 
succeeding  century.  But  such  contradic- 
tions relate  to  the  form  and  character, 
and  not  to  the  site,  of  a  building/ — 
(p.  431.) 

"  In  this  case  the  documentary  evidence 
is  clear  and  beyond  dispute.  All  the 
world  admits  that  a  church  did  exist  at 
Waltham  before  the  Conquest,  and  that 
the  body  of  Harold  was  carried  there  for 
burial  after  the  battle  of  Hastings.  But, 
say  the  archaeologists,  the  church  now 
existing  is  not  that  Saxon  church,  because 
the  style  is  that  of  the  succeeding  century. 
On  this  point  issue  is  joined.  The  Saxons 
attempt  to  shew  that  there  is  nothing  in 
the  style  of  the  present  building  inconsis- 
tent with  the  idea  that  it  might  have. 


1861.] 


Mr.  Fergusson  on  Waltham  Abbey. 


185 


been  erected  before  tbe  Conquest  The 
Norman*  reply,  that  there  are  features 
and  details  which  were  not  invented,  or  at 
least  were  not  introduced  into  the  country, 
till  alter  the  advent  of  the  Normans ;  and, 
consequently,  though  they  have  not  a  rag 
of  written  evidence  to  produce,  they  insist 
that  it  must  belong  to  the  latter  epoch. 

"  It  is  of  no  consequence  to  our  present 
argument  which  way  the  controversy  may 
have  been  decided.  What  does  interest 
us  is — though  the  reviewer  fails  to  per- 
ceive it — that  both  parties  first  admit  the 
documentary  evidence  to  be  incontroverti- 
ble, and  then  practically  agree  to  waive  it 
altogether,  and  to  appeal  to  the  style  of 
the  architecture  to  decide  between  them. 
If  it  is  found  that  there  are  a  sufficient 
number  of  examples  to  warrant  a  decision 
on  this  point,  both  parties  are  prepared  to 
take  that  decision  as  final,  without  refer- 
ence to  the  documentary  evidence  at  all. 

"  The  temptation  for  this  dispute  arose 
from  a  mass  of  written  evidence  existing 
on  one  side,  and  not  one  single  document 
being  producible  on  the  other,  and  because 
the  examples  of  Saxon  architecture  in  this 
country  are  so  few,  and  so  insignificant, 
that  it  is  not  easy  to  prove  a  negative 
from  them.  Thus,  when  it  is  averted  that 
each  a  building  may  have  existed  in  Saxon 
times,  the  disproof  is  difficult,  on  account 
of  the  want  of  more  extended  means  of 
comparison.  With  a  sufficient  number  of 
examples  the  controversy  never  could  have 
arisen,  and  is  now  considered  by  the  best 
archaeologists  as  settled  on  the  evidence 
of  style  alone. 

M  Tbe  difference  between  this  case  and 
that  with  which  we  are  at  present  more 
immediately  concerned  is  easily  defined — 
and  as  it  is  important  to  understand  it,  I 
will  try  and  state  it  as  clearly  as  possible. 
"  In  the  Waltham  Abbey  case  the  docu- 
mentary evidence  is  clear  and  undisputed. 
But  from  this  an  appeal  is  made  to  style, 
though  it  is  admitted  that  tbe  evidence 
under  this  head  is  singularly  imperfect. 
But  whether  complete  or  imperfect,  style, 
and  style  only,  will  be  allowed  to  decide, 
and  the  decision  derived  from  it  will  be 
considered  final  by  all  parties,  except  per- 
haps one  individual. 

M  In  the  case  of  Jerusalem  the  appeal 
to  style  is  made  from  attumed  traditional 
evidence  of  the  slenderest  and  most  doubt- 
ful character.  On  the  other  band,  the 
architectural  evidence  is  as  complete  and 
satisfactory  as  could  be  desired,  and  is 
supported  besides  by  a  mass  of  docu- 
mentary evidence  sufficient  in  itself — if  I 
am  not  very  much  mistaken — to  establish 
tht  whole  cause. 

Got.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


"  If  style  is  allowed  to  decide  the  first 
case  with  a  high  hand,  I  hope  I  am  not 
asking  too  much  if  I  venture  to  suggest 
that  a  fair  hearing  should  bo  given  to  it 
in  the  second ;  and  that  it  ought  not  to 
have  been  kicked  out  of  court  so  uncere- 
moniously as  has  been  the  case  hitherto." 
—(pp.25— 27.) 

Mr.  Fergusson  adds  in  a  note : — 

"  If  I  might  venture  to  hint  it  without 
involving  myself  in  the  controversy,  I 
would  suggest  that  the  Ecclesia  which 
Eadward  built,  and  in  which  Harold  was 
first  buried,  was  a  circular  church,  which 
has  perished  like  most  of  its  congeners; 
that  the  Basilica  which  Harold  founded, 
and  may  have  commenced,  is  the  present 
church,  the  building  of  which  was  inter- 
rupted by  the  troubles  of  his  reign  and 
those  that  followed  on  his  death,  but, 
having  been  recommenced  in  more  settled 
times,  grew  up  in  the  form  we  now  see 
it  in."— (p.  27.) 

Let  us  go  through  Mr.  Fergusson's  re- 
marks carefully.  "  In  this  case  [Waltham] 
the  documentary  evidence  is  clear  and 
beyond  dispute."  "The  Normans  have 
not  a  rag  of  written  evidence  to  produce." 
"  Both  parties  first  admit  the  documentary 
evidence  to  be  incontrovertible,  and  tbt-n 
practically  agree  to  waive  it  altogether." 
These  strange  statements  shew  how  very 
little  Mr.  Fergusson  really  knows  about  the 
question.  He  begins  with  some  wonder- 
ful overstatements  on  my  tide,  not  that  I 
value  them  any  the  more  for  that.  I  at 
least  have  never  maintained  my  evidence 
to  be  "  incontrovertible"  and  the  like,  be- 
cause I  have  all  along  offered  myself  for 
conversion  under  certain  circumstances. 
All  that  I  maintain,  or  have  ever  main- 
tained, is  that  the  documentary  evidence 
forms  a  case  of  presumption  quite  strong 
enough  to  guide  our  belief  till  some  direct 
evidence  has  been  brought  the  other  way, 
which  direct  evidence  I  do  not  think  has 
yet  been  brought.  This  has  been  the  whole 
of  my  case ;  one  is  unusually  lucky  when 
one  gets  (as  one  sometimes  does  get)  a 
stronger  case,  but  such  a  case  is  in  its  own 
nature  not  "  incontrovertible"  or  "  beyond 
dispute."  Some  record  which  has  as  yet 
escaped  both  sides  may  distinctly  assert 
a  rebuilding  in  the  twelfth  century.  This 
wonld  at  once  upset  all  that  I  have  said 
on  the  subject. 

Aa 


186 


Correspondence  of  Sylvamu  Urban. 


[Feb. 


Nor  is  Mr.  Fergusson  quite  right  in 
saying  that  there  is  "  not  a  rag  of  written 
evidence"  the  other  way.  There  is  the 
unconstruable  piece  in  the  De  Inventione 
about  "  status  fabricaudi  ecclesisB."  I  do 
not  think  that  this  necessarily  proves  any 
rebuilding  even  of  the  choir,  much  less  of 
the  nave,  but  somebody  else  may  fairly 
think  that  it  does.  It  is  a  piece  of  written 
evidence  which,  prima  facie,  docs  not  tell 
my  way. 

I  think  then  that  Mr.  Fergusson  has 
no  right  to  say  that  "  both  parties  admit 
the  documentary  evidence  to  be  incontro- 
vertible." Your  Reviewer  clearly  never 
admitted  any  such  thing,  nor  did  I  ever 
assert  it. 

The  truth  is  that  Mr.  Fergusson  makes 
these  strange  exaggerations  of  the  docu- 
mentary case  on  my  side  with  regard  to 
Waltham,  only  in  order  to  depreciate  all 
documentary  evidence  whether  with  re- 
gard to  Waltham  or  anything  else.  It 
suits  him  to  represent  the  documentary 
case  as  being  far  stronger  than  it  is,  merely 
in  order  to  trample  it  and  all  other  docu- 
mentary evidence  under  foot.  It  is  not 
true  that  both  parties  agree  to  waive  docu- 
mentary evidence  altogether,  and  to  accept 
a  decision  founded  purely  on  architectural 
grounds,  "  without  reference  to  any  docu- 
mentary evideuce  at  all."  I  certainly  do 
nothing  of  the  kind,  nor  do  I  believe  that 
my  late  antagonist  in  your  pages  would. 
Supposing  the  writer  of  the  De  Inven- 
tione said  distinctly  that  Harold's  church 
remained  unaltered  when  he  wiotc,  I  do 
not  think  he  would  hold  out  any  longer. 
1  remember  perfectly  well  that  I  had  great 
hesitation  and  difficulty  in  believing  that 
the  existing  nave  was  Harold's  building, but 
a  certain  amount  of  documentary  evidence 
availed  to  overthrow  my  hesitation,  and  I 
believe  that  a  still  greater  amount,  could 
it  be  produced,  would  avail  to  overthrow 
the  hesitation  of  the  Reviewer*  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson seems  to  forget  that  what  we  call 
architectural  evidence  is,  after  all,  merely 
an  inference  from  documtntary  evidence. 
We  have  certain  dated  buildings,  and 
from  these  we  infer  the  age  of  similar 
undated  ones.  The  only  safe  way  is  to 
pay  careful  and  due  regard  to  both  kinds  of 


evidence.  Let  me  illustrate  my  meaning  by 
some  examples.  In  our  own  Waltham  case 
the  difference  of  opinion  is,  after  all,  com- 
paratively slight.    The  question  is  only 
between  earlier  and  later,  or  plainer  and 
richer  forms  of  the  same  style,  and  the 
widest  difference  between  the  dates  given 
is  considerably  under  a  century.   To  me  it 
seems  that,  in  such  a  case  as  this,  a  com- 
paratively slight  amount  of  documentary 
evidence  is  enough  to  counteract  any  pre- 
sumption either  way  from  architectural 
btyle.     But  if  the  nave  of  Waltham  were 
late  Perpendicular,  it  would  be  impossible 
to  conceive  any  amount  of  documentary 
evidence  which  could  upset  the  architec- 
tural presumption  that  it  was  not  built  in 
the  eleventh  century.     Why  ?     Because, 
in  upsetting  the  architectural  presumption, 
it  would  have  also  to  upset  that  on  which 
the  architectural  presumption  is  founded, 
namely  the  vast    mass  of  documentary 
evidence  which  is  the  original  ground- 
work of  our  belief  that  the  late  Perpen- 
dicular style  was  not  in  use  till  four  cen- 
turies after  Haruld's  death.     It  is  hardly 
possible  that  a  single  local  history  could 
outweigh  so  many  other  local  histories 
through  so  many  ages.     But  within  cer- 
tain reasonable  limits,  every  rational  mau 
often  allows  architectural  presumption,  as 
being  a  mere  inference  from  documentary 
evidence,  to  be  set  aside  by  documentary 
evidence    itself.       Professor    Willis,  last 
year  at  Gloucester,  showed  a  large  part  of 
the  Abbey  to  be  very  much  earlier  than 
anybody  would  have  thought  by  merely 
looking  at  it.     I  have  not  the  dates  by 
me,  but  I  think  he  made  out  that  the 
Perpendicular  style  was  used  some  forty 
or  fifty  years  earlier  thau  one  had  before 
believed.    And  to  my  mind  at  least,  his 
arguments  carried  conviction;   probably 
they  would  not  have  done  so  had  he  *aid 
that  the    existing  transepts  were   built 
as  they  stand  by  St.  Wulfstan.     Why  ? 
Because  the  latter  position  would  require 
the  upsetting  of  the  vast  mass  of  docu- 
mentary evidence  on  which  we  originally 
ground  the  whole  succession  of  art-hit*  c- 
tural  styles.  The  Waltham  case  struck  me 
as  very  analogous  to  the  Gloucester  case. 
Neither  requires  any  general  upsetting  of 


1861.] 


Mr.  Ferguudn  on  Waltham  Abbey. 


187 


tbt  history  of  architecture,  bnt  only  the 

adausuon  that  certain  details  were  used 

Tttiwr  earlier  than  we  had  before  thought. 

I  maintain  that  in  neither  case  ought  the 

domacntary  evidence  to  be  snubbed.    I 

do  not  think  that  either  Professor  Willis 

who  has  fixed  the  date  of  the  transepts 

at  Gloucester,   or    Mr.  Parker  who  has 

tvd  the  date  of  the  Hospital  at  Angers— 

it  both  eases  by  documentary  evidence — 

a  good  deal  earlier  than  any  one  would 

have  filed    them   by   style  only,  would 

(whatever  they  may  think  of  this  particu- 

hr  Waltham  case)  agree  to  Mr.  Fergus- 

no's  general  dogma : — 

*  Style,  and  style  only,  will  be  allowed 
to  decide,  and  the  decision  derived  from 
it  wiB  be  considered  final  by  all  parties, 
aeept perhaps  one  individual" 

I  have  read  this  sentence  over  several 
times,  to  try  to  find  out  whether  the  "  one 
individual"  means  me  or  the  "  Edinburgh" 
Beviewer.  I  hope  it  is  not  I,  for  I  have 
always  ventured  to  look  on  myself  as  a 
straightforward,  Teutonic  "Man,"  and  I 
should  be  specially  sorry  to  find  myself 
degraded  into  an  "Individual." 

Mr.  Fergnsson  no  doubt  thinks  it  very 
witty  to  call  (I  suppose)  myself  and  Mr. 
Barges,  "the  Saxons,"  and  (I  suppose) 
your  Reviewer,  "the  Normans."  I  see 
bo  wit  in  it,  and  it  is  an  application  of 
words  likely  to  lead  to  error.  He  goes  on 
also  to  talk  about  "  Saxon  architecture," 
"Saxon  church,"  "Saxon  times."  It 
would  be  well  if  Mr.  Fergnsson,  and  a 
great  many  other  people,  would  go  to  Dr. 
Guest  to  learn  the  meanings  of  words. 
No  one  who  has  not  a  deliberate  desire  to 
propagate  confusion  ought  ever  to  use  the 
word  M  Saxon"  in  the  vulgar  sense  of 
"Anglo-Saxon"  or  (better  still)  "Old- 
English."  And  It  is  particularly  objec- 
tionable to  drag  the  word  into  our  Wult- 
ham  controversy.  I  have  striven  all 
along  against  the  notion  that  that  con- 
troversy has  anything  whatever  to  do  with 
the  quite  distinct  controversy  as  to  "  An- 
glo-Saxon"  architecture  at  Barnacle,  Brad- 
ford, Sompting,  &c  Waltham,  it  seems 
I  must  again  repeat,  is,  on  my  showing 
no  less  than  on  your  Reviewer's,  architec- 
turally a  Norman  church. 


»> 


i» 


But  the  finest  thing  of  all  is  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson's  note,  especially  when  compared 
with  what  he  had  a  little  while  before 
«»id;    "All   the  world  admits  that  the 
body  of  Harold  was  carried  to  Waltham 
for  burial  after  the  battle  of  Hastings. 
"After"  most  mean  "immediately  after, 
or  the  words  have  no  meaning;  for  cer- 
tainly no  one  ever  supposed  that  the  body 
of  Harold  was  carried  anywhere  for  burial 
before  the  battle  of  Hastings.    Now  that 
Harold  was  hurie'd  at  Waltham  immedi- 
ately after  the  battle  of  Hastings  I,  for 
one,  do  not  admit.    You  know  very  well 
how  I  have  tried  to  explain  the  conflicting 
evidence  on  this  point,  namely  by  suppos- 
ing that  Harold  was  first  buried  under 
a  cairn  on  the  sea-shore  and  afterwards 
translated  to  Waltham  *.     Mr  Fergnsson, 
in  his  note,  by  saying  "  in  which  Harold 
was  first  buried,"  seems  to  have  got  some- 
thing of  the  same  sort  into  his  head.   But 
what  does  his  note  mean  ?     I  remember 
that  your  Reviewer,  at  one  stage  of  our 
argument,  drew  a  distinction,   which   I 
could  not  understand,  between  "  Ecclesia" 
and  "Basilica,"  but   I  will  not  suspect 
your  Reviewer  of  forestalling  the  wonder- 
ful discoveries  which  Mr.  Fergnsson  has 
made  about  them.     "  The  Ecclesia  which 
Eadward  built,  and  in  wh'ch  Harold  was 
first  buried,  was  a  circular  church,  which 
hns  perished  like  most  of  its  congeners." 
Where  was  this  building  of  strange  desti- 
nies?    The  man  who  thinks  that  Karl 
der  Grosse  reigned   at    Paris  may,  for 
aught  I  know,  plant  the  throne  of  King 
Eadward   in  some    place   equally  unex- 
pected.   As  for  as  I  can  make  out,  Mr. 
Fergnsson  thinks  that  Westminster  and 
Waltham  are  the  same  place,  and  that 
that  place  is  on  the  coast  of  Sussex.    I 
know  of  no  church  of  E  ad  ward's  building 
except  Westminster,  and  Harold  was  cer- 
tainly not  buried  there.  Nor  was  Harold's 

•  I  mentioned  in  my  lecture  in  the  Abbey  be- 
fore the  Cambridge  Meeting  that,  since  I  worked 
this  out,  I  had  found  the  same  view,  not  worked 
out,  but  assumed,  without  reference  or  authority, 
by  M.  Kmile  de  Bonncchose.  M.  de  Ikmnechoso 
is  so  very  inaccurate  a  writer  that  I  cannot  think 
he  can  hare  worked  it  out  for  himself.  Probably 
some  earlier  scholar  has,  unknown  to  me,  gone 
through  the  same  argument  as  myself. 


188 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Feb. 


•first  burial-place  in  any  church  at  all, 
round  or  oblong,  but  under  a  heap  of 
atones  on  the  sea-shore  near  Hastings. 
Mr.  Fergusson  has  given  the  world  some 
curious  construings  in  his  Jerusalem  book ; 
does  he  translate  "aggere  sub  lapidum" 
by  "  in  a  round  church"  P  And  does  he 
suppose  that  Eadward  built  it  ready  by 
some  prophetic  impulse,  in  case  Harold 
or  anybody  else  should  want  to  be  buried 
in  itP  And  again  when  did  it  perish, 
and  why  ?  The  cairn  doubtless  perished, 
as  a  curn,  when  Harold's  body  was  re- 
moved from  it,  but  why  should  the  round 
church  perish?  As  to  "the  Basilica 
which  Harold  founded  and  may  have  com- 
menced," I  do  not  know  the  difference 
between  "founding"  and  "commencing." 
For  it  will  not  do  for  Mr.  Fergusson  to 
say  that  he  means  the  "foundation"  of 
the  College  and  the  "commencement" 
of  the  Church,  because  the  foundation  of 


the  College  did  not  happen  till  after  the 
church  was  built.  Nor  do  I  understand 
how  the  "  troubles  of  Harold's  reign,"  &c., 
could  have  interrupted  a  building  which 
was  finished  more  than  five  years  before 
his  reign  began.  In  the  later  steps  of  our 
controversy  the  question  reduced  itself  to 
this :  "  Harold  built  a  Minster  (constrnxit 
Monasterium) — was,  or  was  not,  that  Min- 
ster rebuilt  at  any  time  between  1066  and 
1154?"  This  issue  Mr.  Fergusson  does  not 
geem  to  understand.  In  ihort  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson, who  tells  us  (p.  22)  that  he  has 
"examined  every  known  building  from 
the  age  of  the  Pyramids  to  the  building 
of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome,"  seems  unaccount- 
ably to  have  pasted  by  the  Minster  of  the 
Holy  Cross  at  Waltham. — I  am,  &c. 

Edwabd  A.  Fbeeman. 

Sotnerleaze,  WelU, 
Jan.  7, 1861. 


THOMAS  BECKET  OR 

Mb.  Urban, — I  owe  my  thanks  to  the 
profound  scholar  who  lurks  under  the  sig- 
nature "W.S.N."  for  pointing  out  the 
passage  in  Roger  of  Hoveden  in  which 
#  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  is  distinctly 
called  Becket.  It  escaped  my  notice  in 
this  way.  Before  I  wrote  my  article  in 
the  "National  Review,"  I  perused  (for 
the  most  part  reperuped)  all  the  contem- 
porary biographies  and  chronicles  I  knew 
of  which  contained  anything  on  the  sub- 
ject, Roger  of  Hoveden  amongst  them. 
It  seems  however  that  I  began  my  studies 
two  pages  further  on  than  I  should  have 
done,  namely  with  the  appointment  of 
Thomas  to  the  Archbishopric,  and  so  over- 
looked the  entry  (under  the  reign  of  Ste- 
phen) of  his  appointment  to  the  Arch- 
deaconry.   The  latter  is  as  follows : — 

"  Eodem  anno  Theobaldus  Cantuariensis 
Archiepiscopus  dedit  Thomce  Becket  elerico 
suo  Archidiaconatum  Cantuarice." 

It  is  worth  noticing  that  this  passage  if 
nearly  word  for  word  the  same  as  one  of 
those — I  find  that  there  are  at  least  two 
— in  which  Gervase  speaks  of  him  as 
Thomas  of  London.  These  two  are  as 
follows  :— 


THOMAS  OF  LONDON? 

"  Egit  igitur  [Theobaldus]  apud  Regem 
ut  statim  in  initio  regni  Cancellariara  con- 
cederet  Clerico  suo  Thonus  Londoniensi, 
cui  anno  prseterito  Cantuariensis  ecclcsise 
dederat  Archidiaconatnm." — Col.  1177. 

"Indignatus  Theodbaldus  et  Thorruz 
clerici  Lundoniensis  industrial  fretus,  f git 
apud  Ccelestinum  Papam,"  Ac. — Col.  1665. 

Roger  and  Gervase  were  both  of  them 
contemporaries,  but  younger  contempo- 
raries, men  of  another  generation  from 
Thomas  and  his  biographers,  and  who  wrote 
thirty  years  or  so  after  Thomas'  death. 
The  first  two  passages  arc  so  like  one 
another  that  they  look  as  if  one  had  been 
copied  from  the  other,  or  both  from  one 
common  source.  Had  the  question  "  Tho- 
mas Becket  or  Thomas  of  London  P"  been 
already  raised  ?  Did  Roger  and  Gervase 
both  copy  from  some  official  roll,  which 
most  likely  contained  the  word  "  Thorn®" 
only,  and  the  one  add  "  Becket"  and  the 
other  "  Londoniensi"  P  Certainly  Gervase, 
as  a  Canterbury  monk  admitted  by  Thomas 
himself,  was  the  more  likely  to  know  his 
patron's  real  namo;  but  on  the  other 
hand  the  passage  in  Roger  shews  that 
some  people  did  speak  of  him  as  Thomas 
Becket  before  the  end  of  the  century.  This 


1861.] 


Poem  on  the  Death  of  Anne  Boleyn. 


189 


however  is  do  more  than  we  knew  already 
from  the  exclamation  of  the  four  knights 
at  his  death.  And  it  strikes  me  that  there 
is  an  air  of  greater  accuracy  about  the 
two  passages  in  Gervase  than  there  is 
about  the  one  in  Roger. 

On  the  whole  the  case  is  left  much  as  it 
was ;  namely  that  it  is  doubtful  whether 
Thomas  was  called  Becket  in  his  own 
lifetime.  Being  doubtful,  I  thought,  and 
still  think,  that  it  is  safer  to  avoid  an  ex* 
pression  which  may  be  inaccurate.  That 
is  all  that  I  have  said  all  along. 

I  wish  W.S.N,  would  give  ns  some- 
thing complete  on  the  whole  subject  of 
surnames,  nicknames,  and  I  may  add  Chris- 
tian names.  I  am  sure  no  one  is  so  well 
able  to  do  it  as  he  is.  Just  now  I  want 
especially  to  learn  something  about  Royal 
nicknames,  such  I  mean  as  Capet,  Barba* 
rossa,  Camr  de  Lion.  As  far  as  my  read* 
iug  goes,  they  are  not  commonly  frund 
during   the  bearer's    lifetime,  but  they 


often  come  in  not  long  after.  E.g.  I  do 
not  find  Barbarossa  in  Otto  of  Freising 
or  any  contemporary  writer,  but  it  does 
occur  in  Dante.  I  do  not  find  Hugh 
Capet  so  called  by  Richer,  but  he  is  two 
centuries  after  by  Rigord — I  have  not 
looked  to  see  whether  the  name  occurs  in 
any  intermediate  writer.  I  suspect  that  in 
most  cases  the  nickname  was  colloquially 
used  during  the  bearer's  lifetime,  but  that 
it  did  not  find  its  way  into  written  history 
till  later.  The  name  Philip  Augustus  is 
contemporary;  Rigord  uses  it  in  abund- 
ance. He  does  not  however  use  it  exactly 
as  a  personal  surname,  but  rather  as  a 
title,  as  if  he  were  doing  all  he  could  to 
set  the  Parisian  "Rex  Fran  cor  urn"  on  a 
level  with  the  true  "Rex  Francoruro," 
the  real  "  semper  Augustus,"  who  reigned 
beyond  the  Maas  and  the  Rhone. 

I  am,  Ac. 
The  Wbitzb  in  the  National  Review. 


POEM  ON  THE  DEATH  OF  ANNE  BOLEYN. 


Mb.  Ubban, — A  gentleman  well  known 
in  England,  Mons.  Francisque- Michel,  has 
just  discovered  in  a  manuscript  of  the  six- 
teenth century  a  tract  to  match  the  Letter 
of  a  Portuguese  nobleman  which  he  pub- 
lished a  long  time  ago  at  Paris*.  It  is 
a  poem  on  the  same  subject,  entitled  La 
pitoiable  description  de  la  vie  et  mort  de 
Madame  Anne  Boulant,  en  son  vivant 
fesme  du  roy  d'Angleterre  Henri  8.  de  ce 
nom  en  ses  secondes  noces,  laqueUe  fust 
deeolte  Van  1536,  le  douziesme  de  juing. 
I/ancteur  de  ceste  poesie  est  incognu.  It 
is  supposed,  however,  that  the  author 
of  these  verses  is  the  same  as  the  writer 
of  the  foregoing  rhetorical  compositions, 
that  is  to  say,  a  member  of  the  noble 
family  of  Marcilleb  who  was  in  England 

•  Lettrt  efun  gentilhomme  portugaie  d  un  de 
set  amis  de  LUbonne  tur  V execution  <?Anne 
Boleyn,  publtie  pour  la  premiere  fois  atec  une 
traduction  /ran caite,  &c    8vo.,  Paris,  1832. 

*  A  house  of  Picardy,  the  armorial  bearings  of 
which  are  painted  in  the  MS.  with  those  of  Aain- 
cowrt,  Humieres,  Ilericourt,  Telly,  Pardieu, 
Blotefiere  and  Lenoir ;  the  whole  extracted  in 
1438  from  the  books  of  the  "  noble  et  puissant 
8eig»  Monseig*  de  Lancourt,  toucant  lea  deduc- 
tions des  Ugnees  et  armoirici  des  maiaani  de 
Picardie." 


at  the  time.    The  poem,  which  consists  of 

1200  lines,  begins  thus : — 

•<  Leg  cas  nouveaulx  et  chotes  mervellleuaes, 
Tristea  aux  unga  et  aux  aultrea  joieuaea, 
Qu'avenuea  sont  en  ce  loingtain  pais, 
Ont  raea  eapris  tellement  eabahia, 
Que  tousjoura  sui*  en  penaee  profunda 
Et  si  avant  a  contempler  me  fonde 
Ce  que  mon  caul  me  contrainct  regarder, 
Que  je  ne  puis  mon  esprit  engarder, 
Ny  de  cea  cas  eatrangea  dirertir, 
Pour  lea  eacripre  et  voua  en  advertir,M  &c. 

After  having  expressed  his  regret  that 
the  facts  he  is  about  to  relate  are  not  very 
pleasant,  or  such  as  might  have  been  ex- 
pected, he  goes  on  thus : — 

"  Se  eacripveray  co  que  j'ay  entendu 
Par  lea  raiaons  que  plusieurs  m'ont  rendu ; 
Puis,  Monaeignear,  ce  que  j'ay  entendu 
Depuia  le  temps  que  ja  suia  cy  venu, 
8e  1*  eacripveray  en  vera  mal  compoaez, 
Pour  ce  que  mieulx  me  aemblent  dispoaez, 
Et  pareulx  moina  grif  voua  porra  eatre 
Le  long  (liacoura  de  ma  facheuse  lettre,"  Ac. 

The  work  ends  thus :  "  Cecy  fust  faict 
a  Londres,  le  douziesme  du  mois  de 
juing  en  Tan  trente-dixiesme.  Loucnge 
a  Dieu." 

Many  accounts  of  the  lire  and  death  of 
Anne  Boleyn,  the  unfortunate  queen  of 
that  royal  blue-beard  Henry  VIII.,  are 


190 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[Feb. 


extant,  and  it  would  seem  tbat  Mi«s 
Bengerc  and  Miss  Strickland d,  her  last 
biographers,  have  left  nothing  to  say  on 
the  subject;  bnt  the  poem  discovered  by 
M.  Francisque-Michel,  although  the  author 
professes  having  written  from  hearsay,  will 


be  n  valuable  addition  to  the  documents 
already  kno*n,  and  we  hope  to  sec  it 
published  with  an  English  translation  for 
the  nse  of  readers  whom  the  obsolete 
French  might  puiile. — I  am,  &c 

F.SJL 


THE  LIVERPOOL  FREE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 


Mb.  Ubbav, — I  am  sve  yon  will  not 
take  it  amiss  to  be  corrected  in  a  simple 
matter  of  fact,  the  error  in  the  statement 
of  which  shews,  amongst  many  other  in- 
stance*, how  little  is  known  in  the  metro- 
polis of  what  is  going  on  in  the  provinces. 

In  an  article  on  the  Liverpool  Town  Mu- 
seu  n  in  your  current  number  it  is  stated 
that  "  the  people  of  Liverpool,  stimulated 
by  public  op'nion  and  by  the  munificent 
gift  of  their  fellow- townsman  (Mr.  Brown), 
have  at  length  resolved  on  establishing 
a  free  library  and  museum."  Ton  will 
probably  be  surprised  to  learn  that  the 
Liverpool  Free  Public  Library  and  Mu- 
seum has  been  in  active  operation  above 
eight  years,  having  been  opened  to  the 
public  on  the  18th  of  October,  1852 ;  and 
that  the  great  success  which  attended  its 


By  reference  to  the  Eighth  Annual  Re- 
port, issued  about  two  months  since,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  issue  of  books  during  the 
pa* t  year  has  been  (including  both  depart- 
ments) 659,674  volumes,  or  nearly  12,700 
per  week,  a  number,  it  is  believed,  greater 
than  the  issues  of  any  existing  library  in 
the  world.  Since  the  opening  of  the  new 
building  the  issues  in  the  Reference  Li- 
brary have  been  more  than  doubled. 

The  Museum  was  opened  in  March, 
1853 ;  but,  owing  to  the  want  of  accommo- 
dation, its  contents  have  never  yet  been 
displayed  so  systematically  as  could  be 
wished.  The  committee  are  most  desirous 
to  suit  all  tastes,  and  to  embrace  every 
department  of  human  enquiry ;  but  when 
each  philosopher  not  only  rides  his  own 
hobby  but  wishes  it  to  be  ridden  exclu- 


establishment  led  to  the  munificence  of     sively,  the   Committee    of  Management 
Mr.  Brown  in  presenting  his  townsmen     have  often  to  exclaim — 


with  the   noble  public  building  for  its 
reception. 

•  Memoirs  of  the  life  of  Anne  Boleyn,  Queen 
of  Henry  VIII.    2  vols.,  Bvo.,  London,  1821. 

*  The  lives  of  the  Queens  of  England. 


"  Non  nostrum  est  tantos  componere  lites !" 
I  am,  &c        J.  A.  Pictow, 

Chairman  of  Committee. 

Liverpool,  Jan.  12, 1861. 


1861.]  171 


€!k  Hotr^oofc  of  &glbamt$  Brban. 


[Under  this  title  are  collected  brief  notes  of  matters  of  current  antiquarian  interest 
which  do  not  appear  to  demand  more  formal  treatment.  Sylvan  us  Urban  invites 
the  kind  co-operation  of  his  Friends,  who  may  thus  preserve  a  record  of  many  things 
that  would  otherwise  pass  away.'] 


Various  Queries. — Ma.  Urban, — I  am  exceedingly  glad  to  find  that  you  have 
taken  to  your  Note-book  again ;  your  having  abandoned  it  for  so  long  a  time  has 
been  a  serious  inconvenience  to  many  of  your  old  friends  who  formerly  resorted  to 
your  pages  to  seek  for  answers  to  many  questions  which  could  only  meet  with  a 
respond  through  your  assistance.  I  have  readily  taken  the  opportunity  of  request- 
ing some  of  your  numerous  correspondents  to  kindly  favour  me  with  answers  to 
the  following  queries. 

What  is  the  derivation  of  the  topographical  name  of  "  Wratting  P"  I  observe  in 
a  gazetteer  the  following  places, — "  Wratting  Great  and  Little,"  in  Suffolk,  and 
"  Wratting  Tallow,"  west  of  Little  Wratting ;  also  "  Wratting  West,"  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire. 

What  is  the  derivation  of  "  sockling-houses  P"  This  term  occurs  in  old  bye-laws 
of  the  wardens  in  their  respective  circuits  of  the  town  of  Maidstone  ;  it  is  men- 
tioned in  Newton's  History  of  that  town,  in  conjunction  with  unlicensed  ale-houses 
and  tippling-houses.  I  cannot  find  the  term  in  any  dictionary  that  I  possess.  Can 
it  mean  suttling-houses  P 

I  have  receutly  had  a  portrait  of  "  Cardinal  Alba"  offered  to  me  for  sale.  Can 
any  of  your  readers  inform  me  whether  he  was  a  man  of  any  note  in  history  P  He 
has  a  very  noble  countenance,  and  in  point  of  build  (if  I  may  use  such  an  ex- 
pression) he  resembles  Cardinal  Wiseman. 

I  once  again  sign  myself 

An  Old  Correspondent, — P. 

Icuthus. — Mr.  Urban, — I  am  truly  obliged  for  the  information  given  by  your 
correspondent  J.  T.  relative  to  the  varying  terminations  of  able  and  Me. 

May  I,  pleading  ignorance  as  my  excuse,  ask  another  question  from  some  of 
your  archaeological  readers;  Have  the  individual  letters  in  the  Greek  symbol 
Ichtiius  any  special  signification  P — I  am,  &c.  A.  B. 

Tue  Theatre  or  Ciiampueu. — A  very  interesting  discussion  has  taken  place 
respecting  the  original  character  of  the  remains  discovered  at  Champlieu  (Oise)  a 
few  years  since.  On  the  one  hand,  MM.  de  Saulcy,  Mcrimee,  and  Viollet-le-Duc  con- 
tend that  from  peculiarities  of  the  masonry  the  theatre  must  be  of  the  Merovingian 
epoch,  and  that  it  was  built  by  Chilperic.  On  the  other  side,  M.  PeigneVDelacourt 
sees  in  the  excavated  foundations  nothing  but  Roman  work.  M.  de  Saulcy  quotes 
Gregory  of  Tours  to  shew  that  Clulperic  treated  his  subjects  to  sports  of  the  circus ; 
and  that  he  built  these  places  of  amusement  apud  Suessionas  et  Parisius  ;  and  that 
the  rough  masonry  indicates  Merovingian  and  not  Roman  work.  MM.  Merimee 
and  Viollet-le-Duc  support  these  views;  and  have  committed  their  opinions  to  the 
press.    M.  Peigne-Dclacourt  contends  that  Champlieu  is  not  in  the  countries  meor 


192  The  Note-book  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Feb. 

tioned  by  Gregory  of  Tours :  that  the  circus  that  writer  speaks  of  is  totally  dif- 
ferent from  a  theatre  ;  and  that  even  the  masonry  and  the  entire  character  of  the 
plan  and  the  architecture,  leave  no  doubt  of  the  theatre  being  Roman  and  not 
Merovingian  \  We  have  carefully  read  the  pro  and  con,  and  must  admit  that  the 
arguments  of  M.  Peigne-Delacourt  and  the  plan  he  has  printed  of  the  building  go 
far  to  shew  that  M.  de  Saulcy  and  his  friends  have  come  to  a  somewhat  too  hasty 
conclusion  on  the  subject ;  and  from  a  notice  in  the  Bulletin  Monumental  it 
would  appear  that  M.  de  Caumont  thinks  so  likewise. 

The  Emperor  has  ordered  the  ruins  to  be  excavated  and  enclosed  :  and  some 
very  interesting  Roman  sculptures,  engraved  in  the  brochures  cited  below,  we  trust 
are  properly  preserved  and  accessible.  The  site  of  the  theatre  is  about  five  miles 
to  the  east  of  the  station  of  Verbcrie,  on  the  Northern  railway,  on  the  Paris  side  of 
Gompeigne,  in  the  forest  of  which  is  situated  the  hamlet  of  Champlicu.  It  is 
therefore  very  easy  of  approach  ;  and  we  hope  some  of  our  readers  will  be  induced, 
from  this  notice,  to  visit  it,  and  give  us  the  benefit  of  their  opinions.  Although 
we  incline  to  believe  M.  Peigne-Delacourt  is  quite  right  in  thiuking  the  theatre  to 
be  Roman,  it  is  due  to  M.  de  Saulcy  aud  M.  Merimee  not  to  decide  without  ocular 
examination.  We  must  also  bear  in  mind  that  the  Roman  walls  of  Dax  were 
given  out  to  be  chiefly  medieval  by  the  architect  of  the  townspcop'e,  and  that  this 
erroneous  notion  was  not  without  supporters  even  among  members  of  the  Institut. 

English  Lace  exported  to  France. — In  an  elaborate  paper  on  the  history  of 
the  church  of  St.  Germain  at  Amiens,  (published  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Picardy,)  mention  is  made  in  inventories  of  the  sixteenth  ceutury  of  costly 
English  point  lace  used  as  decorations  of  the  high  altar  and  for  other  church 
ornaments.  M.  Guerard,  the  author,  remarks  that  in  going  over  the  registers  of 
accounts  of  the  sixteenth  century,  they  were  struck  by  the  constantly  recurring 
mention  of  the  richest  ornaments  being  bought  from  merchants  coming  from 
England.    In  the  following  centuries  they  were  supplied  by  the  French. 

Ewell,  ik  Surrey. — Some  few  years  since  Dr.  Diamond  communicated  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  the  result  of  excavations  of  Roman  pits  sunk  in  the  chalk 
at  Ewell.  Mr.  C.  Warne  has  recently  made  further  researches  in  some  pits 
hitherto  unopened.  We  understand  the  result  proved  unmistakeably  that  the  pits 
were  cloaca. 

The  Liverpool  Public  Museum. — In  reply  to  the  inquiry  of  "  Numismatist, " 
we  are  justified  in  believing  that  Mr.  Hobler  offered  his  valuable  cabinet  of  Roman 
coins  to  the  towns  of  Liverpool  and  Manchester,  as  well  as  to  the  city  of  London ; 
and  that  he  met  with  a  direct  refusal  from  each.  No  doubt,  if  such  a  collection 
were  ordered  to  be  made  for  a  public  museum,  the  cost  would  be  much  greater,  if, 
indeed,  it  were  possible  for  the  directors  of  museums  to  procure  a  curator  with  the 
experience  and  intelligence  combined  which  would  be  necessary  to  get  together 
a  selected  historical  series  like  Mr.  Hobler's.  We  think  the  towns  of  Liverpool 
and  Manchester,  having  resolved  to  establish  public  museums,  were  very  unwise  in 
not  accepting  Mr.  Hobler's  offer. 

*  Le  Theatre  do  Champlicu,  par  Pcignl-Dclacourt ;  Noyon,  1858.  Supplement,  1859. 
— Un  dernier  mot  sur  le  Theatre  de  Chawplieu ;  Noyon,  1860. 


1861.] 


193 


HISTORICAL  AKD  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


The  Fall  of  Man  ;  or,  Paradise  Lost  of 
Cmdmon.  Translated  in  Verse  from  the 
Anglo-Saxon*  By  Wm.  H.  F.  Bosanqubt, 
Esq.  (Longmans.) — In  a  long  Introduc- 
tion Mr.  Bosanquet  maintains  that  "to 
Cssdmon  English  poetry  is  indebted  for 
the  heroic  line,"  and  he  endeavours  to 
prove  his  point  by  a  laboured  metrical 
analysis  of  the  work  of  the  Saxon  herds- 
man. He  conceives  that  we  do  not  ap- 
preciate what  the  Venerable  Bede  calls 
his  "most  harmonious  verse,"  because  we 
wrongly  divide  his  lines,  and  he  gives 
the  following  as  the  true  view : — 

"The  metre  of  Csedmon's  first  poem  I 
believe  to  be  the  heroic  measure  of  five 
feet,  making  ten  or  eleven  syllables,  the 
tenth,  however,  being  in  all  cases  the 
last  accented  syllable,  the  same  as  Chau- 
cer's and  Shakspeare's,  with  the  additional 
ornament  of  a  judicious  and  moderate  al- 
literation. Shakspeare  makes  free  use  of 
alliteration  as  an  ornament,  but  in  Caed- 
mon  the  alliteration  appears  to  be  made 
almost  essential  to  the  verse.  The  line 
differs  in  some  respects  from  the  modern 
English  heroic  line,  inasmuch  as  it  ap- 
pears to  contain  a  greater  number  of 
elisions,  or  blending  of  syllables;  and 
there  are  other  peculiarities  which  will  be 
pointed  out.  The  first  five  lines,  as 
printed  in  Dr.  Bouterwek's  edition  of  the 
text  of  Caedmon,  appear  to  be  perfect 
Iambic  lines  of  five  feet ;  the  sixth  line 
presents  a  little  difficulty,  and,  imper- 
fectly acquainted  as  we  are  with  the 
Anglo-Saxon  pronunciation  of  the  words, 
the  difficulty  of  dividing  the  poem  into 
lines  of  fivo  feet  increases  as  one  proceeds ; 
hut  I  believe  the  difficulty  may  be  over- 
come. With  the  assistance  of  the  manu- 
script in  the  Bodleian  Library  I  think  I 
have  succeeded  in  dividing  about  two 
hundred  lines  of  the  poem  in  a  manner 
quite  satisfactory.  I  have  given  the  lines 
in  the  Appendix.  The  poem  is  written  in 
continuous  lines  as  prose,  but  there  are 
points  or  dots  in  the  manuscript,  which 
occur  very  frequently,  and  appear  to  mark 
every  pause  of  the  voice  made  in  reciting 
the  lines,  and  among  other  pauses  the 
pause  made  at  the  conclusion  of  every 
verse.  These  points  in  Anglo-Saxon  manu- 
scripts occur  in  prose  works  as  well  as 

Gnrr.  Mao.  Voi*  CCX. 


in  poetry,  and  cannot  therefore  be  re* 
garded  as  metrical,  and  as  simply  marking 
the  division  of  the  lines ;  they  occur  too 
frequently  both  in  verse  and  prose  to  be 
regarded  as  always  indicating  the  ter- 
mination of  a  verse.  If  the  points  are 
somewhat  more  numerous  in  poetry  than 
in  prose,  it  is  because  in  poetry  the  pauses 
are  more  numerous.  The  points,  however, 
are  not  Cedmon's,  but  were  inserted  by 
the  writer  of  the  manuscript.  They  ap- 
pear to  be  placed  with  great  skill  in  the 
first  part  of  the  book." — (pp.  x. — xii.) 

This  statement  is  supported  by  an  ar- 
rangement which  shews  (1)  the  received 
English  division  of  the  lines;  (2)  the 
German  division  of  Dr.  Bouterwek ;  and 
(3)  the  division  according  to  the  dots  in 
the  manuscript  (in  the  Bodleian  Library, 
and  ascribed  to  the  tenth  century),  which 
gives  "smooth  sonorous  lines;"  but  for 
this  we  must  refer  ourselves  to  Mr.  Bosan- 
quet's  book.  He  expresses  his  opinion 
that  "  the  tone  of  CsBdmon  is  throughout 
more  even  and  sustained  than  that  of 
Milton,"  but  that  is  a  point  on  which  he 
can  hardly  expeet  to  gain  many  suffrages. 
In  the  meantime,  he  gives  us  an  oppor- 
tunity of  judging  of  his  own  qualifications 
as  a  translator,  and  we  are  bound  to  say 
that  his  lines  are  rough  and  unmusical. 
Few  of  our  readers  will  think  very  highly 
of  the  following,  which  yet  is  a  fair  speci- 
men of  the  whole : — 

"  Then  to  Eve  spake  the  Lord  God  angrily : 
Torn  thee  from  joy,  and  thou  shalt  subject  be 
To  man,  thy  husband  ;  thy  deeds  expiate 
Afflicted  and  depress' d,  and  death  await ; 
And  through  much  pain,  mid  wail  and  moaning 

bring 
Into  tbe  world  thy  children  sorrowing. 

On  Adam,  also,  who  the  sin  had  shared, 
TV  Almighty  then  this  sentence  dire  declared  : 
Thou  shalt  no  more  of  Paradise  partake, 
But  a  more  joyless  habitation  seek, 
And  into  exile  go,  bare  and  in  need, 
Of  joys  deprived;  to  thee  too  is  decreed 
Parting  of  soul  and  body ;  thou  shalt  learn 
By  labour  on  the  earth  thy  food  to  earn, 
Because  thou  hast  done  wickedly,  and  bear 
A  sweaty  brow ;  so  eat  thy  bread  while  here 
Till  fell  disease  shall  gripe  thee  hard  at  heart, 
Which  to  thyself  did'st  thou  by  that  death's 
fruit  impart, 

Bb 


194 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Feb. 


For  thou  ihalt  die,  for  eating  of  the  tree, 
For  dust  thou  art,  and  dust  again  shalt  be. 
Lo !  whence  our  charter  of  calamity 
In  wrath  came,  now  we  learn,  whence  worldly 
misery  1 

Then  our  good  Guardian  garments  for  them 
made, 
And  to  eoneeal  their  nakedneea  them  bade  ; 
They  then  departed,  by  the  Lord's  command, 
To  lead  a  stralghter  life  in  other  land. 
Behind,  their  blissful  home,  at  the  Lord's  word* 
A  holy  angel  closed,  with  fiery  sword. 
Thither  crime  guilty  man,  deceitfnl,  may 
In  rain,  to  that  fair  garden,  take  his  way ; 
For  he  hath  strength  and  mighty  hand,  the  ward 
Who  that  exalted  life  now  guardeth  for  the  Lord. 

Yet  would  not  the  Almighty  them  deprire 
Of  every  blessing  in  which  man  may  lire, 
But  for  their  solace  mid  earth's  lasting  cares, 
Left  stm  the  roof  adorn'd  with  holy  Stars. 


The  Romance  of  Natural  History.  By 
Pftitfp  Hum  Gossi,  F.R.S.  (Nisbet 
mtod  Co.)— Anything  from  the  pen  of  so 
accomplished  a  naturalist  as  Mr.  Gosse 
would  be  tare  to  command  attention,  bnt 
we  bare  to  thank  bim  for  a  book  that, 
even  if  published  anonymously,  would  be 
pronounced  a  most  fascinating  one.  It  Ss 
an  attempt  to  treat  of  natural  history, 
"not  in  Dr.  Dryasdust's  way,  which  ac- 
curately defines  and  describes,  and  thus 
presents  a  mere  mass  of  statistics,  as  un- 
inviting as  the  skins  and  bones  of  the 
museum  in  which  it  is  studied," — nei- 
ther in  the  "  field  observer's  way,  the  care- 
ful record  of  nets  bearing  on  the  life  his- 
tory of  the  creatures,  furnishing  statistics 
as  fresh  and  bright  as  the  forest  or  mea- 
dow whence  they  were  gathered;"  both 
of  these  modes  Mr.  Gosse  discards,  and  he 
treats  of  nature  in  his  own,  "  the  poet's 
way;"  he  presents  it  in  its  aesthetic  as- 
pect, which  deals  not  with  statistics,  but 
with  emotions,  and  he  paints  a  series  of 
scenes  which  have  awakened  poetic  in- 
terest in  his  own  mind,  in  the  well-founded 
hope  that  he  may  communicate  pleasurable 
emotions  to  others.  Most  completely  is 
his  end  accomplished,  for  we  cannot  con- 
ceive the  possibility  of  any  one  taking  up 
his  book,  and  relinquishing  it  whilst  a 
single  page  remains  unread. 

The  work  is  divided  into  twelve  sec- 
tions, of  which  it  is  hard  to  say  which  is 
the  most  agreeable.  First  we  have  "  Times 
and  Seasons,"  and  we  find  our  author 


equally  happy  in  his  "word  pictures," 
whether  his  theme  is  winter  in  the  Polar 
regions,  with  its  aurora  and  its  snow 
storms,  or  an  autumn  in  the  Alps,  or  a 
night  in  tropical  forests,  or  a  summer 
evening  in  England.  Then  come  Har- 
monies, Discrepancies,  Multum  e  Pnrvo, 
the  Vast,  the  Minute,  the  Memorable, 
the  Recluse,  the  Wild,  the  Terrible,  the 
Unknown;  winding  up  with  the  Great 
Unknown,  the  Sea  Serpent,  in  whose 
existence,  as  well  as  that  of  the  Unicorn, 
Mr.  Gosse  is  a  firm  believer. 

As  a  specimen  of  the  style  of  the  work 
we  quote  a  passage  describing  tbe  capture 
of  the  shark, — a  feat  often  related,  but 
never  better  than  by  our  author : — 

"  Has  my  reader  ever  been  present  at 
tbe  capture  of  a  shark  ?  If  he  has  crossed 
the  line,  or  even  if  he  knows  what  it  is  to 
spend  a  week  or  two  in  'the  calm  lati- 
tudes,' the  debateable  border-sea  between 
the  ordinary  breezes  and  the  trade*,  he 
is  no  stranger  to  the  assiduous  attentions 
of  this  lank  and  little  tenant  of  the  tro- 
pical seas.  Jack  familiarly  calls  him  by 
the  title  of '  sea-lawyer,'  for  reasons  which 
are  by  no  means  complimentary  to  the 
learned  profession;  and  views  him  with 
that  admixture  of  hate  and  fear,  with 
which  unsophisticated  landsmen  arc  apt 
to  regard  his  terrestrial  representatives. 
To  bait  a  line  and  catch  the  mackerel  or 
the  bonito,  is  always  a  welcome  occupation 
to  the  sailor ;  but  to  no  amusement  docs 
Jack  bend  himself  with  such  a  hearty 
alacrity  as  to  take  the  '  shirk '  when,  on 
approaching  the  northern  tropic, 

1  Down  drops  the  breeze,  the  sails  drop  down.* 

Tis  not  'sad  as  sad  can  be,'  for  all  is 
hilarity  and  alertness.  Away  goes  one 
to  the  harness-cask,  for  a  junk  of  salt 
pork ;  another  is  on  his  knees  before  the 
cabin-locker  rummaging  out  an  enormous 
hook,  which  tradition  confidently  reports 
is  deposited  there;  a  third  is  unreeling 
the  studding-sail  halyards  to  serve  as  a 
line,  for  so  tough  a  customer  needs  stout 
gear ;  a  fourth  is  standing  on  the  taffrail, 
keeping  an  eye  on  the  monster,  that  now 
drops  off,  and  now  comes  gliding  up,  a 
light-green  mass,  through  the  blue  water, 
till  his  whiteness  nearly  touches  the  sur- 
face, and  telling  the  villain  all  the  while, 
with  uncouth  maledictions,  that  his  time 
is  coming.  The  mate  is  on  the  jib-boom 
wielding  the  grains,  whose  trident-prongs 
he  has  been  for  the  last  half -hour  sharp- 
ening with  a  file,  ready  to  take  by  force 


1861.]      The  Pictorial  Handbook  of  Modern  Geography.  195 


any  one  of  the  hated  race  who  may  be  too 
suspicious  for  the  bait  astern.  And  now 
the  skipper  himself  comes  up,  for  even 
dignity  itself  cannot  resist  the  temptation, 
and  with  his  own  brawny  hands  puts  on 
the  enticing  pork,  and  lowers  away. 

"  'Tis  twirling  and  eddying  in  the  wash 
of  the  ship's  counter j  the  crew  are  divided 
in  their  allegiance — half  cluster  at  the 
quarter  to  watch  the  captain's  success, 
half  at  the  cat-heads  to  see  the  mate's 
harpooning.  There  skuttle  up  the  two 
little  pilot-fishes,  in  their  banded  livery 
of  blue  and  brown,  from  their  station, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  shark's  nose :  they 
hurry  to  the  bait,  sniff  at  it,  nibble  at  it, 
and  then  back  in  all  haste  to  their  huge 
patron,  giving  his  grimness  due  infor- 
mation of  the  treat  that  awaits  him.  See 
how  eagerly  he  receives  it !  with  a  lateral 
wave  of  his  powerful  tail  he  shoots  ahead, 
and  is  in  an  instant  at  the  pork.  '  Look 
out  there !  stand  by  to  take  a  turn  of  the 
Hue  round  a  belaying  pin,  for  he's  going 
to  bite,  and  he'll  give  us  a  sharp  tug!' 
Every  pair  of  eyes  is  wide  open,  and  every 
mouth  too ;  for  the  monster  turns  on  his 
side,  and  prepares  to  take  in  the  delicate 
morsel.  But  no ;  he  smells  the  rusty  iron, 
perhaps,  or  perhaps  he  sees  the  line ;  at 
any  rate  he  contents  himself  with  a  sniff, 
and  drops  astern ;  coming  forward  again, 
however,  the  next  minute  to  sniff  and  sniff 
again.    'Us  perilous;  yet 'tis  tempting. 

"A  shout  forward!  The  mate  has 
struck  one!  And  away  rush  the  after 
band  to  see  the  sport ;  the  skipper  him- 
self hauls  in  the  line,  and  joins  the  shout- 
ing throng.  Yes;  the  grains  have  been 
well  thrown,  and  are  fast  in  the  fleshy 
part  of  the  back.  What  a  monster !  full 
fifteen  feet  long,  if  he's  an  inch !  and  how 
he  plunges,  and  dives,  and  rolls  round  and 
round,  enraged  at  the  pain  and  restraint, 
till  yon  can't  discern  his  body  for  the 
sheet  of  white  foam  in  which  it  is  en- 
wrapped! The  stout  line  strains  and 
creaks,  but  holds  on ;  a  dozen  eager  hands 
are  pulling  in,  and  at  last  the  unwilling 
victim  is  at  the  surface  just  beneath  the 
bows,  bat  plunging  with  tremendous  force. 

"Now,  one  of  the  smarter  hands  has 
jumped  into  the  forechains  with  a  rope 
made  into  a  noose.  Many  efforts  he  makes 
to  get  this  over  the  tail,  without  success ; 
at  length  it  is  slipped  over,  in  an  instant 
hauled  taut,  and  the  prey  is  secure.  '  Make 
the  line  through  a  block,  and  take  a  run 
with  it  !'  Up  comes  the  vast  length,  tail 
foremost,  out  of  the  sea ;  for  a  moment  the 
ungainly  beast  hangs,  twining  and  bending 
his  body,  and  gnashing  those  horrid  fangs, 
till  half-a-dozen  boat-hooks  guide  the  mass 


to  its  death -bed  on  the  broad  deck. 
Stand  clear!  If  that  mouth  gets  hold 
of  your  leg  it  will  cut  it  through,  sinew, 
muscle,  and  bone;  the  stoutest  man  on 
board  would  be  swept  down  if  he  came 
within  the  reach  of  that  violent  tail. 
What  reverberating  blows  it  inflicts  on 
the  smooth  planks. 

"  One  cannot  look  at  that  face  without 
an  involuntary  shudder.  The  long  flat 
head,  and  the  mouth  so  greatly  overhung 
by  the  snout,  impart  a  most  repulsive  ex- 
pression to  the  countenance;  and  then 
the  teeth,  those  terrible  serried  fangs,  as 
keen  as  lancets,  and  yet  cut  into  fine 
notches  like  saws,  lying  row  behind  row, 
row  behind  row,  six  rows  deep !  See  how 
the  front  rows  start  up  into  erect  stiff- 
ness, as  the  creature  eyes  you !  You 
shrink  back  from  the  terrific  implement, 
no  longer  wondering  that  the  stoutest 
limb  of  man  should  be  severed  in  a  mo- 
ment by  such  chirurgery.  But  the  eyes ! 
those  horrid  eyes !  it  is  the  eyes  that  make 
the  shark's  countenance  what  it  is — the 
very  embodiment  of  Satanic  malignity. 
Half-concealed  beneath  the  bony  brow, 
the  little  green  eye  gleams  with  so  pecu- 
liar an  expression  of  hatred,  such  a  con- 
centration of  fiendish  malice, — of  quiet, 
calm,  settled  villany,  that  no  other  coun- 
tenance that  I  have  ever  seen  at  all  re- 
sembles. Though  I  have  seen  many  a 
shark,  I  could  never  look  at  that  eye 
without  feeling  my  flesh  creep,  as  it  were, 
on  my  bones." 

The  book  is  illustrated  by  several  spi- 
rited engravings,  of  which  we  look  on  a 
Group  of  Tree -Ferns  and  a  Brazilian 
Forest  Scene  as  particularly  good. 


The  Pictorial  Handbook  of  Modern 
Geography,  on  a  popular  pirn*.  Bj 
Henet  G.  Boh*,  F.R.G.S*  &&  (H.  G. 
Bohn.) — We  knew  long  ago  that  Mr. 
Bohn  did  not  confine  himself  to  publish- 
ing  the  books  of  other  men,  but  waa  able 
to  appear  as  an  author  as  well.  We  did 
not  know,  however,  that  geography  had  en- 
gaged his  special  attention  for  many  yean, 
as  we  find  from  the  preface  to  this  book 
has  been  the  case.  We  may  fairly  congra- 
tulate him  on  succeeding  in  producing  a 
really  useful  treatise  on  Geography,  drawn 
up,  it  is  true,  on  "a  popular  plan,"  but 
happily  free  from  the  shallowness  and 
inaccuracy  which  too  often  lurk  under 
that  much -abused  term.    Wherever  we 


196 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[Feb. 


have  tested  it,  the  information  appears 
strictly  correct,  and  really  applicable  to 
the  present  state  of  the  world,  while  the 
more  ancient  arrangements  (as  the  French 
provinces  and  the  Spanish  kingdoms)  are 
not  forgotten,  though  they  are  too  often 
ignored  by  modern  summarizers.  The 
work  has  a  large  number  (150  we  believe) 
of  well-executed  woodcuts,  and  51  very 
neat  maps;  it  has  an  intelligible  section 
on  Geography  in  general,  sufficiently  fall 
descriptions  of  each  country  (including 
notices  of  Arctic  and  Antarctic  discovery), 
notices  of  the  Maronites  and  other  races, 
tables  of  population,  Ac,  &a,  the  whole 
being  closed  by  an  index  of  several  thousand 
names,  and,  as  the  price  is  but  six  shillings, 
it  is  entitled  to  the  praise  of  cheapness  as 
well  as  completeness,  and  ought  to  super- 
sede the  very  indifferent  School  Geogra- 
phies at  present  in  use. 


The  Corsair  and  his  Conqueror :  a 
Winter  in  Algiers.  By  Henby  E.  Pops. 
(Bentley.) —  Those  who  purpose  visiting 
Algiers,  which  has  become  a  rather  fa- 
vourite place  of  resort  for  sporting  men 
and  invalids,  and  would  like  to  make 
themselves  somewhat  acquainted  with  the 
new  scenes  among  which  they  will  there 
be  thrown,  will  do  well  to  read  this  work 
before  they  go.  We  have,  from  some  who 
have  resided  there  several  winters,  this 
testimony  In  favour  of  the  work,  that  it 
has  given  them  much  satisfaction  to  re- 
trace in  its  pages  many  scenes  with  which 
they  are  familiar,  and  which  they  have 
found  there  very  truthfully  depicted.  The 
antiquary  will  of  course  still  prefer,  for 
reference,  the  works  of  Morell,  or  of  the 
Hertfordshire  Incumbent ;  the  sportsman 
may  find  more  to  his  taste  in  Wyndham, 
or  in  the  Sketches  of  the  Yorkshire  Rural 
Dean  (Davis) ;  the  military  reader  will  be 
more  taken  with  the  adventures  in  Ka- 
bylia  as  drawn  by  the  Bashi-Bazouk 
Colonel,  as  Walmsley  is  there  designated ; 
invalids  and  hypochondriacs,  and  persons 
anxious  respecting  the  health  of  weakly 
friends  and  relatives  who  are  thinking  of 
trying  the  place,  may  find  advantage  in 
consulting  the  hints  thrown  out  respect* 


ing  the  climate  and  the  proper  treatment 
of  invalids  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bodichon,  in 
their  useful,  unpretending  little  pamphlet ; 
but  for  light  reading  and  for  getting  up 
particulars  of  the  place,  as  they  run  down 
to  Marseilles  by  express,  or  sit  on  the  poop 
of  the  Messagerie  Imperials  boat  on  their 
way  thither,  these  342  pages  of  Mr.  Pope's 
book  will  be  the  favourite,  and  not  un- 
amusing  or  unprofitable  companions  for 
the  voyage. 


Plat/hours  and  Half-Holidays ;  or,  Fur- 
ther Experiences  of  Two  Schoolboys.  By 
the  Rev.  J.  C.  Atkinson.  (Routledges.) 
— This  a  pleasant  book  for  boys,  who  from 
it  may  learn  how  to  turn  their  spare  time 
to  real  advantage,  whilst  they  derive  quite 
as  much  amusement  from  it  as  if  it  was 
all  passed  in  mere  athletic  exercises.  Mr. 
Atkinson's  heroes,  while  by  no  means  neg- 
lecting skating  and  cricket,  go  fishing  and 
fowling,  and  botanizing,  and  even  do  a 
little  in  the  antiquarian  way ;  they  culti- 
vate all  ordinary  country  pursuits,  hear 
wonderful  stories  of  shipwrecks,  &c.,  &c., 
and  the  young  readers  who  follow  their 
fortunes  have  only  to  remember  what  they 
read  to  make  a  very  considerable  addition 
to  their  store  of  knowledge,  and  that,  too, 
in  a  most  agreeable  manner. 


Neptune's  Heroes:  or,  The  Sea-Kings 
of  England,  from  Sir  John  Hawkins  to 
Sir  John  Franklin.  By  W.  H.  Daven- 
port Adams.  (Griffith  and  Farran.) — 
This  is  really  a  very  superior  book  of  its 
class.  Upwards  of  twenty  naval  worthies 
are  commemorated  in  well-written  biogra- 
phical sketches,  which  are  so  linked  toge- 
ther as  to  present  a  very  satisfactory 
picture  of  the  growth  of  our  wooden  walls 
from  the  days  of  Elizabeth  to  those  of 
Victoria.  The  last  section  is  devoted  to 
Arctic  Discovery,  and  affords  a  good  re- 
sume' of  that  most  interesting  page  in  our 
annals.  Altogether,  we  know  of  few  better 
presents  for  youth,  particularly  for  those 
destined  for  the  sea,  as  in  it  they  will  find 
many  admirable  examples  of  heroic  daring 
combined  with  kindly  feeling  and  true 
Christian  principle. 


J861.3    The  Bibliographer's  Manual  of  English  Literature.        197 


The  Bibliographer**  Manual  of  English 

Literature.    By  W.  T.  Lowndes.    Part 

VI.    (H.  O.  Bohn.)— This  part  is  confined 

to  the  letters  M,  N,  and  O.     It  will  be 

enough  to  say  that  Mr.  Bonn's  additions 

to  his  original  are  as  numerous  and  as 

important  as  in  any  of  the  preceding  ones. 

The  lists  of  the  works  of  Capt.  Marry  at, 

Dean  Milman,  Dr.  Newman,  Sir  Harris 

Nicolas  and  Professor  Owen,  have  been 

the  subjects  of  his  particular  care,  and  now 

contain  many  works  that  were  published 

in  Lowndes'  time,  but  were  unaccountably 

omitted  by  him. 


The  Reliquary,  No.  III.  (London :  J. 
R.  Smith.)  Mr.  LI.  Jewittf s  periodical 
bids  fair  to  establish  itself,  being  well 
edited,  well  printed,  and  well  illustrated. 
"The  ballad  hero,  Robin  Hood,"  is  dis- 
cussed at  length  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Gutcb,  and 
his  "  identity  discovered,"  i.  e.t  the  theory 
of  Mr.  Hunter,  that  he  was  a  member 
of  the  household  of  Edward  II.,  is  ac- 
cepted. Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson  treats  of 
Some  Vestiges  of  the  Britons  near  Ha- 
thersage;  the  Old  Libraries  of  Denbigh- 
shire are  pleasantly  discoursed  on  by 
Mr.  Bateman ;  and  the  Editor  furnishes 
a  paper  on  Ducking  Stools,  a  supplement 
to  a  former  one  "  On  Scolds,  and  how 
they  cured  them  in  the  •  Good  Old 
Times.'"  Several  articles  in  prose  and 
Terse,  of  a  light  nature  and  of  average 
merit,  redeem  the  "  Reliquary"  from  the 
charge  of  being  purely  antiquarian,  and 
we  observe  that  a  part  of  a  curious  ser- 
mon preached  long  ago  before  a  society  of 
Derbyshire  men  in  London,  which  runs 
into  a  quaint  eulogium  of  the  country  of 
the  Peak,  is  reproduced  from  our  own 
pages,  of  the  year  1777. 


The  Life  Boat,  or  Journal  of  the  Na- 
tional Life-boat  Institution.  (Office,  14, 
John-street,  Adelphi.)  —There  is  a  very 
sensible  paper  in  this  number  advocating 
evening  schools  for  sailors  when  on  shore, 
as  well  as  for  lads  about  going  to  sea,  and 


contrasting  the  care  bestowed  on  the 
construction  of  our  ships  with  the  indif- 
ference commonly  displayed  regarding 
the  men  who  navigate  them.  The  bene- 
volent efforts  of  the  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land to  supply  barometers  to  the  fishing 
villages  of  the  north  are  duly  recorded  by 
Mr.  Glaishier,  and  it  is  pleasant  to  learn 
that  the  instruments  are  duly  valued,  and 
that  the  fishermen  shew  great  readiness 
in  learning  their  use.  A  really  excellent 
illustration  adorns  the  number,  and  we 
reproduce  the  account  given  of  it  in  the 
hope  of  serving  the  very  meritorious  So- 
ciety from  which  it  emanates : — 

"The  beautiful  illustration  of  one  of 
the  life-boats  of  the  National  Life-Boat 
Institution  proceeding  off  to  a  wreck,  is 
from  an  exquisite  picture  painted  by  Mr. 
Samuel. Walters,  a  talented  marine  artist, 
of  Bootle,  near  t  Liverpool.  He  was  in- 
duced to  paint  it  from  a  generous  motive, 
to  help  forward  the  philanthropic  objects 
of  the  institution,  by  bringing  before  the 
public,  by  a  peculiar  process  of  photo- 
graphy, a  correct  and  picturesque  view  of 
the  valuable  services  of  one  of  its  boats. 
The  vessel  is  supposed  to  have  struck  on 
the  outer  ridge  of  rocks  called  the  Filey 
Bridge,  on  the  Yorkshire  coast.  Her  crew 
having  cut  away  her  masts,  she  has  beat 
over,  and  is  now  drifting  into  Scarborough 
Bay,  with  signals  of  distress  flying.  The 
raging  sea,  the  wild  and  angry  sky,  the 
rocky  coast,  and  the  furious  wind  driving 
the  helpless  bark  full  upon  it,  are  de- 
picted with  a  vigour  and  a  truthfulness  of 
delineation  which  serve  to  impress  the 
fearful  realities  of  such  a  scene  vividly 
upon  the  mind;  while  the  sight  of  the 
life-boat,  manned  by  her  gallant  crew, 
proceeding  steadily  in  the  face  of  the 
tempest  on  her  errand  of  mercy,  conveys 
an  idea  of  the  ability  of  the  life-boat 
service,  and  its  claims  upon  the  benevo- 
lent sympathies  of  the  public,  which  it 
would  be  in  vain  to  attempt  to  convey  by 
any  mere  verbal  description.  There  is  a 
matter-of-fact  simplicity,  a  living  elo- 
quence, in  the  materials  thus  brought  to- 
gether, and  arranged  by  the  skill  of  the 
artist  into  so  pathetic,  yet  so  unexagger- 
ated  a  story,  that  renders  the  appeal 
which  it  makes  irresistible.'' 


»» 


198 


[Feb. 


APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS. 


The  dates,  where  given,  are  those  of  the  Gazette  in  which  the  Appointment  or  Return 

appeared. 


Civil,  Naval,  and  Military. 

Dee.  21.  Mr.  John  A.  Callender,  to  be  Consul 
at  Edinburgh  and  Leith,  Mr.  Charles  Cotesworth, 
Consul  at  Liverpool,  Mr.  George  Newenham 
JIarvey,  Consul  at  Cork,  Mr.  Thomas  Beynon, 
Consul  at  Newport,  South  Wales,  and  Mr.  Edwin 
Fox,  Vice-Consul  in  London,  for  the  Republte  of 
Liberia. 

Stewart  Campbell,  esq.,  to  be  one  of  H.M.'s 
Counsel  for  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia. 

William  Dardis  Furlonge,  esq.,  to  be  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  the  Island  of  Montserrat 

Dec.  26.  Frederick  Jonson,  esq.,  now  British 
Vice-Consul  at  Acapuloo,  to  be  Consul  at  Tam- 
pico. 

Mr.  Henry  Rhodes,  to  be  Consul  for  the  Port  of 
Victoria,  and  other  ports  of  Vancouver's  Island, 
In*  the  King  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Mr.  Sigismund  Cahhnann,  to  be  Consul  in  Lon- 
don for  Schwarsburg  Rudolstadt  and  Schwars- 
burg  Sonderhausen. 

Mr.  Fairfield  to  be  Consul  in  the  Mauritius  for 
H.M.  the  Emperor  of  All  the  Russias. 

Jan.  1.  George  Montague,  esq.,  to  be  Deputy 
Surveyor-Gen.  of  the  colony  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

Sir  Henry  Wellwood  Monerieff,  hart,  D.D.,  to 
be  Secretary  to  H.M.'s  sole  and  only  master- 
printers  in  Scotland,  in  the  room  of  Dr.  James 
Robertson,  deceased. 

Capt.  William  Purey  Cost,  to  be  one  of  the 
Equerries  to  H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Cambridge. 

Jan.  4.  John  Hill  Burton,  esq.,  to  be  one  of 
the  Managers  of  the  General  Prison  at  Perth, 
and  Secretary  to  the  said  Managers. 

Jan.  8.    The  Right  Hon.  Sidney  Herbert,  and 


the  heirs  male  of  his  body  lawfully  begotten,  to 
have  the  title  of  Baron  Herbert,  of  Lea,  in  the 
county  of  Wilts. 

Samuel  Creelman,  esq.,  to  be  a  Member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  the  Province  of  Nova  Scotia, 
and  Andrew  Nicol,  esq.  to  be  a  Member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  the  Island  of  Ceylon. 

Arthur  Henry  Paget,  esq.  to  be  Page  of  Hon- 
our to  Her  Majesty,  vice  Phippa. 

Jan.  15.  Don  Juan  Fair,  to  be  Vice-Consul  in 
London  for  the  Argentine  Republic. 

Lieut -Gen.  Sir  William  J.  Codrington,  K.C.B., 
from  the  54th  Regt,  to  be  Colonel,  23rd  Regt.  of 
Foot,  vice  Lieut. -Gen.  Henry  Rainy,  C.B.,  de- 


Lieut -Gen.  Mildmay  Fane,  from  the  96th  Regt., 
to  be  Col.  54th  Foot,  vice  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  W.  J. 
Codrington,  K.C.B.,  removed  to  the  23rd  Regt. 

Maj.-Gen.  George  Macdonald,  to  be  Colonel 
96th  Foot,  vice  Lieut.-Gen.  Fane,  removed  to 
the  54th  Regt. 

Jan.  22.  William  Stokes,  esq.,  M.D.,  to  be 
one  of  the  Physicians  in  Ordinary  to  her  Majesty 
in  Ireland. 

MXKBBBS  &STUEHKD  TO  SEKVK  IV  PARLIAMENT. 

County  of  Susses.  Western  Division. — Dee. 
29.  Walter  Barttelot  Barttelot  esq.,  of  Hilliers 
Petworth,  Sussex,  in  the  room  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Charles  Henry  Gordon  Lennox,  commonly  called 
Earl  of  March,  now  Duke  of  Richmond,  called  to 
the  House  of  Peers. 

Borough  of  Bipon.  Reginald  Arthur  Vyner, 
esq.,  of  Newby-hall,  Ripon,  in  the  room  of  John 
Ashley  Warre,  esq.,  deceased. 


BIRTHS. 


Oct.  4,  1860.  At  Ningpo,  Mrs.  Sinclair,  the 
wife  of  H.B.M.'s  Consul,  a  dan. 

Oct.  19.  At  Papamou-house,  Allahabad,  the 
wife  of  Capt.  Dennehyf  a  dau. 

Oct.  31.  At  Calcutta,  the  wife  of  MaJ.  George 
Chesney,  Bengal  Engineers,  a  dau. 

Nov.  1.  At  Chuprah,  East  Indies,  the  wife  of 
Henry  Rose,  esq.,  H.M.'s  Bengal  Civil  Service, 
a  dau. 

At  Dum  Dum,  near  Calcutta,  the  wife  of  Major 
Frederick  van  Straubenzee,  13th  (or  Prince  Al- 
bert's) Regt  of  Light  Infantry,  a  dau. 


Nov.  2.  At  Simla,  the  wife  of  Lieut-Col. 
Butt,  79th  Highlanders,  Chief  Inspector  of  Mus- 
ketry in  Bengal,  a  dau. 

Nov.  14.  At  Umballa,  East  Indies,  the  wife  of 
Hen.  Kendall,  M.D.,  Surgeon  7th  Hussars,  a  son. 

Nov.  18.  At  Mooltan,  the  wife  of  Capt.  C.  O'B. 
Palmer,  H.M.'s  1st  Eur.  Bengal  Fusiliers,  a  dau. 

Nov.  20.  At  the  Parsonage,  Rawul-Pindee, 
Punjab,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  Kilbee  Stuart, 
M.A.,  Chaplain,  a  son. 

Nov.  22.  At  Peshawur,  the  wife  of  Lieut- 
Col.  W.  T.  Hughes,  a  dau. 


1861.] 


Births. 


199 


Nee.  34.  At  Palamcottab,  South  India,  the 
-wife  of  the  Rer.  W.  Gray,  a  dau. 

At  Umballah,  the  widow  of  Capt  Benjamin 
Wyld,  a  eon. 

Uov.  37.  At  Caddalore,  the  wife  of  Francis 
Marten  Kindersley,  esq.,  Madraa  Civil  Serrlce, 
a  son. 

At  Whentley,  Oxfordshire,  the  wife  of  the 
Rct.  Edward  Elton,  a  eon. 

Wee.  30.  At  Bermuda,  the  wife  of  Major 
William  Leekie,  39th  Regt.,  a  son. 

Dee.  1  At  St.  Margaret,  Rochester,  the  wife 
of  WOnam  Manclark,  jun.,  esq.,  a  son. 

Dee.  3.  At  Calcutta,  the  wife  of  Walter  8. 8eton 
Karr,  esq.,  C.8.,  of  a  son. 

Dee.  4.  At  Bombay,  the  wife  of  Major  Hag- 
gard, Bombay  Artillery,  a  dan. 

At  Ahmednugger,  Bombay,  the  wife  of  Col. 
Ches.  Cameron  Shale,  Ennisldllen  Dragoons, 
•  son. 

Dee.  IS.  At  Kirkee,  India,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Hill  Wallace,  Bombay  Artillery,  a  dan. 

Dm.  17.  In  Victoria-road,  Kensington,  the 
wife  of  Cap*.  E.  F.  Dn  Cane,  Royal  Engineers, 
a  dan. 

At  the  Old  Hall,  Bpital,  near  Chester,  the  wife 
of  Charles  Inman,  esq.,  a  dan. 

Dee.  IB.  At  Hanghton-hoase,  Aberdeenshire, 
the  wife  of  Robert  Ogilrie  Farqnharson,  esq., 


Dee.  SO.  At  Oxford,  the  wife  of  Professor  Max 
Mailer,  a  dan. 

At  Whilton-hall,  Northamptonshire,  the  wife 
of  R.  Harris,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Leys  Castle,  Inrerness  -shire,  the  wife  of 
F.  Y.  Hopegood,  esq.,  a  dan. 

Dee.  S3.  At  Euxton-hall,  the  Lady  Emma 
Anderton,  a  dan. 

At  Chatham,  the  wife  of  Major  A.  A.  Douglas, 
Royal  Marines,  a  dan. 

At  Southend,  the  wife  of  Major  Milman,  R.A., 
a  dan. 

At  Chester,  the  wife  of  Lieut  Col.  Hamilton, 
(late  of  the  3ftth  Regt.),  a  son. 

At  Beggar's  Bush,  Dublin,  the  wife  of  Lieut.- 
OoL  F.  Carey,  28th  Osmeronians,  a  dan. 

Dee.  S3.  At  Castlenao-rillas,  Barnes,  the  wife 
of  B.  Tracers,  eeq.,  of  Dorer-street,  Piccadilly, 
a  dan. 

At  Westbonrne- terrace,  the  wife  of  Admiral 
Bethtme,  a  son. 

Dec.*.  At  the  Vicarage,  Tatton,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Henry  J.  Barnard,  a  dau. 

At  South  Wytham  Rectory,  Lincolnshire,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  R.  W.  Lyonel  Tollemache,  a  son. 

At  Winchester,  the  wife  of  the  Ber.  Henry 
Edw.  Moberly,  M.  A.,  a  dan. 

Dee.  3ft.  At  Odell  Castle,  Bedfordshire,  the 
wife  of  Crewe  Alston,  esq.,  a  dau. 

Dee.  St.  At  the  Rectory,  Pett,  near  Hastings, 
the  wife  of  the  Rer.  Frederick  Young,  a  dau. 

At  the  Close,  Lichfield,  the  wife  of  Oapt.  Ma- 
flan,  49th  Regt.,  a  son. 

Dee.  37.  At  Wbitttesford,  Cambridgeshire, 
the  Lady  WiDiam  Oodolphin  Osborne,  a  son. 

At  Castle  Craig,  Peebles-shire,  Lady  Gibson 
Csrnrtnhsfilj  a 


Dee.  39.  At  Leamington,  the  wife  of  the  Hon. 
Fitzgerald  A.  Foley,  Capt.  R.N.,  a  dan. 

The  wife  of  the  Rer.  H.  J.  Wilkinson,  Vkar  of 
Hooton-Pagnell,  a  son. 

At  Shenton-hel),  Leicesterabire,  the  wife  of 
Major  Wollaston,  a  dau. 

Dee.  80.  In  Harley-st.,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Lereson 
Randolph,  a  dau. 

At  Dunnington,  near  York,  the  wife  of  the 
Rer.  Edward  Randolph,  a  dan. 

Dee.  31.  In  Harley-st.,  the  wife  of  Walter 
Spencer  Stanhope,  esq.,  of  Canuon-hall,  Yorksh* 
a  son  and  heir. 

The  wife  of  the  Rer.  Edward  T.  Hudson,  St. 
Paul's  School,  a  dau. 

Jan.  1.  At  the  Heath-house,  Staflbrdsh.,  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Philips,  a  son. 

At  Foulmire  Rectory,  near  Royston,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Arthur  8aTile,  a  dau. 

At  Long  Melford,  Suffolk,  the  wife  of  Sir  Wnu 
Parker,  hart.,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  East  Woodhay  Rectory,  the  wife  of  the 
Rer.  W.  E.  Martin,  Minor  Canon  of  Rochester 
Cathedral,  a  dau. 

Jan.  3.  At  Wivenhoe-hall,  Essex,  the  wife  of 
Sir  C  W.  C.  de  Crespigny,  hart ,  a  dau. 

Jan.  4.  In  Upper  Grosvenor-strect,  the  wife 
of  Robert  Hanbury,  esq.,  M.Pn  a  son. 

Jan.  6.  At  Curson-house,  South  Andley-st, 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  E.  O.  Cnrson,  a  son. 

At  Sketty-park,  Glamorganshire,  the  wife  of 
George  Byng  Morris,  esq.,  a  dan. 

At  Blackheath,  the  wife  ef  Major  Arthur  Nixon, 
Rifle  Brigade,  a  dau. 

Jan.  6.  At  the  Mount,  Ayrshire,  Lady  Oran- 
more  and  Browne,  a  son  and  heir. 

Jan.  7.  At  Vernon-ter.,  Brighton,  the  wife  of 
Lieut. -Col.  Barr,  Bombay  Army,  a  son. 

At  Woolwich,  the  wife  of  Maj.  E.  A.  Williams, 
R.A.,  a  dan. 

Jan.  ft.  At  the  Earl  of  Gainsborough's,  Port* 
man-sq.,  the  Lady  Louisa  Agnew,  a  son. 

Jan.  9.  In  Lowndes-sq.,  the  Lady  Mary  WB- 
braham  Egerton,  a  dau. 

Jan.  10.  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Augustus  Byron,  a  son. 

In  Bedford-eq.,  the  wife  of  the  Rer.  George 
Rust,  King's  College,  a  son. 

Jan.  11.  At  Veitch's  Hotel,  Edinburgh,  the 
Lady  Henrietta  d'Eyncourt,  a  dau.,  stillborn. 

At  Horton  Manor,  Bocks.,  Lady  Yardley,  a 
dau. 

At  Aimer  Rectory,  Dorsetshire,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Charles  Sawbridge,  a  son. 

At  the  Royal  Hospital,  Haslar,  the  wife  of  Dr. 
Daridson,  Dep.  Insp.-General,  a  dau. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Great  Waltham,  Essex,  the 
wife  of  the  Rer.  J.  H.  Dyer,  a  son. 

At  St.  Ouen's,  Jersey,  the  wife  of  Capt.  T.  W. 
Gibson,  a  dau. 

Jan.  13.  In  Nottingham  -plane,  the  wife  of 
CoL  Birch  Reynardson,  C.B.,  a  son. 

At  Appleby-hall,  Lincolnshire,  the  wife  of 
Rowland  Winn,  esq„  a  son. 

Jan.  IS.  At  Eggesferd-houne,  the  Countess  of 
Portsmouth,  a  son. 

In  Lemster-gerdens,  Hyde-park,  the  wife  of 
Arthur  St.  John  MUdmay,  esq.,  a  son. 


200 


Births. — Marriages. 


[Feb. 


At  Stoneleigh  Abbey,  Warwickshire,  Lady 
Leigh,  aeon. 

Jan.  14.  At  Ramsbury,  Wilts,  the  wife  of 
Alfred  Batson,  esq.,  a  son. 

Jan,  15.  At  Eaton-place  South,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
George  Denman,  a  son. 

At  Sterling,  the  wife  of  Capt.  E.  W.  Cuming, 
79th  Highlanders,  a  son. 

At  Tredegar-sq.,  Bow-road,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Samuel  Gower  Poole,  a  son. 

Jan.  16.  In  Eaton-place,  the  wife  of  William 
U.  Heygate,  esq.,  a  dau. 


At  Bedford-road,  Clapham,  the  wife  of  Richard 
Baggallay,  Jan.,  esq.,  a  dau. 

At  Highoroft,  Husbands  Bosworth,  Leicester- 
shire, the  wife  of  Captain  James  Lowndes,  a 


In  Prince's-terr.,  Prince's-gate,  the  wife  of 
Lieut-Col.  Mogg,  a  son. 

Jan.  17.  In  Belgrave-eq.,  the  Countess  of 
Dalkeith,  a  son  and  heir. 

In  Norfolk-sq.,  Hyde-park,  the  wife  of  Major 
C.  B.  Ewart,  Royal  Engineers,  a  dau. 


MARRIAGES. 


Oct.  23,  1860.  At  St.  Luke's,  Halifax,  Nora 
Scotia,  John  Matthew  Jones,  esq.,  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  barrister-at-law,  youngest  son  of  Rear- 
Admiral  Sir  Charles  T.  Jones,  of  Fronfraith, 
Montgomeryshire,  to  Mary,  youngest  dau.  of  Col. 
W.  J.  Myers,  late  71st  Regt  Highland  Light 
Infantry. 

Nov.  14.  At  Simla,  C.  Davenport  Broadbent, 
esq.,  Rifle  Brigade,  only  son  of  the  Rot.  C.  F. 
Broadbent,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Worfleld,  Salop,  to 
'Mary  Soutnoott,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Rev. 
John  S.  Townsend,  M.A.,  formerly  Vicar  of 
Coleridge,  Devon. 

Nov.  21.  At  Patna,  8tuart  Colvin  Bayley,  esq., 
to  Anna,  eldest  dau.  of  R.  N.  Farquharson,  esq. 

Nov.  29.  At  Ootacamund,  Neilgherry-hills, 
Madras  Presidency,  MaJ.  Bernard  Edward  Ward, 
of  the  60th  Royal  Rifles,  to  Gertrude  Maria,  eldest 
dau.  of  Rowland  Winsley  Chatfleld,  esq.,  Madras 
Civil  Service. 

Dee.  3.  At  the  Cathedral,  Madras,  Herbert  W. 
Wood,  esq.,  Lieut.  Madras  Engineers,  eldest  son 
of  Lteut.-Col.  Herbert  Wood,  late  of  the  Madras 
Army,  to  Emma  Louisa,  eldest  dau.  of  H.  D.  Phil- 
lips, esq.,  Judge  of  the  Suddur  Court,  Madras. 

Dto.  5.  At  Knock  Breda,  Belfast,  Robert 
Keating  Prendergast,  esq..  Staff  Surgeon-Major, 
Corfu,  to  Julia,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  John 
Kinahan,  Rector  of  the  parish. 

Dee.  10.  AtSaxby,  Barton-on-Humber,  Arthur 
Henry,  third  son  of  Sir  Benjamin  Haywood, 
bait.,  of  Claremont,  near  Manchester,  to  Mar- 
garet Helen,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  John 
Frederic  Foster,  esq.,  of  Alderley  Edge,  near 
Manchester. 

Dee.  11.  At  Poonah,  Bombay,  Peyton  Phelps, 
esq.,  Lieut  H.M.'s  Bombay  Engineers,  to  Anna 
Maunder  Eales,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  W.  F. 
Good,  D.D.,  of  High  week,  Newton  Abbot,  Devon. 

Dee.  12.  At  the  British  Legation,  Frankfort- 
on-the-Maine,  Major  F.  8.  Vacher,  83rd  (the 
Duke  of  Wellington's)  Regt.,  to  Eliza  Henrietta 
Augusta,  only  surviving  dau.  of  Sir  Fred.  Wm. 
Frankland,  hart. 

Dec.  16.  At  Ratbfarnham,  co.  Dublin,  the 
Bight  Hon.  Mazier*  Brady,  Lord  Chancellor  of 
Ireland,  to  Mary,  second  dau.  of  the  Right  Hon. 
John  Matohell,  of  Fortfleld-house,  co.  Dublin. 

Dec.  18.    At  Frome,  Philip  Henry  Gosse,  esq., 

10 


F.R.S.,  Ac,  of  Sandhurst,  Torquay,  to  Eliza, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  late  George  Brightwen,  esq.,  of 
Saffron  Walden. 

At  Milton,  near  Lymington,  Hants,  Major.- 
Gen.  Wm.  Donald  Robertson,  of  H.M.'s  Army  in 
India,  to  Elizabeth,  third  dau.  of  Capt.  Stock- 
dale,  R.N. 

Dec.  19.  At  St.  Magdalene,  Hastings,  Col. 
Harris  Greathed,  C.B.,  of  Uddens,  Dorset,  to 
Ellen  Mary,  second  dau.  of  the  Rev.  George 
Tufriell,  of  Thornton  Watlass,  Yorkshire. 

Dec.  20.  At  All  Saints',  St.  John's  Wood,  Sir 
John  Macandrew,  K.C.B.,to  Eleanor,  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  John  Revana,  esq. 

At  Christ  Church,  Bayswater,  George  J.  F. 
Begbie,  H.M.'s  35th  M.N.I.,  second  son  of  Major- 
Gen.  P.  J.  Begbie,  to  Gertrude,  youngest  dau.  of 
the  late  N.  8.  Chauncy. 

At  8t.  John's,  Hensingham,  Auckland,  the 
Rev.  Mark  Wilks  McHutcbin,  Incumbent  of 
Talk-on-the-Hill,  Staffordshire,  to  Annie,  only 
dau.  of  Major  Arthur  Wyndham. 

Dec.  23.  At  Westbury-on-Trym,  near  Bristol, 
Samuel  Wright  Turner,  esq.,  of  Nettleton,  Lin- 
colnshire, to  Constance  Mary,  eldest  dau.  of  Peter 
Freeland  Aiken,  esq.,  of  Wallcroft-house,  Durd- 
hamDown. 

Dec.  24.  At  Wellow,  Hants,  William  B.,  son 
of  the  late  Hon.  Mr.  Justice  Coltman,  to  Bertha 
Elizabeth  Shore,  second  dau.  of  Samuel  Smith, 
esq.,  of  Combe  Hurst,  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Dec.  26.  At  the  British  Legation,  Turin,  the 
Rev.  George  Raymond  Portal,  Rector  of  Albury, 
Surrey,  to  Helen  Mary  Charlotte,  widow  of  Wm. 
Daubuz,  esq.,  of  Killiow,  Cornwall,  and  niece  of 
his  Excellency  Sir  James  Hudson,  K.C.B. 

Dec.  27.  At  8t.  James's,  Piccadilly,  the  Right 
Hon.  Hugh  Lord  Delamere,  of  Yale  Royal, 
Cheshire,  to  Augusta  Emily,  dau.  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Sir  George  Hamilton  8eymour,  G.C.B., 
G.C.H.,  of  Grosrenor-crescent. 

At  8t  Peter's,  Eaton-eq.,  Stuart,  son  of  Sir 
James  Weir  Hogg,  bart.,  to  Selina  Catherine, 
eldest  dau.  of  Sir  Erakine  Perry. 

At  8t.  Mary's,  Mortlake,  Capt.  John  H.  P. 
Malcomson,  H.M.'s  Bombay  Horse  Artillery,  to 
Ada  Jessie,  third  dau.  of  Edward  B.  Meyer,  esq., 
of  East  8heen. 

At  Twickenham,  Thomas  Bradahaw,  esq.,  of 


1861.] 


Marriages. 


201 


Iincoln's-inn,  to  Emily  Isabella,  only  child  of 
the  late  Colonel  Frederick  Halkett,  Coldstream 
Guard*,  and  granddaughter  of  General  Sir  Hugh 
Halkett,  G.C.H. 

At  Catton,  Joseph  Han  well,  esq.,  Capt.  R.A., 
eldest  son  of  Gen.  Hanwell,  to  Gertrude,  dau.  of 
Robert  Chamberlin,  esq.,  Catton-house,  Norfolk. 
Dee.  29.  At  St.  Mary's,  Bryanston-square,  the 
Rev.  E.  H.  Stapleton,  to  Frances  Mafy,  eldest 
dan. ;  and,  at  the  same  time  and  place,  Charles 
Levinton  Hogg,  esq.,  second  son  of  Sir  Jos.  Weir 
Hogg,  to  Harriet  Ann,  youngest  dau .  of  Sir  Walter 
Stirling,  bait.,  and  the  Lady  Caroline  Stirling,  of 
Faskine,  N.B. 

Der.  31.  At  St.  Paul's,  Knightabridge,  the  Rev. 
John  Henry  Ashley  Gibson,  M.  A.,  to  Louisa  Mary 
Agnes,  younger  dau.  of  Capt.  Farquharson,  R.N., 
of  Wilton-place,  Belgrave-square. 

Jan.  L  At  Wimborne  Minster,  Cornwall, 
third  son  of  the  late  Sir  Richard  Simeon,  bart., 
to  Mary,  youngest  dau.  of  T.  B.  Evans,  esq.,  of 
North  Tuddenham,  Norfolk,  and  Dean,  Oxon. 

At  St.  George's,  Hanover-sq.,  John  Walter, 
esq.,  M.P.,  to  Flora,  third  dau.  of  the  late  James 
Monro  Macnabb,  esq.,  of  Highfleld-pk.f  Hants. 

At  Luak,  co.  Dublin,  Capt.  Chas.  Douglass 
Waddell,  of  H.M.'s  Madras  Artillery,  to  Emma, 
eldest  dan.  of  Wm.  Beeves,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Vicar 
of  Luak. 

Jan.  2.  At  St.  George's,  Hanover-sq.,  the  Rev. 
Geo.  Wm.  Temple,  M.  A.,  Fellow  of  Clare  College, 
Cambridge,  and  Curate  of  Heme,  Kent,  to  Emma 
Elizabeth,  only  dau.  of  Thomas  Boone,  esq.,  of 
New  Bond-street. 

Jan.  4.  At  Downton,  Wilts,  Wm.  Eyre,  only 
son  of  George  Matcham,  esq.,  of  Newhouse,  in 
the  same  county,  to  Mary  Elizabeth,  fourth  dau. 
of  Henry  L.  Long,  esq.,  of  Hampton-lodge,  near 
Farnham,  and  the  Lady  Catherine  Long. 

At  St.  Paul's,  Wilton-pl.,  David  Mortimer  Mur- 
ray, esq.,  Major  64th  Regt.,  eldest  son  of  the 
Rev.  David  Rodney  Murray,  Rector  of  Brampton 
Brian,  Herefordshire,  to  Ida,  youngest  dau.  of 
the  late  Lewis  Fcnton,  esq.,  of  Underbank,  York- 
shire, M.P.  for  Huddersneld. 

At  St  Jude's,'8outhaea,  the  Rev.  E.  W.  Milner, 
Garrison  Chaplain,  Halifax,  to  Cordelia,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  Edmund  Henn-Gennys,  esq.,  of 
Whitleigh-hall,  Devon. 

At  the  Rectory,  East  Woodhay,  Hants,  Paget 
J.  Bourke,  Capt.  11th  Regt.,  to  Henrietta  Wil- 
hebnina,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Col.  H.  Griffiths, 
H.E.I.C.  Service. 

At  St.  Olave's,  York,  Clephane  L.  Richardson, 
esq.,  Lieut.  58th  Regt.  H.M.'s  Bengal  Army,  to 
Laura  Kate,  eldest  dau.  of  Lieut -Col.  T.  Ditmas, 
late  of  H.M.'s  Madras  Artillery. 

Jan.  5.  At  Stopham,  Richard  England,  Major 
55th  Regt.,  eldest  son  of  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  Richard 
England,  G.C.B.,to  Philadelphia  Jane,  only  sur- 
viving dau.  of  George  Barttelot,  esq.,  of  Stop- 
ham-house,  Sussex. 

At  Bexley,  John  R.  Davies,  esq.,  of  Twicken- 
ham, to  Dionysia,  third  surviving  dau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  W.  Marsh,  of  Morden  College,  Blackbeath. 

At  St.  James's,  T.  L.  Jameson,  esq.,  Royal 
Victoria  Victualling-yard,    Deptford,   to  Jans, 

Gent.  Maq.  Vol.  CCX. 


widow  of  R.  B.  Shaw,  esq.,  Monkstown  Castle, 
co.  Cork,  Ireland. 

Jan.  7.  At  the  Catholic  chapel,  Arundel,  Jag. 
R.  Hope-Scott,  esq.,  Q.C.,  to  Lady  Victoria  Fits- 
alan  Howard. 

At  St.  Mary's,  Holly-pL,  Hampstead,  Wm.  H. 
Gunning,  eldest  son  of  Henry  R.  Bagshawe,  esq., 
Q.C.,  to  Harriet  Theresa,  eldest  dau.  of  Clarkson 
Stanfield,  esq.,  R.A. 

Jan.  8.  At  Barmeath,  co.  Louth,  the  Hon. 
Jenico  Preston,  eldest  son  of  Viscount  Gorman- 
ston,  of  Gormanston  Castle,  co.  Meath,  to  the 
Hon.  Ismay  Bellew,  third  dau.  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  Bellew. 

At  Carbarn,  John  Collingwood,  esq.,  of  Corn* 
hill,  late  of  the  4th  Royal  Irish  Dragoon  Guards, 
second  and  eldest  surviving  son  of  the  late  H.  J. 
W.  Collingwood,  esq.,  of  Lilburn-tower,  and 
Cornhill-house,  Northumberland,  to  Jane,  second 
dau.  of  John  Lumsden,  esq.,  of  Learmouth. 

At  Chilver's  Coton  Vicarage,  Dr.  Francis 
Bowen,  son  of  Chief  Justice  the  Hon.  Edward 
Bowen,  of  Quebec,  Canada,  to  Constantia  Caro- 
line, second  dau.  of  the  late  Robert  Shore  Milnes 
Sewell,  esq.,  barrister,  and  granddau.  of  the  lata 
Chief  Justice  the  Hon.  Jonathan  Sewell,  both  of 
Quebec,  Canada. 

Jan.  9.  At  St.  Benedict's,  Cambridge,  the 
Rev.  William  Henry  Edwards,  B.D.,  Rector  of 
Hickling,  Notts.,  formerly  Fellow  and  Tutor  of 
Queens'  College,  to  Anna  Mary,  dau.  of  R.  B. 
Harraden,  esq.,  of  Regent-st.,  Cambridge. 

At  St.  Michael's,  Limerick,  Colonel  Charles 
Elmhirst,  commanding  tod  Bat  9th  Regt,  son  of 
the  late  Richard  Elmhirst,  esq.,  of  West  Ashby- 
grove,  Lincolnshire,  and  Deputy-Lieutenant  of 
that  county,  to  Frances  Dorothea,  dau.  of  Robert 
Hunt,  esq.,  of  Limerick. 

Jan.  10.  At  St.  Stephen-the-Martyr,  Avenue- 
road,  Regent's-pk.,  Henry  Mapleton,  esq.,  M.D., 
Deputy-Inspect -Gen.  Army  Medical  Depart- 
ment, second  son  of  the  late  David  Mapleton, 
esq.,  Commander  R.N.,  to  Elisabeth,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  Sir  Thos.  Marrable. 

At  Plymouth,  Charles  Martin  Teed,  esq., 
Supreme  Court,  Madras,  to  Emily  Jane  Kendall, 
dau.  of  the  late  Major  Moore,  of  the  12th  Regt. 

At  Holy  Trinity,  Brompton,  Robert  J.  Biron, 
esq.,  of  Lincoln's-inn,  barrister-at-law,  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  Edwin  Biron,  Vicar  of  Lympne, 
Kent,  to  Jane  Eleanor,  only  dau.  of  the  late 
Andrew  Inderwick,  esq.,  R.N. 

At  St.  Columba's,  Argyllshire,  Julius  Liebert, 
esq.,  Glasgow,  to  Harriet  Mary,  third  dau.  of 
W.  Martin,  esq.,  Kilmartin,  late  3rd  Dragoon 
Guards. 

Jan.  11.  At  Sunning-hill,  Lieut.  J.  G.  Graham 
McHardy,  R.N.,  eldest  son  of  Rear-Admiral 
McHardy,  of  8pringfield,  Chelmsford,  Essex,  to 
Julia,  youngest  dau.  of  William  May,  esq.,  of 
Fir-grove,  Sunning-hill. 

Jan.  12.  At  St.  James's,  Paddington,  Standiah 
G.  Rowley,  esq.,  Sylvan-park,  Meath,  to  Frances 
Macnaghten,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Hon.  John  C. 

Erskine. 

At  St.  Pancras,  George  Hardy,  esq.,  of  the 
General  Post-office,  to  Ann  Margaret,  second 

CO 


202 


Marriage*. 


[Feb. 


dau.  of  George  Edward  Cooper,  taq.,  of  Burton- 
orescent. 

At  Lydd,  Kent,  Peter  Wells,  sob  of  the  late 
Thomas  Irring,  Esq.,  Naval  Storekeeper  H.M.'s 
Dockyard,  Deptford,  to  Helen,  youngest  dan.  of 
the  late  Capt  Joseph  Mitchell,  R.N. 

Jan.  15.  At  St.  Mark's,  Torwood,  the  Her. 
Cunningham  Noel  Foot,  Rector  of  Dogmersfleld, 
Hants,  to  Sophia  Maria,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
Rev.  Rich.  Fayle,  Incumbent  of  Trinity  Church, 
Torquay. 

At  Ipsden,  Oxfordshire,  Capt.  Arthur  W. 
Garnett,  H.M.'s  Bengal  Engineers,  to  Mary 
Wood,  only  child  of  the  late  Edward  Sylvester 
Burnard,  esq.,  of  Crewkerne,  Somersetshire. 

At  Oainford,  Durham,  Charles  Addison,  M.A., 
Bt.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  to  Jane  Eliza, 
only  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Jos.  Waits,  sen.,  Oainford. 

At  St.  Giles's,  Norwich,  Thomas  Clarke,  esq., 
of  Great  Yarmouth,  to  Mary  AnneOedny,  fourth 
dau.  of  the  late  Lieut.  G.  D.  Barclay,  R.N.,  of 
South  Town,  Great  Yarmouth. 

At  Cheltenham,  Charles  Samuel  Hawkes,  esq., 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  to  Cecilia  Ada,  youngest 
dau.  of  Charles  Shaw,  esq.,  of  Greenfield,  near 
Birmingham. 

Jan.  16.  At  Settrington,  Yorkshire,  the  Rev. 
Henry  Ruck  Keene,  Vicar  of  Bartley,  Suffolk,  to 
Harriet  Helen,  eldest  dau.  of  Archdeaoom  Long. 

At  St.  Paul's,  Withington,  Colin  George  Roes, 
esq.,  to  Christian  Alexandrine  Paton,  second  dau. 
of  Charles  Paton  Henderson,  esq.,  of  Witbington- 
hall,  Lancashire,  and  Hyde-pk.-gardens,  London. 

Jan.  17.  At  8t  Thomas's,  Portman-sq.,  Sir 
John  Newdigate  Ludford  Chetwode,  hart.,  of 
Oakley,  Staffordshire,  and  of  Chetwode  Manor, 
Bucks.,  to  Arabella  Phillis,  widow  of  James 
Reade,  esq.,  of  Lower  Berkeley-ct,  Portman-sq. 

At  St.  George's,  Hanover-sq.,  William  Scott, 
esq ,  eldest  son  of  Sir  William  Scott,  hart.,  M.P., 
of  Ancrum,  to  Amelia  Murray  Monteath,  eldest 
dan.  of  Lieut-Gen.  Monteath  Douglas,  C.B.,  of 
Douglas  8upport,  and  8tonebyres,  Lanarkshire. 

At  8t.  Barnabas,  Kensington,  Capt  Vernon 
Brahason  Dean  Carter,  Bombay  Army,  to  Lucy, 
eldest  dau.  of  William  John  Charlton,  esq.,  of 
Cheltenham. 

At  8tanstcad,  Suffolk,  Charles  Bell,  esq.,  of  the 
Grange,  Louth,  Lincolnshire,  younger  son  of 
Dr.  Bell,  esq.,  of  Great  Grimsby,  to  Charlotte 
Rosa,  fifth  dau.  of  the  Rev.  SamL  Sheen,  Rector 
of  Stanstead. 

At  St.  James's,  Dover,  Archibald  Hamilton 
BelL  esq.,  Lieut.  Royal  Artillery,  fifth  son  of 
William  Bell,  esq.,  to  Augusta  Cecilia,  third  dau. 
of  John  Ramsbottom,  esq.,  of  Dover. 

At  8t.  Paul's,  Canterbury,  Arthur  Meeham, 
esq.,  Royal  Dragoons,  son  of  the  Rev.  A.  B. 
Mfsnam,  Rector  of  Wootton,  Kent,  to  Elisabeth 


Emmeline,  second  dau.  of  Capt  Burridge,  of 
Barton-terr.,  Canterbury. 

At  Fairsted,  Essex,  David  Steuart,  esq.,  of 
Steuart-hall,  Stirlingshire,  Capt.  in  the  34th  Foot, 
to  Dorothy  Emily,  only  dau.  of  the  Rev.  John 
Cox,  Rector  of  Fairsted. 

At  St.  Mark's,  Hamilton-tcrr.,  Robert  Parker, 
eldest  son  of  Capt  Jones,  R.N.,  to  Clara,  second 
dau.  of  John  Braithwaite,  esq.,  C.B. 

At  West  Butterwick,  the  Rev.  James  Aspinall, 
Rector  of  Althorpe,  Chaplain  to  the  Rt.  Hon. 
Lord  Clonbrock,  and  J.  P.  for  the  co.  of  Lincoln, 
to  Annie,  widow  of  W.  Hunter,  esq.,  of  the  Ings, 
East  Butterwick. 

Jan.  22.  At  All  Souls',  Langham-pl.,  the  Hon. 
George  Waldegrave,  to  the  Countess  of  Rothes. 

At  Burton,  Westmoreland,  the  Rev.  Charles 
J.  Satterthwaite,  Incumbent  of  Disley,  Cheshire, 
to  Victoria  Susan,  fifth  dau.  of  Edmund  George 
Hornby,  esq.,  of  Daltoa-hall,  near  Burton. 

At  Silkestone,  Lieut-Col.  Charles  Augustus 
Cobbe,  chief  constable  of  the  West  Riding  of 
York,  to  Sarah  Anne,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
Robert  Couldwell  Clarke,  esq.,  of  Noblcthorpe, 
in  the  same  county. 

At  Corsley,  Wilts,  the  Rev.  Charles  Arthur 
GrifiUh,  late  Fellow  of  New  College,  Rector  of 
Berwick  8t  John,  Wilts,  to  Catharine  Mary, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Clavey  Griffith, 
formerly  Rector  of  Corsley,  and  of  Fyfield,  Wilts. 
At  St  James's,  Piccadilly,  the  Rev.  Christopher 
Brome  Barrow,  Rector  of  Barwell  and  Stapleton, 
Leicestershire,  to  Caroline  Isabella,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  John  Quicke,  esq.,  of  Newton 
St  Cyres,  co.  Devon. 

At  Burghfidd,  Berks,  George,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  George  Dettmar,  esq.,  of  Wanstead,  Essex, 
to  Gertrude  Charlotte  Tylden,  youngest  dau.  of 
the  late  Rev.  Charles  Chisholm,  Rural  Dean  and 
Rector  of  Southchurch,  Essex. 

At  8t  Michael's,  Chester-sq.,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
8tone  Camsew,  of  Flezbury,  and  Vicar  of  Poug- 
hilL  Cornwall,  to  Frances  Hallett,  eldest  dau.  of 
the  late  Sir  John  Edward  Honywood,  bart,  of 
Evington-pl.,  Kent 

Jan.  24.  At  Wanstead,  Laser  Josef  Constan- 
tino, esq.,  only  child  of  Lady  Conglcton,  to 
Elisabeth  Ann,  only  child  of  the  late  George 
Finnis,  esq.,  and  niece  of  T.  Q.  Finnis,  esq.,  Aid. 
At  8t  James's,  Piccadilly,  John  Richard, 
second  son  of  H.  W.  Howell,  esq.,  of  Glaspant, 
Carmarthenshire,  to  Sarah,  widow  of  Cuthbert 
Collingwood  Hall,  esq.,  and  granddau.  of  the 
late  Admiral  Lord  Collingwood. 

At  Wimborne  Minster,  Major  Mulook,  H.M.'s 
70th  Regt,  to  Julia  Florentia,  only  child  of  the 
late  Lieut.  John  Leigh  Doyle  Sturt,  H.M.'s 
Bengal  Engineers,  and  granddau.  of  the  late  Sir 
Robert  Sale,  G.C.B. 


1861 J 


203 


4Puituarg. 


[Relatives  or  Friend*  supplying  Memoirs  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  in 
order  that  a  Copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing  their  Communications 
may  be  fbrtcarded  to  them."]        


H.M.  the  Knee  op  Prussia. 

Jem.  2.  At  the  Palace  of  Sans-Souci, 
aged  65,  Frederick  William  IV.,  King  of 
Prussia. 

The  deceased  monarch  was  the  eldest 
son  of  King  Frederick  William  III.  by 
hit  heroic  queen  Louisa,  and  was  born  on 
the  15th  of  October,  1795.  His  education 
was  unusually  extensive  and  liberal,  and 
a  profound  lore  of  the  fine  arts  was  a 
marked  feature  in  his  character.  He 
■erred  in  the  army  in  the  War  of  Libera- 
tion of  1818-14,  and  erer  evinced  a  de- 
Toted  attachment  to  the  Fatherland.  His 
aims  were  all  high  and  chivalrous,  but  he 
had  not  the  practical  wisdom  to  contend 
successfully  with  less  scrupulous  politi- 
cians; and  thus  with  the  very  best  inten- 
tions in  the  world,  he  took  steps  which 
embroiled  him  with  his  subjects,  plunged 
him  into  numberless  difficulties,  and  seri- 
ously endangered  his  throne. 

Whilst  only  Crown  Prince  he  was  at 
the  bead  of  a  commission  for  granting 
a  constitution  to  the  Prussian  states,  and 
through  his  influence  one  was  granted, 
which,  however,  was  formed  too  much  on 
the  old  German  model  to  be  very  accept- 
able in  modern  times.  When  he  became 
King  (June  7,  1840)  he  did  much  to  alle- 
viate the  effects  of  the  harsh  repressive 
policy  of  his  father.  He  had  all  along 
cultivated  the  friendship  of  many  of  the 
leaders  of  the  popular  party,  and  his 
earliest  act  as  King  was  an  amnesty  for 
political  offences.  He  put  an  end  to  the 
quarrel  in  which  his  father  was  entangled 
with  Rome,  and  gave  freedom  to  the 
press.  His  court  was  adorned  with  the 
first  names  in  German  literature  and  art 
— SeheUing  and  Tieck,  Cornelius  and 
Mendelssohn.  But  though  he  called  into 
action  a  popular  movement  which  the  last 


ten  years  of  his  father's  life  had  been  em- 
ployed in  repressing,  he  did  not  do  enough 
to  satisfy  its  requirements.  He  had  carried 
the  first  step  under  his  father,  against  the 
joint  influence  of  Russia  and  Austria,  to 
whom  even  the  imperfect  shadow  of  a  con- 
stitution was  odious.  With  independent 
power  he  now  resolved  to  complete  this 
part  of  his  work,  and  to  forward  his  other 
idea,  to  which  this  was  only  subsidiary, — the 
union  of  Germany.  In  truth,  the  most  che- 
rished purposes  of  his  life  were  connected 
with  the  development  of  German  unity  in 
politics,  and  of  Christian  unity  in  ecclesi- 
astical affairs.  He  was  always  more  of 
a  German  than  a  king,  and  more  of  a 
Christian  than  a  Lutheran.  There  were 
days  when  he  hoped  to  give  definite  shape 
to  the  strong  yearnings  for  Catholicity 
which  so  painfully  affects  German  Luther- 
ism,  by  giving  to  Prussia  an  episcopate 
after  the  Anglican  model ;  and  he  fondly 
looked  to  the  completion  of  the  great 
cathedral  at  Cologne,  as  the  possible  token 
and  evidence  of  re-united  Christendom  in 
Northern  Germany.  But  the  dream  was 
not  to  be  accomplished,  at  least  in  his 
time.  Nor  were  his  political  dreams  des- 
tined to  a  more  practical  realization. 
History,  perhaps,  has  not  on  record  a 
finer  instance  of  self-sacrifice  than  the 
refusal  of  Frederick  William  to  take 
advantage  of  the  national  passion  for 
the  purposes  of  his  own  ambition,  and 
to  ride  on  the  wave  of  that  enthu- 
siasm, which  he  himself  felt  more  than 
any  one,  towards  the  prise  of  the  Im- 
perial Crown  of  Germany.  It  was  the 
object  of  his  life  that  the  German  race 
should  be  united  into  one  mighty  mo- 
narchy ;  but  he  felt  that  the  primary  title 
to  sway  that  sceptre  abode  with  the  House 
of  Hapstarg,  and  nothing  could  shake  his) 


204 


Obituary. — H.M.  the  King  of  Prussia. 


[Feb. 


feeling  of  duty  in  this  particular.  Even 
when  it  was  thoroughly  ascertained  that 
the  hesitating  policy  of  Austria  would  not 
admit  of  the  acceptance  of  the  Germanic 
throne  by  the  then  Emperor,  and  when 
the  deputation  of  the  Frankfort  Assembly 
waited  on  Frederick  William  to  offer  him 
the  crown  of  Charles  V.,  the  answer  of 
the  high-minded  King  was  still  true  to 
himself  and  his  honour.  The  great  his- 
toric prize  of  Teutonic  kingship— the  con- 
struction of  the  grand  national  polity, 
which  had  been  his  favourite  vision  for  so 
many  years — all  this  glittering  tempta- 
tion was  before  him,  but  he  spurned 
a  boon  which  was  offered  by  revolutionary 
wrong-doing,  His  answer  to  the  deputa- 
tion was  unhesitating  and  explicit.  He 
could  not  accept  the  offer,  he  said,  unless 
It  were  confirmed  by  those  whose  rights 
M  sovereign  princes  would  be  affected 
by  it. 

After  overcoming  much  opposition  from 
his  most  trusted  advisers,  the  King  early 
in  1847  published  a  patent  convoking  all 
the  Provincial  States  in  one  Assembly  in 
Berlin,  and  creating  an  Upper  House  of 
Lords.  In  his  speech  at  the  opening  of  the 
States-General  he  promised  much,  and  he 
meant  well,  but  unfortunately,  he  meant 
it  in  a  way  which  was  not  the  way  of  his 
generation.  Old  Germanism,  with  its 
nobles,  burghers,  and  peasants,  was  a  re- 
vival not  likely  to  find  acceptance  in 
1848,  when  the  revolutionary  insanity  of 
the  period  infected  the  people  of  Berlin, 
and  led  to  collisions  between  the  military 
and  citizens.  The  King  took  measures  to 
calm  the  tempest  of  insurrection,  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  national  party, 
and  proposed  to  fuse  all  the  German  states 
into  a  great  federal  union,  under  a  single 
monarch.  His  famous  saying,  "Prussia 
disappears  and  Germany  is  born/'  added 
fervour  to  the  existing  excitement  through- 
out Germany.  An  unfortunate,  though 
accidental,  quarrel  between  the  people  of 
Berlin  and  the  soldiers  induced  exaspera- 
tion on  both  sides,  and  renewed  bloodshed 
was  the  result.  Prisoners  were  taken,  but 
the  King  released  them,  following  up  his 
clemency  by  a  general  amnesty  for  political 
offences,  and  by  forming  a  new  adminis- 


tration from  the  ranks  of  men  in  the 
popular  confidence.  Restored  tranquillity 
was  the  immediate  consequence  of  his 
measures. 

Shortly  afterwards,  and  still  with  Ger- 
man unity  as  his  watchword,  he  undertook 
to  protect  Schleswig-Holstcin  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  claims  of  Denmark ;  but  when 
the  National  Assembly  at  Frankfort  passed 
over  his  pretensions,  and  elected  the  Arch- 
duke John  Lieutenant  •  General  of  the 
German  empire,  Frederick  William  be- 
came convinced  to  all  appearances  that 
"  German  unity,"  such  as  is  desired  by  the 
enthusiastic  students  of  Germany,  was  a 
game  too  difficult  for  him  to  play;  and 
that  as  a  king  he  would  better  consult  the 
interests  of  his  kingdom  by  giving  more 
of  his  attention  to  Prussia,  and  less  to 
Germany,  than  he  had  been  in  the  habit 
of  doing.  At  the  same  time,  as  if  fearful 
of  the  fate  of  Louis  XVI.  and  other  weak 
though  well-meaning  monarchs,he  thought 
it  safer  to  act  the  part  of  a  conservative 
than  that  of  a  revolutionary  sovereign, 
and  entered  upon  a  career  of  reaction 
which  exposed  him  to  much  ill-will,  if  not 
danger,  but  which  never  again  resulted  in 
popular  insurrection.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Crimean  war,  it  was  confidently  ex- 
pected that  the  King  of  Prussia  would 
have  cast  in  his  lot  with  Great  Britain 
and  France,  in  support  of  the  equilibrium 
of  Europe,  but  he  again  displayed  the 
vacillation  which  had  marked  his  former 
career,  and  time  wore  on,  and  found  him 
equally  distrusted  by  Russia  and  by  the 
Powers  opposed  to  her. 

The  health  of  the  King  had  suffered 
from  the  excitement  of  the  year  1818, 
and  as  early  as  1852  an  affection  of  the 
brain  was  manifest,  which  was  succeeded 
on  the  7th  of  August,  1857,  by  an  attack 
of  apoplexy,  from  which  he  never  reco- 
vered. It  was  at  length  deemed  neces- 
sary to  establish  a  regency ;  and  on  the 
9th  of  October,  1858,  the  King's  brother, 
Prince  Frederick  William  Louis,  the  heir- 
presumptive  to  the  throne,  was  inducted 
to  that  office. 

The  King  was  married  on  the  29th  of 
November,  1823,  to  Elizabeth  Louisa, 
daughter  of  the  late  Maximilian  Joseph, 


1861.]     Obituary. — The  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  K.G.,  K.T.,  %c.    205 


King  of  Bavaria.  There  has  been  no 
issue  by  the  marriage,  so  that  the  Regent 
has  now  succeeded  to  the  throne ;  his  heir 
is  the  Prince  Frederick  William  Nicholas 
Charles,  who  married,  on  the  25th  of 
January,  1858,  the  Princess  Royal  of 
England. 


The  Easl  op  Abehdeef,  K.G.,  E.T.,  Ac 
Dec.  14, 1860.    At  Argyll-house,  Lon- 
don, aged  76,  George  Hamilton  Gordon, 
fourth  Earl  of  Aberdeen. 

His  lordship,  who  was  the  eldest  son  of 
George,  Lord  Haddo,  son  of  the  third 
earl,  vwas  born  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  28, 
1784.  He  was  sent  to  England,  and  edu- 
cated at  Harrow,  and  though  afterwards 
entered  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
he  was  very  early  introduced  to  political 
life,  having  been  attached  to  the  em- 
bassy of  the  Marquis  Cornwallis  which  in 
1801  negotiated  the  peace  of  Amiens. 
About  this  time  he  succeeded  to  the  earl- 
dom, on  the  death  of  his  grandfather,  and 
most  parts  of  the  Continent  being  closed 
to  tourists  in  consequence  of  war,  he 
visited  Greece,  and  returned  to  England 
through  Turkey  and  Russia.  In  1804  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.,  and  in  1806,  on 
the  temporary  accession  of  the  Whigs  to 
office,  he  formally  entered  on  public  life, 
being  chosen  one  of  the  representative 
peers  for  Scotland.  The  Whigs  were 
soon  displaced,  and  Lord  Aberdeen  gave 
a  steady,  though  usually  silent  support  to 
their  successors ;  indeed,  through  life,  he 
maintained  a  reserve  whenever  possible, 
and  was  but  an  infrequent  speaker.  His 
great  talents  were,  however,  known  to 
his  intimates,  and  in  1813  he  was  pre- 
vailed on  to  enter  the  diplomatic  service, 
being  sent  as  ambassador  to  Vienna,  where 
by  the  exercise  of  skill  little  to  be  expected 
from  a  comparative  novice,  he  succeeded 
in  detaching  the  Emperor  of  Austria  from 
the  French  alliance,  and  had  equal  success 
in  working  on  the  hopes  and  fears  of  the 
weak  and  unprincipled  Joachim  Murat. 
The  earl  remained  in  attendance  on  the 
Austrian  emperor,  with  few  exceptions, 
till  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  and  accom- 
panied the  advance  of  the  Austrian  army 


to  Paris,  where  he  signed  the  Treaty  of 
Peace  in  behalf  of  Great  Britain,  on  the  1st 
June,  1814.  His  residence  abroad  at  that 
time  afforded  him  an  ample  opportunity 
of  becoming  acquainted  with  the  policy 
and  resources  of  Austria  and  other  foreign 
states,  of  which  he  made  excellent  use, 
and  which  qualified  him  in  after  years  for 
the  arduous  post  of  Minister  for  Foreign 
Affairs.  It  was  at  this  time  also  that  he 
made  his  acquaintance  with  Prince  Met- 
ternich,  and  other  statesmen  who  subse- 
quently rose  to  supreme  power  in  Ger- 
many, and  there  is  little  doubt  that  his 
connexion  with  these  ministers  of  absolute 
power  had  its  influence  on  the  policy 
which,  as  Foreign  Minister  of  England,  he 
felt  it  his  duty  to  pursue.     * 

On  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  was 
advanced  to  a  British  peerage,  by  the  title 
of  Viscount  Gordon,  but  he  then  retired 
from  the  public  service,  and  did  not  again 
enter  it  until  the  year  1828,  when  he 
became  Foreign  Secretary  under  the  Duke 
of  Wellington.  In  1830  he  quitted  office 
along  with  the  Duke,  and  (with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  months  in  1834-5)  it  was  not 
until  1841  that  he  returned  to  Downing 
Street,  in  the  Cabinet  of  Sir  Robert  Peel. 
His  tenure  of  office  extended  to  1846,  and 
then  he  was  in  opposition  until  December, 
1852,  when  he  became  Premier,  at  the 
head  of  a  Coalition  Ministry,  on  the  re- . 
tirement  of  the  Earl  of  Derby. 

The  doctrine  of  non-interference  in  the 
affairs  of  foreign  states  was  the  great 
principle  of  Lord  Aberdeen  throughout 
his  political  life,  and  he  adhered  to  it  in 
spite  of  much  obloquy  on  various  occasions. 
This  policy,  which  so  strongly  contrasted 
with  the  more  popular  ceaseless  interfe- 
rence of  the  other  great  Foreign  Secre- 
tary of  the  day,  if  judged  by  its  fruits, 
was  consistent  with  both  the  welfare 
and  the  dignity  of  England.  Lord  Aber- 
deen steadily  refused  to  intermeddle  in 
the  disputes  of  the  various  claimants  of 
the  Spanish  and  the  Portuguese  thrones; 
he  closed  satisfactorily  the  first  war  with 
China;  he  settled  amicably  several  irri- 
tating questions  with  the  United  States; 
and  it  was  only  his  wise  and  conciliatory 
measures  that  averted  war  with  France- 


206      Obxtuaey.— The  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  K.G.,  K.T.,  %c.     [Feb. 


<m  the  Spanish  marriages  and  the  Tahiti 
questions.  These  services  to  his  country 
were  rendered  whilst  he  occupied  a  tub* 
ordinate  position,  but  his  career  as  Premier 
was  by  no  means  so  successful.  The  de- 
signs of  Russia  in  the  East  had  long  been 
a  subject  of  apprehension  to  many  politi- 
cians, and  though  his  lordship  did  not 
■hare  these  fears,  he  was  unable  to  dissi- 
pate them;  indeed  he  became  obnoxious 
to  many  for  attempting  to  do  so;  and  at 
last,  much  against  his  own  convictions  as 
may  be  readily  believed,  he  found  himself 
obliged  to  make  war  against  his  "  ancient 
friend"  the  Emperor  of  Russia  in  behalf 
of  tjie  integrity  of  Turkey.  On  the  events 
of  the  war  we  need  not  dwell;  it  will  be 
sufficient  to  temark,  that  dissatisfaction 
with  its  conduct  was  freely  expressed,  and 
that  in  consequence  Lord  Aberdeen  finally 
quitted  office  on  the  80th  of  January,  1865. 
The  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in 
retirement,  mainly  owing  to  failing  health, 
but  the  approbation  of  the  Sovereign  was 
evinced  by  the  bestowal  of  the  Order  of 
the  Garter,  as  also  by  a  visit  paid  to  him 
at  Haddo-house  in  the  year  1867. 

Though  truly  conservative  through  life, 
Lord  Aberdeen  evinced  on  many  occasions 
genuine  liberality  of  sentiment.  Being 
himself  a  Presbyterian,  he  voted  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Test  and  Corporation  Acts, 
justly  feeling  that  the  holy  sacrament 
was  profaned  when  used  as  a  qualification 
for  office;  and  he  voted  first  for  the  re- 
moval of  Roman  Catholic  disabilities  and 
next  for  the  repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws,  not 
as  some  did,  because  such  was  the  Minis- 
terial policy  of  the  day,  but  because,  as  he 
said,  he  had  long  before  seen  the  justice 
of  both.  To  his  native  country  of  Scot- 
land he  was  deeply  attached,  and  he  took 
great,  though  unsuccessful  pains  to  avert 
the  Secession  of  1843;  his  counsels  were 
too  wise  and  moderate  to  satisfy  tho  zea- 
lots on  either  side. 

Lord  Aberdeen  was  a  man  of  high  lite- 
rary culture,  and  took  a  deep  interest  in 
classical  subjects,  as  was  evidenced  by  an 
elaborate  article  on  Trojan  topography 
which  he  contributed  when  very  young  to 
the  "  Edinburgh  Review,**  and  by  a  valu- 
able Introduction  to  Wilkins*  translation 


of  Vitruvius,  in  which  he  discussed  the 
principles  of  beauty  in  Grecian  architec- 
ture. He  also  gave  attention  to  archaeo- 
logy, and  was  for  some  years  President  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  His  lordship 
married  first  Lady  Catharine  Hamilton, 
third  daughter  of  the  first  Marquis  of 
Abercorn ;  and  secondly,  Harriet,  widow  of 
James,  Viscount  Hamilton,  His  issue  by 
his  first  wife  all  died  before  him,  but  of 
the  children  of  the  second  marriage  there 
survive,  George,  Lord  Haddo  (now  Earl  of 
Aberdeen) ;  Col.  Alexander  Gordon,  C.B. ; 
the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Douglas  Gordon,  Trea- 
surer of  Salisbury;  and  the  Hon.  Arthur 
Gordon. 

The  foreign  policy  of  the  Earl  of  Aber- 
deen has  been  often  censured  by  ardent 
politicians,  as  indicating  a  preference  for 
absolute  rather  than  constitutional  govern- 
ment. This  charge  is  manifestly  unjust, 
but  it  is  not  the  only  one  under  which  the 
deceased  has  laboured.  The  fact  is,  that 
his  real  character  was  understood  but  by 
few.  It  has  been  said  that  he  was  ha- 
bitually cold  and  austere.  That  austerity 
was  a  mere  external  covering,  under  which 
was  hidden  one  of  the  warmest  of  human 
hearts.  Early  trained  to  master  his  emo- 
tions, he  could  and  did  restrain  his  feel- 
ings. But  naturally  he  was  a  man  of  ex- 
ceedingly quick  temper,  and  occasionally, 
when  the  restraint  was  relaxed,  there  were 
manifestations  alike  of  hastiness  of  disposi- 
tion and  of  the  deepest  kindliness  of  souL 
He  did  not  wear  his  heart  upon  his  sleeve, 
but  he  was  not  destitute  of  feeling  either 
in  reference  to  injustice  done  to  himself, 
or  in  sympathy  for  the  distresses  of  others. 
His  emotion  was  not  the  less  sincere,  that 
it  did  not  meet  the  public  eye,  nor  did  it 
tell  with  the  less  effect  upon  himself. 

Like  his  great  colleague,  Wellington, 
his  one  great  aim  was  to  do  his  duty  to 
his  country.  With  him  the  question  was 
not  so  much,  What  is  expedient  ?  as  What 
is  duty  ?  He  had  the  most  lively  sense  of 
the  value  of  time,  and  was  most  methodical 
in  all  his  arrangements.  So  far  as  he  could 
arrange  it,  every  hour  had  its  own  proper 
work.  If  he  met  on  business,  it  was  de- 
spatched in  the  fewest  possible  words; 
and,  so  soon  as  it  was  finished,  the  inter- 


1861-3        Obituary.— The  Marquis  of  Dalhousie,  K.T. 


207 


closed.  The  high  value  he  placed 
on  time  leading  him  to  curtail  interviews 
and  conversations,  tended  to  strengthen 
the  opinion  of  the  austerity  of  his  cha- 


The  best  of  all  testimony  to  a  man's 
merits  is  certainly  that  which  is  afforded 
by  his  neighbours.  We  therefore  quote, 
as  an  estimate  of  the  character  of  the  late 
Earl,  a  portion  of  the  statement  which  a 
local  paper  ("The  Banffshire  Journal") 
has  furnished  on  the  subject : — 


«« 


A  popular  belief  respecting  the  de- 
parted statesman  was,  that  his  horror  of 
war  was  so  great  that  he  counted  no  sacri- 
fice too  great  to  avert  it.  This  might  be 
true  of  an  offensive  war,  but  with  regard 
to  a  war  for  defence  of  the  national  liber- 
ties, his  sentiments  were  widely  different. 
He  certainly  went  with  great  reluctance 
into  the  war  against  Russia,  because  the 
interest  we  had  in  that  question  was  one 
that  was  not  at  first  very  palpable.  But 
any  measure  for  the  defence  of  our  shores 
had  his  hearty  support.  Need  we  refer  to 
his  warm  reception  of  the  Volunteer  Move- 
ment ?  At  a  very  early  stage,  he  addressed 
a  letter  to  the  Convener  of  Aberdeenshire, 
recommending  the  movement  very  strongly 
to  the  support  of  the  country.  H  is  tenantry 
in  Methlic  and  Tarves  raised  the  second 
Rifle  Corps  in  Aberdeenshire;  and,  with 
his  lordship's  consent,  bis  son,  the  Hon. 
Arthur  Gordon,  became  Captain  of  the 
corps,  and  did  all  that  was  possible  to 
strengthen  the  cause  in  the  district.  At 
the  inspection  of  the  Corps  in  September 
last,  the  noble  Earl,  though  in  the  very 
feeblest  health,  attended  in  his  carriage, 
and,  during  the  whole  of  the  inspection, 
watched  the  proceedings  with  the  liveliest 
interest.  The  very  last  day  but  one  he 
spent  in  the  North  was  devoted  to  a  cere- 
mony intended  to  encourage  the  same 
patriotic  cause.  On  the  2nd  of  last  Octo- 
ber, the  day  before  he  left  Haddo-house 
never  to  return,  he  had  the  officers  of  the 
Methlic  and  Tarves  Volunteer  Rifles  in- 
vited to  Haddo-house,  when  he  presented 
each  of  them  from  his  own  hand  with  a 
handsome  and  valuable  sword,  highly  orna- 
mented, in  a  suitable  sheath,  and  the 
handle  bearing  an  inscription  that  it  was 
presented  by  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen.  The 
ceremonial  was  a  very  affecting  one.  The 
noble  Earl  was  so  weak  that  he  was  com- 
pelled to  sit  on  a  couch,  and  it  was  as  if 
with  his  latest  strength  that  he  handed  to 
each  young  officer  the  sword,  as  a  token 
that  be  who  had  once  directed  armies  and 


planned  campaigns,  and  wielded  the  whole 
force  of  the  British  Empire,  desired  to 
leave  behind  a  proof  of  how  earnestly  he 
sought  to  preserve  his  country's  liberties 
from  even  the  menace  of  foreign  aggres- 
sion. The  good  old  man  was  so  affected 
that  he  could  only  utter  a  few  words,  but 
his  emotion  found  relief  in  tears. 

"  The  deceased  peer  wss  one  of  the  most 
indulgent  of  landlords.  No  one  was  ever 
distrained  for  rent  on  his  property.  There 
is,  we  believe,  no  case  on  record  of  a  tenant 
being  turned  away  for  non-payment  of 
rent.  They  all  sat  on  the  most  easy  terms, 
and  many  of  them  have  acquired  very 
great  wealth.  He  was  proud  of  them,  and 
proud  of  their  wealth  too.  Need  we  say 
they  adored  him,  and  would  have  done 
anything  for  him  ?  Lord  Aberdeen  will 
be  much  missed  in  Court,  and  palace,  and 
Parliament,  but  nowhere  will  he  be  more 
missed  or  more  sincerely  regretted  than 
by  all  classes  of  his  tenantry  in  the  county 
from  which  he  took  his  title." 


Tub  Mabqt/ib  ov  Daxhoubu,  K.T. 

Dee.  19, 1860.  At  Dalhousie  Castle,  sged 
48,  James  Andrew  Broun  Ramsay,  tenth 
Earl  and  first  Marquis  of  Dalhousie,  K.T. 

Thedeceas*dpeer  was  born  April  22, 1812, 
and  was  the  third  son  of  George,  ninth  earl, 
a  distinguished  Peninsular  and  Waterloo 
officer,  who  was  for  a  time  Governor  of 
Canada,  and  Commander  of  the  Forces  in 
India  from  1821  to  1882,  but  more  fami- 
liarly known  in  Scotland  as  "the  Laird  of 
Cockpen,"  from  his  representing  in  right 
of  possession,  if  not  of  descent,  the  hero  of 
a  certain  humorous  song  whose  courtship 
by  no  means  ran  smoothly.  His  mother, 
who  died  in  1839,  was  Christian,  only 
child  and  heiress  of  Charles  Broun,  Esq., 
of  Colstoun,  in  East  Lothian.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow,  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  fburth  class  in 
Classics  in  1833,  and  where  he  subsequently 
graduated  M.A.  in  1838. 

The  death  of  George,  Lord  Ramsay,  in 
1832,  (Charles,  the  second  son,  died  in 
1817,)  devolved  the  junior  title  of  the  noble 
house  on  the  deceased  peer  at  twenty  yean 
of  age.  His  first  appearance  in  public 
life  was  in  contesting,  along  with  the  late 
Mr.  Learmonth  of  Dean,  in  1834*  the  re- 
presentation of  the  city  of  Edinburgh 
against  the  Hon.  James  Abercromby,  after- 


208 


Obituary.— The  Marquis  of  Dalhousie,  K.T.         [Feb, 


wards  Lord  Dunfermline,  and  Sir  John 
Campbell,  now  Lord  Chancellor  of  Eng- 
land. Lord  Ramsay  supported  the  Con- 
servative cause  with  the  highest  spirit  and 
ability  in  that  keen  and  memorable  con- 
test, and  shewed  himself  to  be  a  man 
marked  oat  for  a  high  career;  but  like 
another  eminent  Scotch  peer  who  has 
greatly  distinguished  himself  in  colonial 
administration,  he  was  unsuccessful,  the 
tide  of  public  feeling  being  then  ad- 
verse to  Conservative  principles.  Unsuc- 
cessful in  the  Scottish  metropolis,  Lord 
Ramsay  was,  not  long  after,  more  gra- 
ciously received  by  the  great  agricultural 
county  of  East  Lothian,  with  which  he 
was  maternally  connected.  Returned  for 
that  county  in  1837,  he  only  sat  in  the 
Lower  House  about  a  year,  when  the 
death  of  his  father  called  him  to  the  House 
of  Lords  in  1888.  In  June,  1848,  Sir 
Robert  Feel  appointed  him  Vice-President 
of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  in  February, 
1845,  he  was  called  upon  to  take  the  Pre- 
sidency of  that  department.  His  power 
of  work  was  unlimited;  he  was  among 
the  first  to  arrive  at  his  office,  and  the  last 
to  go  away,  often  extending  his  labours  to 
two  and  three  o'clock  of  the  following 
morning.  He  was,  after  a  short  but  active 
apprenticeship  at  the  Board  of  Trade, 
offered  the  splendid  position  of  Governor- 
General  of  India,  as  successor  to  Lord 
Hardinge.  He  accepted  the  offer,  and 
arrived  at  Calcutta  on  the  12th  of  January, 
1848,  and  he  held  his  high  office  for  eight 
years,  a  period  marked  by  many  most  im- 
portant events. 

A  lucid,  if  rather  one-sided  account  of 
what  Lord  Dalhousie  proposed  to  him- 
self, and  what  he  effected  as  Governor- 
General,  will  be  found  in  the  celebrated 
minute  which  he  drew  up,  reviewing  his 
administration  in  India  from  January, 
1848,  to  March,  1856.  It  occupies  some 
forty  folio  pages,  and  is  one  of  tho  most 
remarkable  State  papers  ever  penned,  but 
its  conclusions  have  not  met  with  univer- 
sal approval;  though  no  one  has  ever 
questioned  his  zeal  and  his  good  inten- 
tions, an  impression  prevails  that  he 
•moved  too  quickly  in  his  reforms,  and 
prepared  a  troublesome  post  for  his  suc- 
11 


cessor.  His  own  position,  too,  was  most 
arduous;  his  constitution  was  not  strong, 
and  it  broke  down  under  the  excess 
of  labour.  It  was  when  his  health  was 
thus  destroyed  that  the  home  autho- 
rities decided  to  depose  the  King  of  Oude 
and  occupy  his  kingdom.  Lord  Dalhousie 
wrote  to  the  Court  of  Directors  to  say  that 
if  his  services  were  required  he  would  do 
the  work  before  leaving  his  post,  and  his 
last  days  in  India  were  given  to  that  work 
of  his  which  has  been  most  questioned,  and 
which  has  brought  upon  him  not  a  little 
obloquy.  On  the  29th  of  February,  1856, 
Lord  Canning  commenced  his  reign  over 
India,  and  on  the  6th  of  March  Lord 
Dalhousie  left  Calcutta.  On  his  return  to 
this  country,  the  Town  Council  of  Edin- 
burgh offered  to  the  noble  Marquis  the 
freedom  of  the  city.  The  Marquis  ex- 
pressed great  pleasure  at  the  honour  pro- 
posed to  be  paid,  but  deferred  acceptance 
of  it,  owing  to  the  state  of  his  health. 
Unhappily,  his  lordship's  health  never 
sufficiently  recovered  to  enable  him  to 
attend  any  public  demonstration  of  this 
kind. 

Lord  Dalhousie  married  in  1836  Lady 
Susan  Georgians,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
Marquis  of  Tweeddale,  who  died  in  1853, 
when  returning  from  India  in  ill  health,  and 
almost  within  sight  of  the  shores  of  Eng- 
land. By  her  he  has  left  two  daughters — 
Lady  Susan  Georgians,  born  in  1837,  and 
Lady  Edith  Christian,  born  in  1839.  The 
latter  in  1859  married  Sir  James  Fergus- 
son  of  Eilkerran,  M.P.,  and  has  issue. 
The  Scotch  title  of  Earl  of  Dalhousie  falls, 
in  default  of  male  issue  of  the  late  Mar- 
quis, to  Lord  Panmure,  who  inherits  also 
the  ancestral  estate  of  Dalhousie. 

The  late  Marquis  was  appointed  Lord 
Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports  on  the  death 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  1852,  he 
being  the  Governor-General  of  India,  but 
owing  to  infirm  health  he  never  visited 
the  Cinque  Ports  after  his  appointment. 
His  Lordship  also  held  the  office  of  Lord 
Clerk  Register  of  Scotland,  to  which  he 
was  appointed  in  1845. 

The  family  of  the  Ramsays  is  one  of  old 
standing  in  Scotland.  It  is  traced  bac7: 
to  the  reign  of  David  I.    Sir  Alexander 


1861.]  Vice- Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.  C.B. 


209 


Ramsay,  Knight  of  Dalhousie,  was  War- 
den of  the  Middle  Marches  of  Scotland, 
and  was  named  Sheriff  of  Teviotdale  by 
David  II.,  in  which  office  he  was  appointed 
to  supersede  William  Douglas,  Knight  of 
Liddesdale,  but  the  latter,  coming  to  the 
Court  at  Hawick  with  an  armed  retinae, 
captured  Ramsay  and  threw  him  into  a 
dungeon  to  perish  of  famine.  It  was  Sir 
John  R<imsay,  a  lineal  descendant  of  this 
ill-fated  knight,  who  frustrated  the  me- 
morable Gowrie  conspiracy  against  the  life 
of  James  VI.,  and  stabbed  the  iSarl  of 
Gowrie  as  he  rushed  sword  in  hand,  with 
armed  attendants,  into  the  King's  apart- 
ment. The  first  patent  of  nobility  con- 
ferred upon  the  family  was  given  to  this 
loyal  defender  of  the  King,  who,  in  August 
1600,  was  created  Lord  Ramsay  of  Barns 
and  Viscount  Haddington,  and  was  subse- 
quently created  Earl  of  Holderness  in  the 
peerage  of  England,  but,  dying  without 
issue  in  1635,  his  honours  expired.  In 
1618,  however,  his  elder  brother,  George, 
had  been  ennobled  under  the  title  of  Lord 
Ramsay  of  Melrose,  which  title  he  after- 
wards obtained  the  King's  leave  to  change 
to  Lord  Ramsay  of  Dalhousie.  William, 
second  Baron,  was  created  Earl  of  Dal- 
housie in  1633.  The  connection  between 
the  Ramsay  and  Maule  family  was  formed 
by  George  Lord  Ramsay,  son  of  William, 
sixth  Earl  and  great-grandson  of  the  first 
Earl,  who  married  Jane,  second  daughter 
of  the  Hon.  Harry  Maule  of  Kelly,  and 
niece  of  James,  fourth  Earl  of  Panmure, 
whose  titles  were  all  forfeited  in  1715,  for 
his  support  of  the  first  Pretender.  Charles, 
seventh  Earl,  and  George,  eighth  Earl, 
were  grandsons  of  this  Lord  Ramsay,  who 
never  himself  reached  the  title.  George, 
eighth  Earl,  was  Lord  High  Commissioner 
to  the  General  Assembly  from  1777  to 
1782.  He  succeeded  to  the  Panmure 
estates  by  the  death  of  his  uncle,  William 
Maule,  with  remainder,  according  to  set- 
tlement, to  his  second  son,  William,  who, 
in  1831,  was  created  Baron  Panmure  in 
the  Peerage  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the 
old  Scottish  earldom  of  Panmure  and 
barony  of  Maule  being  still  under  at- 
tainder. The  ninth  Earl,  and  elder  bro- 
ther of  the  late  Lord  Panmure,  was  the 
Gnrr.  Mao.  Vol.  OCX. 


father  of  the  noble  Marquis  now  deceased. 
He  was  in  1815,  for  his  military  services, 
created  a  peer  of  the  United  Kingdom  as 
Baron  Dalhousie,  of  Dalhousie  Castle, 
having  previously  received  the  honour  of 
K.C.B.  His  'death  took  place  in  March, 
1838.  The  marquisate  was  conferred  on 
the  late  Earl  in  1849,  for  his  services  in 
the  annexation  of  the  Punjaub,  the  title 
being  Marquis  of  Dalhousie,  of  Dalhousie 
Castle  and  of  the  Punjaub. 


Vicb-Admibal  Sib  Chabxbs  Napieb, 

K.C.B. 

Nov.  6,  1860.  At  Merchistonn-hall, 
Horndean,  Hants,  aged  75,  Vice- Admiral 
Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.C.B.,  Ac,  M.P. 
for  Southwark. 

The  deceased  was  a  cadet  of  the  noble 
house  of  Napier.  His  father  was  the  Hon. 
Capt.  Charles  Napier,  R.N.,  second  son  of 
the  sixth  lord,  and  his  mother  was  Chris- 
tian, daughter  of  Gabriel  Hamilton,  Esq., 
of  Westburn,  Lanarkshire.  His  uncle  was 
the  Hon.  Col.  George,  and  thus  he  was 
first  cousin  of  Charles  James  and  William 
Napier,  the  hero  of  Scinde  and  the  his- 
torian of  the  Peninsular  War.  He  was' 
born  on  the  6th  of  March,  1786,  at  the 
family  seat,  Merchistoun-hall,  in  the 
county  of  Stirling,  and  went  to  sea  as 
a  naval  volunteer  in  the  year  1799,  on 
board  the  "  Martin"  sloop  of  war,  then 
commanded  by  the  Hon.  Capt.  Sinclair, 
and  employed  in  the  North  Sea.  He 
afterwards  was  in  the  expedition  to  Fer- 
rol,  and  also  served  in  the  Mediterranean 
and  in  the  West  Indies.  In  1805  he  be- 
came lieutenant,  and  the  next  year  he  was 
at  the  capture  of  the  "  Marengo"  and  "  La 
Belle  Poule."  Early  in  1807  he  received 
the  command  of  the  "  Pultusk,"  brig,  but 
was  soon  afterwards  transferred  to  the 
"  Recruit,"  of  eighteen  guns,  in  which,  on 
the  6th  of  September,  1806,  he  fought  a 
sharp  action  with  the  "Diligente,"a  French 
corvette  of  twenty-two  guns.  The  fight 
began  at  seven  in  the  morning,  and  lasted 
for  five  hours,  when  the  M  Diligente" 
sheered  off.  The  "  Recruit"  had  lost  her 
mainmast,  several  of  her  guns  were  dis- 
mounted, and  her  commander  had  had  his 
thigh  broken  by  a  bullet  while  engaging 

Dd 


210 


Vice- Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.C.B. 


[Feb. 


within  pistol-shot.  Though  his.  wound 
was  a  desperate  one,  he  resolutely  kept  on 
deck,  and  he  so  encouraged  his  crew  that 
they  at  once  set  about  repairing  some  of 
the  damages  to  the  vessel,  remounted 
their  guns,  cleared  away  the  wreck  of  the 
mast,  and  made  sail  in  pursuit ;  hut  owing 
to  the  crippled  condition  of  the  "Recruit*" 
they  were  unable  to  overtake  the  enemy; 
although  they  continued  the  chase  far 
into  the  night.  .  In  the  next  year  Napier 
had  recovered  from  his  wound,  though 
with  a  halt  in.  bis  gait,  which  continued 
through  life,  and  he  served  at  the  reduc- 
tion of  Martinique,  where,  accompanied 
by  only  five  men,  he  scaled  one  of  the 
forts,  and  thus  greatly  facilitated  the  sur- 
render of  the  island.  In  the  harbour  he 
had  the  pleasure  to  find  his  old  antagonist, 
the  "DUigente,"  which  had  escaped  bis 
eager  pursuit  six  months  before. 

On  the  14th  of  April,  1809,  three  French 
line-of-batUe  ships  attempted  to  escape 
from  Guadeloupe,  and  a  chase  was  com- 
menced by  the  squadron  of  Sir  Alexandra* 
Cochrane,  which  was  employed  in  block- 
ading the  port.  An  English  seventy-four 
(the  "  Pompee")  attempted  to  hinder  their 
escape,  but  having  a  strong  breeze  in 
their  favour  they  outsailed  her.  Napier 
(then  a  commander)  followed  them,  all 
night,  in  his  18-gun  brig  "  Recruit,''  *nd, 
without  any  regard  to  their  heavy  metal, 
exchanged  shots  with  them ;  but  his  con- 
duct was  quite  the  reverse  of  rash.  He 
kept  close  to  the  rearmost  French  ship, 
"  Jy  Hautpoult,"  and  the  result  was  as  he 
had  anticipated;  for  most  of  her  shot 
passed  over  him,  or  only  damaged  his 
spars,  and  he  had  bat  one  man  wounded, 
although  his  little  vessel  was  eventu- 
ally disabled.  His  incessant  cannonade 
produced  more  effect  than  could  have 
been  expected  on  his  huge  opponent,  and 
its  sound  enabled  the  rest  of  the  Eng- 
lish squadron  to  follow  her  track,  which 
otherwise,  from  the  inferiority  of  their 
sailing,  they  were  likely  to  lose  in  the 
darkness.  A  running  action,  in  which  all 
the  three  French  ships  bore  a  part  occa- 
sionally, was  kept  up  throughout  the  whole 
of  the  16th,  but  at  night  they  separated. 
The  "Recruit"  and  "PompeV  however, 


followed  "  D'Hautpoult,"  until  the  brig 
was  entirely  disabled,  when  two  frigates 
took  her  place,  and  after  another  day's 
skirmishing,  the  French  ship  was  at  last 
captured  on  the  17th  of  April.  The  prize 
was  added  to  the  British  navy  under  the 
name  of  the  w  Abercromby,"  and  the  ad- 
miral very  properly  gave  its  command  to 
Napier,  who  was  also  soon  after  made  a 
post-captain;  bnt  this,  promotion  threw 
him  out  of  active  service,  and  "by  way  of 
amusement,"  as  he  expressed  it,  he  served 
ashore  in  the  Peninsula,  along  with  his 
cousins,  George,  Charles,  and  William  Na- 
pier. He  was  wounded  at  Bnsaco,  but  he 
gained  a  stock  of  military  experience  which 
stood  him  in  good  stead  on  many  future 
occasions.  A  high  authority  has  declared 
that  his  genius  was  essentially  military, 
and  that,  contrary  to  the  opinion  com- 
monly entertained,  he  never  from  mere 
bravado  ran  unnecessary  risks.  He  shewed 
both  in  Portugal  and  in  Syria  that  he  pos- 
sessed no  mean  skill  in  military  move- 
ments, and  those  who  were  competent  to 
judge,  have  declared  that  if  he  had  been 
in  the  army,  he  would  probably  have 
earned  as  high  a  name  there  as  he  did 
in  the  sister  service. 

When  Captain  Napier  recovered  from 
his  wound  he  applied  to  the  Admiralty 
for  a  ship,  and  early  in  1811  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  "  Thames,"  a  82-gnn  frigate. 
With  this  vessel  be  greatly  distinguished 
himself.  Sometimes  alone,  and  sometimes 
in  company  with  other  ships,  but  always, 
from  his  force  of  character,  taking  the  lead 
whether  in  actual  command  or  not,  he 
inflicted  an  incredible  amount  of  damage 
on  the  enemy,  and  put  a  total  stop  to  their 
attempts  to  construct  a  fleet  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, which  the  abundance  of  ship- 
timber  and  other,  naval  stores  in  the 
Adriatic  would  have  allowed  them  to  ac- 
complish hut  for  his  energy  in  harassing 
them,  capturing  the  cargoes  of  raw  mate- 
rial, burning  the  half-built  vessels,  and 
storming  the  numerous  naval  depots.  At 
Porto  del  Infresohi,  on  the  21st  of  July, 
be  first  drove  into  the  harbour  a  fleet  of 
thirty  merchantmen,  then  followed  them, 
silenced  the  fire  of  a  dozen  gun-boats,  and 
while  his  gallant  companion,  Commander 


1861.] 


Vice-Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.C.B. 


211 


Clifford  (now  Sir  Augustas  W.  Clifford, 
gentleman  usher  of  the  black  rod  to  the 
House  of  Peers),  seized  the  vessels  and 
a  large  quantity  of  naval  stores,  Napier 
landed  hit  marines,  stormed  a  martello 
tower,  and  carried  off  eighty  prisoners. 
In  the  November  following  he  was  em- 
ployed in  a  land  operation  at  Palinuro, 
which  he  brought  to  a  successful  issue. 
In  the  harbour  were  ten  gun-boats  and 
a  number  of  merchant  vessels,  and  to 
attack  these  as  well  as  the  fort  that 
defended  them,  Captain  Napier  landed 
with  260  men  of  the  62nd  Regt,  the 
marines  of  his  own  vessel  and  of  the 
"Imperieose,"  and  a  body  of  sailors.  He 
stormed  the  heights  at  the  back  of  the 
town,  and  held  his  post  there,  though  as- 
sailed by  large  bodies  of  French  troops, 
until  the  following  day;  then,  finding 
himself  unable  to  drive  the  enemy  from 
a  strong  tower  that  protected  the  gun- 
boats*  he  went  on  board  his  vessel,  when 
both  frigates  ran  close  in  shore,  sank  two 
of  the  gun-boats,  captured  the  rest,  and 
soon  compelled  the  fort  to  surrender. 
A  landing  was  then  again  made,  the  guns 
thrown  into  the  sea,  and  the  fort  blown 
.up,  and  the  British  kept  possession  of 
the  heights  until  the  following  day,  when 
they  carried  off  with  them  all  the  remain- 
ing gun-boats,  twenty-two  merchant-ves- 
sek,  and  a  great  quantity  of  naval  stores 
which  had  been  provided  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  fleet  at  Naples. 

On  the  14th  of  Hay,  1812,  Capt.  Napier, 
ttwompanied  by  the  18-gun  brig  "  Pilot,'' 
attacked  the  port  of  Sapri,  where  he  si- 
lenced a  fort  and  a  battery  after  a  two- 
hoars'  cannonade  within  pistol-shot,  and 
carried  off  or  destroyed  twenty-eight  mer- 
chant-vessels* though  some  of  them  were 
high  and  dry  on  the  land,  a  full  quarter 
of  a  mile  from  the  shore.  What  still  re- 
mained of  the  battery,  after  the  prises 
-were  fairly  afloat,  was  blown  up,  and  the 
victors  retired  quite  at  their  leisure  at  son- 
set.  Early  in  the  following  year,  in  com- 
pany with  the  "Furieuse,"  he  captured 
the  island  of  Ponsa,  and  though  he  had 
to  contend  with,  four  heavy  batteries  and 
a  strong  tower,  he  accomplished  the  matter 
with  trifling  toe* 


This  was  Captain  Napier's  last  marked 
exploit  in  the  "  Thames."  He  was  soon 
after  removed  to  the  "  Euryalus,"  but  had 
no  opportunity  of  doing  more  than  driving 
whole  fleets  of  merchant-Vessels  for  shelter 
under  batteries,  until  the  year  1814,  when 
he  was  ordered  to  America,  His  vessel  was 
one  of  a  squadron  under  Capt.  Gordon, 
and  Napier  led  the  way  in  the  very 
hazardous  ascent  and  descent  of  the  Poto- 
mac, though  the  navigation  was  little 
known  and  the  banks  were  lined  with  bat- 
teries and  riflemen;  and  he  afterwards 
served  with  much  distinction  in  the  opera* 
tions  against  Baltimore. 

At  the  close  of  the  American  war  in 
1815,  Captain  Napier  offered  his  services 
— which  were  accepted  by  Government-— 
for  the  organization  of  a  naval  brigade  to 
serve  on  the  French  coast,  but  ere  the  mat- 
terwas  fully  arranged,  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo rendered  it  unnecessary.  His  ship  was 
paid  offj  and  he  received  the  decoration 
of  C.B.,  but  he  was  placed  on  .half-pay, 
and  remained  out  of  active  service  for 
fourteen  years.  In  1816  he  married 
Eliza,  the  daughter  of  Lieut.  Younghns- 
band,  B.N.,  whom  he  had  known  from 
boyhood,  their  fathers  having  been  brother 
officers.  This  lady  was  the  relict  of  Lieut* 
Edward  Elers,  B.N.,  and  had  four  young 
children  (two  sons  and  two  daughters),  who 
were  treated  by  Captain  Napier  as  his  own, 
and  assumed  his  name.  One  is  now  Major- 
General  Elers  Napier,  and  another  was 
Captain  Charles  Napier,  R.N.,  who  was 
lost  in  command  of  the  "  Avenger,"  steam- 
frigate,  in  1847  ?  one  daughter,  Georgians, 
is  the  wife  of  Major  Lacy,  staff-officer  of 
pensioners  at  Southampton,  and  the  other, 
Eliza  Ann,  the  wife  of  Colonel  Cherry, 
now  in  command  of  the  1st  Madras  Light 
Cavalry,  in  India.  By  his  wife  (who  died 
in  1857)  he  has  but  one  surviving  daugh- 
ter, Fanny  Eloisa,  who  is  married  to  the 
Rev.  H.  Jodrell,  rector  of  Gistebam,  near 
Lowestoft. 

During  the  first  few  yean  after  the 
peace  of  1815,  Captain  Napier  travelled 
with  his  family  over  the  greater  part  of 
Europe,  and  wherever  be  went  he  closely 
observed  the  military  and  naval  resources 
of  each  country.    A  valuable  record  of  his 


812  Vice- Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.C.B.  [Feb.  _ 

intelligence  and  industry  exists  in  a  volume  inferior  to  that  of  Dom  Miguel.  Napier, 
of  plans  and  statistics,  which  is  among  the  however,  was  in  himself  able  to  compen- 
very  numerous  MSS.  that  he  has  left  be-  sate  for  all  these  disadvantages.  He  in- 
hind  him.  It  contains  observations  on  the  spired  his  men  with  his  own  confidence, 
strength  of  forts,  the  soundings  of  har-  and  determined  to  strike  a  blow  that  should 
boors,  roads,  means  of  conveyance,  pro-  terminate  the  contest.  He  had  but  two 
ductions,  Ac,  Ac.,  in  short,  all  the  infor-  frigates,  two  steamers,  and  four  other 
mation  which  is  so  necessary  to  the  naval  small  vessels,  yet  he  sailed  in  search  of  the 
or  military  commander  who  would  con-  Higuelite  fleet,  and  when  he  met  it  did 
duct  his  operations  on  sound  principles,  not  hesitate  to  engage  it,  though  it  con- 
We  believe  that  this  volume,  or  parts  sisted  of  two  line -of -battle  ships,  two 
of  it  at  least,  will  be  made  public.  He  frigates,  and  three  corvettes,  all  of  much 
eventually  settled  in  Paris,  where  ho  heavier  metal  than  his  own,  two  brigs  and 
turned  his  attention  to  the  application  of  a  xebec.  He  placed  his  own  32  -  gun 
•team  to  naval  purposes,  and  established  frigate,  "  Rainha,"  alongside  the  "  Don 
the  first  steamers  on  the  Seine.  These  John,"  of  80  guns,  and  after  a  short 
boats  were  small  and  hardly  sea- worthy, but  cannonade,  carried  it  by  boarding.  His 
he  ventured  to  cross  the  Channel  in  one  of  adopted  son  Charles,  with  the  late  Captain 
them  in  the  year  1821,  and  thus  was  one  Wilkinson,  R.N.,  were  the  first  to  spring 
of  the  pioneers  of  the  short  sea  passage  on  board,  and  owing  to  the  vessels  suddenly 
which  now  is  so  indispensable  to  con-  falling  off,  they  found  themselves  alone 
tinental  travel.  on  the  enemy's  deck.  Chas.  Elers  Napier, 
In  1826  Captain  Napier  returned  to  then  a  youth  about  twenty,  and  under  fire 
England,  and  early  in  1829  he  received  for  the  first  time,  defended  himself  vigor- 
the  command  of  the  "  Galatea,"  a  42-gun  ously  with  a  cavalry  sabre,  but  received 
ftigate,  and  was  employed  for  some  time  no  less  than  fourteen  wounds,  and  would 
on  a  "particular  service."  He  adapted  have  been  killed,  but  for  the  opportune 
paddlewheels  to  this  vessel,  which  he  arrival  of  the  Admiral,  who  as  he  says 
worked  by  manual  labour,  and  thus  gave  himself  in  his  account  of  the  action,  "  had 
an  impetus  to  the  employment  of  im-  enough  to  do  to  look  after  the  squadron, 
proved  means  of  propulsion  in  the  Royal  but  was  carried  away  by  the  excitement," 
Navy.  He  was  employed  on  the  coast  of  and  so  made. his  way  on  board  in  time  to 
Portugal  and  in  the  Azores,  where  he  gave  the  brave  young  fellow's  life.  The 
became  acquainted  with  the  Duke  of  fight  was  soon  brought  to  a  close,  and  of 
Terceira,  and  other  leaders  of  the  Consti-  the  Miguelite  fleet  only  two  corvettes  and 
tutional  party.  The  country  was  then  two  brigs  escaped.  This  action,  in  fact, 
misgoverned  by  Dom  Miguel,  and  Napier,  concluded  the  war,  and  settled  Dona 
who  all  through  his  life  was  a  firm  friend  Maria  on  the  throne.  The  gratitude  of 
of  popular  government,  exerted  his  influ-  Dom  Pedro  was  unbounded.  He  created 
once  as  far  as  he  could  in  favour  of  the  Napier  Viscount  Cape  St.  Vincent,  with  a 
cause  of  the  young  Queen.  Thus  he  re-  pension  of  £600  a-year,  conferred  on  him 
commended  himself  to  the  notice  of  Dom  the  Grand  Cross  of  all  the  Portuguese 
Pedro,  and  on  the  retirement  of  Admiral  orders,  and  named  him  admiral-in-chief. 
Sartorius,  the  command  of  the  Constitu-  This  post  gave  him  the  nominal  control  of 
tional  fleet  was  offered  to  him.  After  the  Portuguese  navy,  and,  finding  it  cor- 
oommunicating  with  his  predecessor,  for  his  rupt  to  the  very  core,  he  proceeded  to 
high  sense  of  honour  revolted  from  even  remodel  it  with  an  unsparing  hand,  but 
the  appearance  of  rivalry  or  unfairness,  he  here  he  met  with  a  defeat ;  the  officials 
accepted  the  charge,  though  the  prospects  proved  too  strong  for  him,  and  after  a  good 
of  the  cause  were  abundantly  gloomy,  deal  of  angry  recrimination,  ho  threw  up 
Dom  Pedro  and  his  whole  land  force  were  the  appointment  in  disgust,  and  returned 
blocked  up  in  Oporto ;  the  fleet  was  ill-  to  England, 
paid,  ill-manned,  and  in  strength  greatly        Captain  Napier  became  a  candidate  for 


1861.] 


Vice-Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.C.B. 


213 


the  borough  of  Greenwich  in  1837,  as  he 
had  before  been  in  1832  for  Portsmouth, 
bat  be  was  unsuccessful  on  each  occasion. 
In  1889  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  ''Powerful,"  84  guns,  and 
sailed  for  the  Mediterranean,  where  he 
bad  the  opportunity  of  effecting  highly- 
important  service,  in  which  his  experience 
gained  in  land  operations  was  turned  to 
good  account,  and  he  was  able  to  shew  that 
he  possessed  all  the  requisites  for  military 
as  well  as  naval  command.    He  was  nomin- 
ally under  the  command  of  Admiral  Sir 
Robert  Stopford,  but  when  the  war  be- 
tween the  Porte  and  Mehemet  AH  broke 
out,  he  made  himself  in  fact  wholly  inde- 
pendent. 

In  August,  1840,  Commodore  Napier 
was  despatched  to  Beyrout,  and  on  the 
arrival  of  the  rest  of  the  allied  fleet  he 
landed  at  Djouni  Bay,  where  he  formed  a 
regular  encampment,  of  about  5,000  men, 
composed  of  British  sailors  and  marines, 
Turks,  and  mountaineer*,  who  readily  took 
arms  against  their  Egyptian  oppressors. 
After  a  few  days,  when  the  Commodore's 
force  was  somewhat  organised,  he  attacked 
and  defeated  a  large  body  of  the  Egyptian 
forces  at  Eelbson;  a  few  days  later  he 
stormed  Sidon,  where  a  garrison  of  2,700 
Egyptians  laid  down  their  arms  to  his 
force  of  only  1,400;  and  early  in  October 
he  attacked  and  defeated  Ibrahim  Pasha 
himself  at  Boharsuf,  among  the  heights 
of  Mount  Lebanon.  These  successes 
caused  a  general  rising  of  the  moun- 
taineers, and  Ibrahim  was  so  pressed,  that 
he  hastened  to  leave  the  country  and  re- 
tire to  Egypt.  Whilst  Napier  had  been 
thus  engaged  inland,  the  allied  fleet  had 
reduced  several  coast  towns,  and  at  length 
it  was  resolved  to  attack  the  famous 
stronghold  of  Acre,  which  had  been  forti- 
fied by  European  engineers,  and  was  con- 
all  but  impregnable.  The  attack 
made  on  the  4th  of  November,  and  was 
entirely  successful.  The  Admiral  had  as- 
signed their  positions  to  the  various  ves- 
sels of  his  fleet,  but  Jn  passing  along, 
Commodore  Napier  discovered  a  favourable 
opening,  which  he  at  once  proceeded  to 
assail,  thus  deranging  the  Admiral's  plan, 
but,  in  the  opinion  of  the  whole  fleet,  sub- 


stituting a  much  better  one,  and  bringing 
the  battle  to  a  speedy  termination.  Sir 
Robt.  Stopford  highly  resented  this,  but, 
like  Nelson  at  Copenhagen,  his  disobedient 
subordinate  bad  been  successful,  and  cared 
little  for  his  anger.  The  Commodore 
was  next  despatched  to  blockade  Alex- 
andria, which  he  did  for  a  time,  until  he 
knew  that  bad  weather  was  approaching, 
which  would  soon  oblige  him  to  quit  his 
post,  when,  with  true  wisdom  and  a  bold 
disregard  of  all  personal  consequences,  he, 
on  his  own  authority,  opened  a  negotia- 
tion with  Mehemet  Ali,  and  concluded  a 
convention  with  him  in  the  name  of  the 
Allied  Powers,  which  guaranteed  the  here- 
ditary sovereignty  of  Egypt  to  his  family, 
and  in  virtue  of  which  they  now  rule  that 
province.  This  step  was  at  first  vehe- 
mently censured  by  the  English  ambassa- 
dor at  Constantinople,  by  the  Admiral,  and 
by  the  Government  at  home,  and  the 
convention  was  repudiated,  but  in  a  short 
time  wiser  counsels  prevailed;  it  was  al- 
lowed that  the  Commodore  bad  shewn 
himself  an  able  diplomatist,  and  the  East- 
ern question  was  settled  in  the  very  way 
that  he  had  arranged  some  months  before. 
He  returned  to  England,  was  created 
K.C.B.,  and  appointed  one  of  the  naval 
aides-de-camp  to  the  Queen,  beside  re- 
ceiving various  foreign  orders,  and  a  gold 
medal  set  with  diamonds  from  the  Porte. 

Sir  Charles  Napier  was  next  elected 
MP.  for  Marvlebone,  and  he  made  him- 
self conspicuous,  not  only  by  his  Liberal 
opinions,  but  by  his  sharp  exposures  of 
naval  abuses,  and  his  earnest  endeavours 
to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  seamen  (in- 
cluding the  marines,  for  his  military  tastes 
made  them  a  favourite  corps  with  him). 
He  had  always  while  on  service  been  re- 
markable for  a  lively  interest  in  the  welfare 
of  his  humble  shipmates,  and  to  his  par- 
liamentary advocacy  of  their  claims  in 
matters  of  pay,  and  pension,  and  humane 
treatment  (though  he  always  scouted  the 
fallacy  of  the  abolition  of  flogging*),  they 

•  The  writer  once  heard  this  matter  discussed 
at  the  Admiral's  breakfast  table  just  after  a  par- 
liamentary debate  on  the  subject.  The  late 
Capt.  Henderson  expressed  an  opinion  that  the 
punishment  must  be  given  up,  whatever  might 


214 


Fice- Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.C.B. 


[Feb. 


owe  many  benefits,  which  they  have  re- 
cently shewn  are  fully  appreciated  by 
them.  In  1847,  Sir  Charles  received  the 
command  of  the  Channel  fleet,  with  which 
he  extended  his  cruises  to  the  Straits 
of  Gibraltar,  where  he  compelled  the 
Emperor  of  Morocco  to  make  compen- 
sation for  injuries  done  to  British  com- 
merce, and  severely  chastised  the  Riff  pi- 
rates, digging  up  and  burning  the  boats 
that  they  had  concealed  in  the  sand  from 
former  officers  who  were  not  so  well  ac- 
quainted as  he  had  become  with  the 
habits  of  such  marauders. 

In  1849  Sir  Charles's  term  of  service 
having  expired,  he  returned  to  England, 
and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
Lambeth.  Thus  disappointed  of  a  parlia- 
mentary channel  for  the  exposition  of  his 
views,  he  turned  to  the  press,  and  was  for 
a  long  time  engaged  in  newspaper  contro- 
versy, partly  on  personal  matters,  but 
chiefly  on  subjects  of  national  concern, 
and  more  particularly  on  the  state  of  the 
navy.  Though  he  had  a  host  of  oppo- 
nents, the  Admiral  was  always  able  to 
maintain  his  ground,  and  when  the  Rus- 
sian war  broke  out,  he  stood  so  high  in 
public  estimation  that  an  unanimous  de- 
sire was  expressed  that  he  should  be  em- 
ployed against  the  enemy,  and  Lord  Aber- 
deen's ministry  were  compelled,  against 
their  inclination  as  was  generally  believed, 
to  nominate  him  to  the  command  of  the 
Baltic  fleet 

Of  the  events  of  the  campaign  that  fol- 
lowed it  is  not  necessary  to  speak  in  a 
brief  sketch  like  this,  more  particularly  as 
Major-Gen.  Elers  Napier,  the  adopted  son 
of  the  Admiral,  is,  as  we  understand,  en- 
gaged on  the  preparation  of  a  Memoir  of 
the  deceased,  in  which  full  justice  will 
doubtless  be  done  to  his  memory.  It  will 
be  sufficient  to  remark  that  Sir  Charles 
was  hastily  despatched  to  the  Baltic  with 
a  fleet  utterly  unsuited  for  the  service  that 
he  was  expected  to  perform,  and,  incredi- 

be  the  consequence,  as  the  House  of  Commons 
was  so  decidedly  opposed  to  It.  "  What !"  cried 
the  Admiral,  "if  I  found  a  fellow  drank  at  the 
wheel,  and  endangering  everybody's  life,  do  you 
think  I  wouldn't  flog  him  ?  By  O—,  I  would,  in 
spite  of  all  your  Acts  of  Parliament  1" 


ble  as  it  may  seem,  actually  furnished 
with  only  shot  and  shell  sufficient  for 
eight  hours'  consumption ;  that  his  urgent 
representations  on  the  subject  were  en- 
tirely disregarded,  and  that  he  was  em- 
barrassed by  receiving  public  orders  urg- 
ing him  to  attempt  impossibilities,  while 
the  very  same  post  brought  him  private 
letters  from  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty 
(especially  Sir  James  Graham  and  Capt. 
Berkeley)  cautioning  him  against  running 
risks,  and  warmly  commending  the  very 
line  of  conduct  that  was  afterwards  offici- 
ally condemned.  Though  he  had  no  gun 
boats  or  mortar  vessels,  he  was  censured 
for  not  destroying  the  vast  granite  fortifi- 
cations of  Cronstadt,  which,  from  the 
shoalness  of  the  water,  his  line-of-battle 
ships  could  not  approach,  while  in  reality 
he  deserved  the  highest  credit  for  the 
moral  courage  which  he  displayed  in  re- 
fusing to  be  goaded  on  to  undertake  alto- 
gether useless  hazards.  The  important 
service  that  lie  rendered  by  keeping 
100,000  men  employed  in  guarding  St. 
Petersburg  from  his  possible  approach 
was  overlooked,  and  it  was  actually  made 
a  reproach  against  him  by  newspaper  cri- 
tics that  his  capture  of  Bomarsund  was 
accomplished  with  too  small  a  loss  of  life ! 
His  every  action  was  systematically  mis- 
represented by  an  officer  on  board  his  own 
ship,  who  acted  as  "  Our  Own  Corre- 
spondent" to  a  newspaper,  and  who  was 
well  known  to  him,  though  he  scorned  to 
notice  it;  and  his  plans  for  the  capture 
or  destruction  of  the  enemy's  ports  and 
fleets  (for  he  had  two  fleets  each  equal  in 
force  to  his  own  to  watch)  were  "  burked" 
by  Sir  James  Graham,  and  only  noticed 
when  the  advance  of  winter  made  it  ut- 
terly impossible  to  carry  them  out,  even 
if  the  means  that  he  demanded  had  been 
supplied,  which  was  not  the  case.  At  last, 
long  after  his  French  auxiliaries  had 
withdrawn,  he  was  allowed  to  send  his 
force  home,  ship  by  ship,  and  he  remained 
for  a  time  almost  alone  to  keep  the  enemy 
within  their  harbour*,  until  the  frost 
should  make  it  impossible  for  them  to 
quit  them.  To  employ  the  words  of  the 
historian  of  the  Peninsular  War,  "He 
carried  out  an  ill-manned,  undisciplined 


1861.]  rice-Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  K.C.B. 


215 


fleet ;  he  brought  back  unharmed  a  well* 
organized,  well-disciplined  one,  with  crews 
exercised  in  gunnery  and  seamanship — in 
fact  a  fleet  now  really  what  it  was  falsely 
called  when  it  started — that  is  to  say,  one 
of  the  most  irresistible  that  ever  floated 
on  the  ocean  for  all  legitimate  purposes  of 
naval  warfare/'  But  the  public,  who 
knew  nothing  of  the  difficulties  that  he 
had  had  to  contend  with,  were  dissatisfied 
that  no  more  had  been  done,  and  as  he 
steadily  refused  to  bear  the  blame  which 
really  belonged  to  the  Board  of  Admiralty, 
he  was  summarily  dismissed  from  his  com- 
mand. Tbe  fleet  that  he  had  organized  was 
entrusted  to  Admiral  Dundas,  and  the  little 
that  was  then  done,  though  with  greatly 
augmented  means,  was  a  very  sufficient 
justification  for  the  former  commander. 

Very  shortly  after  the  return  of  Sir 
Charles,  the  Aberdeen  Ministry  left  office, 
and  their  successors  offered  the  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Bath  to  Sir  Charles.  With  a 
lofty  sense  of  the  injustice  that  he  had 
suffered,  he  declined  the  decoration,  and 
he  gave  his  reasons  in  a  manly  letter  ad- 
dressed to  Prince  Albert.  He  repeatedly 
demanded  an  inquiry  into  his  conduct, 
and  being  in  November,  1855,  returned  as 
M.P.  for  Southwark,  he  was  able  to  give  in 
Parliament  such  an  account  of  his  proceed- 
ings as  satisfied  even  his  political  oppo- 
nents that  he  had  been  shamefully  used, 
and  that  the  blame  of  the  shortcomings  of 
the  fleet  rested  with  the  former  Board  of 
Admiralty.  Thus  entirely  re-established 
in  the  public  favour,  the  Admiral  turned 
his  attention  to  various  abuses  in  naval 
administration,  and  to  the  end  of  the  last 
session  of  parliament  he  laboured  perse- 
veringly  in  the  cause.  Though  a  firm 
disciplinarian  afloat,  he  was  a  strenuous 
advocate  of  the  interests  of  the  seamen, 
and  he  was  greatly  instrumental  in  pro- 
curing for  them  those  improvements  of 
their  condition  which  have  marked  the 
last  few  years.  He  warmly  advocated 
ships  being  paid  off  "all  standing,"  so 
that  the  crews  might  be  at  once  dis- 
charged, and  be  able  to  reach  their  friends 
before  their  pay  was  swallowed  up  by  the 
M  sharks"  of  the  sea-port  towns,  and  the 
plan  was  recently  adopted,  within  a  few 


days  after  his  death,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
paying -off  the  "Euryalus,"  in  which 
Prince  Alfred  had  just  returned  from  the 
Cape.  He  also  obtained  long  leave  for 
them  on  ships  being  put  into  winter  quar- 
ters, got  them  the  great  advantage  of 
monthly  payments,  and  removed  official 
difficulties  about  their  allowances  to  wives 
and  families ;  and  lastly,  he  prosecuted  a 
diligent  inquiry  into  the  state  of  Green- 
wich Hospital,  which  has  resulted  in  that 
institution  being  rendered  much  more  ser- 
viceable to  the  worn-out  sailor  than  was 
formerly  the  case.  These  matters  were 
not  much  noticed  by  the  public,  but  they 
were  duly  valued  by  the  parties  most 
concerned,  and  they  give  the  good  Admiral 
a  more  lasting  renown  than  mere  success 
in  war  can  achieve. 

Tbe  health  of  Sir  Charles  Napier  suf- 
fered severely  from  the  anxieties  of  his 
Baltic  campaign  and  the  subsequent  dis- 
cussions in  Parliament,  yet  he  persevered 
in  his  attendance,  and  was  a  constant 
speaker  on  all  subjects  of  national  import- 
ance. He  was  at  last  obliged  to  with- 
draw, utterly  worn  out  by  the  fatigues  of 
the  recent  protracted  session,  and  a  severe 
attack  of  dysentery  carried  him  to  the 
grave  after  a  short  illness.  Agreeably  to 
his  own  wish  he  was  interred  in  a  private 
manner  at  Catherington,  near  Merchis- 
toun-hall,  his  seat  in  Hampshire,  in  the 
same  vault  with  his  wife.  The  coffin,  on 
which  the  Union  jack  was  placed,  was  borne 
by  eight  sailors  who  had  served  under 
him,  and  among  the  mourners  were  Major- 
Gen.  Elers  Napier,  the  Hon.  W.  Napier, 
CoL  W.  Napier,  the  Rev.  H.  Jodrell  (his 
son-in-law),  Admirals  Sir  Michael  Sey- 
mour and  Erskine,  Captains  Gordon  and 
Hay,  B.N.,  and  Sir  W.  Knighton. 

Like  many  other  members  of  the  Napier 
family,  Sir  Charles  was  a  man  of  literary 
ability.  He  by  no  means  cultivated  fine 
writing  or  fine  speaking ;  indeed,  he  was 
needlessly  careless  in  these  matters,  and 
did  not  do  justice  to  his  real  talent.  His 
earliest  appearance  as  an  author  was,  we 
believe,  about  1818,  when  he  addressed 
a  series  of  letters  to  Lord  Melville,  then 
at  the  head  of  the  Admiralty,  on  the  State 
of  tbe  Navy.  He  also  furnished  many  con- 


216 


Obituary. — The  Rev.  Henry  Soames,  M.A.  [Feb. 


tributions  to  the  "  United  Service  Maga- 
zine," but  his  first  book  was  his  account 
of  "  The  War  in  Portugal,"  which  some 
years  after  was  followed  by  a  similar 
work  on  "The  War  in  Syria."  Both  of 
these  works  contain  many  well-written 
passages,  and  shew  that  even  literary  dis- 
tinction was  not  beyond  his  grasp,  had  he 
chosen  to  trouble  himself  about  it  Though 
he  wrote  one  of  the  worst  of  hands,  he 
was  an  indefatigable  penman ;  for  all  the 
latter  years  of  his  life  he  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  newspapers,  and  many  of 
these  letters  (chiefly  treating  on  naval 
subjects)  were  issued  in  a  collected  form 
in  the  year  1851.  After  his  return  from 
the  Baltic  he  supplied  the  materials  for 
a  "Narrative  of  the  Baltic  Campaign," 
which  appeared  in  1857,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Mr.  Earp. 

It  has  been  the  fashion  with  some 
writers  of  late  to  represent  Sir  Charles 
Napier  as  a  rough  untractable  man,  of 
coarse  manners  and  appearance, — in  short, 
"a  tar  of  the  old  school."  Such  persons 
knew  little  of  him.  He  was  firm  where 
he  felt  that  he  was  in  the  right,  and  he 
could  discourage  presumption,  but  he  was 
emphatically  "an  officer  and  a  gentle* 
man,"  and  not  to  be  turned,  either  by 
fear  or  favour,  from  the  straight  path 
of  duty  and  honour. 

Beside  his  English  honours,  Sir  Charles 
Napier  was  a  Knight  of  Maria  Theresa  of 
Austria,  Knight  of  St.  George  of  Russia, 
Knight  of  the  Bed  Eagle  of  Prussia,  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Tower  and  Sword  of  Portu- 
gal, a  grandee  of  the  first  class  and  Vis- 
count (latterly  Count)  Cape  St.  Vincent 
in  the  peerage  of  that  kingdom,  where 
his  merit  has  been  warmly  acknowledged. 
The  Portuguese  navy  went  into  mourning 
on  the  occasion  of  his  death,  his  name  has 
been  given  to  a  war  vessel  now  in  course 
of  construction,  and  by  command  of  the 
King  a  letter  of  condolence  was  ad- 
dressed to  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Jodrell,  by 
Count  Lavradio,  the  Portuguese  ambassa- 
dor. These  honours  are  all  gratifying  to  his 
friends,  but  they  have  been  even  more  af- 
fected by  a  spontaneous  act  of  the  crews  of 
the  "Excellent"  and  the  "Cambridge," 
the  gunnery  ships  at   Portsmouth  and 

12 


Devonport,  who  have  shewn  a  sincere  ap- 
preciation of  his  merits.  No  sooner  was 
his  death  known,  than  the  men  resolved 
to  set  on  foot  a  subscription  throughout 
the  Royal  Navy  for  a  monument  to  his 
memory.  They  have  dispatched  a  circu- 
lar to  every  ship  in  commission,  whether 
at  home  or  abroad,  in  which  they  say, 

— "The  seamen,  Marine  Artillery,  and 
Marines  of  Her  Majesty's  navy,  having 
heard  with  deep  regret  of  the  decease  of 
Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier,  and  bearing 
in  mind  his  untiring  energy  in  promoting 
their  welfare,  both  on  shore  and  afloat, 
are  therefore  desirous  of  raising  a  sub- 
scription to  enable  them  to  erect  a  public 
monument  at  Portsmouth  in  testimony  of 
their  gratitude  for  the  many  benefits  his 
able  advocacy  has  been  the  means  of  ob- 
taining for  them;"  and  the  paymasters 

of  the  different  ships  have  been  requested 
to  forward  the  amount  of  the  sums  sub- 
scribed to  Messrs.  Grant  and  Co.,  bankers, 
High-street,  Portsmouth,  who  have  con- 
sented to  act  as  treasurers  to  the  "  Napier 
Testimonial  Fund."  So  confident  do  the 
men  feel  that  their  appeal  will  be  pro- 
perly responded  to,  that  they  have  re- 
spectfully declined  a  donation  of  £20  of- 
fered by  Lord  Ellenborough,  as  they  wish 
the  monument  to  be  in  reality  as  well  as 
in  name  exclusively  their  own. 


The  Rev.  Henby  Soames,  MJL 

Oct.  21, 1860.  At  Staplefield  Tawney 
Rectory,  aged  75,  the  Rev.  Henry  Soames, 
M.A.,  Bampton  Lecturer  in  1830,  and 
Chancellor  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

The  deceased,  who  was  born  in  the 
city  of  London  in  the  year  1785,  was  ad- 
mitted a  commoner  of  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  February  21, 1803.  He  was  a  very 
zealous  student,  and  took  his  B.A.  degree 
February  8,  1807.  In  1808  he  was  ad- 
mitted into  deacon's  orders  by  Dr.  Man- 
sell,  Bishop  of  Bristol.  He  became  M.A. 
July  5,  1809,  and  in  1812  he  received  the 
rectory  of  Shelley,  in  Essex. 

In  that  county  and  the  adjoining  one 
of  Hertford  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
passed.  He  performed  all  his  parochial 
functions  with  diligence,  and  also  filled 
the  office  of  rural  dean;  but  he  found 
time  for  deep  study  of  the  early  history  of 


1861.]        Obituary.— Henry  Buiterworth,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  217 


the  Church  in  these  islands,  and  attained 
very  considerable  reputation  as  a  scholar. 
His  first  publication,  we  believe,  was  an 
anonymous  "Vindication  of  the  Church 
and  Clergy  of  England  from  the  Misrepre- 
sentations of  the  '  Edinburgh  Review/  " 
which  appeared  in  1823,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded (1826-28)  by  a  "  History  of  the 
Reformation,  in  four  vols.,  8vo.,  which, 
though  charged  with  a  certain  heaviness 
of  style,  is  a  work  of  real  value.  In  1829 
Mr.  Soames  was  appointed  Bampton  Lec- 
turer, and  in  the  following  year  he 
preached  his  course.  The  subject  was, 
"An  Inquiry  into  the  Doctrines  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Church,"  and  in  order  to  pre- 
pare for  it  he  collected  a  vast  mass  of  his- 
torical details,  some  of  which  he  afterward 
worked  up  into  a  volume,  entitled  "The 
Anglo-Saxon  Church :  its  History,  Reve- 
nues, and  General  Character."  This, 
which  is,  perhaps,  the  best  known  of  all 
his  works,  reached  a  fourth  edition.  In 
it  he  ably  defends  the  Church  of  England 
from  the  attacks  of  both  Romish  and  Dis- 
senting opponents. 

Mr.  Soames  was  through  life  a  steadily- 
attached  member  of  the  Church,  and  he 
was  always  ready  to  combat  Romanism,  as 
well  as  anything  that  he  conceived  to  be 
an  approach  to  or  compromise  with  it. 
Thus  he  published,  in  1829,  ""Reasons  for 
Opposing  the  Romish  Claims,"  and  he 
both  wrote  and  preached  in  opposition  to 
the  views  of  the  Tractarian  writers ;  but 
he  did  this  with  all  courtesy  and  fairness, 
and  merely  spoke  of  them  as  "  a  party  at 
Oxford  with  whom  I  do  not  agree." 
"  The  Evils  of  Innovation"  was  the  title 
of  a  visitation  sermon  of  his  in  the  year 
1813,  and  "  J  he  Romish  Reaction  and  its 
Operation  on  the  Church,"  of  a  pamphlet 
in  the  same  year.  He  also  produced 
**  Elizabethan  Religious  History,"  a  truly 
valuable  work,  in  1839,  and  "  The  Latin 
Church  during  Anglo-Saxon  Times,"  in 
1848;  and  he  also  edited  an  edition  of 
Mosheim's  "  Ecclesiastical  History."  His 
last  production,  we  believe,  was  one  issued 
in  1852,  entitled  "The  Romish  Deca- 
logue," a  subject  on  which  he  had  before 
touched  in  his  "  Anglo-Saxon  Church.'* 

In  1842  Mr.  Soames's*  services  to  the 
Gemt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX 


Church  were  acknowledged  by  his  appoint- 
ment to  the  Chancellorship  of  St.  Paul's. 
He  maintained  through  life  an  irreproach- 
able character,  was  a  man  of  profound 
learning,  an  effective  preacher,  and  a  most 
conscientious  and  diligent  parochial  mi- 
nister. 


Heitet  Buttbbwobth,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Nov.  2, 1860.  At  his  private  residence, 
Upper  Tooting,  Surrey,  in  his  75th  year, 
after  a  lengthened  affection  of  congestion  of 
the  lungs,  but  very  suddenly  at  the  last, 
Henry  Butterworth,  Esq.,  of  Fleet  Street, 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  Law  Publishers,  and 
perhaps  the  oldest  publisher  in  the  metro- 
polis who  had  not  retired  from  business. 

Mr.  Butterworth,  whose  name  and  family 
have  now  for  so  many  years  enjoyed  a 
fame  throughout  the  world  where  the 
English  laws  are  received,  from  their  con- 
nection with  that  branch  of  the  trade  of 
bookselling  and  publishing  having  refe- 
rence to  the  law,  was  born  on  Feb.  28, 
1786,  in  the  city  of  Coventry,  where  his 
father  had  so  long  resided  and  so  success- 
fully carried  on  the  business  of  a  timber 
merchant,  as  early  in  his  career  as  to  have 
retired  on  an  ample  fortune.  The  an- 
cestors of  this  family  had  been  originally 
seated  at  Butterworth-hall,  in  the  town- 
ship of  Butterworth,  near  Rochdale,  and 
date  from  the  period  of  Stephen  and 
Henry  II.  Sir  John  Biron,  the  ancestor 
of  Lord  Byron,  held  adjoining  property  in 
the  same  township,  which  however,  like 
that  of  the  Butterworth*,  has  passed  into 
other  hands  ;  the  last  of  that  belonging 
to  the  poet,  Lord  Byron,  having  been  sold 
by  him  shortly  before  his  death  at  Misso- 
longhi.  "  Send  Rochdale  to  Greece,"  was 
his  instruction  to  his  agent,  which  was 
then  acted  upon.  The  grandfather  of  the 
subject  of  our  memoir,  the  Rev.  John 
Butterworth,  an  eminent  nonconformist 
divine,  having  removed  from  Rochdale  to 
Coventry  early  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, the  early  education  of  Mr.  Butter- 
worth was  received  at  the  Public  Gram  • 
mar-school  in  that  city,  from  whence  he 
was  afterwards  transplanted  to  the  care  of 
Dr.  Johnson,  at  Bristol,  who  took  a  select 

Be 


218 


Obituary. — Henry  Butterworth,  Esq.,  F.S.A.        [Feb. 


number  of  pupils,  and  whose  important 
.  educational  roof  the  subject  of  our  memoir 
quitted  at  about  the  age  of  fourteen,  to 
enter  the  counting-house  of  Mr.  Stock,  the 
eminent  sugar-refiner,  at  Bristol — the  only 
daughter  of  which  gentleman,  we  may 
here  parenthetically  observe,  became  subse- 
quently the  wife  of  his  cousin,  Mr.  J.  H. 
Butterworth,  the  son  of  Mr.  Joseph  Butter- 
worth,  M.P.»,  then  of  Fleet-street,  London. 
The  atmosphere  of  the  sugar-refinery,  how- 
ever, proved  too  trying  even  for  the  robust 
health  of  young  Henry  Butterworth,  al- 
though the  memory  of  his  brief  sojourn 
with  Mr.  Stock,  which  lasted  about  twelve 
months,  was  a  pleasant  reminiscence  to  him 
through  life. 

Mr.  Joseph  Butterworth  had  already 
heard,  doubtless  through  Mr.  Stock,  of 
the  business  and  other  sterling  qualities  of 
his  nephew  Henry,  now  about  finally  to 
quit  Bristol ;  so  he  made  overtures  to  the 
parents  of  the  latter,  of  such  a  nature  as 
to  secure  his  valuable  services  at  the  house, 
43,  Fleet-Street,  London,  which  for  so 
many  years  has  been  the  centre  as  well 
as  the  head  of  the  law  bookselling  and 
publishing  trade.  The  attractions  of  a 
commercial  career  in  London  were  at  once 
listened  to  by  the  country  youth,  but  his 
parents  gave  their  consent  to  part  with 
their  eldest  son  with  greater  reluctance, 
and,  as  it  appeared  to  them,  (in  the  then, 
comparatively  speaking,  isolation  of  Lon- 
•don  from  the  country,)  to  see  him  no  more. 
So  promptly  was  young  Henry  Butter- 
worth removed  to  the  metropolis,  at  the 


•  Joseph  Butterworth  first  came  to  Fleet-street 
and  joined  the  firm  of  Whieldon  and  Butterworth 
in  1780.  His  returns  from  this  business  in  a  few 
years  were  very  large,  and  although  he  died  at 
the  early  age  of  about  fifty-six,  he  had  realized 
perhaps  the  largest  fortune  ever  made  by  pub- 
lishing, certainly,  it  may  be  said,  law  publishing. 
He  founded,  with  other  benevolent  individuals, 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  and  its 
earliest  meetings  were  held  at  his  house  in  Fleet- 
street.  And  he,  as  a  public  philanthropist  in 
his  day,  took  a  very  foremost  rank.  Ilis  son  died 
before  him,  so  at  his  decease  his  business  was 
sold  to  Messrs.  Saunders  and  Benning,  which, 
after  enjoying  varied  fortune  in  their  hands,  was 
subsequently  relinquished,  and  Messrs.  Spottis- 
woode's  Bible  Warehouse  has  succeeded  to  the 
business  premises. 


earnest  application  of  his  uncle  Joseph, 
that  be  was  denied  at  that  interval  even  a 
visit  to  Coventry,  to  say  good-bye  to  his 
futher  or  mother,  before  entering  upon  the 
career  as  a  publisher,  which  he  was  des- 
tined so  long  to  persevere  in — a  denial  he 
often  alluded  to  in  after  years  as  one  that 
made  an  unpieasing  impression  upon  his 
mind  in  connection  with  the  commence- 
ment of  bis  London  career,  to  which  he 
arrived  punctually  by  the  Bristol  coach  on 
the  5th  of  December,  1801.     At  the  time 
Mr.  Butterworth  joined  his  uncle,  the  house 
had  long  been  celebrated  as  a  great  law 
bookselling  and  publishing  centre :  it  was 
destined,  however,  very  speedily  to  assume 
increased  importance  from  the  energy  and 
tact  with  which  the  subject  of  our  memoir 
conducted  its  operations  under  the  rule  of 
his  uncle,  who  in  turn  soon  found,  not- 
withstanding the  vast  business  carried  on 
in  his  name,  that  he  could  now  find  ample 
leisure  to  originate,  foster,  and  carry  out 
the  many  benevolent  schemes  and  institu- 
tions with  which  his  name  became  asso- 
ciated.     Here,  in   Fleet  -  street,   at   the 
dinner-table  of  his  uncle,  did  Henry  But- 
terworth  meet   many  of  those   eminent, 
pious,  and  good  men,  who  were  associated 
in  the  good  works  the  former  had  at  heart, 
and  which  the  nephew  early  learnt  to  take 
a   share  in.     To   mention  the   names  of 
Wilberforce,  Lords  Liverpool,  Teignmouth, 
Bexley,    Zachary  Macaulay,   Robert  and 
Charles  Grant,  and  others,  would  be  to  re- 
count the  nature  of  the  circle  that  fre- 
quently met  there  associated  in  works  of 
piety  and  benevolence. 

In  1813  Mr.  Butttenvorth,  being  then 
about  the  age  of  twenty-seven,  took  what 
some  regard  as  the  most  important  step  in 
life — ho  married  an  estimable  lady,  on  the 
introduction  of  his  uncle,  Elizabeth  Henry, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  then  late  Captain 
Whitehead,  4th  Royal  Irish  Dragoon 
Guards,  whose  family  estate  lay  at  Epsley- 
in-Mitford,  near  Morpeth;  of  this  union 
there  exists  a  numerous  family,  nearly  all 
of  whom  survive,  although  Mrs.  Butter- 
worth had  preceded  her  husband  to  the 
grave  seven  years,  she  having  died  from 
the  effects  of  an  abscess  on  February 
5,  1853.    Mrs.  Butterworth  possessed  a 


1861.]       Obituary. — Henry  Butterworth,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


219 


refined  and  cultivated  intellect,  and  was  a 
pleasing  poetess ;  a  volume  of  her  "  Poems 
and  Songs,"  published  by  Pickering,  an- 
onymously, in  1848,  was  noticed  with  ap- 
proval at  the  time  in  these  pages. 

About  the  year  1818,  the  details  of  a 
partnership  between  uncle  and  nephew 
failed  to  be  satisfactorily  arranged,  although 
a  partnership  in  the  old  house  at  No.  43 
had  been  the  condition  precedent  by  the 
brothers  Henry  and  Joseph  Butterworth, 
father  and  uncle  of  Henry,  the  subject  of 
our  memoir,  to  his  entering  that  esta- 
blishment. Mr.  Butterworth  was  by  nature 
possessed  of  energy  and  perseverance  of 
character,  and  the  presence  of  a  young 
wife  and  family  at  his  home  did  not  check 
that  state  of  feeling  j  he,  therefore,  with 
a  sense  of  disappointment  at  the  non-fulfil- 
ment of  his  uncle's  promises,  sought  an 
independent  roof,  wherein  to  carry  on,  on 
his  own  account,  the  art  and  mystery  of  a 
law  bookseller  and  publisher,  which  he 
had  acquired  whilst  resident  with  his 
uncle. 

A  stout  heart  and  a  generous  father  at 
his  back  enabled  Mr.  Henry  Butterworth 
in  the  same  year  to  establish  himself  at  the 
house  ever  since  occupied  by  him,  being 
the  well-known  corner  of  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple Gate,  No.  7,  in  Fleet-street,  a  house, 
we  may  here  mention,  which  by  a  sort  of 
poetical  justice  was  by  that  circumstance 
restored  to  law  publishing  (it  having 
been  in  later  years  degraded  to  less  im- 
portant business),  in  association  with 
which  literary  indentity  it  had  in  the 
olden  time  been  rendered  classic  as  the 
house  of  Richard  Tottel,  the  law  printer 
under  Royal  Patents  in  the  successive 
reigns  of  Edward  VI.,  Queen  Mary,  and 
Queen  Elizabeth,  who  was  in  turn  suc- 
ceeded by  many  eminent  law  publishers 
and  booksellers ;  lastly  to  be  occupied  by 
Mr.  Butterworth,  who  became  himself  the 
Queen's  Law  Publisher.  Brought  up  as 
he  had  been  by  his  father,  and  fostered  in 
the  same  steps  by  his  uncle,  he  became,  as 
he  advanced  in  his  career,  a  sort  of  em- 
bodiment of  the  principles  of  the  good  old 
school,  of  which  some  are  induced  with 
pathos  to  remark  there  are  in  the  publish- 
ing walks  but  few  specimens  remaining. 


In  making  these  observations,  whilst  re- 
counting the  full  tide  of  the  success  which 
attended  Mr.  Butterworth  as  a  law  book- 
seller and  publisher,  impregnated  as  he 
was  with  all  the  good  and  sterling  qualities 
of  the  old  school,  we  may  also  remark,  it 
was  his  strange  fate  or  destiny  neverthe- 
less to  extinguish  from  the  category  of 
time-honoured  text-books  in  Law,  two,  per- 
haps, of  the  best  known  and  most  cele- 
brated, namely,  Black  stone's  Commentaries 
and  Burn's  Justice,  the  former  by  the  cir- 
cumstance of  publishing  Mr.  Serjeant  Ste- 
phen's celebrated  Commentaries  on  the 
Laws  of  England,  the  most  successful  law 
work  of  modern  times,  and  the  other  by  a 
work  of  similar  popularity  though  not  of 
equal  literary  renown. 

Mr.  Butterworth,  although  eminent  as 
a  man  of  business  and  as  an  enterprising 
publisher,  did  not  allow  himself  to  be  en* 
tirely  t  ngrossed  by  the  occupation  in  con- 
nexion with  which  he  is  best  known. 
Habits  of  order  and  regularity,  which  so 
much  influence  economy  of  time,  enabled 
him  at  an  early  period  of  his  career  to 
listen  to  his  citizen  neighbours,  who,  in  the 
most  honourable  manner  to  his  own  feel- 
ings, returned  him  in  the  year  1823  as  a 
representative  of  the  ward  of  Farringdon 
Without,  in  the  Court  of  Common  Council. 
The  contest  that  occurred  at  the  time  was 
an  unusually  severe  one;  for  Mr. Alex- 
ander Galloway,  who  had,  by  giving  utter- 
ance in  public  to  some  irreligious  opinions, 
rendered  himself  obnoxious,  was  his  oppo- 
nent. Although  the  political  opinions  of 
Mr.  Galloway,  which  of  course  were  ex- 
treme Liberal,  suited  so  radical  a  constitu- 
ency, it  properly  enough  resented  his  lack 
of  religious  propriety,  and  adopted  Mr. 
Butterworth  on  the  score  of  personal  cha- 
racter, although  in  politics  he  might  at 
that  time  have  been  ranked  with  the 
Tories  of  the  old  school. 

Several  years'  faith*  ul  service  in  the 
Corporation  of  London  cemented  many 
firm  friends  through  life  to  Mr.  Butter- 
worth, who  as  usual  brought  his  business 
qualities  to  bear  in  the  important  com- 
mittees of  that  body,  although  on  the  floor 
of  the  Court  his  dislike  for  prominence  or 
ostentation  induced  him  to  make  few  set 


220 


Obituary. — Henry  Butterworth,  Esq.,  F.S.A.         [Feb. 


speeches.  What  he  at  timet  felt  himself 
called  upon  publicly  to  enunciate  was,  how- 
ever, always  characterized  by  sound  sense, 
and  accompanied  by  a  pleasing  and  intelli- 
gent as  well  as  forcible  delivery.  Bural 
retirement  with  his  family,  from  a  residence 
in  the  metropolis,  induced  Mr.  Butter- 
worth  to  break  off  from  the  Corporation, 
nor  could  the  golden  chain  of  Sheriff, 
which  was  pressed  upon  his  acceptance, 
nor  indeed  the  vacant  gown  of  Alderman 
of  Farringdon  Without,  subsequently  of- 
fered in  1841  by  an  address  from  all  the 
bankers  and  very  many  traders  of  respect- 
ability within  his  ward,  be  rendered  ac- 
ceptable to  his  views,  although  he  ever 
after  treasured  with  the  liveliest  feelings  of 
regard  the  homage  of  respect  which  the 
demonstration  embodied. 

As  a  Commissioner  of  Income  and  Pro* 
party  Tax  and  Land  and  Assessed  Taxes 
for  London,  Mr.  Butterworth  kept  up  a 
port  of  useful  public  connection  with  the 
City,  as  also  he  did,  in  the  capacity  of  a 
Commissioner  of  Beads,  with  Surrey,  the 
county  in  which  he  resided,  and  for  which 
he  had  also  been  recommended  to  accept 
the  post  of  Magistrate,  but,  as  in  the  City, 
without  overcoming  his  reluctance  to  take 
the  magisterial  office.  Far  more  did  he 
prise  his  election  as  a  Fellow  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries  of  London,  which 
took  place  by  a  unanimous  ballot  in  Jan- 
nary,  1848,  and  with  the' hearty  accord 
of  the  President,  Earl  Stanhope,  then 
Viscount  Mahon,  who  remarked  that  he 
considered  Mr.  Butterworth,  as  the  pub- 
lisher to  the  Public  Record  Department 
(which  he  at  the  time  was),  would  prove 
a,  useful  and  valuable  Fellow  of  the  Society. 
To  the  Society's  Proceedings  Mr.  Butter- 
worth did  not  contribute,  although  on 
several  occasions  a  member  of  his  family 
exhibited  articles  of  antiquarian  interest 
from  his  collection,  accompanied  by  re- 
marks. We  should  leave  this  memoir 
incomplete  did  we  not  refer  to  the  mili- 
tary side  of  Mr.  Butterworth's  career, 
which  after  all  was,  like  his  life,  of  a 
peaceful  if  not  an  uneventful  character. 
His  earliest  reminiscence  was  serving  in  a 
Light  Volunteer  Regiment,  recruited  to 
resist  the  aggression  of  the  Great  Napo- 


leon; and  very  droll  was  the  manner  in 
which  he  would  recount  the  incidents  of 
the  evolutions  of  the  corps  to  which  he 
belonged,  and  which  was  accustomed  to 
parade  and  drill  in  St.  Bride's  Churchyard, 
Fleet-street.  On  retirement  from  the  Cor- 
poration another  military  post  was  offered 
for  Mr.  Butterworth's  acceptance;  for, 
about  the  year  1841,  the  commission  of  a 
Captain  of  the  Royal  London  Militia  was 
placed  in  his  hands,  and  the  Lord  Mayor 
for  the  time  being,  in  addition,  enrolled 
his  name  as  a  Commissioner  of  Lieutenancy 
for  the  City  of  London.  But  those  posts, 
conferred  in  peaceful  times,  did  not  in 
themselves  provoke  a  military  ardour 
abroad  in  the  quiet  citizen,  proud  of  a 
tranquil  yet  active  commercial  career, 
which  had  secured  for  him  a  quiet  fireside 
at  home. 

Later  in  life,  when  thoughts  of  earth 
were  changed  for  those  of  a  more  enduring 
character,  the  condition  of  church  accom- 
modation in  Mr.  Butterworth's  own  neigh- 
bourhood in  the  country,  at  Upper  Tooting, 
engaged  his  attention ;  and,  following  out 
a  view  which  he  had  formed,  that  a  new 
church  was  required  there  to  relieve  the 
large  parish  of  Streatham,  as  church- 
warden of  that  parish  he  assembled  a  com- 
mittee which  had  been  formed,  at  his 
house,  with  the  Rector  of  Streatham  at 
their  head,  and  the  result  was  the  district 
church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  at  Upper 
Tooting,  built  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
Salvin  in  1855,  an  engraving  from  which 
appears  in  our  number  for  August  in  that 
year,  with  an  account  of  the  consecration 
by  the  Bishop  of  Winchester.  Church- 
building  was,  perhaps,  somewhat  of  a  fea- 
ture in  Mr.  Butterworth's  career.  In  his 
London  parish,  St.  Dunstan's-in-the-West, 
being  a  leading  member  of  the  vestry,  he 
was  also  actively  engaged  on  the  building 
committee  with  reference  to  the  new  church 
there  some  thirty  years  ago ;  and  as  such 
he  earnestly  supported  the  architect  Mr. 
Shaw,  now  deceased,  in  introducing  many 
novel  features  as  to  church  architecture 
in  that  building.  In  his  occasional  visits 
to  his  native  city,  Coventry,  so  cele- 
brated for  its  fine  churches,  he  did  not 
neglect   his  attachment  to  the  Church 


1861.]        Obituary. — Mr.  John  William  Parker,  Jvn. 


221 


Establishment,  and  in  the  repairs  of 
those  sacred  edifices,  consecrated  in  his 
mind  to  feelings  of  early  attachment  as 
well  as  piety,  he  was  always  ready  with 
his  subscriptions  and  good  wishes;  and 
if  firm  adherence  to  his  Church  was  a 
marked  characteristic  of  his  nature,  so,  in 
a  corresponding  degree,  was  his  innate  re- 
spect for  his  sovereign.  Church  and 
Queen  may  truly  be  said  to  have  been 
his  watchword. 

Since  the  death  of  his  wife,  to  whom  he 
had  been  wedded  forty  years,  he  gradually 
withdrew  from  general  society,  and  lived 
only  for  the  more  quiet  intercourse  of  the 
members  of  his  family.  The  meetings  of 
his  Company  (the  Stationers),  of  which  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Court,  he,  however, 
kept  up  to  the  last — glad  to  participate  in 
that  mutuality  of  esteem  and  regard 
which  prevails  amongst  its  venerable  mem- 
bers, brought  about  by  long  association  in 
the  trade-walks  of  literature ;  and  many 
in  that  fraternity  doubtless  will  now  miss 
from  its  accustomed  meetings  that  healthy, 
happy  countenance,  and  the  sound  of  that 
cheerful  voice,  recounting  anecdotes  of  the 
past,  concerning  authors,  publishers  and 
books,  with  which  he  has  been  at  last 
somewhat  suddenly  numbered  in  Time's 
record.  Truly,  we  may  remark,  in  the 
midst  of  life  we  are  in  death :  for,  on  the 
Tuesday  preceding  his  death,  Mr.  Butter- 
worth  was  at  his  place  of  business,  attend- 
ing to  his  ordinary  concerns  there  with 
almost  his  usual  activity  and  precision; 
and  for  the  very  morning  of  his  death  he 
had  made  arrangements,  only  the  day  be- 
fore, for  another  day  in  Fleet-street,  which, 
however,  was  destined  never  to  be  realized. 
Active  in  mind  and  purpose  to  the  last, 
he  persevered,  againit  advice,  in  taking 
a  walk  of  nearly  two  miles  on  the  1st  of 
November,  in  company  of  his  son,  which 
walk  produced  symptoms  of  fatigue  of 
unusual  character,  although  by  dinner- 
time he  became  refreshed,  and  dined 
heartily;  retired  to  rest,  and,  very  early 
in  the  morning  of  the  2nd,  tranquilly  and 
unconsciously  even  to  his  son  who  was 
with  him  at  the  time,  he  had  entered 
thai  sleep  which  knows  no  waking. 
The  day  of  his  death  was  a  characteristic 


one — the  first  day  of  Term  and  of  the  legal 
year,  and  one  to  him,  as  a  law  publisher, 
of  some  importance.  His  annnal  admoni- 
tions to  those  around  him  in  business,  as 
to  waking  up  from  the  lethargy  of  the 
Long  Vacation,  now  that  Term  had  begun, 
will  be  heard  by  them  no  more,  although 
it  may  be  that  the  good  seed  set  by  him 
as  to  business  habits  will,  in  long  and 
after  years,  bear  fruit  at  the  old  quarters 
in  Fleet-street.  For  whilst  rectitude  of 
principle,  fairness  of  dealing,  honour  in 
regarding  engagements  entered  into,  at 
well  as  untiring  and  well-directed  in- 
dustry, remain  landmarks  of  business  con- 
duct, so  long  will  be  the  memory  of  Henry 
Butterworth  live  in  appropriate  esteem 
with  the  many  to  whom  his  possession  of 
those  qualities  may  become  known  here- 
after, as  well  as  with  those  who,  from  per- 
sonal intercourse  with  him,  knew  the  fact 
from  experience. 

Two  fine  portraits  from  Mr.  Butter- 
worth's  collection  become  the  property  of 
public  institutions  by  bequest.  The  one  is 
the  only  known  original  portrait  of  Thomas 
Gay,  the  bookseller,  founder  of  Guy's  Hos- 
pital, by  Vanderbank :  this  is  left  to  the 
Hospital.  And  the  other,  a  fine  original, 
by  Hans  Holbein,  of  John  Hales,  founder 
of  the  Public  Grammar-school  at  Coventry, 
where  Mr.  Butterworth  received  his  early 
education :  this  has  been  left,  appropriately 
enough,  to  the  Trustees  of  that  School. 
For  particulars  respecting  this  latter  cele- 
brated portrait,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
several  communications  in  this  Magazine, 
June,  July,  August,  1854. 


Mb.  John  William  Pabkbb,  Jun. 

Nov.  9,  1860.  Aged  40,  Mr.  John 
William  Parker,  jun.,  publisher,  of  West 
Strand. 

"  A  good  man's  memory,"  says  Hamlet, 
bitterly,  "  may  outlive  his  life  half  a  year.** 
Almost  three  months  have  now  passed  since 
the  subject  of  this  memoir  has  gone  to  his 
rest ;  and  before  the  ranks  close  up  and  the 
gap  which  has  been  left  by  his  death  is 
felt  no  longer,  we  desire  to  say  a  few 
words  on  the  merits  of  an  uncommon  man. 
Addressing  readers  who  were  for  the  most 
part  personally  strangers  to  him,  wo  shall 


222 


Obituary. — Mr.  John  William  Parker,  Jan. 


[Feb. 


confine  ourselves  to  those  aspects  of  Mr. 
Parker's  character  which  were  presented 
outwardly  to  the  world.  The  many  pri- 
vate friends  to  whom  he  had  endeared 
himself  have  each  their  separate  and  pe- 
culiar grounds  of  sorrow ;  but  to  feelings 
such  as  theirs  we  shall  not  attempt  to 
give  expression.  The  feminine  and  deli- 
cate graces  of  disposition  which  rest  so 
vividly  in  the  memories  of  those  who 
knew  him  intimately  were  not  of  a  kind 
which  it  is  desirable  to  parade  before 
others.  The  traits  which  are  only  intel- 
ligible to  and  appreciable  by  personal  af- 
fection, it  is  out  of  place  to  invite  strangers 
to  care  about;  while  again  they  form 
sacred  ground,  which  friends  do  not  wil- 
lingly see  intruded  on. 

Mr.  Parker  was  not  forty-one  when  he 
died,  fifteen  years  ago,  when  his  con- 
temporaries who  had  entered  the  ordinary 
professions  were  laying  foundations  for 
their  after  careers,  he  shewed  abilities  as 
a  boy  which  brought  him  forward  at 
once  into  prominence.  He  was  trusted 
by  his  father  with  a  share  in  the  active 
management  of  one  of  the  first  publishing 
houses  in  London;  and  a  year  or  two 
later  he  became  the  Editor  of  "  Fraser's 
Magazine." 

His  duties  in  these  two  capacities  re- 
quired a  combination  of  talent,  industry, 
and  knowledge  of  the  world  not  often  found 
in  the  maturity  of  manhood;  but  Mr. 
Parker  united  the  discretion  of  age  with 
the  sanguine  daring  of  youth;  and  he  had 
a  peculiarity  about  him,  but  for  which 
his  loss  would  never  have  been  so  keenly 
regretted;  he  was  one  of  those  rare  per- 
sons to  whom  "success"  in  the  mercantile 
sense  of  the  word  was  by  no  means  the 
first  object.  He  carried  into  business  the 
strongest  conceptions  of  duty  and  responsi- 
bility. He  looked  on  his  position  as  an 
opportunity  of  doing  good  in  the  largest 
sense  in  which  he  understood  the  word. 

Long  ago,  when  the  Press  was  under 
control  and  books  were  scarce  and  ex- 
pensive, the  thoughts  of  Englishmen — 
except  of  the  rare  few  who  could  form 
opinions  for  themselves — were  derived 
mainly  from  the  Sunday  sermon.  Go- 
vernment addresses  were  read  from  the 


pulpits,  and  the  clergy  were  instructed  on 
the  views  which  they  were  to  take  and 
the  information  which  they  were  to  coin- 
muuicate  on  the  great  questions  of  the 
day. 

So  far  as  concerns  knowledge  and  opi- 
nion, it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the 
functions  of  the  pulpit  have  passed  to  the 
printing-press.  In  the  writers  of  books, 
newspapers,  and  reviews  the  mind  of  Eng- 
land now  finds  its  voice  and  expression; 
and  by  the  printed  literature  which  they 
read,  the  convictions,  beliefs,  and  ultimately 
the  actious  of  the  people  are  substantially 
governed.  Official  control,  except  over 
indecency  or  open  blasphemy,  has  long 
ceased—men  choose  practically  their  own 
instructors ;  and  the  only  shadow  of  au- 
thority which  exists  anywhere  is  exercised 
by  the  publisher.  The  publisher  stands 
between  the  world  and  the  author.  It  is 
he  who  decides  at  last  what  shall  or  shall 
not  be  brought  out ;  and  it  becomes  there- 
fore of  considerable  importance  whether 
a  publisher  is  influenced  by  other  conside- 
rations than  the  desire  of  making  money. 
Either  human  nature  is  changed,  or  the 
literature  for  which  the  reading  public 
will  pay  most  readily  will  not  be  univer- 
sally the  best  for  them. 

So  acutely  Mr.  Parker  felt  his  responsi- 
bilities in  this  matter,  so  large  were  the 
powers  for  good  or  evil  which  he  believed 
he  could  exercise,  that  the  writer  of  this 
notice  once  said  to  him  that,  according  to 
his  theory,  the  bishops  of  the  Church  of 
England  held  but  sinecure  offices,  and  he 
and  the  heads  of  the  other  publishing 
houses  were  our  virtual  spiritual  fathers 
and  directors. 

Such  views  may  appear  overstrained, 
but  in  him  they  were  at  least  most  real. 
No  prospect  of  pecuniary  advantage  would 
induce  him  to  meddle  with  any  book  which 
he  had  not  first  assured  himself  was  the 
expression  of  an  houest  conviction  or  the 
result  of  honest  labour ;  no  dread  of  im- 
mediate outcry  would  tempt  him  to  with- 
draw his  help  from  any  man  whom  he  be- 
lieved to  deserve  it.  He  made  himself  no 
partisan  among  the  great  religious  or 
political  questions  of  the  day.  He  would 
hold  out  his  hand  to  any  one  who  had 


1861.] 


Obituary. — Mr.  John  William  Parker,  Jun. 


223 


ability  to  deal  with  the  subject  which  he 
might  undertake,  and  the  will  to  deal 
with  it  honestly.  He  was  intolerant  only 
wben  he  saw  men  making  a  market  of 
their  convictions,  looking  out  for  the  line 
which  would  pay  best,  and  making  the 
"getting  on"  in  life  the  single  rule  for 
their  thoughts  and  their  actions. 

This,  at  all  events,  he  would  not  do  for 
himself.     He  had   no  chimerical  enthu- 
siasm.    He  understood — no  one  under- 
stood better — the  terms  on  which  alone 
business  could  be  honourably  carried  on. 
No  sympathies  with   particular  opinions 
or  regard   for   individual    friends  would 
tempt  him   to  publish   books  for  which 
moderate  success  could  not  reasonably  be 
anticipated.     However  good  a  man  might 
be,  he  knew  that  he  was   shewing  him 
no  kindness  in  encouraging  him  to  spend 
his  time  writing  books  or  articles  if  he 
could  not  earn  an  honest  livelihood  by  it; 
but   he  deliberately  preferred   the  good 
thing  which  would  pay  its  expenses  to 
the  most  brilliant  prospect  of  momentary 
profit  when   there  was  no  substance  to 
justify  it.     He  did  not  wish  to  be  known 
as  the  publisher  who  had  made  the  largest 
fortune  in  the  trade,  but  as  the  one  who 
bad  added  most  to  the  enduring  litera- 
ture of  England. 

In  the  same  spirit  he  would  never 
"puff"  his  books.  His  advertisement 
list  was  a  simple  intimation  that  such 
and  such  volumes  had  been  brought  out. 
It  was  never  lengthened  with  elaborate 
quotations — often  dishonestly  selected — 
from  the  criticisms  of  newspapers  and 
magazines.  The  value  of  such  quotations 
none  know  better  than  the  men  who  ha- 
bitually condescend  to  use  them.  Mr. 
Parker  used  to  say  that  his  books  should 
■ell  on  their  own  merits  or  not  at  all.  His 
scrupulous  honour  could  not  endure  even 
the  appearance  of  quackery.  Emphatically 
he  was  a  man  "  true  and  just  in  all  his 
dealings,'*  and  truth  aud  justice  were  the 
qualities  which  he  looked  to  find  in  those 
with  whom  he  would  consent  to  deal. 

And  as  his  mind  was  full  of  uprightness, 
so  were  his  ftelings  full  of  delicacy  and 
sensibility.  He  was  particularly  indig- 
nant at  the  curiosity  which  now-a-days 


spares  nothing,  which,  careless  of  the  pain 
which  it  may  inflict,  treats  private  letters 
and  journals  as  public  property,  dives  into 
the  private  histories  of  men,  publishes  ac- 
counts of  them  even  while  they  are  alive, 
and  as  soon  as  they  are  dead  thinks  no- 
thing too  sacred  to  turn  a  dishonest  shil- 
ling by.  Unscrupulou8ness  of  this  kind 
shews  itself  in  many  ways.  One  day 
going  into  Mr.  Parker's  room,  we  found 
his  pale  face  paler  than  usual  with  anger 
"  Look  at  these,"  he  said,  putting  a  bun- 
dle of  letters  in  our  hands,  "  or,  rather,  do 
not  look  at  them."  A  lady,  eminent  in 
certain  circles  as  a  spiritual  teacher, 
wanted  him  to  publish  a  devotional  book 
for  her.  She  had  sent  him  the  private 
correspondence  of  some  thirty  different 
ladies  who  had  trusted  her  with  the  in- 
most secrets  of  their  souls  and  consciences, 
as  an  advertisement  of  herself,  her  ability, 
and  popularity.  Mr.  Parker  was  perhaps 
never  seen  more  indignant.  He  declined 
the  book  on  the  spot.  He  returned  the 
letters,  with  a  regret  that  the  lady  should 
have  sent  him  what  had  been  intended 
for  no  eye  but  her  own. 

A  few  days  after  he  shewed  us  the 
lady's  reply.  Stung  by  the  rebuke,  she 
had  dropped  the  mask  for  the  moment, 
and  had  told  him  she  did  not  require  to  be 
lectured  on  her  duty  by  the  insolence  of 
a  tradesman. 

If  severe  with  others,  however,  Mr 
Parker  was  at  least  equally  severe  with 
himself.  During  his  last  illness  an  address 
was  lying  at  his  house  for  signature,  to 
which  a  number  of  eminent  persons  of 
different  opinions  gave  their  names.  It 
was  to  assure  Mr.  Maurice  of  the  regard 
which  all  those  persons  entertained  for 
him,  and  to  say  that,  although  they  might 
differ  from  him  and  from  one  another  in 
their  particular  views,  they  trusted  they 
were  all  working  together  for  the  glory  of 
God. 

In  looking  over  the  signatures  we  misted 
Mr.  Parker's,  and  asked  him  about  it* 
He  could  not  sign,  he  said :  not  from  a 
want  of  regard  for  Mr.  Maurice,  but  be- 
cause he  could  not  honestly  say  he  wag 
working  for  the  glory  of  God:  he  did 
not  know  who  could.     We  thought  him 


224  Mr.  John  Wm.  Parker,  Jun.— Clergy  Deceased.        [Feb. 


wrong;  but  it  was  a  wrong  better  than 
most  men's  right. 

There  was,  however,  (it  mast  be  said 
again,)  nothing  narrow  about  him ;  his  in- 
tellectual sympathies  were  of  the  very 
"broadest.  With  definite  convictions  of  his 
own,  he  was  satisfied  that  the  cause  of 
truth  was  best  served  when  the  points  on 
which  men  differed  were  submitted  to  the 
most  free  discussion,  when  the  represen- 
tatives of  two  different  schools  of  opinion 
had  the  fullest  opportunity  of  expressing 
themselves.  The  writings  of  Mill  and 
Buckle,  Trench  and  Helps,  Kingsley  and 
Miss  Yonge,  were  all  published  by  the 
Parkers'  house,  and  names  connected  with 
views  so  extreme  in  their  divergence  shew 
how  broad  was  his  appreciation. 

The  faults  of  remarkable  men  are  usually 
an  exaggeration  of  their  good  qualities. 
There  may  be  limits  to  the  subjects  on 
which  open  discussion  is  desirable.  Mr. 
Parker  may  have  erred  from  excess  of 
liberality.  He  erred  also,  we  should  say 
more  confidently,  in  a  moral  point  of  view, 
from  excess  of  sensitiveness.  "  Oh,  Mr. 
Secretary,"  said  an  old  English  statesman 
to  Sir  William  Petrie,  lamenting  some 
over-niceties  in  his  superiors,  "  let  us  re- 
member what  a  world  we  live  in !"  Many 
a  blameless  man  keeps  his  fingers  clean 
only  because  he  keeps  his  talent  in  a 
napkin,  and  works  honestly  at  nothing. 
Many  of  the  best  and  worthiest  actions 
have  been  done  with  rough,  soiled,  and 
weather-stained  hands.  Mr.  Parker  would 
not  see  or  admit  this;  he  never  could 
forgive  large  faults  by  large  people.  Com- 
mon little  mean  tricks  by  common  men 
he  could  forget  or  smile  at ;  but  let  him 
once  satisfy  himself  that  somebody  in 
high  place, — an  emperor,  a  minister,  a 
bishop,  a  popular  writer,  a  leader  of  a  po- 
litical party, — had  done  a  tyrannical  thing, 
had  broken  his  word,  had  equivocated,  had 
sinned  in  one  of  the  many  ways  in  which 
public  men  perpetually  do  sin,  he  could  never 
think  of  such  a  man  afterwards  with  any 
kind  of  endurance.  To  him  and  to  "Fraser's 
Magazine"  that  person  was  a  bad  man 
thenceforward,  and  though  he  might  after- 
wards earn  public  gratitude  by  high  ser- 
vice to  a  cause  which  he  loved,  our  friend 
13 


suspected  the  good  deed  in  his  distrust 
of  the  author  of  it.  He  would  have  had 
the  French  beaten  at  Solferino;  though 
Napoleon's  victory  broke  the  chains  of 
Italy,  and  his  defeat  would  have  riveted 
them  for  half-a-century.  The  faults  of 
statesmen  are  as  much  the  result  of  states- 
men's special  difficulties  as  the  errors  of 
a  boy  at  college  are  caused  by  inexperi- 
ence and  passion ;  they  equally  deserve  a 
charitable  interpretation,  they  are  equally 
compatible  with  a  genuine  desire  to  do 
good.  Mr.  Parker  was  apt  to  forget  that 
among  such  beings  as  mankiud  the  really 
valuable  thing  must  be  accepted  gratefully 
whatever  be  the  hand  which  offers  it.  So, 
again,  he  could  not  control  his  indigna- 
tion at  the  ancient  weakness  of  mankind, 
which  makes  a  rogue  into  a  hero  merely 
because  he  has  been  successful.  The 
worship  of  success  doubtless  has  its  base 
aspect.  As  long  as  power  can  be  obtained 
by  treachery,  and  wealth  by  dishonesty, 
the  world  will  always  more  or  less  be  a 
temple  where  worthless  votaries  cringe 
before  worthless  idols.  But  looking  at 
mankind  more  broadly:  those  who  rise 
to  eminence,  rise  on  the  whole  in  virtue  of 
something  else  than  vice  and  crime.  They 
rise  by  superior  industry,  superior  ability, 
superior  tenacity  of  purpose ;  and  ignorant 
as  we  necessarily,  must  be  of  the  inner 
history  of  men,  we  neither  unnaturally 
nor  unjustly  accept  the  outward  results  as 
a  rough  criterion  of  character. 

But  enough  of  this, — and  it  is  almost 
laughable  to  speak  of  excessive  moral  sen- 
sibility as  a  fault. 

Mr.  Parker  is'  gone  from  us,  worn  out 
prematurely  by  hard  work.  It  will  be 
long  before  those  who  knew  him  will  find 
a  truer  friend,  or  England  a  man  of  busi- 
ness who  will  conduct  his  private  occupa- 
tions with  a  keener  sense  of  his  duties  as  a 
citizen. 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

Dec.  3.  At  Cambridge,  aged  90,  the  Rev.  Geo. 
Pearce,  M.A.,  of  Corpus  Christi  College  and 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge. 

Dee.  7.  At  Urswick,  aged  48,  the  Rev.  Mat- 
thias Forrest,  B. A.  Vicar  of  Urswick. 

Dec.  12.  At  Wilnocote,  aged  77,  Robert  Watkin 
Lloyd,  M.A.,  of  Ty-yn-y,  Rhyl,  formerly  Fellow 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


225 


of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  lately  In- 
cumbent of  Wilnecote  and  Wigginton. 

Dee.  16.  At  Doncaeter,  aged  54,  the  Rev.  Wm. 
Thorp,  Vicar  of  Misson,  Notts.  The  Geological 
and  Polytechnic  Society  of  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire  has  lost  a  warm-hearted  friend  and 
earnest  supporter  by  the  demise  of  Mr.  Thorp. 
For  many  years  he  discharged  the  duties  of 
honorary  secretary ;  and  he  was  the  author  of  a 
work  on  "  The  Agricultural  Geology  of  part  of 
the  Wold  District  of  Yorkshire,"  and  of  other 
important  geological  treatises. 

Dee.  24.  At  Lulworth,  aged  47,  the  Rev.  Robert 
Barer  t,  third  son  of  Thomas  Havers,  esq.,  of 
Thelton-hall,  Norfolk. 

Dee.  26.  In  his  lodgings,  at  Lincoln  College, 
aged  59,  the  Rev.  James  Thompson,  D.D.,  Rector 
of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford.  The  deceased  ma- 
triculated at'  Lincoln  College  about  1820,  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1823,  M.A.  in  1826,  and 
B.D.  in  1833.  In  1815  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Rectory  of  Cublinaton,  Bucks,  a  living  in  the 
gift  of  the  Rector  and  Fellows  of  Lincoln  College. 
In  1851  the  Rev.  Dr.  Radford,  Rector  of  the  Col- 
lege, died,  when  Mr.  Thompson  was  elected  to 
succeed  him,  and  became  also  Rector  of  Twyford, 
Bucks,  which  is  annexed  to  the  Rectorship  of 
Lincoln  College.  In  1852  the  deceased  took  the 
degree  of  D.D.  At  the  time  of  bis  death  Dr. 
Thompson  was  one  of  the  Pro-Vice-chancellors 
of  the  University.  The  deceased  has  left  a  widow 
and  three  sons,  the  eldest  of  whom  is  but  young. 

Dee.  28.  At  St.  Leonard's-on-Sea,  aged  71,  the 
Rev.  William  Cleaver,  formerly  Rector  of  Del- 
gany,  co.  Wicklow.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Euseby  Cleaver,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Dublin; 
was  born  in  1789,  and  educated  at  Westminster, 
whence  he  was  elected  to  a  studentship  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  in  1808  the 
University  prize  for  a  Latin  poem  on  "  Delphi." 
He  held  for  a  time  the  Perpetual  Curacy  of  Tring, 
and  in  1819  was  appointed  to  Delgany  (Ireland). 
He  continued  Rector  of  this  parish  for  twenty- 
eight  years.  As  a  preacher  he  was  characterised 
by  a  penetrating  tenderness  of  voice  and  earnest- 
ness of  manner,  which  arrested  the  attention, 
and  made  a  deep  impression  on  his  hearers. 

Dee.  29.  At  his  residence,  the  Ashes,  near 
Hawee,  Yorkshire,  aged  77,  the  Rev.  J  at.  Wood 
Metcalfe,  M.A. 

Dee.  30.  At  the  Vicarage,  Brixham,  Devon, 
aged  77,  the  Rev.  Robert  Holdsworth,  A.M.,  fifty- 
one  years  Vicar  of  Brixham  -  with  -Churston- 
Ferrers,  and  senior  Prebend  of  Exeter  Cathedral. 

At  Sutton  Vicarage,  Iaie  of  Ely,  aged  69,  the 
Rev.  Thomae  Far  del  I,  LL.D.,  V  icar  of  Suttou, 
and  Magistrate  of  the  county. 

Jan.  3.  At  Paington,  near  Torquay,  aged  52, 
the  Rev.  Richard  Randall  8uekling,  formerly 
Rector  of  Duiitisbourne-Abbots,  Gloucestershire. 

Jan.  7.  At  Combe  Longa,  the  Rev.  William 
Barrett,  M.A.,  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  for- 
merly on  Lord  Crewe's  Foundation. 

Jan.  8.  At  the  Rectory,  Codford  8t*  Mary, 
Wilts,  aged  85v  the  Rev.  George  Mounljoy  Web- 
iter,  D.D.,  fa*  forty-four  years  Rector  of  that 


Gut.  Kaa.  Vol.  CGX 


At  Llandough  Rectory,  aged  36,  the  Rev.  Chas, 
Williams  Etans. 

Jan.  9.  At  Brattleby  Rectory,  near  Lincoln, 
the  Rev.  John  Carr,  Rector  of  Brattleby,  and 
formerly  Fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford. 

Jan.  13.  At  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  aged  45,  the 
Rev.  James  Blatch  Piggott  Dennis,  B.A.  Mr. 
Dennis's  contributions  to  natural  history  were  of 
great  interest  and  importance.  His  microscopi- 
cal researches  into  the  structure  of  bone — to  his 
ardent  pursuit  of  which  his  premature  decease 
may  be  primarily  attributed— are  considered  to 
have  established  the  geological  facts  of  the  exis- 
tence of  mammifers  anterior  to  the  lias  deposit, 
and  of  birds  during  the  deposition  of  the  Stones- 
field  slate,  or  further  back  by  many  formations 
than  had  been  previously  known.  His  investiga- 
tions into  the  internal  structure  of  bone  may  in* 
deed  be  considered  to  have  opened  a  new  door  to 
natural  science.  A  few  of  its  results  are  given  in 
his  two  papers  contributed  in  the  year  1857  to 
the  "  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,"  the  va- 
lue of  which  has  been  recognized  by  Professors 
Hen»low  and  Owen  and  other  saeans. 

Jan.  16.  At  Moseley  Parsonage,  aged  68,  the 
Rev.  William  Villiers,  Vicar  of  Bromsgrove, 
Worcestershire,  and  Honorary  Canon  of  Worces- 
ter Cathedral. 

Jan.  17.  At  the  Deanery,  Exeter,  aged  79,  the 
Very  Rev.  Thomas  Sill  Lowe,  Dean. 

DEATHS. 

ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER. 

April,  1860.  At  Linyanti,  on  the  Zambesi,  the 
Rev.  Holloway  Helmore,  for  nearly  twenty  years 
a  faithful  and  devoted  missionary  in  Africa ;  and 
at  the  same  place,  within  a  few  days,  his  wife 
and  two  of  his  children,  all  from  fever. 

April  30.  Suddenly,  at  Calcutta,  Edward  Jen- 
ner  Lambert  Ellison,  commander  of  the  steam- 
ship "  Celerity,"  son  of  the  late  Lieut.  William 
Ellison,  R.N.  He  commanded  the  Royal  Mail 
packet "  Avon"  in  the  memorable  hurricane  in 
Balaclava  harbour  in  1854. 

Sept.  — .  Off  the  coast  of  Japan,  Com.  George 
T.  Colvile,  commanding  H.M.S.  "  Camilla."  She 
was  caught  in  a  typhoon  and  went  down,  and  all 
hands  perished.  Among  the  officers  were  Lieut. 
Almcric  Hugh  FitxRoy,  aged  25,  son  of  Lieut.- 
Col.  Hugh  FitxRoy,  late  of  the  Grenadier  Guards; 
Conrad  Donner  Collins,  aged  22,  fourth  son  of 
G.  M.  von  Dadelszen,  esq.,  of  Frankfort-lodge, 
Clevedon,  Somerset ;  and  Mr.  Perceval  Briggs, 
aged  17,  midshipman,  eldest  son  of  John  Henry 
Briggs,  esq.,  of  the  Admiralty,  Whitehall,  and 
Gloucester-pl.,  Hyde-park-gardens. 

Sept.  18.  Treacherously  captured  by  the 
Chinese,  along  with  other  Europeans  and  Sikhs, 
Capt.  Brabazon,  R.A.,  Lieut.  Anderson,  of  Fane's 
Horse,  Mr.  De  Norman,  attache"  of  the  Legation 
at  Shanghai,  and  Mr.  Bowlby,  correspondent  of 
"The  Times."  Capt.  Brabazon  is  believed  to 
have  been  beheaded  on  the  21st  of  September, 
and  the  others  named  died  of  ill  treatment  be- 
tween that  date  and  the  5th  of  October.  The 
body  of  Capt.  Brabazon  has  not  been  found,  but 


226 


Obituary. 


[Feb 


the  corpses  of  the  others,  together  with  that  of 
Phipps,  a  private  of  the  King's  Dragoon  Guards, 
were  given  up  by  the  Chinese,  and  were  buried 
with  military  honours  in  the  Russian  cemetery, 
outside  the  An-tin  gate  of  Pekin,  on  the  17th  of 
October. 

Captain  Brabazon  was  one  of  the  most  accom- 
plished members  of  the  Royal  Artillery.  Of  both 
the  theory  and  practice  of  his  profession  he  was 
a  master,  and  just  before  his  departure  for  China 
he  published  a  valuable  little  volume,  entitled 
"  Soldiers  and  their  8cience."  When  the  China 
expedition  was  organized  Brigadier  Crofton,  com- 
manding the  artillery,  selected  Captain  Brabazon 
for  the  post  of  Deputy- Assistant  Quartermaster- 
General  ;  and  up  to  the  day  on  which  he  volun- 
teered to  accompany  Mr.  Loch  to  the  Chinese 
lines,  he  was  looked  to  by  the  heads  of  the  expe- 
dition, both  French  and  English,  as  one  of  the 
most  valuable  officers  of  a  staff  in  itself  singularly 
efficient.  Capt.  Brabazon,  who  was  only  twenty- 
six  years  oid,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Major  Bra- 
bazon, late  of  the  15th  Hussars,  and  of  Brabazon- 
park,  co.  Mayo,  and  a  near  relative  of  Colonel 
Ouseley  Higgins,  for  several  years  M.P.  for  that 
county. 

Robert  Burn  Anderson,  the  second  son  of  Mr. 
John  Anderson,  merchant  in  Glasgow,  was  born 
in  Glasgow  on  the  14th  of  October,  1843,  and  had 
consequently  not  reached  twenty-seven  years  of 
age  when  he  died.  lie  was  educated  in  the  Col- 
legiate School  and  in  the  University  of  his  native 
eity,  and  on  receiving  a  cadetship  repaired  to  the 
Indian  College  of  Addiscombe.  In  this  military 
school  he  remained  two  years,  and,  after  having 
passed  excellent  examinations  and  received  the 
Tery  highest  testimonials  for  his  exemplary  con- 
duct and  soldierlike  qualities,  proceeded  to  India. 
On  arriving  in  Bombay  he  was  temporarily  at- 
tached to  the  29th  Native  Infantry,  then  at  Sunt, 
and  was  shortly  afterwards  posted  to  the  1st 
Bombay  Fusiliers.  A  portion  of  the  regiment 
being  ordered  to  Aden  he  accompanied  and  re- 
mained with  them  at  that  station  rather  more 
than  a  year;  and  thereafter  joined  the  rest  of 
the  Fusiliers  at  Kurrachee,  where  they  were  sta- 
tioned until  the  outbreak  of  the  Indian  mutiny. 
He  was  not  long  in  this  garrison  before  he 
was  appointed  by  General  Scott,  then  com- 
manding the  station,  to  be  his  aide-de-camp.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  mutiny  the  regiment  was  im- 
mediately ordered  to  Moultan,  but  after  two 
days'  residence  at  that  place  Lieutenant  Ander- 
son was  sent  to  Mecan  Meer,  as  Quartermaster, 
and  on  arrival  at  the  station  was  appointed  Ad- 
jutant of  the  left  wing  of  his  regiment.  lie  con- 
tinned  to  serve  in  this  capacity  at  Ferozcpore 
and  Umritair,  and  while  at  the  former  place,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  mutiny  of  a  native  regiment, 
greatly  distinguished  himself.  On  rejoining  the 
head-quarters  of  the  regiment  at  Moultan,  he 
found  his  name  in  the  general  orders,  and  the 
day  following  was  appointed  by  the  Indian  Go- 
vernment Brigade-Major  of  "  Hodson's  Horse," 
so  well  known  for  their  eminent  services  at 
Delhi.  Travelling  by  forced  stages  he  joined 
Colonel  Daly,  commanding  "  Hodson's  Horse," 


in  Oude,  and  by  the  ability  which  he  displayed 
in  arranging  the  accounts,  rendered  eminent  ser- 
vice to  the  corps  and  redeemed  large  sums  which 
would  have  been  otherwise  entirely  lost  to  Go- 
vernment. With  one  of  the  regiments  of  "  Hod- 
son's Horse"  he  served  for  some  time  on  the 
Nepaul  frontier,  and  was  then  ordered  with  the 
regiment  to  Fyzabad,  where  he  anticipated  being 
stationed  for  some  considerable  time.  Shortly 
afterwards,  however,  he  was  obliged  to  repair  to 
Lucknow,  where  he  spent  some  time  in  disband- 
ing the  3rd  Regiment  of  the  brigade ;  and  as  by 
the  reorganization  of  the  corps  the  appointment 
which  he  held  was  done  away  with,  he  volun- 
teered to  go  to  China,  and  very  soon  received 
orders  to  join  "  Fane's  Hor*e"  as  Adjutant,  then 
at  Calcutta,  on  the  eve  of  departing  with  the  ex- 
peditionary forces  under  Sir  Hope  Grant.  He 
appears  to  have  died  after  much  suffering  on  the 
27th  of  September.  He  was  at  once  a  brave  and 
dashing  officer,  and  an  active  and  prudent  ad- 
ministrator— qualities  which  would  assuredly 
have  gained  for  him,  before  the  lapse  of  many 
years,  a  prominent  place  in  the  British  army. 

Mr.  De  Norman,  who  survived  the  longest, 
dying  on  the  5th  of  October,  though  bearing  a 
foreign  name,  was  closely  connected  with  Scot- 
land. He  was  the  only,  and  a  posthumous,  child 
of  Baroness  de  Norman,  third  daughter  of  Gen. 
Douglas  Maclean  Clephane,  of  Torloisk.  He  thus 
belonged  to  some  of  the  oldest  families  in  Fife- 
Douglas  of  Kirkness,  Lundin  of  Auchtermaimie, 
Clephane  of  Carslogie — and  he  was  related  to 
several  noble  English  families,  being  cousin- 
german  to  the  Marquis  of  Northampton.  He 
was  in  his  twenty -ninth  year;  and  it  may  be 
added,  that  those  who  knew  him  best  could  fur- 
nish the  largest  additions  to  the  distinguished 
testimony  borne  by  Lord  Elgin,  in  his  despatches, 
to  his  high  character  and  gallant  spirit,  his  pure 
manners  and  uncommon  attainments. 

Thomas  William  Bowlby,  who  died  on  the  22nd 
of  September,  only  four  days  after  his  seizure, 
was  the  son  of  Thomas  Bowlby,  a  captain  in  the 
Royal  Artillery;  his  mother  was  a  daughter  of 
Gen.  Balfour.  He  was  born  at  Gibraltar,  and 
was  the  eldest  of  a  numerous  family,  and  when 
he  was  yet  very  young  his  parents  took  up  their 
residence  in  Sunderland,  where  his  father  entered 
upon  the  business  of  a  timber  merchant.  Young 
Bowlby's  education  was  entrusted  to  Dr.  Cowan, 
a  Scotch  schoolmaster  who  settled  in  Sunderland 
about  forty  years  ago.  After  leaving  school,  he 
was  articled  as  a  solicitor  to  his  cousin,  Mr. 
Russell  Bowlby,  who  at  that  time  practiced  in 
Sunderland.  On  the  completion  of  his  clerkship 
he  went  to  London,  and  spent  some  years  as  a 
salaried  clei  k  in  the  office  of  a  large  firm  in  the 
Temple.  About  the  year  1846  be  commenced 
practice  in  the  city  with  Messrs.  Laurence  and 
Crowdy,  and  for  some  years  he  enjoyed  a  fair 
practice.  But  the  profession  of  the  law  was  not 
to  his  taste,  and  much  of  his  time  was  spent  in 
the  company  of  the  literary  celebrities  of  the 
metropolis.  Shortly  after  ho  commenced  prac- 
tice, Mr.  Bowlby  married  Miss  Meine,  the  sister 
of  his  father's  second  wife,  and  on  the  death  of 


1861.] 


OBIT0ABT. 


227 


her  father  Mr*.  Bowlby  became  possessed  of  a 
considerable  fortune.  In  1848,  Mr.  Bowlby  flrat 
became  connected  with  the  "Times,"  and  was 
dispatched  to  Berlin  as  its  special  correspondent. 
During  the  railway  mania,  Mr.  Bowlby  got  into 
pecuniary  difficulties,  which  caused  him  to  leave 
England  for  a  short  time ;  but  it  must  be  stated 
to  his  honour  that  he  soon  after  made  arrange- 
ments for  the  whole  of  his  future  earnings  to  be 
applied  in  liquidation  of  his  debts.  On  his  return 
to  this  country  he  was  for  some  time  associated 
with  M.  Jullien,  and  made  arrangements  in  dif- 
ferent Continental  towns  for  his  performances. 
lie  next  repaired  to  Smyrna,  where  he  was 
engaged  in  one  of  the  departments  connected 
with  the  construction  of  a  railway  ;  but  his 
labours  there  were  abruptly  terminated  by  the 
failure  of  Mr.  Jackson,  the  contractor.  He  then 
returned  to  England,  and  remained  unemployed 
until  he  was  engaged  to  proceed  to  China  as  the 
special  correspondent  of  the  "  Times."  He  went 
in  the  same  steamer  as  Lord  Elgin  and  Baron 
Qros,  with  whom  he  was  shipwrecked,  and  his 
account  of  the  loss  of  the  "Malabar"  at  Point 
de  Oalle  has  probably  nerer  been  excelled  as  a 
piece  of  free  and  dashing  descriptive  composition. 
Mr.  Bowlby  was  a  man  of  most  amiable  disposi- 
tion, and  of  good  conversational  powers;  his 
age  was  about  43.  He  has  left  a  widow  and 
Ave  children,  moat  of  whom  are  of  tender 
years. 

Oct.  29.  At  his  residence,  Parnell,  Auckland, 
New  Zealand,  aged  63,  William  Henry  Tizard, 
formerly  Senior  Examiner,  Audit-office,  Somer- 
set-house, London,  (having  served  the  public 
upwards  of  forty  years  in  the  office,)  Assistant- 
Commisatoner  for  Auditing  the  Irish  Relief  Ac- 
counts, Special  Auditor  to  the  British  Museum, 
and  Private  Secretary  to  the  late  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
hart. 

Nov.  1.  At  Shanghai,  aged  27,  Lieut.  H.  C. 
Leee,  R.N.,  H.M.8.  "  Centaur,"  eldest  son  of 
Henry  Lees,  esq.,  Polkemmet-house,  Linlithgow- 
shire. 

Nov.  2.  At  Dalesford,  Australia,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  fall  from  his  horse,  Charles,  youngest 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  O.  Moultrie,  Vicar  of  Cleo- 
bury  Mortimer,  Salop. 

Nov.  4.  Suddenly,  in  the  Camp  at  Pekln, 
Arthur  8aunderB  Thomson,  M.D.,  principal  medi- 
cal officer  of  the  2nd  Division  of  the  Expedi- 
tionary Army,  only  son  of  James  Thomson,  esq., 
of  Glendouran. 

Nov.  10.  At  Lisbon,  the  Rev.  Francisco  Rafael 
da  Silva  Main  o,  canon  of  the  cathedral.  The 
deceased,  who  was  no  mean  poet,  was  also  a  dis- 
tinguished theological  writer,  and  a  very  elo- 
quent preacher. 

Nov.  11.  At  MuMourie,  aged  39,  Lieut. -Col. 
Henry  Alan,  Olphert's  Bengal  Horse  Artillery. 

At  Almorah,  East  Indies,  Juliana,  wife  of  Capt. 
Godfrey  Colpoys  Bloomfield,  Commandant  of  the 
23rd  Regt.  of  Punjjub  Infantry,  and  eldest  sur- 
viving dan.  of  Robert  Lane,  esq.,  of  Ryelands, 
Herefordshire. 

Nov.  16.  At  sea,  in  lat.  22  north,  and  long. 
2ft  west,  on  board  the  ship  "Zelandta,"  aged  23, 

Gnrr.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


Charles  John,  eldest  son  of  Charles  Spence,  esq., 
of  the  Admiralty,  Somerset-house. 

Nov.  17.  On  the  day  he  sailed  from  the  an- 
chorage off  the  Peiho  River  for  Hongkong  and 
England,  Capt.  Peel,  2nd  Bat.  of  1st  Royal*,  hav- 
ing only  been  taken  seriously  ill  with  conrulsiona 
on  that  day. 

Nov.  20.  At  Secunderabad,  India,  Charlotte, 
wife  of  Capt.  George  Forbes,  of  the  5th  Madras 
Light  Cavalry,  and  youngest  dau.  of  Wm.  Thoe. 
Brande,  esq.,  of  Her  Majesty's  Mint. 

Nov.  22.  At  Bath,  suddenly,  of  apoplexy,  aged 
74,  Robert  Ragueneau  Dobson,  esq.,  formerly 
Capt.  5th  Fusiliers. 

In  the  Close,  Salisbury,  aged  69,  Harriet,  relict 
of  the  Rev.  J.  J.  G.  Dowland,  Vicar  of  Broad- 
winsor,  Dorset. 

At  Allahabad,  aged  49,  after  a  service  of  thirty 
years,  CoL  Benjamin  Ricky,  commanding  H.M.'a 
48th  Regt. 

Nov.  23.  At  Clifton-gardens,  aged  71,  Eliza 
D'Oyley,  widow  of  Capt.  John  Rees,  one  of  the 
Elder  Brethren  of  the  Trinity-house. 

At  Croom's-hill,  Blackheath,  aged  85,  Amelia 
Hyde,  eighth  and  last  surviving  dau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  Francis  Wollaston,  Rector  of  Chislehurst. 

Nov.  25.  At  his  residence,  Dean-st,  8oho,  aged 
85,  Mr.  John  Swaine,  formerly  well  known  in  his 
profession  as  an  eminent  line-engraver. 

At  Craven-hill,  Hyde-pk.,  Mary  Anne,  widow 
of  Colonel  Wolridge,  R.M. 

On  board  H.M.'s  ship  "Persian,"  East  Coast 
of  Africa,  Wm.  Young  Howison,  M.D.,  assistant- 
surgeon  R.N. 

Nov.  26.  At  his  residence,  East  End-house, 
Finchley,  aged  81,  Samuel  Henry  Cullum,  esq. 

At  her  residence,  Marine-parade,  Dover,  aged 
87,  Catherine,  relict  of  Adm.  Wilson,  of  Red- 
grave-hall, Suffolk. 

At  Madeira,  en  route  to  Calcutta,  of  fever,  aged 
58,  George  Anderson,  esq.,  of  Farnham,  Surrey, 
Surgeon  to  H.  M.'s  Emigration  Commissioners 
on  board  the  "Conway"  transport.  That  vessel 
was  abandoned  at  sea  some  three  hundred  miles 
off  Madeira,  with  more  than  three  hundred  pas- 
sengers on  board,  chiefly  the  wires  of  soldiers  in 
India,  bound  to  Calcutta.  The  crew  and  passen- 
gers, to  the  number  of  364,  were  taken  off  that 
vessel  by  the  "  Summer  Cloud,"  and  carried  into 
Funcbal  on  the  9th  of  September,  where  they 
were  maintained  until  the  "Chataworth"  waa 
sent  out  from  England  to  take  them  on.  When 
the  "Chatsworth"  proceeded  on  her  voyage  with 
362  men,  women,  and  children  for  India,  on  the 
21st  of  November,  Dr.  Anderson  was  too  ill  to 
proceed  with  her,  and  gave  up  his  chsrge  to  Dr. 
Gourlay,  and  he  only  lived  five  days  after  that 
vessel's  leaving  Funcbal. 

Nov.  27.  At  Bucharest,  Fanny,  wife  of  Nicho- 
las Andronesco,  Directeur  de  Culte  et  d'lnstrue- 
tion,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Wm.  Friswell,  esq.,  of 
Tad  worth. 

Not.  28.  At  Notting-hill,  aged  91,  Charlotte, 
widow  of  Charles  Augustus  West,  Lieut.-CoL 
Fusilier  Guards,  and  Lieut. -Governor  of  Land- 
guard  Fort. 

In  Queen-sq.,  Bath,  aged  62,  Charlotte  Harriet 

vf 


228 


Obituary. 


[Feb. 


Martinique,  eldest  dan.  of  the  late  Sir  Robert 
8haw  MUnes,  bart. 

At  Melksham,  Wilts,  aged  70,  Mr.  John  Coch- 
rane, bookseller. 

At  St.  Helier's,  Jersey,  Mary,  relict  of  Capt. 
Neyland,  Pa*  master  16th  Lancers. 

At  Barrackpore,  of  sunstroke,  Lieut.  John 
Watson,  H.M.'s  Bengal  Army,  younger  surviving 
son  of  W.  Watson,  esq.,  W.8.,  Sheriff-Substitute 
of  Aberdeenshire. 

Nov.  29.  At  his  residence,  Upper  Woodland- 
ten-.,  Charlton,  Woolwich,  aged  37,  Dr.  John 
Barclay,  Surgeon,  R.N. 

At  Lambeth,  aged  75,  Mr.  Francis  Henderson, 
upwards  of  fifty-eight  years  a  clerk  in  the  Bank 
of  England. 

In  Bedford-st.,  Bedford-sq.,  aged  70,  Henry 
Scott  Boston,  esq.,  late  of  Halstead,  Essex,  and 
son  of  the  late  Adm.  Boston. 

Of  dysentery,  on  board  the  steamship  "  Ner- 
tham,"  off  Point  de  Galle,  on  his  passage  home 
from  China,  Commander  R.  J.  Wynniatt,  R.N., 
of  H.M.S.  "  Nimrod,"  and  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Reginald  Wynniatt. 

Dec.  1.  At  his  residence,  Barrow-house,  near 
Bristol,  aged  77,  Anthony  Blagrave,  esq.,  late  of 
the  Hon.  B.I.C.  Service. 

At  Hartfleld,  Sussex,  aged  78,  Selina  Sarah, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  James  Capper,  Vicar 
of  Wilmington,  Sussex. 

At  Oxford,  aged  25,  Rosamond,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Frederick  Metcalfe,  Fellow  of  Lincoln  Coll., 
and  Incumbent  of  St.  Michael's,  Oxford,  and 
dau.  of  the  late  Henry  Robinson,  e*q.,  of  York. 

Dee.  2.  At  Cambria-villa,  Clifton,  Bristol, 
Harriet  Jane,  midow  of  George  Russell,  esq.,  of 
Merthyr  Tydvil,  Glamorganshire. 

At  Wanstead,  aged  83,  Rebecca,  widow  of 
David  Jennings,  esq.,  of  Hawkhurst,  Kent. 

Dec.  3.  Aged  20,  Mary  Jane,  dau.  of  the  Rev. 
T.  Holme,  East  Cowton,  Yorkshire. 

Dec.  5.  At  Ealing,  aged  73,  Harriet  Mary, 
relict  of  the  Rev.  George  Hughes,  of  Marden  Ash, 
Essex,  and  only  dau.  of  the  late  Craven  Ord,  esq., 
of  Greensted-hall,  Essex. 

Dec.  6.  In  Upper  Mount-st.,  Dublin,  Maria, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Vice* Adm.  Tomlinson. 
*Aged  62,  Marianne,  wife  of  the  Rev.  James 
Mules,  LL.B.,  and  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Robert 
Grove  Leslie,  esq.,  Deputy  Judge  Advocate-Gen. 
for  Ireland. 

Dee.  7.  In  Upper  South wick -St.,  Charlotte, 
wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Jebb,  Walton,  Derbyshire. 

Dee.  8.  At  Chester,  Herbert,  youngest  son  of 
the  late  Henry  Kelsall,  esq. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  82,  Caroline,  widow  of 
John  Falconer,  esq..  H.B.M.'s  Consul  at  Leg- 
horn. 

Dee.  10.  At  Cliftonville,  Brighton,  Fanny, 
wife  of  Col.  Charles  Henry  Mee,  late  of  the  Royal 
Artillery. 

At  her  residence,  St.  Ethelbert-st.,  Hereford, 
at  an  advanced  age,  Elizabeth,  eldest  dau.  of  the 
late  John  Matthews,  esq.,  of  Belmont,  Hereford- 
shire 

At  Holloway,  aged  61,  Thos.  Randall,  esq.,  late 
of  the  H.E.I.C.'s  Home  Service. 


Dee.  12.  Of  diphtheria,  aged  30,  George  Mey- 
rick  Dew,  Lieut.  H.M.'s  13th  Light  Dragoons. 

Suddenly,  at  Pt-n-y-foordd,  near  Hawarden, 
Flintshire,  aged  38,  Mrs.  Helen  Wood  Bagley, 
relict  of  the  Rev.  Thos.  Bagley,  M.A.,  of  Ports- 
mouth. 

At  Chudleigh,  Devon,  aged  83,  Vice-Adm.  Wm. 
Isaac  Scott. 

At  Biarrits,  France,  aged  73,  Frances  Harriet, 
widow  of  James  Hamilton,  esq.,  of  Karnes. 

At  Bath,  aged  68,  Major-Gen.  William  Freke 
Williams,  K.H.  The  late  General  served  in 
Senegal,  Goree,  and  Sierra  Leone,  during  1811 
and  1812,  and  in  the  Peninsula  from  August, 
1812,  to  the  end  of  the  war,  including  San  Sebas- 
tian, the  passage  of  the  Bidassoa,  battles  of  Ni- 
velleandNive  (the  11th,  12th,  and  13th  of  De- 
cember), and  the  investment  of  Bayonne.  In 
1814  he  proceeded  to  America  under  Gen.  Ross, 
and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Bladensburg, 
first  slightly  in  the  left  arm,  and  again  severely 
by  a  musket  ball  through  the  left  shoulder.  He 
served  subsequently  for  several  years  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  he  was  sent  on  a  particular 
service  to  Canada  during  the  insurrection  in  that 
country  in  1838  and  1889,  whence  he  returned  in 
June,  1843,  and  soon  alter  wards  proceeded  to 
Ireland.  For  bis  military  services  he  was  made 
a  Knight  Companion  of  the  Royal  Hanoverian 
Guelphic  Order,  and  had  received  the  silver  war 
medal  with  three  clasps  for  St.  Sebastian,  Nivelle, 
and  Nive.  The  last  appointment  he  held  was 
Brigadier-General  at  Malta.  His  commissions 
were  dated  as  follows :— Entdgn,  August  30, 
1810;  Lieut.,  June  10,  1811;  Capt.,  October  31, 
1814 ;  Major,  April  9, 1825  ;  Lieut. -Colonel,  June 
28,  1838 ;  Colonel,  Nov.  11,  1851 ;  and  Major- 
General,  April  14,  1857. 

Dee.  13.  At  Funchal,  aged  49,  Sig.  Fedcrico 
Bianchi,  the  Austrian  Consul  for  Madeira. 

Dee.  14.  At  Cambridge-ter.,  Hyde-park,  aged 
90,  Susanna  Maria  Young,  of  Bacheborough 
Castle,  Ireland. 

Dec.  15.  At  Christ  Church  Parsonage,  Dover, 
of  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  aged  32,  Emily 
Buxton,  wife  of  the  Rev.  C.  D.  Marston,  in- 
eumbent  of  Christ  Church. 

Suddenly,  at  the  French  Protestant  Church,  St. 
Murtiu's-le-Graud,  aged  67,  Isaoo  Jolit,esq.,  M.D. 

Josiah  George,  esq.,  for  many  years  a  magis- 
trate of  Romsey,  Hampshire. 

At  Titsey-park,  Surrey,  aged  51,  Wm.  Leveson 
Gower,  esq. 

Dee.  10.  At  Royal  York-crew;.,  Clifton,  aged 
35,  Matilda  Sarah,  wife  of  James  Finlay,  esq.,  of 
Somerville-house,  Seaconibe,  Cheshire,  and  Sug- 
vale-houxe,  Hereford. 

Dee.  17.  At  Hackney,  aged  71,  Elizabeth 
Alice,  widow  of  II  D.  Hacon,  esq. 

In  Lincoln's-iun-flelds,  aged  68,  George  Bailey, 
esq.,  Curator  of  the  Soane  Museum. 

At  Garrett's-hall,  Banstead,  the  residence  of 
John  Lambert,  esq.,  aged  7'i,  Col.  Hugh  Owen, 
Colonel  in  the  Portuguese  Army,  Major  7th  Hus- 
sars, K.T.S.,  K.C.  d'Aviz. 

Dee.  18.  At  the  house  of  his  brother,  Palace- 
road,  Roupell-pk.,  Streatham-hill,  aged  47,  James 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


229 


Hogg,  esq.,  of  Bahia,  Brazils,  third  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  James  Hogg,  Vicar  of  Geddington-cum- 
Newton,  near  Kettering. 

At  Rottingdean,  Sussex,  aged  73,  Henry  Dan- 
kin,  esq. 

At  Westhay,  Wringtoo,  aged  76,  Robt.  Biker, 
esq.,  a  Deputy-Lieut,  and  Magistrate  for  Somer- 
setshire. 

Dee.  19.  Aged  80,  Sir  Richard  Puleston,  bart, 
of  Emral,  Flintshire,  late  Colonel  of  the  Flint- 
shire Militia. 

In  Hans-pl.,  Knightsbridge,  Mrs.  Jervis,  relict 
of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Jervis,  and  sister  of  the  late 
John  Disney,  esq.,  of  the  Hyde,  Ingatestone, 
Essex. 

At  the  Cottage,  Benham,  near  Newbury,  Berks, 
aged  34,  Commander  Ennis  Chambers,  R.N. 

At  South  Walsham,  Caroline,  wife  of  Major 
Boulton,  and  grand-dau.  of  the  late  Lord  Ren- 
dlesham. 

At  his  residence,  Westbrooke,  Bolton-le-Moors, 
aged  56,  Matthew  Dawes,  esq.,  F.S.A.,  F.O.8., 
&c.  Mr.  Dawes  was  an  ardent  and  successful 
student  of  archaeology  and  science,  particularly 
in  the  branches  of  heraldry  and  geology,  and  a 
distinguished  member  of  the  masonic  brother- 
hood, holding  important  offices  in  the  higher 
grades  of  that  order. 

Dec.  20.  At  her  residence,  in  Bruton-st.,  Lady 
Clifton,  widow  of  Sir  Juckes  Granville  Juckts 
Clifton,  bart.,  of  Clifton,  Notts. 

At  Weston-super-Mare,  Maria  Jane,  widow  of 
the  Rev.  Noel  Ellison,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Sir 
John  Trevelyan. 

At  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  suddenly,  of  apoplexy, 
Alfred  Bonn,  esq.,  formerly  well  known  as  the 
lessee  of  Dury-lane  and  Covent-garden  Theatres. 
He  had  for  some  time  retired  from  public  life, 
and  had  become  a  member  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. 

Dee.  SI.  Thomas  Henry  John  Oswald  Ricketts, 
%    late  Capt.  in  the  Royal  Radnor  Rifles,  youngest 
son  of  T.  B.  Ricketts,  esq.,  of  Combe,  Herefordsh., 
and  grandson  of  the  late  Gen.  Loftus. 

In  Charlotte-sq.,  Edinburgh,  aged  85,  James 
Buchanan,  esq.,  of  Craigend  Castle. 

At  Rollestone  Vicarage,  Notts,  aged  23,  Mary 
Ann,' wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Ash  Gaussen. 

At  Wexford,  after  a  short  illness,  caused  by  a 
fall,  aged  67,  McCarty  Colclough,  esq.,  late  of 
H.M.'s  62nd  Regt.,  County  Inspector  of  Con- 
stabulary. 

In  London,  suddenly,  in  the  street,  aged  83, 
Mr.  James  Austin  Maenamara,  publisher  of  the 
Douay  Bible,  late  of  the  city  of  Cork. 

Dee.  22.  At  Weston-super-Mare,  Col.  H.  A. 
Bhuekburgh,  Bengal  Army  Retired  List,  youngest 
brother  of  Sir  F.  8huckburgh,  bart. 

At  Malta,  Mary,  wife  of  Major-Gen.  Charles 
Warren,  C.B. 

At  Croydon,  Maria  Louisa,  widow  of  Lieut- 
CoL  Edward  Kelly,  K.  St.  A.,  late  of  the  1st 
Regt.  of  Life  Guards. 

At  Bath,  Freke  Alastair,  youngest  child  of  the 
late  Major -Gen.  W.  Freke  Williams,  K.H.,  whom 
he  survived  only  ten  days. 

At  Hopeneld,  Haddmham,  Bucks,  of  apoplexy, 


aged  55,  Ann,  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Dawes, 
F.R.A.S. 

At  Port  Glasgow,  aged  72,  Mr.  John  Wood,  who 
was  not  less  eminent  as  a  ship  builder  than  for 
his  ingenuity  and  scientific  attainments. 

At  South  Belmont,  Doncaster,  aged  78,  Sarah 
Ann,  widow  of  Leonard  Walbanke  Childers,  esq. 

At  Aberdare,  Annie,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Evan 
Lewis,  and  youngest  daa.  of  the  Very  Rev.  the 
Dean  of  Bangor. 

At  Bolehall-house,  Tamworth,  aged  78,  Thos. 
Bradgate  Bamford,  esq.,  J. P.,  and  formerly  Major 
73rd  Regt. 

At  Priory-terrace,  Dover,  aged  68,  Mr.  John 
Spain.  Early  in  life  he  was  active  in  all  matters 
relating  to  the  town :  he  was  one  who  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  introduction  of  the  late  Joseph 
Butterworth  into  the  borough,  and  in  1826  was  a 
very  active  partisan  and  staunch  supporter  of 
Charles  Poulett  Thompson,  afterwards  Lord 
Sydenham. 

Aged  99,  Jeannie  Shepherd,  the  oldest  inha- 
bitant of  Hartlepool.  Jeannie  "  hirpled'*  about 
and  did  her  own  domestic  work  till  1858,  when, 
through  scalding  herself,  she  look  to  ber  bed, 
and  gradually  declined  in  strength.  Three  years 
ago  she  followed  her  own  son,  John  Shepherd, 
aged  63,  to  the  grave ;  and  about  one  year  before 
that  she  caught  a  thief  stealing  her  silk  dress, 
watched  him  till  a  policeman  came  up,  and  gave 
him  into  custody,  and  prosecuted  him  before  the 
magistrates. — Sunderland  Herald. 

Dee.  23.  At  her  residence,  Montagu-sq.,  aged 
89,  Lady  Lucy,  relict  of  Sir  Edward  Hales,  bart., 
of  Hales-p  ace,  Kent. 

At  Stonehouse,  Devon,  aged  82,  John  Williams 
Colenso,  esq.,  late  mineral  agent  for  the  Duchy 
of  Cornwall,  and  father  of  the  Bishop  of  Natal, 
South  Africa. 

Suddenly,  at  Hillsborough,  Monkstown,  co. 
Dublin,  aged  59,  Major-Gen.  Boileau,  late  H.M.'s 
22d  Regt. 

At  Bernard-villas,  Upper  Norwood,  aged  47, 
Edward  Alexander  Samuelles,  esq.,  C.B.,  of 
H.M.'s  Bengal  Civil  Service. 

At  Woodlands,  Cheshunt,  Herts,  the  residenoe 
of  Robert  Diggles,  esq.,  aged  91,  Eliza,  relict 
of  George  Moore,  esq.,  and  sister  of  the  late 
Right  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Thornton. 

At  Hill-side,  Abbot's  Langley,  Herts,  James 
Carrie,  esq.,  of  that  place,  and  Lincoln's-inn- 
flelds. 

At  Lymington,  Hants,  aged  55,  Charles  Fluder, 

esq.,  M.D. 

Dte.  24.  At  Madeira,  Sasan,  only  dau.  of  the 
Rev.  Geo.  Randolph,  Rector  of  Coulsdon. 

Aged  57,  Mr.  John  Watson,  Crown  and  Anchor 
Inn,  St.  Helen's,  Ipswich,  lute  of  Bury,  and  for- 
merly a  Sergeant  in  the  West  Suffolk  Militia. 
For  more  than  twenty  years  he  was  one  of  the 
heralds  at  the  Suffolk  Assizes. 

Dec.  25.  In  Portman-sq.,  (the  residenoe  of  bis 
son-in-law,  the  Hon.  Col.  Lindsay,)  aged  77,  the 
•  Earl  of  Mtxborough.  The  deceased  leaves  sur- 
viving issue  three  sons  and  a  daughter.  He  is 
succeeded  in  the  family  honour*  by  his  eldest 
son,  Viscount  Pollington,  born  in  1810,  and  who 


230 


Obituary. 


[Feb. 


,*& 


was  returned  to  Parliament  fur  Gatton  in  1831 : 
be  represented  Pontefract  from  1835  to  1847. 
The  late  earl,  whose  seat  is  Mexborongh-hall, 
Methley,  near  Leeds,  lived  in  a  small  boose  on 
the  estate  in  bumble  retirement.  In  polities  be 
was  a  ConserratiTe,  but  was  never  at  any  period 
a  prominent  publio  man. 

Aged  69,  the  Lady  Emily  Needham,  of  Datchet- 
bouse,  Bucks. 

*  At  Littlegreen,  aged  76,  Maria  Sophia,  wife 
of  Admiral  Sir  Phipps  Hornby,  K.C.B. 

At  Cavendish-hall,  8uffolk,  Samuel  Tyssen 
Telloly,  esq.,  son  of  the  late  John  Telloly,  esq., 
M.D.,  F.R.S. 

In  Lansdown-pl.,  Cheltenham,  aged  77,  Major- 
Gen.  A.  Campbell,  late  H.E.I.C.8.,  and  of  Auch- 
mannock  and  Avisyard,  Ayrshire. 

At  Ostend,  aged  76,  CoL  Henry  C.  Streat- 
field,  late  of  H.M.'s  87th  Begt.  Royal  Irish 
Fusiliers. 

At  his  residence,  St.  John's-park,  Ryde,  Isle 
of  Wight,  aged  69,  James  Drage  Merest,  esq.,  of 
the  Abbey,  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  Suffolk,  and  the 
Moat,  Soham,  Cambridgeshire,  a  Deputy  Lieute- 
nant for  the  latter  county. 

Aged  69,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Thomas  Wild- 
man  Ooodwyn,  esq.,  of  Blackheath,  and  second 
dan.  of  the  late  Sir  Charles  Flower,  bart. 

Ike.  25-26.  At  Rome,  very  suddenly  in  the 
night,  aged  54,  the  Rer.  Dr.  Pagani,  a  celebrated 
Soman  Catholic  controversialist  and  ascetic 
writer.  He  was  the  *  General'  of  the  Order  of 
the  Institute  of  Charity,  a  post  in  which  he  had 
.  succeeded  the  late  Abbe*  Rosmini,  a  divine  of 
more  than  ordinary  celebrity  in  his  own  com* 
•  munion,  who  died  in  1855.  Dr.  Pagani,  who  was 
formerly  Theological  Professor  at  Prior  Park 
College,  and  afterwards  head  of  the  College  at 
Ratcliffe,  near  Loughborough,  was  the  author  of 
several  celebrated  and  popular  books  of  a  re- 
ligious character,  including  the  Anima  Devota, 
"Toe  Church  of  tbe  Liviajg-God,"  " The  Manna 
of  the  New  Covenant,"  "The  Way  of  Heaven," 
Via  Cruets,  a  Catechism  on  the  Rudiments  of 
his  Church's  Faith,  and  a  Treatise  on  Christian 
Perfection.  He  also  contributed  several  ela- 
borate articles  to  Scavini's  TKeologia  Morality 
a  treatise  of  high  repute  in  Roman  Catholic 
seminaries. — Oriental  Budget. 

Dee.  26.  At  Brighton,  aged  71,  Lieut. -Gen. 
Bainey,  C.B.,  K.H.,  Colonel  of  the  Royal  Welsh 
Fusiliers. 

Aged  58,  Alban  Thomas  Davies,  esq.,  late 
Captain  57th  Bengal  N.I. 

At  his  residence,  Morden-road,  Blackheatb- 
park,  aged  56,  Mr.  Pelham  Richardson,  publisher, 
of  Cornhill,  London. 

Dec.  27.  In  London,  aged  58,  Andrew  Nichol- 
son Magrath,  esq.,  late  Director-General  Madras 
Medical  Department. 

At  North  Kyme,  Lincolnshire,  aged  93,  Wm. 
Jollands,  esq. 

Aged  44,  Elisabeth,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Richard 
Newlove,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  J  homer,  Yorkshire. 

In  Berkeley-eq.,  aged  56,  Edward  Rigby,  esq., 
M.D. 

At  Darlington,  aged  81,  Cuthbert  Wigham, 


esq.,  a  director  of  the  West  Hartlepool  Harbour 
and  Railway  Company,  and  for  many  years  an 
active  and  zealous  promoter  of  the  commercial 
undertakings  connected  therewith. 

Dec.  28.  In  Chapel-street,  Beigrave-aquare, 
aged  42,  Lieut. -Col.  Sir  Matthew  Edward  Tierney, 
bart.,  late  of  the  Coldstream  Guards.  He  was  born 
in  1818,  and  succeeded  his  father,  the  second 
baronet,  in  1856.  The  first  baronet  was  Sir  Mat- 
thew Tierney,  a  distinguished  physician,  who 
was  for  many  years  attached  to  the  Court,  and 
who  permanently  resided  at  Brighton.  The  de- 
ceased baronet  was  appointed  captain,  and  after- 
wards lieuU-colonel,  in  the  Coldstream  Guards, 
in  1849,  and  retired  in  1854,  having  served  with 
considerable  distinction  in  the  earlier  part  of  tbe 
Russian  war.  He  was  married,  in  1855,  to  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  F.  Grove  Farrar,  of  Brafield- 
house,  Buckinghamshire. 

At  her  residence  in  the  Minster-close,  Lincoln, 
aged  86,  Frances,  relict  of  Charles  Beatv,  esq., 
M.D.,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Jephthah  Foster,  esq., 
also  of  the  Close  of  Lincoln. 

Dee.  29.  At  East  Moulsey,  Surrey,  aged  95, 
William  Pennell,  esq.,  formerly  His  Britannic 
Majesty's  Consul-General  for  the  Empire  of 
Brazil. 

At  Dover,  aged  76,  Elizabeth  Joanna,  relict  of 
8ir  William  Bolland,  knt.,  late  one  of  Her  Ma- 
jesty's Barons  of  Exchequer. 

At  his  residence,  Upper  Nutwell,  Devonshire, 
aged  65,  Egerton  Charles  Harvest  Isaacson,  esq., 
formerly  of  the  51st  Regt.  of  Foot,  and  late  Ad- 
jutant of  the  Royal  Brecknock  Militia.  The 
deeeased  was  one  of  the  few  surviving  officers 
who  served  in  the  Peninsular  War  and  in  the 
field  of  Waterloo. 

At  Ardeley  Parsonage,  Herts,  of  dysentery, 
aged  17,  Sydney  Law  Malet,  a  Prefect  at  St. 
Mary's  College,  Winchester,  one  of  the  Winches- 
ter Eleven,  and  Sergeant  in  the  Winchester  Col- 
lege Company  of  Volunteer  Rifles. 

After  a  lingering  illness,  aged  48,  Theodore 
Henry  Shute,  M.D.,  of  Knowles-villa,  Newton 
Abbot,  Devon. 

At  Christ  Church  Parsonage,  Donoaster ,  Frances 
Matilda,  dau.  of  the  Rev.  H.  F.  Brock. 

At  her  residence,  Norfolk-street,  Strand,  Maria, 
widow  of  the  late  Peter  Cosgreave,  esq.,  Sur- 
geon R.N. 

Dec.  80.  In  Connaaght-terraoe,  aged  88,  Miss 
Guy  Dickens,  dau.  of  the  late  General  Guy 
Dickens. 

At  Hingham,  Norfolk,  Maud  Violet  Elizabeth, 
youngest  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Walter  Cotton 
Hodgson,  M.A.,  curate  of  the  parish. 

At  Wirksworth,  Derbyshire,  aged  70,  George 
Greaves,  esq.,  late  of  Elmsall-lodge,  near  Ponte- 
fract, a  magistrate  and  deputy-lieutenant  for 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire. 

Ike.  31.  At  Edinburgh,  of  rheumatic  fever, 
the  Countess  of  Eglinton  and  Winton.  Her 
ladyship,  Adela  Caroline  Harriet,  was  the  only 
dau.  of  the  Earl  and  Countess  of  Essex,  and  was 
born  on  the  4th  of  March,  1828.  She  was  mar- 
ried at  Dublin  in  1858,  to  the  Earl  of  Eglinton, 
then  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  being  his  lord- 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


231 


ship's  second  wife.  She  leaves  Issue  an  only  child, 
Lady  Sybil,  born  Aug.  i4,  1859. 

At  Wiesbaden,  aged  69,  the  Hon.  Edmond  Sex- 
ton Pery,  youngest  ton  of  Edmond  Henry,  late 
Earl  of  Limerick,  by  Alice  Mary,  only  daughter 
and  heir  of  Mr.  Henry  Ormsby,  of  Cloghan,  co. 
Mayo.  The  deceased  gentleman  was  born  on  the 
7th  of  February,  1797,  and  married  Feb.  14th, 
1825,  Elisabeth  Charlotte,  dau.  of  the  late  Hon. 
William  Cockayne,  brother  of  the  late  Viscount 
Cullen. 

From  disease  of  the  heart,  Anna  Maria  Sur- 
man,  wife  of  Charles  Longman,  esq.,  of  Shen- 
dish,  Herts. 

At  his  residence,  St.  James's-terrace,  Regent's- 
park,  Lieut.-Col.  James  Paterson,  late  Command- 
ing 3rd  Regt.,  son  of  the  late  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir 
William  Paterson,  K.C.H. 

At  Great  Yarmouth,  aged  69,  Charlotte,  wife 
of  John  Ooate  Fisher,  esq.,  and  second  dau. 
of  the  late  Rer.  Richard  Turner,  many  years 
minister  of  that  parish. 

At  Belmont-tcr.,  Scarborough,  aged  60,  Chas. 
Preston,  esq.,  of  Tanfleld-lodge,  Ripon,  youngest 
snrriring  son  of  the  late  Adm.  D'Arcy  Preston, 
of  Askham  Bryan,  Yorkshire. 

Aged  84,  Mr.  Frederick  Ross,  clerk  of  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Leicester.  The  deceased  was  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Rer.  John  Dawes  Ross,  formerly 
master  of  the  Leicester  Free  Grammar-school, 
and  subsequently  Vicar  of  Syston. 

Very  suddenly,  from  apoplexy,  at  Nottingham, 
aged  46,  Thomas  Bell,  esq.,  of  the  Midland  Cir- 
cuit. For  many  years  prior  to  his  call  to  the  bar 
he  was  managing  clerk  to  an  eminent  firm  at 
Leicester  (Messrs.  Miles  and  Gregory).  He  was 
called  to  the  bar  by  the  Hon.  Society  of  the  Inner 
Temple  on  the  1st  of  May,  1864.  Mr.  Bell  waa 
much  respected,  and  he  had  obtained,  in  a  com- 
paratively short  time,  a  considerable  eminence 
in  bis  profession.  As  a  defender  of  prisoners,  he 
had  no  equal  in  the  Midland  Circuit,  and  he  was 
the  very  able  editor  of  the  reports  of  the  Crown 
Cases  reserved.  He  had  been  liable  to  attacks  of 
apoplexy,  his  latest  visitation  being  at  the  assises 
at  Leicester  in  1858,  which  left  him  in  such  a 
delicate  state  of  health  that  his  friends  were 
led  to  anticipate  the  possibility  of  a  sudden  fatal 
attack. 

Jan.  1, 1861.  At  Pett,  Charing,  Kent,  8elina, 
dan.  of  the  late  Rev.  Geo.  Sayer,  of  Pett,  and 
Rector  of  Egglescliffe,  Durham. 

At  8t.  Thomas  New-road,  Plymouth,  aged  64, 
the  wife  of  J.  Daidge,  esq.,  mayor  of  the  borough. 

Jan.  2.  At  Sandgate,  Kent,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of 
the  late  Robert  Nicholas,  esq.,  of  Aston  Keynes, 
Wilts,  and  many  years  Chairman  of  the  Hon. 
Board  of  Excise. 

At  bis  residence,  Bathwiek-street,  Bath,  aged 
85,  Capt.  Charles  Miller. 

Frances  Speer,  of  Weston  -  green,  Thames 
Ditton,  Surrey,  third,  dau.  of  the  late  William 
Speer,  esq.,  of  the  Treasury,  Whitehall. 

Jan.  8.  Aged  49,  Lieut-Col.  Christopher  Geo. 
Fagan,  Bengal  Army  Retired  List. 

At  Brighton,  Miss  Brisbane,  youngest  dau.  of 
the  late  Admiral  Brisbane. 


At  Albert-terr.,  Richmond-road,  Bayswater, 
aged  82,  John  Mingay,  esq.,  late  of  the  India 
House. 

At  Gordon-house,  Beckenham,  Kent,  Mary, 
widow  of  George  Foskey,  esq.,  late  Paymaster  of 
the  29th  Regt. 

At  Taunton,  aged  76,  Richard  Chapman,  esq., 
youngest  son  of  the  late  General  Chapman,  Royal 
Artillery,  of  Tanfleld,  near  Taunton. 

At  her  residence,  Waterloo-house,  Dumfries, 
aged  73,  Liliae,  relict  of  Vice-Admiral  Charles 
James  Johnston,  of  Con  hill,  Dumfriesshire. 

At  Anstey's  Cove,  near  Torquay,  by  the  acci- 
dental falling  of  a  rock,  aged  14,  Arthur  Alex., 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  David  Pitcairn. 

At  his  residence,  Uplands,  Farnham,  Hamp- 
shire, aged  45,  John  Beardmore,  esq.,  Captain  of 
the  Hampshire  Militia  Artillery,  a  Magistrate 
and  Deputy-Lieut,  of  the  county,  and  formerly 
High  Sheriff. 

At  the  house  of  Mrs.  Pashley,  Baslow,  aged  63, 
Wm.  Pollard,  esq.,  Groom  of  the  Chambers 
to  Her  Majesty. 

J.  W.  Westmorland,  esq.,  of  Westfield-house 
Wakefield,  and  alderman  of  that  borough. 

Jan.  4.  At  Woodsley-house,  Leeds,  Yorkshire, 
aged  61,  Sir  Peter  Fairbairn,  knt.  He  was  the 
youngest  son  of  Mr.  Andrew  Fairbairn,  of  Kelso, 
Roxburghshire,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  was  ap- 
prenticed to  Mr.  John  Caseon,  a  millwright  and 
engineer,  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  and  remained 
there  until  1821.  In  1822  he  paid  a  brief  visit  to 
France,  and  in  1829  he  went  to  Leeds,  and  laid 
the  foundation  of  that  colossal  establishment 
which  now  gives  employment  to  from  1,000  to 
1,400  workmen.  At  the  commencement  of  his 
career  in  Leeds,  Sir  Peter  devoted  his  attention 
to  the  improvement  of  the  woollen  machinery,  of 
the  district,  substituting  iron  for  wood,  and  he 
also  gained  an  eminent  position  by  his  simplifies 
tion  and  improvements  of  flax  machinery.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Crimean  war,  his  firm  was 
invited  by  the  English  Government  to  commence 
making  special  tools,  and  he  has  since  constructed 
a  large  number  of  machines  for  the  manufacture 
of  fire-arms  and  other  warlike  implements ;  and 
within  the  last  two  years  he  has  constructed 
a  large  number  for  the  manufacture  of  the  Arm- 
strong gun,  which  are  now  working  both  at 
Woolwich  and  Elswick.  He  had,  in  1858,  the 
honour  of  entertaining  the  Queen  on  the  occasion 
of  her  visit  to  Leeds.  Sir  Peter  caught  cold  on 
the  occasion  of  the  presentation  of  colours  to  the 
Leeds  Volunteers  in  October  last,  took  to  his  bed 
shortly  afterwards,  and  after  a  great  deal  of 
suffering,  expired  as  above  stated.  Sir  Peter 
was  born  in  1799,  and  was  Mayor  of  Leeds  in 
1858-59.  He  was  married,  in  1827,  to  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Robert  Kennedy,  esq.,  of  Glasgow,  by 
whom  he  had  a  family.  His  wife  died  in  1843, 
and  in  1855  he  espoused  Rachel  Anne,  fourth 
dau.  of  William  Brandling,  esq.,  of  Low  Gos- 
forth,  Northumberland. 

In  Hyde-park-eq.,  from  injuries  caused  by  fire 
on  the  preceding  evening,  Maria  Eliza,  eldest 
dau.  of  General  W.  G.  Power,  C.B.,  K.H.,  of  the 
Royal  Artillery. 


232 


Obituary1. 


[Feb. 


At  Torquay,  Caroline  Angaria,  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Edward  P.  Arnold,  one  of  H.M.'s  Inspectors  of 
Schools. 

At  Victoria-place,  Eastbourne,  Elizabeth  Ann, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Her.  H.  Bower,  Vicar 
St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Taunton. 

At  Lee-terr.,  Blackheath,  aged  84,  John  Win. 
Toung,  e*q.,  late  Commander  H.E.I.C.S. 
'  At  York,  aged  73,  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  Briggs. 
For  several  years  the  deceased  gentleman  was 
connected  with  the  north  of  England,  having 
been  assistant  vicar  apostolic  of  the  northern 
district  from  1883  to  1836,  when  he  became  vicar 
apostolic.  In  1840  he  became  vicar  apostolic  of 
the  Yorkshire  district,  and  on  the  39th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1850,  he  was  translated  to  the  so-called 
bishopric  of  Beverley,  which  he  resigned  on  the 
7th  of  November  la-t  Dr.  Briggs  visited  Rome 
in  1854,  at  the  ceremony  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception, and  was  appointed  bishop-assistant  of 
the  Pontifical  Throne. 

Jan.  ft.  Suddenly,  at  Ashton,  near  Dublin, 
Colonel  II.  Senior,  of  Glaasdrummond,  co.  Down, 
late  Lieut. -Col.  commanding  65th  Regt. 

At  his  residence,  Potter's-bar,  Lt.-Col.  Car- 
penter, late  of  the  Bombay  Army. 

At  Old  Charlton,  aged  81,  Harriett,  widow  of 
Capt.  Thomas  Mould,  R.M. 

At  Birmingham,  aged  76,  Thomas  Osier,  esq., 
of  Kenilworth,  formerly  secretary  to  the  Bristol 
and  Exeter  and  Great  Western  Railway  Com- 
panies, and  the  associate  of  Thomas  Attwood  and 
other  political  characters. 

At  Derby,  aged  74,  Wm.  Richardson,  esq.,  of 
Fulford-house,  Derbyshire,  late  Col.  in  H.M.'s 
Royal  Horse  Guards  Blue. 

At  Cotleigh  Rectory,  Lucy,  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Wm.  Michell,  and  sister  of  Capt.  Measiter,  of 
Barwick-house,  Yeovil. 

At  Waterloo,  near  Liverpool,  aged  68,  Mr.  John 
Smith,  formerly  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the 
•*  Liverpool  Mercury." 

Jan.  6.  At  Castlecraig,  Peeblesshire,  Eleanora 
Anne,  wife  of  Sir  William  H.  Gibson  Carmichael, 
bart.,  and  dau.  of  David  Anderson,  esq.,  of  St. 
Germain's. 

At  Weymouth,  Dorset,  Theodosia  Elizabeth, 
wife  of  Rear- Admiral  Sir  George  Back. 

In  Charlotte-street,  Fitzroy-eq.,  Capt.  Henry 
Napier  Disney. 

At  Redruth,  Cornwall,  aged  72,  Ann,  relict  of 
the  late  Tobias  Michell,  esq.,  and  granddau.  of 
the  late  William  Pryoe,  M.D.,  Ozon,  Author  of 
44  The  Mineralogia  Cornubienais,"  &c. 

At  Whitehead's-grove,  Chelsea,  aged  71,  Miss 
Jane  Nickle,  only  surviving  sister  of  the  late 
Major-Gen.  8lr  Robert  Nickle,  formerly  Com- 
mander of  the  Forces  in  Australia. 

At  her  brother's  residence,  after  an  illness  of 
three  months,  aged  63,  Maria  Ludlow,  younger 
lister  of  George  Ludlow,  steward  of  Christ's 
"Hospital,  Hertford. 

At  the  house  of  her  brother,  the  Rev.  W.  J. 
Kidd,  Rector  of  Diisbury,  Lancashire,  aged  53, 
Beatrice  Mary,  dau.  of  the  late  Captain  W.  H. 
Kidd,  E.I.C.S. 

Aged  58,  George  Crokc,  esq.,  J. P.   for   the 


counties  of  Oxford  and  Buckingham,  eldest  sur- 
viving son  of  the  late  8ir  Alexander  Croke,  of 
8tudley  Priory,  Oxfordshire. 

At  Deny,  near  Ross  Carbery,  co.  Cork,  aged 69, 
Mary  Anne,  widow  of  Lieut-Col.  Thomas  Cox 
Kirby. 

At  Slough,  Bucks,  aged  89,  Capt.  Spurin,  R.M. 

At  her  residence,  Belmont,  Bath,  aged  85, 
Maria,  widow  of  Major-Gen.  Pine  Coffin,  C.B. 

At  Roxeth-houae,  Harrow-on-tbe-Hill,  aged 
70,  James  RusselL  Queen's  Counsel,  formerly  of 
Old-sq.,  Lincoln's-inn,  and  Russell-sq. 

At  Bath  wick-house,  Bath,  Matilda  Wilhelmina, 
relict  of  Major  Moore,  late  of  the  Royal  Marines 
Light  Infantry. 

At  Malaga,  of  cholera  morbus,  aged  63,  Joseph 
William  Noble,  esq.,  M.B.,  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, and  M.P.  for  Leicester.  The  dec  aaed 
had  been  travelling  in  Spain,  and  was  on  his  way 
from  Saville  to  rejoin  his  family  at  Pau.  The 
hon.  gentleman  was  returned  by  the  advanced 
Liberals  at  the  last  general  election. 

In  Park-crescent,  Major-Gen.  Albert  Goldsmid. 
He  served  during  the  campaign  of  1815,  and  was 
at  Waterloo.  In  June,  1826,  he  retired  from  his 
regiment  on  half-pay.  His  commissions  bore 
date  as  follows  :— Cornet,  May  30,  1811 ;  Lieut., 
Feb.  20,  1812 ;  Capt.,  Feb.  22,  1816 ;  Major,  June 
10,  1826  ;  Lieut-Col.,  Nov.  23,  1841 ;  Col.,  June 
20,  1854  ;  and  Major-Gen.,  Oct.  26,  1858. 

At  Drayton-lodge,  Herts.,  aged  76,  Caroline 
Frances,  widow  of  William  Jenney,  esq.,  formerly 
of  King's  Newton-hall,  Derbyshire. 

At  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst, 
Capt.  John  R.  Turner  Warde,  (Riding-master,) 
late  4th  Light  Dragoons,  son  of  the  late  John 
Warde,  esq.,  of  Boughton  Monchelsea. 

Jan.  7.    At  Shavington,  Market  Drayton,  aged 
83,  Eliza,  widow  of  Col.  Sir  Robert  C.  Hill,  C.B., 
'  late  of  Prees-hall,  Salop. 

At  his  house,  Upper  Berkeley-street,  Portman- 
aq.,  aged  49,  Henry  Hall  Pickersgill,  esq.,  eldest 
son  of  H.  W.  Pickersgill,  R.A.,  of  Stratford-pl. 

In  Lansdowne-cres.,  Kensington-park,  John 
Riach,  esq.,  of  the  Oriental  Bank  Corporation, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Major  Riach,  79th  High- 
landers. 

At  Adel-lodge,  Leeds,  Yorkshire,  aged  26,  Mrs. 
Reginald  Dykes  Marshall,  third  dau.  of  Sir  John 
Herschel,  bart. 

At  Mayfleld-ter.,  Edinburgh,  Janet,  widow  of 
Harry  Leith  Lumsden,  esq.,  of  Auchindoir,  Aber- 
deenshire. 

At  Biggleswade,  of  inflammation  of  the  lungs, 
aged  31,  Charles  John  Newbery,  M.A.,  Fellow 
and  Tutor  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 

At  Torquay,  Winifred  Berners,  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Richard  Boyse,  of  Bannow-houae,  co.  Wexford, 
and  Halkin-etreet  West,  Belgravia. 

At  Priors  Marston,  Warwickshire,  aged  84, 
Anne,  relict  of  the  Rev.  Uriel  Harwood. 

Jan.  8.  Aged  52,  the  Hon.  John  Sinclair, 
youngest  son  of  the  12th  Karl  of  Caithness. 

In  Pall-mall,  London,  aged  23,  Childers  Geo. 
8perling,  esq.,  Bengal  Civil  Service,  only  son  of 
the  late  Major  Sperling,  H.M.'s  16th  Lancers. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son-in-law,  (Col.  Lefroy 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


233 


R.  A.,  Blackheath, )  of  bronchitis,  after  a  few  days' 
illness,  aged  64,  Charlotte  Anna,  widow  of  Col. 
Dundas,  of  Carron-hall,  N.B. 

At  her  residence,  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Mrs. 
Walker,  widow  of  Rear-Adm.  Walker,  C.B.,  for- 
merly relict  of  Capt.  Edw.  Penruddock,  Cold- 
stream Guards,  and  last  surviving  issue  of  the 
late  Arnoldus  Jones  Skelton,  esq.,  of  Bran- 
thwaite-ball,  Cumberland. 

At  Selaby-park,  co.  Durham,  (the  residence  of 
Lieut.-Col.  Wm.  Maude,)  aged  75,  Mrs.  Anne 
Dixon,  a  faithful  and  most  valued  friend  of  the 
family  for  the  space  of  45  years. 

At  Highgate,  aged  83,  Elizabeth  Ann,  widow 
of  Charles  Browning,  esq.,  of  Horton-lodge, 
Surrey,  and  Binfleld-manor,  Berks.  She  was  the 
only  surviving  daughter  and  child  of  Sir  William 
More,  bait. 

At  Linton-house,  after  a  short  illness,  aged  35, 
Gertrude  Mary,  widow  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Fitz- 
roy  Rose,  and  only  dau.  of  Col.  Gordon. 

At  Winchester,  aged  50,  Augustus  Lavie,  R.N., 
third  son  of  the  Late  Capt.  Sir  Thomas  Lavie, 

JL.v>.D.,  K.A. 

At  Coleshill,  aged  77,  Frances,  youngest  dau. 
of  the  Rev.  J.  Roberts,  Rector  of  Sedgeberrow. 

In  Wheeler-street,  Maidstone,  aged  47,  Mr. 
Wm.  Richard  Ilillycr,  the  well-known  cricketer. 
Ilia  services  to  the  Marylebone  Club  will  not 
easily  be  forgotten  by  the  members  of  that  dis- 
tinguished club,  or  the  public  generally.  From 
about  1843  to  1853  it  was  considered  that  no 
bowler  in  the  world  was  equal  to  him.  His  pace 
was  a  little  over  medium,  with  a  tremendous  curl, 
and  he  had  also  the  valuable  gift  of  head-work. 
When  no  longer  fit  for  active  service,  he  officiated 
as  umpire  for  the  All  England  Eleven  until  the 
Surrey  Club  resolved  on  giving  him  a  benefit  at 
the  Kennington  Oval,  by  which  he  deservedly 
realized  upwards  of  £300.  His  la*t  official  duty 
in  the  cricket-field  was  at  Canterbury,  in  August, 
1800,  when  he  acted  as  umpire  in  the  first  match 
of  the  cricket  week.  Hillyer  was  much  respected 
in  private  life.  He  was  bom  March  5th,  1813,  at 
Lcybourn,  in  Kent.— Bell's  Life, 

Jan,  9.  In  Park-st.,  Gro»venor-«q.,  Anne, 
widow  of  MacLeod  of  MacLeod,  of  Great  Cum- 
berland-street, and  Dunvegan-castle,  Isle  of 
Skye. 

At  Kinkora,  Killaloe,  Ireland,  aged  49,  Com- 
mander Fred.  Lowe,  R.N.,  third  son  of  the  late 
William  Lowe,  esq.,  of  Montugue-st.,  Russell-sq., 
and  of  Tanfleld-court,  Temple,  London. 

At  Fairfield,  Wexford,  Elizabeth,  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  Rev.  Abraham  Swanne,  Vicar  of  Kil- 
lurin,  in  the  same  county,  and  formerly  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxford. 

At  Southport,  aged  39,  Aaron  Clulow  Howard, 
esq.,  of  Brereton-halL,  Cheshire. 

At  Gough-house,  Chelsea,  aged  68,  Sarah,  wife 
of  the  Rev.  R.  Wilson,  D.D. 

At  his  residence,  Clarendon-pl ,  Maidstone, 
aged  55,  Francis  Plomley,  esq.,  M.D.,  Physician 
to  the  West  Kent  Infirmary. 

At  North  Pallant,  Chichester,  aged  70,  Miss 
Lucy  Hay,  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Alexander  Hay, 
author  of  the  "  History  of  Chichester." 


Aged  66,  Francis  Walpole,  esq.,  son  of  the  late 
Hon.  Robert  Walpole. 

Jan.  10.  At  Brough-hali,  Yorkshire,  aged  59, 
Clarinda  Catherine,  wife  of  Sir  William  Lawcion, 
bart.  Her  ladyship  was  the  dau.  of  J.  Lawson, 
esq.,  M.D.,  of  York,  and  was  married  in  1821. 
Her  eldest  son,  Mr.  John  Lawson,  born  in  1829, 
is  heir-apparent  to  the  baronetcy. 

At  Brunswick-villas,  Hill-road,  St.  John's- 
wood,  aged  39,  Amelia  Margaret,  widow  of  T.  C. 
Granger,  esq.,  M.P.,  Durham. 

Joanna,  wife  of  the  Rev.  F.  B.  Harvey,  Gram* 
mar-school,  Great  Berkhampstead. 

At  Perth,  aged  60,  the  Rev.  John  Newlands, 
D.D.,  of  the  South  U.P.  Congregation,  Perth. 
His  connection  with  the  South  U.P.  congregation 
commenced  in  1823,  when  he  was  appointed  col- 
league and  successor  to  the  Rev.  Jedediah  Aik- 
man.  He  was  Moderator  of  the  Synod  at  the 
time  of  the  union  between  the  Secession  and 
Relief  Churches. 

Jan.  11.  In  Nottingham-pl.,  Marylebone, 
aged  52,  Lancelot  Shadweil,  esq. 

In  Queen  Anne-st.,  aged  87,  Rachel  Rosalie, 
wife  of  Major  Charles  Randall,  formerly  of  the 
1st  (King's)  Dragoon  Guards. 

At  Paris,  aged  68,  Catherine,  relict  of  James 
Langdale,  esq.,  of  Lavender-hill,  Surrey. 

At  his  residence,  Lea-house,  Eccleshall,  Staf- 
fordshire, aged  89,  Francis  Hicken  Northen, 
esq.,  M.D. 

Suddenly,  at  Paris,  Eliza  Lamb,  wife  of  James 
Davenport,  M.D.,  late  of  the  Bengal  Army,  and 
only  dau.  of  the  late  Major-Gen.  R.  W.  Wilson, 
C.B.,  of  the  65th  Regt.  N.I. 

Jan.  12.  At  St  Leonard's-on-Sea,  Jane,  wife 
of  Col.  Charles  Fraser,  of  Castle  Eraser. 

After  a  very  short  illness,  in  Langham-place, 
Portland-place,  aged  40,  Elizabeth  Anne,  wife  of 
Sir  Cusack  P.  Roney. 

At  North  Bank,  St.  John's-wood,  aged  33,  Ann, 
only  surviving  child  of  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  and 
the  Hun.  Anna  Maria  Mapletoft,  of  Broughton, 
Northamptonshire. 

Aged  73,  William  Hawkins  Heath,  esq.,  banker, 
Andover,  Hants. 

At  Paris,  aged  80,  Col.  William  Woodgate, 
formerly  of  the  60th  Foot.  In  early  life  he  raw 
much  service  in  Canada,  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
in  the  Peninsula,  and  was  nominated  a  Com- 
panion of  the  Bath  in  1815. 

At  Rode-hall,  Cheshire,  aged  88,  Randle  Wil- 
braham,  esq.  The  deceased  was  the  younger 
brother  of  the  late  Lord  Skelmersdale,  uncle  of 
the  Countess  of  Derby,  great  uncle  of  Lord 
Egerton  of  Taiton,  and  father  of  Col.  Wilbraham, 
adjutant-general  of  the  Chester  district. 

At  Nailcot-hall,  Berkeswell,  aged  86,  Richard 
Lant,  esq. 

At  Leamington,  Emily,  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  A. 
Barron. 

In  Argyle-st.,  Bath,  aged  68,  William  Conolly, 
esq.,  M.D.,  late  of  Hayes-park,  Middlesex. 

At  his  residence,  Caledonia-pl.,  Clifton,  aged 
54,  William  Kay,  esq.,  M.D. 

At  Inverleith-house,  Edinburgh,  aged  67,  Alex* 
Earle  Monteith,  esq.,  Sheriff  of  Fife. 


234 


Obitoaey. 


[Feb. 


At  Lansdowne-road  north,  Notting-hill,  Eliza 
Shenstone,  widow  of  John  Lawford,  esq.,  and 
eldest  dan.  of  the  late  John  Wilks,  esq.,  J.P., 
and  formerly  M.P.  for  the  borough  of  Boston. 

At  Northallerton,  aged  09,  Ann  Grundy, 
widow,  many  years  post  letter  carrier  for  the 
town.  Her  late  sister,  mother,  and  father  held 
the  same  situation. 

At  Oraefrath,  Dr.  de  Leuw,  oculist  to  His 
Majesty  the  King  of  Hanover. 

Jan.  12,  IS.  At  Trieste,  within  a  few  hours  of 
each  other,  the  Count  and  Countess  Montemolin. 
Count  Montemolin  was  son  of  the  Infant  Don 
Carlos,  who  for  many  years  assert,  d,  arms  in 
hand,  'his  claims  to  the  throne  of  Spain.  He  was 
horn  on  January  SI,  1818.  The  countess  was 
a  princess  of  Naples,  sister  of  the  late  King 
Ferdinand  II.,  and  born  on  February  29, 1820. 

Jan.  IS.  At  Bournemouth,  aged  41,  the  Lord 
Elphinstone.  He  only  succeeded  to  the  title  in 
July  last,  on  the',dr  cease  of  his  cousin,  formerly 
Governor  of  Bombay ». 

At  Margate,  aged  79,  John  Boys,  esq.  For 
nearly  forty  years  he  practised  as  a  solicitor  in 
the  town,  and  took  a  Tery  active  part  in  the  pub- 
lie  business.  In  1809  he  was  first  appointed  a 
commissioner,  and  continued  a  member  of  that 
body  until  it  was  superseded  by  the  local  Board 
of  Health,  of  which  he  subsequently  became 
chairman.  In  1842  he  relinquished  his  profes- 
sion, and  was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for 
the  county  and  for  the  liberties  of  the  Cinque 
Ports,  the  duties  of  which  he  efficiently  per- 
formed until  he  ceased  to  act  about  six  years 
since,  by  reason  of  deafness  and  ill-health. 

At  the  Parsonage,  Rirington,  Lancashire, 
Alice,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Thos.  Sutelifle,  and  eldest 
dan.  of  the  late  Thos.  H.  Radcliffe,  esq. 

In  Regency-eq.,  Brighton,  aged  86,  Catherine, 
widow  of  Lieut-Col.  Pryor. 

At  Shrewsbury,  aged  65,  Eleanor  Agnes,  wi- 
dow of  the  Rer.  James  Compson,  late  vicar  of 
St.  Chad's. 

In  consequence  of  her  dress  taking  fire,  aged 
S4,  Anna,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Rer.  John 
Walker,  Rector  of  Cottered,  Herts. 

At  Loughborough,  very  suddenly,  aged  60,  Mr. 
Henry  Jos.  Wilkinson,  of  the  Red  Lion  Hotel, 
formerly  proprietor  of  the  "  Leicester  Herald." 

Frances  Sophia,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Chas.  Hewett, 
of  Camdcn-lodge,  Birmingham.   . 

Aged  86,  Henry  Fisher,  esq.,  surgeon  4th 
(King's  Own)  Rcgt.,  H.P.,  formerly  of  the  Royal 
Artillery. 

Jan.  14.  In  Portland-pl.,  aged  80,  8ir  Richard 
Paul  Jodrell,  hart.,  of  Sail-park,  Norfolk,  and 
Nethcroot-house,  Oxfordshire.  The  deceased 
Baronet  was  born  in  1781,  and  married  in  1814 
a  natural  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Kingston,  and 
succeeded  his  maternal  grand -uncle  in  1817. 
The  flr*t  baronet  was  Mr.  John  Hase,  who 


•  Gixt.  Mao.,  Aug.  1860,  p.  190. 


sumed  the  name  of  Lombe.  The  baronetcy  was 
conferred  with  remainder,  in  default  of  male 
isnue,  to  the  children  of  his  niece,  mother  of  the 
present  baronet. 

At  Highweek,  (the  residence  of  her  brother-in- 
law,  the  Rer.  W.  F.  Good,  D.D.,)  aged  56,  Miss 
Eliza  Pye  Bennett. 

At  Kilmarnock,  aged  86,  Mrs.  Jean  Bruce 
Staunton,  relict  of  James  Staunton,  esq.,  London, 
and  dau.  of  the  late  General  Bruce,  Lieut- 
Governor  of  Dominica,  West  Indies. 

Jan.  15.  In  Devonsbire-pL,  aged  68,  Maitland, 
widow  of  Wm.  Brskine,  esq.,  formerly  of  Bombay, 
and  dau.  of  the  late  Rt  Hon.  Sir  Jas.  Mackintosh. 

At  his  residence,  Devonahlre-terr.,  Camden- 
town,  aged  80,  Thos.  Eyre  Hume,  youngest  son 
of  the  late  Rer.  Nathanael  Hume,  Rector  of  Brem- 
hill,  and  Residentiary  Canon  of  Salisbury. 

At  West  Coates-house,  Isabella  Hamilton  Den- 
nistoun,  relict  of  Colin  Campbell,  esq.,  of  Jura. 

At  Morden  College,  Blackheath,  aged  72,  Lewis 
Frederick  Hulle,  a  native  of  Bremen. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son-in-law,  (the  Rev. 
Geo.  Bode,  Great  Barrington,  Gloucestershire,) 
aged  74,  8arah,  relict  of  John  Smart,  esq.,  of 
Countess  Wear-house,  near  Exeter. 

At  her  residence,  Sion  Spring-house,  Clifton, 
aged  73,  Martha,  widow  of  the  Rev.  Roger  Hitch- 
cock, and  third  dau.  of  the  late  Sir  Wm.  Gibbons, 
hart.,  of  Stanwell-place,  Middlesex. 

At  Tunbridge  Wells,  Mary,  relict  of  Lieut- 
Col.  Keyt,  C.B.,  of  H.M.'s  84th  Regt 

Aged  80,  Edw.  Bartlett,  esq.,  late  chief  officer 
of  the  Coast  Guard  Station,  Llanelly,  and  father- 
in-law  of  the  Rev.  Daniel  Ace,  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  The  deceased  was  a  veteran  officer, 
of  distinguished  merit  and  of  sterling  integrity. 

Jan.  16.  At  the  College,  Northfleet,  aged  77, 
Elisabeth  Oeorgiana,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
Charles  Guttavns  Weston,  esq.,  of  Brompton- 
eresoent 

At  Geneva,  aged  92,  Professor  L  P.  Maunoir, 
M.D. 

Jan.  17.  In .  Bedford-pl.,  Russell-aq.,  aged  60, 
the  Hon.  Wm.  Field,  Member  of  the  Executive 
Council  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Collector  of 
Customs,  Cape  Town,  and  specially  employed  in 
England  conducting  emigration  to  that  colony. 

Suddenly,  of  bronchitis,  in  Jermyn-street,  St 
James's,  aged  69,  Mrs.  8tanley,  late  of  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre,  where  she  held  an  important 
position  as  the  representative  of  matronly  cha- 
racters in  tragedy  and  comedy.  Mrs.  Stanley 
was  the  grand-daughter  of  John  West  Dudley 
Digges,  a  member  of  the  noble  family  of  De  la 
Warr.  Her  maiden  name  was  Fleming,  and  in 
her  early  life  she  obtained  a  prominent  station  on 
the  boards  by  her  fine  personal  appearance,  as 
well  as  by  her  histrionic  talent  Her  husband, 
Mr.  George  Stanley,  has  been  dead  some  years. 
He  was  an  excellent  actor,  and  at  one  time  divided 
public  favour  with  Mr.  William  Murray  of  Edin- 
burgh. 


14 


1861.] 


285 


TABLE  OP  MORTALITY  AND  BIRTHS  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OF  LONDON. 

(Irom  the  Returns  issued  by  the  Registrar- General.) 
DEATHS  REGISTERED. 


SUPERINTENDENT 

BEOI8TBAB8' 

DISTRICTS. 


Area 

in 

Statute 

Acres 


Popula- 
tion 
in 
1851. 


Deaths  in  Districts,  &c.,  in  the  Week 
ending  Saturday, 


Mt  an  Temperature 


London 


1-6.  West  Districts    . 

7-11.  North  Distrcts  . 

12-19.  Central  Di-tricts 

20-25.  East  Districts     . 

26-36.  South  Districts  . 


2362236 


376427 
490396 
393256 
485522 
616635 


1  Dec. 

Dec. 

!    22. 

29, 

1860. 

I860. 

o 

o 

:  32i 

1 

259 

1269 

1407 

220 

226 

252 

303 

178 

214 

279 

270 

340 

394 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

5, 

12, 

19, 

1861. 

1861. 

1861. 

o 

o 

o 

32-4 

26*4 

30.5 

1707 

1707 

1926 

279 

286 

813 

362 

370 

470 

275 

288 

297 

387 

;    365 

389 

404 

!    398 

i 

457 

Deaths  Registered 

i* 

Births  Registered. 

Week  ending 

38" 

20  and 
under  40. 

■8  ^ 

• 

§  a 

3 

-a 
8 

J 
"3 

3 

Saturday, 

*8% 

0) 

§1 

3 

8| 

46 

£ 

S 
fa 

1 

Dec      22    . 

640 

164 

196 

223 

1269 

625 

644 

1269 

.,        29    . 

652 

172 

234 

285 

64 

1407 

682 

725 

1407 

Jan.        5    . 

753 

185 

290 

383 

92 

1707 

1003 

889 

1892 

„        12    . 

727 

181 

289 

419 

91 

1707 

959 

906 

1865 

»       19    . 

715 

211 

357 

511 

120 

1926 

939 

920 

1859 

PRICE  OF  CORN. 


Average  "J    Wheat, 
of  Six     V    *.    d. 
Weeks.  J    54    0 

Week  ending)  53    2 
Jan.  15.     / 


Barley. 
s.    d. 
39    5 


Oats. 
'*.  d. 
22    3 


Rye. 
s.  d. 
35    5 


Beans. 
s.    d. 
45    1 


Peas. 
s.  d. 
44    3 


I    41    8     J    22    4      I 


I    35    0     J     45    3 


PRICE  OF  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELD,  Jan.  17. 
Hay,  2/.  0*.  to  6/.  10*.  —  Straw,  1/.  10*.  to  21.  0*.  —  Clover,  3J.  10*.  to  5/.  15*. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 

To  sink  the  Offal— per  stone  of  81bs. 

Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  Jan.  17. 

Beasts 540 

Sheep  and  Lambs  2,100 

Calves 180 

Pigs 125 

COAL-MARKET,  Jan.  25. 
Best  WaUwnd,  per  ton,  19*.  6A  to  21*.  9d\    Other  sorts,  16*.  3d.  to  20*.  Od. 


Beef „.... 

4*. 

6d.  to  5*. 

2d. 

3*. 

6d.  to  4*. 

4d. 

Vail 

4*. 

Od.  to  4*. 

Sd. 

Pork 

3*. 

6d.  to  4*. 

Sd. 

0*. 

Od.  toO*. 

Od. 

METEOROLOGICAL  DIARY,  or  II.  GOULD,  Lite  W.  CART,  181,  SrnuTD. 
Front  December  24  to  January  23,  inclutive. 


m 

7\       TJ 


DAILY  PRICE  OP  STOCKS. 


Dm. 
J.n. 

Connla. 

3  per 
Reduced. 

New 

Bank 

Ex.  Billa. 
£1,W0. 

In  an 

India 
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ALFRED  WHITMOKE. 

Stock  and  Share  Broker, 

19,  Change  Alley,  London,  E.C. 


LINCOLN  CATHEDRAL. 


LINCOLN   CATHEDRAL. 


Gnrr.  Mao.    Much,  1661 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

MARCH,  1861. 


CONTENTS. 

*AGI 
MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE.— The  late  Earl  of  Aberdeen.— Autobiography  of  Sylranus 

Urban.—"  Patronymic*  Britannic*."— Drunken  Barnaby's  bjn  at  Wentbridge 238 

The  Library  of  Westminster  Abbey   239 

Dixon's  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon 245 

Celtic  Remains  252 

On  Archeo-  Geology  253 

Spenser's  Poetical  Works    267 

Classical  Architecture  272 

Edinburgh  Market-Cross 277 

ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS.— Expenses  of  the  Royal  Stables,  c.  1554 278 

ANTIQUARIAN  AND  LITERARY  INTELLIGENCER.— Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London, 
286 ;  The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society,  290 ;  Archaeological  Institute, 
296;  British  Archaeological  Association,  801;  Architectural  Museum,  South  Kensington, 
Ecclesiological  Society,  302  ;  Numismatic  8ociety,  303 ;  London,  Middlesex,  and 
Surrey  Archaeological  Societies,  304 ;  Bucks.  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society, 
305;  Christchurch  Archaeological  Association,  308;  Exeter  Diocesan  Architectural 
Society,  309;  Colchester  311 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  8YLVANUS  URBAN.— The  Architecture  of  Lincoln  Cathedral, 
312 ;  The  Architect  of  Lincoln  Minster,  313 ;  Chronicles  and  Memorials  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  316;  The  Liverpool  Museum— "  God  save  the  King"    317 

THE  NOTE-BOOK  OF  SYLYANUS  URBAN  318 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REYIEW8.— Burrows's  Pass  and  Class,  Second 

Edition— Rogers's  Education  in  Oxford 819 

HIGH  SHERIFFS  FOR  1861  827 

APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS   328 

BIRTHS  329 

MARRIAGES 880 

OBITUARY.— The  Dowager  Lady  Petre— Sir  Hugh  Lyon  Playfair,  333 ;  The  Hon.  Littleton 
Walter  Tazewell,  836;  T.  L.  Walker,  Esq.— Mr.  John  Swaine,  837;  Colonel  Hugh 
Owen— John  Bentley,  Esq.,  339 ;  Edward  Bentley,  Esq.,  M.D.— F.  W.  R.  Ross,  Esq., 
340 ;  W.  Pennell,  Esq.,  341 ;  The  Dean  of  Exeter,  342 ;  A.  B.  Corner,  Esq.,  343 ;  John 
Heathcoat,  Esq.,  344 ;  Mrs.  Gore 845 

CLERGY  DECEASED    846 

DEATHS  ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER    848 

Registrar-General's  Return  of  Mortality  and  Births  in  the  Metropolis— Markets,  355 ; 

Meteorological  Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks  856 

By  SYLVANUS  URBAN,  Gmrr. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


Notice. — Sylvanus  Urban  request*  his  Friends  to  observe  that  Reports,  Corre- 
spondence, Books  for  Review,  announcements  of  Births,  Marriages,  and  Deaths,  fyc, 
received  after  the  20M  instant  cannot  be  attended  to  until  the  following  Month. 


THE  LATE  EARL  OP  ABERDEEN. 

The  Hon.  and  Rev.  Douglas  Hamilton- 
Gordon,  whilst  bearing  testimony  to  the 
fairness  and  accuracy  of  our  Memoir  of  his 
late  father,  desires  us  to  state  that  "  Lord 
Aberdeen,  though  a  personal  friend  of 
Marquis  Cornwall  is,  was  not  attached  to 
his  embassy  in  1801;"  and  adds,  "The 
family  name  is  not '  Gordon/  but '  Hamil- 
ton-Gordon,' the  name  now  borne  by  his 
children." 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  SYLVANUS 
URBAN. 

We  cannot  afford  space  to  reply  in  de- 
tail to  the  second  letter  of  Mr.  Godefroy 
on  the  above  subject.  If  he  will,  as  be- 
fore advised,  refer  to  the  papers  in  ques- 
tion, in  our  Numbers  for  1856,  he  will  be 
able  to  solve  all  his  doubts  for  himself, 
and  will  perceive  the  reason  of  the  omis- 
sion of  which  he  complains. 

"  PATRONYMICA  BRITANNICA." 
Air.  Urban, — Should  any  be  led  to  sup- 
pose, from  Mr.  M.  A.  Lower's  remark  as 
to  some  Sussex  "  Alchornes"  having,  within 
the  last  generation  or  two,  changed  their 
name  into  "Allcorn,"  that  all  who  have  once 
borne  the  name  have  so  changed  it,  and 
that  the  name  "  Alchorne"  is  consequently 
extinct,  they  would  be  in  error.  Permit 
me  to  say  that  within  the  last  few  years 
I  have  known,  in  Middlesex,  a  person  in 
the  position  of  a  national  and  parochial 
schoolmaster  who  bore  the  name  of  "  Al- 
chorne" unchanged,  and  I  have  no  reason 
to  think  that  he  was  the  last  of  the  name. 

I  am,  Ac.  E.  W. 

DRUNKEN  BARNABY^  INN  AT 
WENTBRIDGE. 

Mr.  Urban, — In  the  picturesque  little 
village  of  Wentbridge,  in  Yorkshire,  there 
is  (or  rather  was)  a  small  waybide  inn,  of 
antique  and  somewhat  dilapidated  appear- 


ance, having  affixed  to  its  front  the  sign 
of  the  "  Blue  Bell,"  (in  its  better  days 
evidently  a  swing  sign,)  bearing  date  1C63. 
Standing  on  the  side  of  the  ancient 
Roman  road  from  Hatfield  to  Pontefract, 
it  may  reasonably  be  supposed  the  iden- 
tical house  where  Barnaby  Harrington, 
alias  "  Drunken  Barnaby,*'  called  to  slake 
his  "  furious  thirst"  on  his  way  from  Don- 
caster.  What  occurred  to  raise  his  ire  he 
does  not  inform  us,  but  he  records  his  visit 
in  the  following  lines : — 

•*  Thence  to  Wentbridge,  where  vile  wretches, 
Hideous  hags  and  odious  witches, 
Writhen  count'naDce,  and  mis-shapen, 
Are  by  some  foul  bugbear  taken. 
These  infernal  seats  inherit, 
Who  contract  with  such  a  spirit." 

And  then  passes  on  to  "Ferrybridge, 
sore  wearied."  Whatever  truth  there 
may  have  been  in  Barnaby's  maledictory 
description,  it  in  no  wise  applies  to  the 
inhabitants  of  Wentbridge  at  the  present 
day,  who  would  be  properly  indignant 
should  any  modern  traveller  venture  to 
describe  them  in  such  uncourteous  lan- 
guage. Probably  Barnaby  was  labouring 
under  a  fit  of  the  blue-devils  after  his  po- 
tations, when  be  imagined  such  a  dia- 
bolical assemblage. 

Passing  through  the  village  a  short  time 
ago,  I  was  sorry  to  observe  that  a  portion 
of  the  old  inn  had  disappeared,  and  was 
being  replaced  by  a  modern  erection  with 
stuccoed  front,  &c. 

On  inquiring  the  fate  of  the  old  sign,  I 
was  told  it  had  gone  to  a  neighbouring 
village,  and  would  re-appear  in  its  place. 
This,  though  reassuring,  left  an  unplea- 
sant impression  on  my  mind  that  its 
antique  face  was  about  to  be  veiled  by  a 
coat  of  modern  paint  under  the  plea  of 
"  restoration,*'  and  would  thus  lose  much 
of  its  interest. — I  am,  &e.,  C.  F. 


Several  Reports,  Reviews,  and  Obituaries 
in  type,  are  unavoidably  postponed  until 
next  month. 


THE 


<$*tttUman's  Jitapzitu 


AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY*. 

The  library  was  founded  by  Lord  Keeper  Williams  (whose 
portrait  is  there)  during  the  time  he  was  Dean  of  Westminster, 
about  1620.  The  books  were  originally  kept  in  one  of  the 
chapels  in  the  Abbey,  but  were  afterwards  removed  to  their  pre- 
sent quarters. 

In  1644  the  books  are  stated  to  have  suffered  from  a  conflagra- 
tion, but  whether  this  catastrophe  took  place  before  they  were 
removed  hither  or  no,  cannot  be  ascertained.  The  printed  books 
number  about  eleven  thousand  volumes,  and  include  many  valuable 
works.  Among  them  are  the  Complutensian  Polyglott,  1515,  in 
six  vols,  folio;  Walton's  Polyglott,  dated  in  1657  ;  several  valuable 
Hebrew  Bibles,  ranging  in  date  from  1596 ;  various  Greek  and  Latin 
Bibles,  and  several  English  ones,  including  Cranmer's  of  1540,  and 
the  first  and  second  editions  of  Parker's,  or  the  Bishop's  Bible,  in 
1568  and  1572.  Rituals  and  Prayer-books,  the  works  of  the 
ancient  Fathers,  the  Schoolmen,  and  the  Reformers,  are  in  great 
plenty.  English  theologians  and  English  historians  also  abound, 
including  the  Legenda  Nova  Anglia,  London,  1516 ;  and  Parker, 
De  Antiquitate  Ecclesue  Britannica,  London,  1562. 

In  classical  literature  there  are  ample  materials  both  for  the 
industrious  student  and  the  curious  bibliographer.  Again,  here  is 
the  first  edition  of  the  works  of  Plato,  printed  at  Venice,  in  1513 ; 
this  is  on  vellum.  A  valuable  book  is  liere  preserved> — it  is  one  of 
those  printed  at  Oxford  during  the  fifteenth  century, — Johannes 
Latteburius  in  threnos  Jeremie,  Capitulis  CXV.,  folio,  Oxonii,Anno 
dni  1482,  ultimd  die  mentis  Julii.  From  a  memorandum  on  the 
first  leaf  of  this  book  it  appears  that  in  1563  it  belonged  to  Thomas 
Sackomb,  who  purchased  it  of  John  Avyngton,  a  monk,  also  Scholar 
and  Bachelor  of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Winchester,  and  afterwards 
Professor  of  Theology.  Several  of  the  books  here  bear  the  signature 
of  William  Camden,  in  small  and  neat  characters;  they  were  doubt- 
less gifts  from  him. 

On  one  of  the  leaves  of  a  copy  of  an  early  printed  English  book, 

•  A  paper  by  W.  H.  Hart,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  at  the  Meeting  of  the  London  and 
Middlesex  Archaeological  Sxriety,  Oct.  25, 1860.    See  Gist.  Mag.,  Jan.  1861,  p.  59. 
Onrr.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  o  g 


240  The  library  of  Westminster  Abbey.  [March, 

t€  The  Dialogue  of  Dives  and  Pauper,"  printed  by  Richard  Pynson 
in  1493,  in  excellent  condition,  is  this  inscription,  partially  defaced : 
"  Iste  liber  constat  .  .  .  Banbury  .  .  .  Osneye."  Under  this  are 
three  shields,  the  centre  one  containing  these  arms,  Argent,  two 
bends,  azure  ;  the  two  others  are  alike,  each  one  containing  a  device 
like  a  merchant's  mark. 

The  signature  of  John  Fox  the  martyrologist  occurs  on  the  title- 
page  of  a  book  entitled  Gasparis  Megandri  Figurini  in  Epistolam 
Fault  ad  Ephesios  Commentarius,  Basil,  1534.  Two  others  are 
on  a  copy  of  Melancthon's  Loci  Communes  Theologici,  1548. 

A  book  here  preserved,  entitled  Descriptio  Britannia  Scotia, 
Sybernue,  et  Orchadum,  ex  libro  Fault  Jovii  Episcopi  Nucer,  was 
once  the  property  of  Robert  Glover,  Portcullis  Pursuivant  at  Arms, 
but  afterwards  passed  into  tb*  possession  of  another  proprietor,  as 
appears  by  an  inscription  oa  the  fly-leaf;  and  the  second  possessor 
has  added  this  somewhat  sarcastic  remark,  "  Sic  transit  rerum 
proprietas." 

In  a  copy  of  Ben  Jonson's  works,  1640,  these  verses  are  on  a 
fly-leaf: — 

"  Tho'  cruel  Death  has  this  great  Conquest  made 
And  learned  Johnson  in  his  urn  is  lay'd 
Nere  shall  his  fame  be  in  ye  tyrants  pow*r 
For  y*  shall  live  when  Death  shall  be  no  more." 

In  another  part  of  the  same  book  : — 

"  Lord  give  me  wisdom  to  direct  my  ways 
I  beg  not  Riches  nor  yet  Length  of  Days. 

Farewell." 

In  a  "  Daily  Office  for  the  Sick,"  &c,  1699,  is  this  note  :— 

"  If  this  be  lost  and  yon  do  find,  I  pray  you  to  bere  so  good  an  mind  as  to  restore  an 
to  the  seme  that  here  below  heth  set  her  name.     H.  G." 

In  Lombardica  Hystoria,  1490,  is  this  amusing  note : — 

"  Thomas  Tyllie  ys  my  name 
And  with  my  hand  I  cannot  mend  this  same 
He  that  dothe  reade  and  not  nnderstande 
Ys  lyke  to  a  blinde  man  led  by  ye  hande 
Who,  yf  the  guide  be  not  suer  and  sounde 
Ys  lyke  often  tymes  to  ly  one  the  groande 
Therefore  good  reader  let  theise  be  thy  staye 
And  be  not  unmyndfull  of  them  every  daye. 
For  feare  of  fallinge  as  ofte  doth  the  blinde. 
And  so  by  false  gniders  the  truth  shall  not  finde, 
Wch  greatly  doth  greve  the  blind  for  the  tyme, 
And  thus  craving  pardone  I  make  up  my  ryme. 

"John  Leb.    Thomas  Tyxltb. 

«  An0  Diii  1586/' 

On  the  fljr-leaf  of  Hevlyn's  "Help  to  English  History/'  (Lon- 
don, 1670,)  is  this  short  but  very  expressive  admonition: — 

"  Exodus  20th  c 
«  Thou  shalt  not  steal.' " 

In  a  book  entitled  Homeliarius  Doctorum,  14-94,  are  two  inter- 
esting documents,  nearly  perfect,  only  just  so  much  having  been 


1861.]  The  Library  of  Westminster  Abbey.  241 

cut  off  from  the  edge  as  to  destroy  perhaps  the  last  two  words  in 
each  line.  They  are  on  parchment,  and  were  pasted  inside  the 
covers,  but  are  now  disengaged  from  their  fellows  by  the  joint 
action  of  time  and  damp. 

The  first  consists  of  the  will  of  Robert  Atte  Wod,  Alderman  of 
Oxford,  dated  the  28th  day  of  May,  1461,  just  thirty- three  years 
prior  to  the  date  of  the  book  itself.  By  it  he  bequeaths  his  soul 
to  Almighty  God  and  all  the  saints,  and  his  body  to  be  buried  in 
the  church  of  the  Blessed  Mary  of  Oseney,  near  the  grave  of  his 
father ;  and  after  making  gifts  to  various  churches,  he  provides  for 
a  chaplain  to  offer  up  the  Mass  for  his  soul,  and  the  soul  of  Cicely 
Herberfeld,  for  whom  he  was  bound,  (i.  e.,  he  was  under  obliga- 
tion,) in  the  church  of  St.  Martin  at  Oxford  for  four  years.  He  also 
gave  to  Joan  his  wife,  for  her  life,  a  tenement  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Thomas,  called  Bokebynders  Place ;  and  after  her  death,  then  ac- 
cording to  the  form  and  effect  of  certain  indentures  between  the 
abbot  of  the  Blessed  Mary  the  Virgin  of  Osseneya,  and  himself. 
This  will  was  proved  in  the  Ecclesiastical  Court  at  Oxford. 

The  other  document  is  undated,  but  is  probably  of  the  same 
period  as  the  will.  It  is  a  petition,  in  English,  and  is  remarkable 
for  the  title  it  assigns  to  the  magnates  of  the  city  of  London, 
namely,  that  of  "  sovereigns."     It  runs  thus : — 

M  To  the  Ryght  honourable  and  gracyons  lorde  end  worsbypfull  souveraignes  the  Mayre 

and  Aldremen  of  yis  noble  Citie  of  London. 
"  Besechith  full  humblely  your  poore  and  perpetuell  oratrice  Johan  Pe ntrith,  widowe, 
late  th  .  .  .  John  Pentrith,  youre  trewe  Servaunt  and  Officere,  that  it  may  please 
yon  and  goode  graces  in  .  .  .  deracion  of  the  longe  daies  of  theire  continnaunce 
in  yoore  service  withinne  this  Citee  of  L.  .  .  of  the  gret  and  importable"  pennrye 
that  youre  sayde  poore  oratrice  seth  tyme  of  bir  sed  h  .  .  .  decesse  hath  longe  tyme 
continued  and  abyden  unto  the  gret  peine  and  hevynesse  of  your  .  .  .  suppliant, 
the  which  she  cannot  well  long  tyme  endure  without  youre  goode  and  gracious  .  .  • 
relief.  To  yeve  and  graunt  unto  youre  saide  poore  oratrice  some  annuell  refresshament 
.  .  .  gracyous  almesse  and  goodnesse  in  relevynge  and  refreshing  of  hir  said  poverte 
and  heu  ....  for  the  tendre  love  that  ye  have  hadde  unto  hir  said  housbond,  atte 
reverence  of  almyght  ....  and  in  wey  of  charite,  and  youre  saide  poor  wydowe  and 
perpetuell  oratrice  shall  pra    ....    for  you  hir  lyf  durynge,"  Ac. 

In  another  book,  Homiliarum  Opus,  F.  Adami  Sasbout,  Delphii 
Lovanii,  1556,  are  two  parchment  deeds,  which  have  been  made 
use  of  for  binding  purposes.  They  are  not  so  perfect  as  the  previ- 
ous specimens,  but  they  yield  some  little  information  as  to  property 
and  persons  in  the  city  of  London. 

By  the  first  one  John  Brother,  son  and  heir  of  Adam  de  Brother, 

§  rants  to  Adam  de  Brauncestre  and  another,  goldsmiths,  of  Lon- 
on,  and  their  heirs  or  assigns,  two  marks  annual  rent,  which  the 
same  Adam  and  Thomas  purchased  of  Adam  Brother  his  (grantor's) 
father,  issuing  out  of  the  principal  messuage,  and  the  tenement 
adjoining,  in  the  parish  of  Saint  Mary  Magdalen,  in  Old  Fish- 
street,  near  the  said  church.  This  deed  is  of  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.  or  Edward  I.  The  other  deed  is  very  fragmentary.  By  it 
John  de  .  .  .  rd,  citizen  and  vintner  of  London,  gives  to  Edward  de 
WesLsmethefield,  London,  andRoger  de  Cxeton,  certain  lands,  the 


242  The  Library  of  Westminster  Abbey.  [March, 

locality  of  which  does  not  appear.  It  is  dated  at  "Iseldon," 
(Islington)  8  Edward  III. 

Another  series  of  books  which  have  not  only  a  local,  but  also 
a  great  historical  interest,  are  the  books  used  at  the  coronations 
of  the  sovereigns  of  this  realm. 

The  first  two  are  histories  of  the  solemnity;  one  entitled, — 

"The  entertainment  of  His  Most  Excellent  Majestic  Charles  II.,  on  his  passpge 
through  the  City  of  London  to  his  Coronation,  containing  an  exact  accompt  of  the 
whole  solemnity  :  The  Triumphall  arches,  and  Cavalcade  delineated  in  Sculpture ;  the 
Speeches  and  Impresses  illustrated  from  antiquity.  To  these  is  added  a  brief  narrative 
of  His  Majestie's  Solemn  Coronation:  with  his  magnificent  proceeding,  and  Royal 
Feast  in  Westminster  Hall.  By  John  Ogilhy.  London.  Printed  by  Tho.  Roycroft, 
and  are  to  he  had  at  the  Author's  house  in  King's  Head  Court  within  Shoe  Lane. 


x  do  Lin." 


The  other  entitled, — 

"  The  History  of  the  Coronation  of  the  most  High,  most  mighty,  and  most  excellent 
Monarch,  James  II.  by  the  Grace  of  God  King  of  England,  Scotland,  France  and 
Ireland,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  &c.,  and  of  his  Royal  Consort,  Queen  Mary :  solemnized 
in  the  Collegiate  Church  of  St.  Peter,  in  the  City  of  Westminster,  on  Thursday  the 
23  of  April,  being  the  Festival  of  St.  George,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1685.  With 
an  exact  account  of  the  several  preparations  in  order  thereunto,  their  Majesties'  most 
splendid  processions,  and  their  Royal  and  Magnificent  Feast  in  Westminster  Hall. 
The  whole  work  illustrated  with  Sculptures.  By  his  Majestie's  especial  command.  By 
Francis  Sandford,  Esqre.,  Lancaster  Herald  of  Arms.  In  the  Savoy:  Printed  by 
Thomas  Newcomb,  one  of  His  Majesties  Printers,  1687." 

We  then  come  to  George  the  Third's  reign.  Here  is  a  book 
handsomely  bound  in  red  morocco,  and  gilt,  and  the  inner  sides  of 
the  covers  ornamented  with  gold  and  flowers.     It  is  entitled, — 

"  The  Form  and  order  of  the  service  that  is  to  be  performed,  and  of  the  ceremonie  s 
that  are  to  be  observed  in  the  Coronation  of  their  Majesties  King  George  III.  and 
Queen  Charlotte  in  the  Abbey  Church  of  St.  Pet*  r,  Westminster,  on  Tuesday  the  22nd 
of  September,  1761.  London  :  Printed  by  Mark  Baskett,  Printer  to  the  King's  most 
Excellent  Majesty,  and  by  the  assigns  of  Robert  Baskett,  1761." 

And  then  in  their  order  are  the  books  of  George  the  Fourth, 
William  the  Fourth,  and  our  present  sovereign,  the  Lady  Victoria ; 
but  in  this  series  the  gradual  falling  off  of  external  ornament  can- 
not but  be  noticed,  the  last  book  being  merely  stitched  in  black 
paper  covers,  without  any  attempt  at  dignity. 

It  is  stated  that  in  the  library  founded  by  Dr.  Williams  in  Red- 
cross-street,  Cripplegate,  were  many  manuscripts,  which  were  burnt, 
and  among  them  the  pompous  and  curious  book  of  the  ceremonies 
of  the  coronation  of  the  kings  of  England. 

Manuscripts. 

The  greater  part  of  the  manuscripts  perished  in  the  fire  before 
spoken  of,  but  there  are  a  few  left,  and  among  them  are  some 
valuable  specimens. 

In  the  Harleian  MS.,  No.  694,  is  contained  a  number  of  cata- 
logues of  various  libraries,  and  among  them  a  list  of  the  manu- 
scripts here,  compiled  apparently  in  the  year  1672.  It  is  entitled, 
w  Catalogus  Codd.  MSS.  in  Bibliotheca  Westmonast.    An0  1672." 


1861.]  The  Library  of  Westminster  Abbey.  p  243 

This  contains  above  three  hundred  volumes,  all  of  which  are  briefly 
specified.  There  is  a  good  sprinkling  of  classical  authors,  the  an- 
cient Fathers  of  the  Church,  and  several  books  which,  if  now  in 
existence,  would  have  been  well  worthy  our  attention.  Among 
these  are — 

"  An  English  new  Testament  with  a  Calender  of  the  Epistles  and  GhospeUs. 
"  An  old  Missall  with  the  Roman  Calender  before  it. 
"  Two  other  Missalls. 

"  A  treatise  how  to  live  godly ly,  Beginneth,  a  Treatize  y  *  sufficeth  to  each  man  and 
woman  to  live  after  if  they  wolen  bee  saved. 

"  A  book  of  prayers  to  certaine  Saints  with  the  pictures. 
"  The  Summary  of  the  whole  Bible  collected  by  Wickliffe." 

Next  come  several  books  on  legal  subjects,  gavelkind,  pleadings, 
statutes,  and  forms  of  writs ;  then  a  curious  book  entitled, — 

"  The  method  of  preparing  food,  or  concerning  the  ancient  culinary  art,  in  which  are 
elucidated  the  names  of  the  dishes  had  at  the  dinners  of  Coronations  and  Installations." 

The  magnificently  illuminated  missal  or  service-book,  prepared 
in  the  year  1373  under  the  care  of  Nicholas  Litlington,  at  that 
time  abbot  of  this  church,  is  in  most  excellent  preservation,  with 
scarcely  a  blemish  throughout,  except  those  owing  to  design. 

The  first  volume  commences  with  the  consecration  of  salt  for  the 
holy  water.  It  contains  offices  for  the  Sundays  of  the  whole  year, 
from  Advent  to  the  twenty-fifth  after  Trinity ;  .likewise  several  of 
the  principal  festivals. 

The  second  volume  contains  the  Mass  and  the  service  for  Passion- 
week,  at  great  length ;  the  office  for  the  coronation  of  the  king  and 
queen,  and  that  for  the  queen  only  when  not  crowned  with  the 
king ;  the  office  for  the  royal  funerals ;  several  offices  for  inferior 
or  national  saints,  as  Edward  the  Confessor,  Edmund,  Dunstan, 
Laurence,  Catherine,  &c. 

By  a  proclamation  in  Henry  the  Eighth's  time,  renewed  under 
Edward  the  Sixth,  all  services,  litanies,  and  books  of  prayer  were 
ordered  to  be  purified  from  all  the  remains  of  popery ;  ana  in  con- 
sequence of  this,  the  very  name  of  the  Pope  has  been  erased  from 
many  Missals,  and  in  this  of  Litlington's  the  name  of  St.  Thomas 
&  Becket  is  erased  from  the  calendar,  as  also  the  office  for  his 
festival. 

There  is  a  very  curious  piece  of  History  respecting  a  manu- 
script still  preserved  in  the  library,  entitled  "Flores  Histori- 
arum,  or  the  Chronicle  of  Matthew  of  Westminster."  In  some 
rhymes  written  by  a  monk  of  Westminster  on  the  life  of  Henry  the 
Fifth,  (contained  in  Cotton  MSS.  Brit.  Mus.,  Cleopatra  B.,  and  lately 
edited  by  Mr.  Charles  Augustus  Cole  in  the  series  of  Chronicles  now 
being  published  under  the  direction  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,) 
the  author,  after  describing  the  bounteous  gifts  made  by  the  King  to 
the  church  of  Westminster,  mentions  in  particular  two  precious 
books  and  a  sceptre  which  he  restored  to  the  same  church  : — 

"  Psulteriuin  carum,  sic  Flores  Historiarum 
llestituit  gratis  ad  Westmynstre  vir  pietatis." 


244  The  Library  of  Westminster  Abbey.  [March, 

There  can  be  but  little  doubt  that  the  Mores  Historiarum  spoken 
of  by  the  chronicler  is  the  identical  volume  still  in  the  library, 
while  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  "  precious  Psalter"  is 
none  other  than  Litlington's  Missal. 

We  have  here  the  ancient  Chronicle  of  England  commonly  called 
the  "  Brute ;"  which  is  a  compilation  from  the  history  of  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth.  There  is  an  abundant  supply  of  copies  of  this 
Chronicle  throughout  the  manuscript  repositories  of  this  country, 
especially  at  the  British  Museum. 

Here  also  is  a  curious  manuscript  on  subjects  of  natural  history, 
with  coloured  representations  of  various  animals,  preceded  by  draw- 
ings of  human  monstrosities,  and  a  view  of  Adam's  naming  the 
animals. 

A  book,  which  though  not  in  the  library,  is  yet  connected 
with  the  Abbey,  demands  a  few  passing  words.  In  the  Public 
Record  Office  in  this  metropolis  is  preserved  a  book  contain- 
ing the  various  indentures  between  King  Henry  VII.  and  the 
abbot  and  convent  of  Westminster  concerning  the  prayers  to  be 
said  for  himself  and  family  during  his  life,  and  the  performance  of 
services  for  their  souls  after  their  decease.  These  indentures  are 
dated  July  16,  1504,  and  they  enumerate  with  great  precision  all 
the  services  which  were  to  be  Jield,  and  the  various  collects  and 
psalms  to  be  used  from  and  after  the  execution  of  the  deed.  Special 
prayers  were  to  be  said  daily  in  the  regular  services  of  the  Abbey 
for  the  prosperity  of  the  King  and  his  family;  there  was  to  be 
a  "  herse"  set  round  with  100  tapers,  which  the  King  provided  till 
the  chapel  was  erected  in  which  his  tomb  was  to  be  placed,  and 
an  "  Anniversary"  was  to  be  performed  upon  February  11.  At 
certain  of  the  Masses  said  by  the  chantry-monk  appointed  for  that 
purpose,  he  was  to  turn  his  face  "at  the  firste  lavatory"  to  the 
people,  and  bid  them  pray  for  the  King  thus : — 

"  Sin, — I  exhorte  and  desire  you  specially  and  devoutly  of  your  charitie  to  praye  for 
the  good  and  prosperous  estate  of  the  Kyng  oure  Souverayne  Lorde  Kyng  Henry  the 
vijth,  founder  of  thre  masses  perpetually  to  be  sayd  in  this  monastery,  and  tor  the  pros- 

Csritie  of  this  his  reame,  and  for  the  soule  of  the  moost  excellent  Princesse  Elizabeth 
te  Quene  of  Englande,  his  wif,  and  for  the  soules  of  their  children  and  issue,  and  for 
the  soule  of  the  right  noble  Prince  Edmund  late  Erie  of  Richeraont,  fader  to  oure  said 
aouverayne  lorde  the  Kyng,  and  for  the  soules  of  all  his  other  progenitours  and  aun- 
oestres,  and  all  cristen  soules." 

This  book  is  illuminated,  and  is  superbly  bound  in  velvet,  and 
the  seals  of  the  contracting  parties  are  enclosed  in  small  silver 
skippets. 


1861.]  245 


DIXON'S  PERSONAL  HISTORY  OP  LORD  BACON  *. 

A  man  is  hard  put  to  when  he  is  called  upon  to  decide  a  cause,  one  side 
of  which  is  argued  before  him  in  his  native  tongue,  and  the  other  in  one  of 
which  he  can  just  grope  at  the  meaning  by  the  help  of  his  grammar  and 
dictionary.  Such  a  case  may  at  this  moment  occur  in  more  than  one  de- 
liberative assembly  in  Europe.  But  it  must  be  a  hard  trial.  The  instinct  of 
nature  is  to  go  along  with  your  own  countryman,  and  to  leave  the  argu- 
ments of  the  foreigner  to  those  in  whose  ears  they  may  sound  equally  native 
and  familiar.  But  with  a  truly  candid  mind  this  temptation  would  be 
speedily  followed  by  another.  Justice  must  be  done  to  the  stranger ;  he 
must  be  listened  to  with  more  attention  than  the  countryman ;  care  must 
be  taken  to  give  its  full  weight  to  everything  he  says ;  a  fair  field  in  such  a 
case  can  hardly  help  to  involve  a  little  favour,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that 
such  an  ingenuous  listener  may  end  by  giving  to  the  stranger  an  amount 
of  respect  and  confidence  to  which  his  arguments  really  give  him  no  claim. 
It  was  against  temptations  of  this  subtle  kind  that  Moses  pronounced  his 
warning  against  "  countenancing  a  poor  man  in  his  cause."  The  temptation 
to  countenance  a  rich  man  was  a  gross  and  vulgar  one,  appealing  to  minds 
of  a  low  order.  But  a  virtuous  man  might,  by  his  very  virtues,  be  led  into 
the  opposite  error  of  countenancing  the  poor  man  when  right  really  lay 
with  the  rich.  So  with  a  native  and  a  foreigner.  The  first,  easiest,  com- 
monest temptation  is  to  undue  partiality  to  our  own  countryman  ;  but  this 
may  very  easily  be  succeeded  by  the  subtler  temptation  which  often  leads 
men  to  shew  an  undue  countenance  to  the  stranger. 

We  find  ourselves  just  now  placed  under  the  influence  of  these  conflict* 
ing  temptations  on  sitting  down  to  consider  the  question  which  has  been 
raised  as  to  the  good  and  evil  in  the  character  of  Lord  Bacon.  The  case  is 
argued  by  advocates  on  different  sides,  both  of  whom  are  doubtless  equally 
natural-born  subjects  of  her  Majesty,  but  one  of  whom  must,  for  all  pur- 
poses of  literary  controversy,  be  looked  upon  as  an  alien.  Lord  Bacon  is 
accused  by  Lord  Macaulay ;  he  is  defended  by  Mr.  William  Hepworth 
Dixon.  Now  comes  in  the  difference  of  language.  Lord  Macaulay  brings 
his  charge  in  plain,  straightforward,  transparent  English,  every  word  of 
which  we  understand.  Mr.  Dixon  makes  his  defence  in  a  peculiar  dialect 
which  we  have  never  learned ;  one  which  comes  near  enough  to  our  mother 
tongue  for  us  to  make  out  many  words  and  some  whole  sentences,  and  yet 
not  near  enough  for  us  to  feel  quite  sure  that  we  have  ever  fully  grasped 
the  writer's  meaning.     Of  the  accusation  we  take  in  every  stage,  every  de- 

•  M  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon.  From  Unpublished  Papers.  By  William 
Hepworth  Dixon."    (London :  Murray.) 


246  Dixon9 8  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon.        [March, 

tail ;  we  know  exactly  every  charge  brought  against  the  prisoner,  and  every 
argument  by  which  the  charges  are  supported.  We  can  fully  test  the 
strength  and  the  weakness  of  every  word  employed  by  the  counsel  for  the 
prosecution.  We  are  by  no  means  so  favourably  situated  with  regard  to 
the  counsel  for  the  defence.  Owing  to  the  difference  of  language,  we  never 
fully  understand  what  the  arguments  for  the  defence  are.  We  are  puzzled 
and  bewildered ;  we  make  out  something,  but  not  the  whole.  Indeed  the 
exact  amount  of  difference  between  ordinary  English  and  the  language  of 
Mr.  Dixon  is  peculiarly  dangerous.  If  Mr.  Dixon  wrote  in  Dutch  or  in 
Spanish  we  might  do  our  best  to  make  him  out  by  the  help  of  a  Dictionary. 
But  his  dialect  comes  just  near  enough  to  our  own  tongue  to  give  us  at  once 
a  glimmering  of  light,  and  a  feeling  that  after  all  our  light  may  be  a  mere 
Will-o'-the-wisp.  We  understand  just  enough  to  make  us  fear  that  we 
misunderstand.  Thus  occurs  the  twofold  temptation  which  we  have  just 
mentioned.  Our  first  inclination  is  to  cast  Mr.  Dixon  aside,  as  St.  Jerome 
did  the  Satires  of  Fersius — "  If  you  do  not  wish  to  be  understood,  you  do 
not  deserve  to  be  read."  But  a  more  candid  mood  soon  comes  over  us. 
We  wish  to  do  Mr.  Dixon  justice ;  possibly  the  reaction  may  lead  us  to  do 
him  more  than  justice.  Hovering  over  the  waste  of  words,  dimly  piercing 
through  the  mist  of  metaphors — Mr.  Dixon  must  excuse  us  if  we  borrow  a 
little  from  his  own  stores — we  see  here  and  there  something  which  looks 
very  like  a  new  fact,  and  here  and  there  something  more  shadowy,  which, 
if  we  could  once  grasp  it,  might  possibly  prove  to  be  an  argument.  To 
neither  facts  nor  arguments  are  we  the  least  disposed  to  do  injustice.  We 
wish  neither  to  over  nor  to  undervalue  either  Mr.  Dixon  or  any  other  man. 
But  our  task  is  a  hard  one,  and  we  think  that  we  shall  deserve  some  sym- 
pathy if  we  have  the  bad  luck  to  go  astray  in  either  direction. 

When  we  come  across  such  writers  as  Mr.  Dixon,  the  dreadful  thought 
sometimes  forces  itself  upon  us,  Is  the  English  tongue,  the  old  mother 
tongue  which  has  lived,  in  one  shape  or  another,  for  fourteen  hundred 
years,  at  last  wholly  going  to  the  dogs  ?  Was  Lord  Macaulay  fated  to  be 
the  last  man  who  could  write  a  sentence  of  grammatical  English,  and  is 
the  true  speech  of  our  fathers  altogether  buried  in  his  grave?  Nobody 
now-a-days  can  bring  himself  to  write  a  page  of  English  which  shall  be  at 
once  accurate  and  straightforward.  One  man  aims  at  being  eloquent, 
another  at  being  facetious ;  a  third  aims  at  nothing  at  all,  and  is  simply 
slipshod  and  slovenly.  One  man  heaps  up  Latin  and  French  words  till  he 
ceases  to  write  a  Teutonic  language  at  all.  Another,  by  way  of  being 
especially  Teutonic,  drags  in  the  particular  idioms  of  the  modern  literary 
High  German.  One  man  writes  such  long  and  involved  sentences,  that, 
before  we  reach  a  full  stop,  we  say,  with  the  old  Spartan,  "  The  former  part 
indeed  we  have  forgotten,  and  the  latter  part  we  do  not  understand." 
Another  affects  the  epigrammatic  and  Imperial  style.  Sentences  are  of 
two  words.  Paragraphs  are  of  two  lines.  Verbs  often  cease  to  exist. 
1 


1861.]  Dixon9 8  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon.  247 

Take  the  great  god  of  our  idolatry,  the  omniscient  and  infallible  "  Jupiter ;" 
run  through  the  writings  of  Mr.  Thomas  Towers  and  his  attendant  Mer- 
curies. You  will  find  whole  columns  which  cannot  be  said  to  be  in  any 
particular  language  at  all,  but  which  come  nearest  to  a  bad  style  of  French. 
If  you  take  a  paragraph  of  Lord  Macaulay's,  you  will  find  that  every  word 
is  spelled  right,  that  every  word  is  used  in  its  proper  meaning,  that  every 
clause  of  every  sentence  hangs  grammatically  together,  and  can  be  parsed 
with  the  utmost  rigour.  You  may  put  Lord  Macaulay's  style  on  the  rack, 
as  Bacon  did  Peacham ;  you  may  twist  it  and  torture  it  as  you  will,  put  it 
to  the  question  ordinary  and  extraordinary,  and  it  will  come  out  unscathed. 
This  is,  we  think,  more  than  can  be  said  of  any  writer  now  left  among  us, 
certainly  more  than  can  be  said  of  any  writer  who  attempts  either  to  be 
fine  or  to  be  facetious.  Eloquence  is  a  good  thing  and  humour  is  a  good 
thing ;  but  neither  of  them  can  be  had  for  the  striving  after.  If  a  man  is 
either  naturally  eloquent  or  naturally  witty,  he  will  be  sure  to  write  elo- 
quently or  wittily  wherever  either  eloquence  or  wit  is  wanted.  But  if  a 
man  deliberately  says  "  I  will  be  eloquent,"  or  "  I  will  be  witty" ;  if  he 
stirs  himself  up  and  lashes  his  sides  to  produce  either  wit  or  eloquence,  he 
is  perfectly  certain  to  produce  nothing  but  bastard  wit  and  Brummagem 
eloquence.  Let  a  man  write,  naturally  and  straightforwardly,  what  he  has 
to  say ;  let  him  take  care  to  use  each  word  in  its  right  meaning,  and  to 
make  each  sentence  capable  of  being  parsed — then,  if  he  has  the  gift  either 
of  wit  or  of  eloquence,  and  if  either  wit  or  eloquence  is  needed  by  the  sub- 
ject, the  wit  or  the  eloquence  is  sure  to  come  of  itself  without  any  further 
trouble  on  his  part.  Such  at  least  is  the  doubtless  fallible  judgement  of 
Stlvanu8  Urban  ;  but  such  is  certainly  not  the  judgement  of  Mr.  William 
Hepworth  Dixon. 

Mr.  Dixon  strikes  us  as  a  man  who  strangely  mistook  his  vocation  when 
he  set  up  either  for  a  historian  or  a  rhetorician.  Could  he  have  contented 
himself  with  the  dull  routine  of  a  hard-working,  plodding  antiquary,  he 
might  probably  have  done  good  service  to  antiquarian  literature.  He  is 
clearly  a  man  of  research,  one  who  does  not  shrink  from  hard  work,  one 
who  is  quite  ready  to  examine  for  himself,  and  who  goes  for  history  to  the 
true  sources  of  history.  Such  a  man  might  have  been  highly  useful  as  an 
editor  or  a  calendarer.  We  do  not  believe  that,  had  Mr.  Dixon  been  set 
to  work  upon  Capgrave,  he  would  have  made  quite  the  mess  of  it  which 
was  made  by  Mr.  Hinges  ton.  We  think  it  very  likely  that,  if  Mr.  Dixon 
can  satisfy  the  Protestant  Alliance  of  his  orthodoxy,  he  may  be  a  highly 
fit  person  to  fill  the  vacant  place  of  Mr.  Turnbull.  He  has  certainly  read 
divers  MSS.  which  were  never  read  by  Hallara  or  Macaulay.  We  are  in- 
clined to  believe  that  out  of  those  MSS.  he  has  disinterred  one  or  two  facts 
which  were  unknown  to  Hallam  and  Macaulay.  So  far,  so  good.  We  do  not 
doubt  that  Mr.  Dixon,  could  he  have  been  contented  with  so  humble  a  sphere, 
might  have  been  a  useful  and  respected  correspondent  of  Sylv Aires  Ukban. 

Gjwt.  Mao.  Vol.  OCX.  eg9 


248  Dixoris  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon.         [March, 

But  he  will  be  a  historian  without  the  fitting  critical  judgement ;  he 
will  be  a  rhetorician  without  possessing  the  first  rudiments  of  literary 
taste.  A  useful  Gibeonite,  in  short,  has  profanely  invaded  the  functions  of 
the  Priesthood.  Adonijah  the  son  of  Haggith  might  doubtless  have  lived 
long  and  lived  respected  in  a  private  station ;  but  when  he  exalted  himself 
and  said  "  I  will  be  King,"  he  had  soon  need  to  fly  to  the  horns  of  the 
altar,  and  before  long  found  himself  handed  over  to  the  tender  mercies  of 
Benaiah  the  son  of  Jehoiada. 

Now  if  we  assume  anything  at  all  like  the  functions  of  Benaiah  towards 
Mr.  Dixon,  it  will  be  chiefly  on  the  ground  of  his  insufferable  style.  Such 
a  style  as  Mr.  Dixon's  is  not  only  bad  in  itself;  it  does,  as  we  have  im- 
plied, real  injustice  to  the  matter  of  his  work.  It  is  utterly  impossible  for 
a  critic  to  judge  so  clearly  and  impartially  of  the  matter  as  he  could  wish, 
when  he  is  disgusted  at  every  step  by  about  the  most  offensive  manner 
which  we  ever  remember  to  have  come  across.  For  a  writer  who  is  merely 
dull,  slovenly,  or  inaccurate  we  might  have  some  little  mercy.  Such  an 
one  is  a  sinner,  but  he  is  only  a  venial  sinner.  So  few  people  write  good 
English,  that  we  are  rather  pleased  when  we  get  good  than  offended  when 
we  get  bad,  so  long  as  the  badness  takes  any  of  the  milder  forms  which  we 
have  just  mentioned.  But  Mr.  Dixon's  offences  are  of  a  graver  kind.  He 
clearly  sins  wilfully ;  his  offence  is  not  mere  slovenly  carelessness ;  he  is 
guilty  of  the  high  crime  and  misdemeanour  of  affectation,  the  peccatum 
mortale  of  fine  writing.  We  have  no  doubt  that  Mr.  Dixon  believes  him- 
self to  be  one  of  the  great  masters  of  English  composition.  We  can  even 
believe  that  he  finds  other  people  benighted  enough  to  believe  the  same. 
A  generation  which  has  bolted  Carlyle  and  Ruskin  has  a  tolerably  capacious 
swallow.  Mr.  Dixon's  style  is  a  style  essentially  artificial ;  it  is  a  made-up 
style.  It  is,  as  Lord  Macaulay  says  of  the  style  of  a  much  greater  man  than 
Mr.  Dixon,  "  a  language  which  nobody  hears  from  his  mother  or  his  nurse, 
a  language  in  which  nobody  ever  quarrels,  or  drives  bargains,  or  makes 
love,  a  language  in  which  nobody  ever  thinks."  If  we  have  the  good 
luck  to  be  read  by  any  young  ladies  or  young  curates,  let  them  stop  and 
try  to  imagine  the  horrors  of  being  made  love  to  in  the  language  of  Mr. 
Dixon.  That  language  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  Babylonish  mixture  of  the 
bad  features  of  several  dialects.  Some  sentences  strike  us  as  a  corrupt — 
a  very  corrupt — following  of  Lord  Macaulay  himself.  More  commonly  it 
sounds  like  a  kind  of  Carlylesque,  standing  to  the  genuine  Carlyle  in  the 
same  relation  that  the  English  in  Ireland,  Hibernu  ipsis  Hiberniores, 
did  to  the  genuine  Milesians.  Now  and  then  he  takes  a  bolder  flight  still, 
and  passages  occur  which  sound  like  echoes  of  the  mystic  diction  of  the 
Imperial  pamphleteer.  Clearly,  as  Lord  Macaulay  says,  nobody  ever  thinks 
in  such  a  style.  Mr.  Dixon  evidently  lashes  himself  up  into  it,  till  his  eye 
rolls  in  a  sufficiently  fine  fury.  Nothing  is  ever  said  simply  or  straight- 
forwardly ;  there  is  a  perpetual  working  and  straining  of  the  machine.   One 


1861.]  Dixon9 8  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon.  249 

grand  mark  of  this  style  is  the  utter  rejection  of  the  past  tense.  Mr.  Dixon 
and  his  readers  are  present  at  everything  which  he  has  to  relate.  Of  coarse, 
now  and  then,  this  change  of  tense  is  quite  in  its  place  in  passages  of  vivid 
picturesque  description  ;  hut  Mr.  Dixon  gives  it  us  always ;  he  seems  en- 
tirely to  have  forgotten  the  existence  of  the  imperfect,  aorist,  and  pluper- 
fect ;  when  a  thing  is  not  spoken  of  as  present,  then  to  be  sure  it  is  future. 
A  good  writer  always  rises  and  falls  with  his  subject  Dr.  Arnold  gives 
you  side  by  side,  as  the  subject  asks  for  them,  sentences  of  an  almost 
careless  simplicity  and  sentences  of  the  highest  natural  eloquence.  Lord 
Macaulay  has  been  blamed,  and  not  altogether  without  justice,  for  throw- 
ing a  too  equable  brilliancy  over  his  whole  style,  but  still  Lord  Macaulay 
rises  and  falls ;  he  is  by  no  means  so  fine  over  a  riband  as  be  is  over 
a  Raphael.  Now  this  last  proverbial  saying  exactly  expresses  the  style  of 
Mr.  Hep  worth  Dixon.  Mr.  Dixon  is  always  fine,  always  equally  fine.  To 
be  plain,  straightforward,  and  simple  for  a  single  sentence,  to  write  a  single 
sentence  as  he  thinks  it,  or  as  he  would  talk  to  his  wife  or  his  child,  is 
beyond  his  power  or  at  any  rate  beyond  his  will.  But  a  really  vigorous, 
a  really  eloquent  passage  we  do  not  remember.  And  why  not  ?  No  man 
can  write  really  vigorously  who  does  not  at  the  same  time  write  with  per- 
fect ease  and  nature. 

Of  Mr.  Dixon's  style  we  will  give  a  specimen  taken  quite  at  random.  Lord 
Macaulay  says  that  the  Earl  of  Essex  gave  Francis  Bacon  a  landed 
estate  at  Twickenham.  Mr.  Dixon  spends  four  pages  about  it,  and  leaves 
us  uncertain  what  Essex  did  or  whether  he  did  anything.  One  of  these 
pages  is  as  follows  : — 

M  Unable  to  pay  his  debt  by  a  public  office,  Essex  feels  that  he  ought  to  pay  it  in 
money  or  in  money's  worth.  The  lawyer  has  done  his  work,  he  most  be  told  his  fee. 
Bat  the  Earl  has  no  funds.  His  debts,  his  amours,  his  camp  of  servants  eat  him  up. 
He  will  pay  in  a  patch  of  land.  To  this  Bacon  objects :  not  that  he  need  scrapie  at 
taking  wages ;  not  that  the  mode  of  payment  is  unusual,  not  that  the  price  is  beyond 
his  claim.  Four  years  have  been  spent  in  the  Earl's  service.  To  pay  in  land  is  the 
fashion  of  a  time  when  gold  is  scarce  and  soil  is  cheap.  Nor  is  the  patch  too  large ;  at 
most  it  may  be  worth  £1,200  or  1,600.  After  Bacon's  improvements  and  the  rise  of 
rents  he  sells  it  to  Reynold  Nicolas  for  £1,800.  It  is  less  than  the  third  of  a  year's 
income  from  the  Solicitor- General's  place.  Bacon's  doubts  have  a  deeper  source. 
Knowing  the  Earl's  fiery  temper,  and  snaring  in  some  degree  his  mother's  fears,  he 
shrinks  from  incurring  feudal  obligations  to  one  so  vain  and  weak.  Hurt  by  his  hesi- 
tation, Essex  pouts  and  sulks;  being,  as  he  truly  says,  the  sole  cause  of  this  loss  of 
place,  he  will  die  of  vexation  if  he  be  not  allowed  in  some  small  measure  to  repair  it. 
Bacon  submits.  Tet  even  in  taking  the  strip  of  ground,  he  betrays  the  uneasy  sensa- 
tion lurking  in  his  heart.  *  My  lord,'  he  says,  •  I  see  I  must  be  your  homager  and  hold 
land  of  your  gift :  but  do  you  know  the  manner  of  doing  homage  in  law  ?  Always  it 
is  with  the  saving  of  his  faith  to  the  King.'  "—(pp.  65,  6.) 

We  have  spared  our  readers  some  picturesque  bits  describing  the  estate, 
all  about "  the  green  mead,  the  leafy  wood,  the  rushing  stream,  the  whiten- 
ing swans/'  and  the  paragraph  from  which  we  learn  that  among  "  the  points 
of  a  good  country  house"  one,  in  Mr.  Dixon's  opinion,  is  "  vicinity  to  the 

Got.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  h  h 


250  Dixon* s  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon.        [March, 

court  and  to  the  town."  But  take  the  comparatively  dry  passage  we  have 
chosen.  What  is  it  all  about  ?  A  good  writer  would  have  put  the  little 
meaning  there  is  in  it  into  two  lines.  Mr.  Dixon  swells  it  into  a  page,  and 
leaves  only  a  vague  feeling  of  puzzledom. 

And  now  for  a  little  about  Mr.  Dixon's  matter,  so  far  as  we  have  been 
able  to  get  at  it  through  such  a  cloud  of  verbiage.  Mr.  Dixon's  favourite 
delight  is  the  very  easy  task  of  upsetting  Lord  Campbell.  It  is  curious  to 
see  how  he  avoids  any  close  combat  with  Mr.  Hallam  or  Lord  Macaulay, 
though  those  illustrious  names  are  certainly  sometimes  spoken  of  in  a  way 
not  altogether  decorous  in  Mr.  William  Hep  worth  Dixon.  Yet  we  are  in- 
clined to  think  that,  in  one  case  at  least,  Mr.  Dixon  has  thrown  some  new 
light  upon  a  matter  which  those  great  men  had  not  perfectly  understood. 
The  whole  business  is  one  which  characteristically  sets  forth  Mr.  Dixon's 
strength  and  weakness.  He  makes  a  discovery,  a  real  discovery,  but  still 
one  which  any  clerk  who  could  read  old  MS.  might  have  made  just  as  well. 
Still  the  discovery  is  a  discovery,  a  little  mite  added  to  the  sum  of  our 
knowledge.  But  having  made  the  discovery,  such  as  it  is,  Mr.  Dixon  goes 
on  to  comment  and  to  declaim  in  a  way  which  reaches  the  very  summit  of 
false  eloquence  and  illogical  reasoning. 

Many  readers  will  probably  remember  the  case  of  Peacham,  the  Somer- 
setshire clergyman,  as  told  by  Hallam  and  Macaulay.  He  there  appears 
as  something  like  a  suffering  martyr.  He  is  arrested  and  tortured — Bacon 
being  one  of  the  torturers  and  making  brutal  jokes  about  the  victim — on 
account  of  certain  seditious  passages  in  a  sermon  found  in  his  study,  but 
never  printed,  preached,  or  otherwise  made  public.  On  this  the  question 
at  once  occurs,  Why  should  anybody  go  hunting  for  sedition  among  the 
papers  of  a  private  clergyman  in  a  remote  part  of  Somersetshire  ?  Unless 
he  had  given  some  grounds  for  offence,  the  proceeding  seems  almost  in- 
credible, even  under  a  still  worse  government  than  that  of  the  Stuarts.  Mr. 
Dixon,  with  a  praiseworthy  diligence  which  we  are  most  ready  to  acknow- 
ledge, has  hit  upon  the  explanation  of  the  mystery.  He  has  looked  through 
the  documentary  treasures  preserved  in  the  Palace  at  Wells,  and  has  found 
out  that  Peacham  had  already  figured  in  various  courts  for  various  offences, 
that  he  had  libelled  his  patron,  libelled  his  Bishop,  and  was  now  actually 
imprisoned  in  the  Gate-House.  We  now  very  well  understand  why  Mr. 
Peacham's  study  was  searched,  and  we  are  obliged  to  Mr.  Dixon  for  ex- 
plaining the  difficulty.  But  when  Mr.  Dixon  goes  on  to  defend  Bacon  for 
his  share  in  the  torture  commission,  that  is  quite  another  thing.  The  flood 
of  rhetoric  poured  forth  by  Mr.  Dixon  on  this  subject  is  altogether  alarm- 
ing. We  are  told  that  torture  was  universal  everywhere,  at  Rome,  Valla- 
dolid,  Venice,  Ratisbon,  and  we  know  not  where  else.  We  are  told  that 
Bacon,  as  a  servant  of  the  Crown,  must  obey  the  Crown.  Bacon,  assisting 
at  the  torture  of  Peacham,  is  likened  to  the  chaplain  and  sheriff  at  an 
execution,  nay,  to  Lord  Campbell  himself  sentencing  criminals  to  death. 


1861.]  Dixon's  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon.  251 

Bacon,  who,  as  Mr.  Dixon  confesses,  disapproved  of  torture,  and  yet  joined 
in  torturing  Peacham,  is  likened  to  a  judge  who  dislikes  trial  by  jury  or  has 
a  scruple  about  capital  punishments,  and  yet  continues  to  administer  justice 
after  the  usual  fashion.     All  this  takes  up  four  pages  of  Mr.  Dixon's  very 
finest  declamation.   Very  fine  declamation  it  is,  we  dare  say,  but  it  is  neither 
logic  nor  law.     This  learned  gentleman  "  of  the  Inner  Temple"  seems  not 
to  know,  or  if  he  does  know,  he  carefully  conceals,  the  one  little  fact  which 
upsets  all  his  rhetoric — that  in  England  Torture  was  illegal.     We  have 
nothing  to  do  with  what  was  done  at  Rome,  Valladolid,  Venice,  or  Ratis- 
bon.     In  some  of  those  places  at  least,  torture,  however  cruel  and  foolish, 
was  at  any  rate  legal ;  the  guilt  therefore  in  those  places  rested  with  those 
who  made  the  law,  not  with  those  who  administered  it.     But  in  England 
from  the  very  earliest  times,  torture  was  unknown  to  the  Law.     Mutilation 
indeed  as  a  punishment  was  common  enough  in  the  ruder  times  of  our 
history  ;  but  from  the  Dooms  of  iEthelberht  to  the  Statutes  of  the  present 
session,  torture  to  discover  evidence  has  always  been  contrary  to  the  law  of 
England.     True  the  practice  was  common  enough,  but  every  instance  of  it 
was  a  breach  of  the  law  ;  every  case  of  torture  was  an  illegal  exercise  of 
arbitrary  power ;  no  man  was  ever  yet  put  on  the  rack  by  order  of  an 
English  Court  of  Common  Law.     There  is  therefore  no  sort  of  parallel 
between  Bacon  aiding  and  abetting  the  torture  of  Peacham  and — to  take 
a  better  parallel  than  Mr.  Dixon's — a  judge,  jury,  sheriff,  and  hangman, 
combining  to  hang  a  man,  as  the  law  stood  under  George  III.,  for  some 
petty  theft.     Each  is  in  itself  an  unjust  and  cruel  business,  but  there  is  the 
enormous  difference  between  the  two  cases  that  in  the  one  the  perpetrators 
are  obeying  the  law,  in  the  other  they  are  breaking  it.     In  Mr.  Dixon's 
system  of  law  and  morals,  an  officer  of  the  Crown  ordered  to  put  a  man  to 
the  torture  "  had  no  choice  but  to  read  his  commission  and  execute  his 
trust."     We  answer  that  he  had  a  third  choice — that  of  obeying  the  Law 
at  all  hazards.     The  commission  was  illegal ;  a  honest  man,  a  faithful  ser- 
vant of  the  Crown  ought  to  have  disobeyed  it.    Roger  Bigod  or  Chief  Jus- 
tice Gascoyne  would  have  disobeyed  such  a  commission;  Francis  Bacon 
preferred  to  obey  the  commission  and  to  break  the  Law.     Undoubtedly 
these  illegal  commissions  were  both  very  common  and  were  in  accordance 
with  an  opinion  extensively  prevalent  at  the  time.     These  circumstances 
do  not  justify,  but  they  certainly  palliate  the  conduct  of  ordinary  Crown 
officers  who  obeyed  them.     We  are  not  inclined  to  be  over  severe  upon 
Egerton,  Win  wood,  &c,  because  they  had  not  the  spirit  of  martyrs.    But, 
according  to  Mr.  Dixon,  these  circumstances  not  only  palliate,  they  abso- 
lutely justify  ;  nay  more,  they  not  only  justify  ordinary  men,  whom  we  do 
not  expect  to  rise  above  the  level  of  their  age,  but  a  man  who  is  de- 
scribed as  being  above  his  own  age  and  all  ages,  a  man  who  is  Mr.  Dixon's 
perfect  model  of  wisdom  and  virtue,  a  man  to  whom,  of  all  others,  we 
might  fairly  look  for  resistance  to  an  illegal  mandate  and  for  the  begin- 


252  Dixon9 s  Personal  History  of  Lord  Bacon.       [March, 

nings  of  a  better  state  of  things,  is,  in  Mr.  Dixon's  morality,  folly  justified 
in  obeying  an  illegal  and  tyrannical  mandate  in  defiance  at  once  of  the  Law 
of  the  land  which  he  must  have  known,  and  of  the  dictates  of  his  own  con- 
science, by  which  the  cruel  and  illegal  practice  was  condemned. 

We  do  not  remember  a  more  miserable  case  of  special  pleading  than  this 
attempt  of  Mr.  Dixon  to  justify  Bacon  in  this  business.  This  is  the  most 
glaring  case  in  the  book,  but  nearly  all  the  other  places  where  Mr.  Dixon 
attempts  to  defend  Bacon  against  the  charges  brought  against  him  elsewhere 
are  of  the  same  stamp.  Had  space  allowed  us,  we  should  have  liked  to 
examine  a  few  more  of  them  in  detail,  but  we  really  think  we  are  doing 
more  service  by  exposing  Mr.  Dixon's  offences  of  style  than  in  pointing 
out  the  weakness  of  bis  arguments.  One  case  we  have  already  given, 
which  may  serve  as  a  sample  of  the  rest.  Any  reader  who  feels  curious  in 
the  matter  will  find  it  no  great  trouble  to  run  through  the  historical  por- 
tion of  Lord  Macaulay's  essay  and  see  what  Mr.  Dixon  says  on  the  prin- 
cipal points  there  discussed. 

We  will  however  hint  to  Mr.  Dixon  that  it  is  quite  impossible  that  Sir 
John  Pakington — the  Sir  John  Pakington,  we  mean,  of  that  age — and 
his  sons  and  daughters  could  ever,  while  in  a  sober  state  at  least,  have  seen 
"  far  away  the  cathedral  towers  of  Worcester,"  (p.  41).  For  why  ?  Wor- 
cester Cathedral  has  only  a  single  tower.  We  will  also  add  that  a  double 
return  to  the  House  of  Commons  (p.  129)  was  not,  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury at  least,  so  rare  or  extraordinary  a  compliment  as  Mr.  Dixon  seems  to 
think  it.  In  the  Long  Parliament,  as  the  list  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Sanford 
shows,  there  were  no  less  than  fourteen  double  returns,  several  no  doubt  in 
the  case  of  eminent  men  like  Hampden  and  Maynard,  but  others  in  the 
cases  of  members  who  must  have  been  counted  in  the  mere  rank  and  file 
of  the  House. 


Celtic  Remains. — The  Courtier  de  Tarn-et-Garonne  gives  an  account  of  the 
recent  discovery  of  some  Gaulic  tombs  in  the  commune  of  Saint- Antonin,  in  that 
department.  The  fact  of  some  oblong  flat  stones  lying  almost  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground  had  been  for  a  long  time  remarked  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  district, 
who  regarded  them  with  a  certain  respect,  and  called  them  leu  Umbos  deUjouyons, 
('  tombs  of  the  giants/)  There  were  three  groups  of  these  tombs,  one  at  Gastinel, 
and  the  others  at  a  little  distance  from  that  place.  The  group  at  Gastinel,  which 
has  just  been  explored,  is  found  to  consist  of  six  tombs ;  each  is  composed  of  four 
flat  stones,  with  a  fifth  for  the  lid.  They  are  of  different  dimensions,  according  to 
the  number  of  bodies  they  were  intended  to  receive.  One  of  these  tombs  contained 
four  skeletons :  a  man  of  really  gigantic  proportion,  a  woman,  and  two  children. 
Round  the  neck  of  the  woman  was  a  necklace  of  rings  made  of  a  kind  of  plaster. 
There  were  also  found  in  the  tomb  several  pieces  of  rough  pottery.  No  arms, 
jewels,  or  other  characteristic  remains  «were  found ;  but  these  tombs  exactly  re- 
semble four  or  five  others  which  exist  between  Bruniquel  and  La  Verrouille,  and 
in  which,  some  years  ago,  were  found  flint  axes  and  lance-heads,  as  well  as  several 
clasps  in  bronze  belonging  to  waist-belts.  One  tomb  contained  the  skeletons  of 
a  man  and  horse. 


1861.]  253 


ON  ARCHEO-GEOLOGY. 

We  have  been  favoured  with  the  following  interesting  Eeport  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  flint  implements  found  in  the  drift  in  the  valley  of  the  Somme. 

Antediluvian  Hatchets  and  Primitive  Industry.  A  Report  addressed  to  the 
Prefect  of  the  Sein+Inferieure,  by  the  Abbe0  Cochet,  Inspector  of  Historical 
Monuments. 

Monsieur  le  Prefet, — You  have  entrusted  me  with  the  interesting  task 
of  exploring  the  basin  of  the  river  Somme  for  archaeological  objects,  in 
order  to  examine  in  their  natural  beds  those  stone  implements  resembling 
rude  hatchets  which  have  been  found  during  the  last  twenty  years  in  the 
sand  near  Abbeville  and  Amiens.  These  hatchets  are  called  antediluvian 
because  they  are  found  in  a  virgin  soil  formed  by  its  waters,  and  undis- 
turbed by  the  hand  of  man.  The  celebrity  of  these  discoveries  has  filled 
not  only  Europe  but  the  whole  scientific  world. 

During  the  last  eighteen  months  especially,  since  their  existence  has  been 
as  it  were  judicially  established  by  the  repeated  examinations  of  English 
geologists,  quite  a  crowd  of  learned  archaeologists  and  naturalists  have 
disputed  on  the  basin  of  the  Somme,  and  have  descended  into  the  sand-pits 
of  Menchecourt  and  St.  Acheul.  It  would  take  too  much  space  to  enumerate 
here  the  names  of  these  numerous  visitors,  who  belong  to  the  elite  of  science 
in  France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Belgium,  and  especially  England*. 
M.  Boucher  de  Perthes  of  Abbeville  has  the  honour  of  having  been  the  first 
to  discover  these  curious  remains,  now  twenty  years  since  b. 

An  antiquary  of  Picardy,  Dr.  Rigollot,  was  the  first  to  lend  the  support 
of  his  testimony,  and  to  awaken  the  scientific  world  to  the  sense  of  its  im- 
portance ;  it  wag  at  first  received  with  general  incredulity '.  But  it  was 
especially  the  English  geologists  who,  after  three  distinct  examinations, 
considered  the  discovery  as  proved,  and  entitled  to  be  ranked  as  one  of  the 

•  See  on  this  subject  the  last  publication  of  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes,  entitled,  De 
rhomme  autSdtimmen  et  de  see  amvres,  in  8°  de  99  pages  et  2  pi  Abbeville :  Briez, 
1860.  And  the  pamphlet  of  M.  Leopold  Giraud,  entitled,  L'homme Jbssile,  in  8°,  32  pp. 
Abbeville:  Briez,  I860.  —  Bull  de  la  too.  des  antiq.  de  Picardie,  1862,  No.  ii. 
pp.  70—86. 

k  M.Boucher  de  Perthes,  Antiquites  eeltiques  et  antedUunennes,  1  vol.  in  8°, 
628  pages,  and  pi.  Abbeville :  Paillard,  1847— Id.  Antiquites  eeltiques  et  antSdUu- 
vieuues,  ii.  yols.  in  8°,  611  pages,  26  pL  Abbeville :  Briez,  1867. — Mem.  de  la  too. 
dremml.d?JMeviUe,  annees  1844  to  1848,  p.  707— 710.- G.  Troyon,  Habitations  la* 
emstres  dee  temps  anc.  et  mod.,  p.  12. 

•  Rigollot,  Mem.  sur  des  instruments  en  silex  tronves  a  St.  Acheul  pres  Amiens  et 
eonsideres  sons  Us  rapports  gSologique  et  archSologique,  in  8°.  Amiens:  Duval, 
1864; — et  Mem.  de  la  soe.  des  antiq.  de  Picardie,  t.  xiv. — Antiq.  eeltiques  et  ante** 
diluvieunes,  t.  iL  p.  6—12. — De  rhomme  anttdiluvien  et  de  see  amvres,  p.  12  et  42.— 
•L.  Giraud,  L'homme  Jbssile,  p.  9  et  21.— Bulletin  de  la  soe.  des  antiq.  de  Picardie, 
1869,  No.  iL  pp.  66-47. 


254  On  Archeo- Geology.  [March) 

established  facts  of  science.  The  leading  persons  were,  first,  Messieurs  Prest- 
wich  and  Evans  d,  then  Flower  and  Mylne  and  Godwin  Austen  %  and  finally, 
Sir  Charles  Lyell '.  This  was  quite  an  event  in  the  scientific  world,  and 
for  the  last  eighteen  months  the  newspapers  and  the  journals  of  learned 
Societies  have  been  full  of  a  discovery  so  new  and  unexpected. 

In  this  instance,  as  always  happens  when  a  new  truth  is  discovered, 
what  at  first  appeared  isolated  and  exceptional  is  supported  by  other  dis- 
coveries, and  proves  to  be  a  general  rule.  For  the  last  fifteen  months,  in 
the  new  world  as  well  as  in  the  old,  this  has  now  been  established,  making 
good  the  observation  of  the  Count  de  Maistre,  "When  a  thing  is  true 
everything  concurs  to  demonstrate  it."  Accordingly,  since  attention  was 
awakened  to  the  subject,  various  analogous  observations  have  been  made 
in  different  parts  of  France  and  England.  Cut  flints  have  been  found  in 
the  basin  of  Paris,  at  Creil  and  Grenelle B.  M.  Radiguel  was  the  first,  and 
M.  Grosse  the  second  to  place  specimens  on  the  table  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  Paris  h.  Dr.  Noulet  of  Toulouse  informed  the  Academy  of  that 
city  that  in  1851  he  had  found,  to  his  great  surprise,  cut  stone  in  the  basin 
of  the  Allege  and  the  Garonne  >.  In  England,  Dr.  Falconer  found  them  at 
Brixham,  near  Torquay  k.     Mr.  Tindall  had  quietly  accumulated  them  for 


d  L'AbbevUlois,  des  7  Juillet  et  11  Novembre,  1869.— Vigie  de  Dieppe,  du  6  Sep. 
tembre,  1859. — Nouvelliste  de  Rouen,  du  13  Septembre,  1859.  —  Journ.  dee  villes 
et  dee  campagnes,  da  17  Novembre,  1859.  —  L'umoers,  da  21  Octobre,  1859. — 
L'univers,  du  16  Decembre,  1859. — L.  Giraad,  L'homme  fossil**  p.  22.— Boucher  de 
Perthes,  De  Vhomme  antedUuvien,  p.  88—40. — Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries of  London,  vol.  iv.  pp.  829—82. — The  Gentleman's  Magazine,  July,  1859, 
pp.  47,  48. — Bull,  de  la  soc.  des  antiq.  de  Pic.,  1859,  No.  ii.  p.  85. 

•  L'AbbevUlois,  da  7  Jaillet,  1859. — L'univers,  des  21  Octobre,  et  16  Novembre, 
1859. — L.  Giraad,  L'homme  foesile,  p.  22 — Boucber  de  Perthes,  De  Vhomme  ante* 
diluvien,  p.  89. — Bui.  de  la  soc.  des  antiq.  de  France,  1859,  No.  ii.  pp.  85,  86. 

'  NouveUiste  de  Rouen,  da  28  Aout,  des  13  et  26  Septembre,  1859.— "  The  Aberdeen 
Free  Press,"  September,  1859. — L'AbbeviUois,  da  11  Novembre,  1859. — Boacber  de 
Perthes,  De  Vhomme  antSdUuvien. — L.  Giraad,  L'homme  fossils,  pp.  22,  28. 

»  Leop.  Giraad,  L'homme  fossils,  p.  22. — Boucher  de  Perthes,  De  Vhomme  ante"- 
diluvien  et  de  see  otuvres,  p.  52. — "  On  May  16, 1860,  M.  Pelgne*  de  la  Court  informed 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  France  that  M.  £.  Petit,  of  Creil,  had  found  in  1858 
a  hatchet  and  an  elephant's  tooth  in  a  sand-pit  at  Precy  (Oise)." — Bulletin  de  la  soc. 
des  antiq.  de  France,  1860,  p.  91. 

h  Gosse,  Note  sur  des  silex  taUUs  trouvSs  dans  le  bassin  de  Paris,  in  4°  de  2  pp. 
avec  3  planches.  Paris:  Mallet-Bachelier,  1860.  —  Comptes  rendus  des  stances  de 
Vacad.  des  sciences,  seance  du  30  Avril,  1860. — L.  Giraud,  L'homme  fossile,  p.  31  et  32. 
— Boucher  de  Perthes,  De  Vhomme  anUdiluvien,  pp.  52 — 53. 

1  J.  B.  Noulet,  Sur  un  depdt  alluvien,  renfermant  des  restes  dfanimaux  Heints  miles 
d  des  cailloux  faconnes  de  main  d'homme,  decouvert  a  Clermont,  pres  Toulouse,  Haute- 
Garonne,  in  Mem.  de  Vacad.  im.  des  sciences  inscrip.  et  belles  lettres  de  Toulouse,  poor 
1860,  v«  serie,  t.  iv.  p.  269  a  284. 

k  Comptes  rendus  de  Vacad.  des  sciences,  t.  xliz.  p.  634  et  636.— L.  Giraad,  L'homme 
fossile,  p.  21.— "L'univers,  da  16  Novembre,  1859. 


1861.3  On  Archeo- Geology.  255! 

aome  time  past  in  the  collection  at  the  old  Guild  Hall  l ;  and  Mr.  Frere, 
in  1797,  had  found  them  in  the  clay  at  Hoxne  in  Suffolk,  and  the  dis- 
covery was  recorded  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  the  Archteologia m, 
Mr.  Prestwich  has  been  induced  by  this  notice  to  examine  the  same  locality; 
and  has  been  enabled  to  confirm  the  observations  of  Mr.  Frere  ■. 

In  the  face  of  such  a  great  and  extensive  scientific  movement,  archaeology 
could  not  remain  neuter  or  indifferent ;  for  if  the  objects  discovered  belong 
to  geology  by  their  position  and  the  strata  in  which  they  are  found,  they 
belong  also  to  archaeology  by  their  forms  and  being  evidently  the  work  of 
human  hands.  They  may  be  considered  to  mark  the  limits  between  one 
science  and  the  other. 

It  is  for  the  purpose  both  of  wedding  them  together  and  of  better  defining 
them  that  the  name  of  Abcheo-Geolooy  has  been  invented0,  a  new 
word  suitable  for  a  new  science  which  has  only  just  been  discovered. 

Already  the  Mayor  of  Rouen,  struck  with  the  importance  of  the  new  dis<* 
covery,  has  sent  M.  George  Pouchet  to  Amiens  to  study  the  new  science 
on  the  spot  where  it  was  discovered  p,  with  a  view  especially  to  enrich  the 
museum  of  Rouen,  one  of  the  most  complete  and  the  best  arranged  in 
Europe4. 

You  have  seen  the  importance  of  these  discoveries,  M.  le  Preset,  and 
the  probability  that  similar  objects  would  be  found  in  the  basin  of  the 
Seine r.  You  have  seen  the  importance  of  not  letting  them  be  lost,  and  of 
conquering  from  science  one  more  argument  for  the  truth,  and  of  register- 
ing one  more  point  of  the  history  of  primitive  humanity  upon  earth. 

On  all  sides  in  the  scientific  world  the  question  of  the  first  steps  of  man 


1  Nouvelliste  de  Bouen,  da  22  Septembre,  1869.— The  "Times,"  Sept.  1859— ZW- 
ver*,  da  16  Novembre,  1859. 

•  Archaologia,  vol.  xiii.  — "  Gateshead  Observer,"  (Newcastle,)  Oct.  10,  1859. 
— The  "Times,"  Sept.  27,  1859.  —  Comptee- rendu*  de  Vaead.  de*  sciences,  t.  xlix. 
p.  634— 86.  —  L'univers,  da  16  Novembre,  1859.— The  Gexttlsmah's  Magazine, 
July,  1859,  p.  47.— Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiq.  of  London,  vol.  iv.  p.  332. 

■  F.  Troyon,  Habitation*  lacuttre*  de*  Age*  ane.  et  mod.,  p.  12. — L1  AbbeviUoi*,  da 
7  Jufflet,  1859.— Boucher  de  Perthes,  De  Vhomme  anUdiluvien,  p.  41.— The  Gsctlt- 
xah's  Maoazikb,  July,  1859,  p.  47.  —  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiq.  of 
London,  yoL  iv.  p.  332. — Bull  de  la  *oc.  de*  antiq.  de  Pic.,  1859,  No.  ii.  p.  87. 

°  L.  Giraad,  L'hotnmefossile,  p.  23. — Boucher  de  Perthes,  De  Vhomme  anUdiluvien, 
p.  93. 

p  Yigie  de  Dieppe,  da  9  Septembre,  1859.  —  NouvelliHe  de  Bouen,  des  22  et 
26  Septembre,  1859. — Journal  de*  ville*  et  de*  campagne*,  da  17  Novembre,  1854. 

*  M.Poachet  has  given  an  account  of  this  excursion  in  a  pamphlet  of  19  pages, 
entitled  Excursion  aux  earriere*  de  St.Acheul;  vide  De*  acte*  dm  museum  tfhist. 
mat.  de  Bouen,  1860,  pp.  33 — 47.    Rouen :  Eivoira,  1860. 

r  This  conjecture  has  already  proved  correct:  in  a  recent  visit  to  the  Museum  of 
Antiquities  at  Rouen,  we  have  remarked  among  the  stone  objects  exhibited  two 
Hint  hatchets,  exactly  similar  to  those  of  St.Acheul.  The  curator,  M.Pottier,  as- 
sured us  that  they  were  found  in  the  sand-pits  of  Setteville,  near  Rouen.    . 


256  On  Archeo-Geology .  [March, 

upon  earth  are  agitated.  I  was  naturally  most  anxious  to  begin  my  per- 
sonal researches,  and  as  soon  as  the  weather  permitted  I  commenced  at 
Abbeville,  where  I  sought  out  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes,  the  originator  of  all 
this  movement,  whose  name  now  resounds  on  all  sides,  and  who  is  well 
repaid  for  twenty  years  of  neglect  I  found  him  just  returned  from  a 
journey  to  England,  Scotland,  and  the  north  of  Europe,  and  still  suffering 
from  the  effects  of  fatigue ;  but  he  was  able  to  shew  roe  his  museum,  which 
is  unique  for  objects  of  this  class,  and  he  provided  me  with  competent 
guides  to  the  pits.  That  of  the  Moulin-Quignon  is  exhausted ;  those  of 
Menchecourt  are  in  a  more  perfect  state,  and  one  may  still  see  the  bed 
of  clay,  and  upon  that  the  bed  of  fine  sand  under  which  so  many  stone 
hatchets  have  been  found  by  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes,  but  it  was  not  being 
worked,  and  it  was  not  my  good  fortune  to  make  any  discovery  there. 

The  next  day  I  went  to  Amiens,  where  the  learned  M.  Gamier  was 
unfortunately  unable  to  accompany  me,  but  he  furnished  me  with  other 
able  guides,  and  with  their  assistance  I  explored  the  sand-pits  of  St. 
Acheul.  What  struck  me  forcibly  at  first  sight  was  the  number  of  stone 
comas  of  the  Gallo-Roman  period,  some  still  perfect  and  lying  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground ;  then  I  was  struck  with  the  number  of  graves  visible 
in  these  deep  cuttings.  It  must  be  explained  at  once  that  by  a  remarkable 
coincidence  the  same  soil  which  contains  in  its  lowest  depths  the  earliest 
traces  of  the  human  race,  contains  also  in  its  upper  beds  some  of  the  most 
perfect  remains  of  the  earliest  period  of  history  and  civilization.  They  are 
situated  in  the  principal  necropolis  of  the  great  city  of  Samarobriva,  cele- 
brated by  Ccesar  and  Cicero,  well  known  for  its  manufactory  of  swords  and 
bucklers  %  and  rendered  illustrious  by  the  charity  of  St.  Martin.  The  remains 
which  we  find  there  are  those  of  the  contemporaries  of  this  great  saint,  the 
Thaumaturgus  of  the  Gauls.  This  quarter  of  St.  Acheul,  with  its  church,  its 
cemetery,  its  college,  its  houses,  and  its  fields,  was  the  Villa  of  Abladena, 
the  property  of  the  senator  Faustinian,  one  of  the  earliest  Christians  of  the 
country  of  the  Ambiani.  It  was  there  that  he  piously  interred  the  body  of 
St  Firmin  the  Martyr,  and  that  he  was  buried  himself,  with  all  his  family 
from  the  fourth  century  of  our  era,  if  the  tradition  is  to  be  believed *.  Here 
also  was  buried  at  a  later  period  St.  Firmin  the  Confessor,  third  bishop  of 
Amiens,  and  the  holy  pontiff  Ursinian,  whose  name  has  lately  been  found 
engraved  on  a  Roman  tile  in  this  sand-pit «. 

•  "  Ambianis  spaiharia  et  scutaria  f*  Notice  dee  dignUee  de  V empire,  cited  by  M.  de 
Canrnont  in  his  Court  d?  antiq.  num.,  t.  ii.  p.  76,  77. 

1  Ragollot,  Mem,  de*  instrument*  en  tilex  trouve*  A  St.  Acheul  pree  Amiens,  pp.  28, 
29,  38,  89. — Mem.  de  la  eoc.  dee  antiq.  de  IHcardie,  t.  xiv. — Bullet,  de  la  eoe.  dee 
antiq.  de  IHcardie,  1855,  No.  ii.  pp.  346—48. 

■  "Ursicinns  jacet  com  pace.**     This  valuable  tile  is  preserved  at  Amiens  by 
M.  Ch.  Dnfbur,  in  the  Mnsee  Napoleon. — I/Abbe*  Corblet,  Bevue  de  Vart  ckretien,  t.  iv. 
p.  624,  Oetobre,  I860.— Bullet,  de  la  eoeiiU  dee  antiq.  de  Pieardie,  1859,  No.  i% 
pp.17— 20. 
2 


1861.]  On  Archeo-Geology.  257 

For  more  than  two  hundred  years  this  land  of  St.  Acheul  has  been  known 
as  the  Campo-Santo  of  Amiens,  the  cradle  of  Christianity  in  that  country,  and 
the  catacombs  of  the  new  religion.  Roman  sarcophagi  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  centuries  have  been  found  there  in  1632,  1653,  1697,  and  again  in 
1854  and  1860  s.  This  great  necropolis  continued  to  be  used  also  in  the 
Merovingian  and  Carlovingian  periods,  when  parishes  not  being  formed, 
the  cemeteries  were  formed  around  the  churches.  St.  Acheul  was  to  the 
ancient  Samarobriva  (Amiens)  what  the  quarter  of  St.  Gervais  and  the 
hill  called  Mont-aux-Malades  was  to  Rotomagus  (Rouen)  r,  and  Mount 
Fhaunus  was  to  Augustodurum  (Bayeux),  which  afterwards  became  the 
cemetery  of  St.  Floxel  and  St.  Vigor  \ 

According  to  their  usual  custom,  the  Roman  interments  at  St.  Acheul 
were  either  in  stone  or  in  wood ;  the  wooden  coffins  have  left  only  traces 
resembling  charcoal,  and  the  large  iron  nails  and  clamps  with  which  they 


Clamp,  with  the  Iron  Nails  remaining.    From  the  Roman  Cemetery  at  St.  Acheul. 

were  fastened  together.  It  is  easy  to  see  these  graves  in  the  cuttings  in  the 
sand-pits ;  they  vary  in  depth ;  the  greater  part  are  from  three  to  six  feet 
below  the  surface ;  but  this  depth  is  nothing  in  comparison  with  that  of  the 
hatchets.  The  manner  in  which  they  lie  may  be  thus  described  by  a  man 
ignorant  of  geology.  The  bed  of  vegetable  earth  is  about  five  feet  in 
depth ;  then  a  bed  of  clay  about  the  same  thickness ;  under  the  clay  a 
thick  bed  of  gravel  and  sand  mixed  with  flints,  many  of  which  are  rounded 
by  the  action  of  water,  like  pebbles  on  the  sea-shore,  whilst  others  have 
scarcely  had  their  angles  rounded  off  by  the  contact  with  the  current  or 
the  waves ;  they  resemble  such  pebbles  as  are  found  on  the  banks  of  a 
river  or  in  the  bed  of  a  torrent.  It  is  in  this  bed  of  gravel,  which  is  at 
least  six  feet  thick,  and  at  a  depth  of  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  feet  from  the 
surface,  that  the  flint  hatchets  are  found,  some  entire,  others  broken  *. 

*  Rigollot,  MSmoire  sur  des  instruments  en  silex  trouves  a  St .  Acheul  pres  Amiens, 
pp.  28,  29,  38,  39;  and  Mem.  de  la  soc.  des  antiq.  de  la  Picardie,  t.  xiv. 

f  La  Normandie  souterraine,  1«"  edit.,  pp.  37,  38;  2«  edit.,  p.  45 — 17— Mem.  de 
la  soc.  dee  antiq.  de  Normandie,  t.  iv.  pp.  238—252,  et  t.  x.  p.  279.— Thieury,  St.  Ger- 
vais de  Rouen,  pp.  98—102. 

*  Ed.  Lambert,  MSm.  de  la  soc.  des  antiq.  de  Normandie,  t.  xvii.  p.  423. — La  Nor- 
mandie  souterraine,  1"*  edit.,  p.  41,  42;  2°  edit.,  pp.  50,  hi.— Bulletin  Monumental, 
t.  xxiL  pp.  23—26.  •  See  section  given  at  p.  263. 

Giro.  Ma0.  Vol.  CCX.  i  i 


258  On  Archeo-Geology.  [March, 

It  is  singular  that  all  are  unfinished,  none  are  polished ;  they  are  the 
rudiments  of  tools,  rather  than  perfect  tools.  None  of  these  flints  appear 
to  have  passed  through  fire,  as  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  case  with 
the  Celtic  hatchets  of  grey  pebble.  But  it  is  evident  that,  half  formed  as 
they  are,  they  are  the  work  of  the  human  hand.  No  man  of  honest  mind 
could  mistake  this. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  not  less  certain  that  the  earth  in  which  they  are 
found  is  entirely  virgin  soil,  free  from  all  trace  of  human  work,  and  that  it 
is  now  in  the  same  state  in  which  it  was  left  by  the  waters.  It  remains  to 
be  known  to  what  period  this  formation  belongs,  and  by  what  sort  of 
waters  it  was  deposited  here, — an  important  question,  which  time  will  re- 
solve. What  I  am  quite  certain  of  is,  that  the  hatchets  are  found  there. 
I  have  seen  with  my  own  eyes  one  taken  out  of  the  earth,  brought  to 
light  by  the  pickaxe  of  a  workman,  and  that  it  came  out  of  ground 
which  bad  never  been  moved  since  its  formation  by  the  water.  This 
hatchet,  it  is  true,  was  not  entire,  but  in  such  a  case  a  fragment  is  of 
as  much  value  as  a  whole  one,  and  one  is  equally  important  with  a  thou- 
sand. My  three  companions  were  witnesses  with  roe  of  the  discovery,  and 
their  testimony  corroborates  mine.  Close  by  the  hatchet  which  we  had 
taken  up,  in  another  trench,  a  second  labourer  shewed  us  another  hatchet 
still  fixed  in  the  soil,  and  lying  in  its  natural  bed.  He  reserved  this,  he  said, 
for  the  English.  M.  Dusevel  and  myself  examined  this  piece,  touched  it, 
and  removed  some  of  the  gravel  from  it,  and  lifted  it  from  the  soil  in  which 
it  was  fixed  by  one  end  only.  These  labourers,  many  of  whom  are 
women  and  children,  were  quite  ignorant  of  what  they  had  found,  and  of 
the  scientific  interest  attached  to  them,  and  for  several  years  past  they  have 
found  hundreds  of  these  stone  implements.  .  On  the  30th  and  31st  of 
October  I  collected  the  products  of  two  days'  work  of  six  or  eight  persons, 
and  I  carried  away  twelve  hatchets,  besides  four  or  five  pieces  which  ap- 
peared to  me  of  less  interest. 

These  labourers,  who  are  as  blind  as  their  tools,  are  astonished  at  the 
importance  which  is  attached  to  these  rude  implements,  which  are  nothing 
to  them,  and  which  in  their  popular  ideas  they  call  "  cats-tongues b." 
Their  good  faith  cannot  in  any  way  be  suspected,  and  even  if  several 
savants  had  not  seen  the  hatchets  in  situ,  the  suspicion  of  their  being 
forgeries  of  these  labourers  is  wholly  inadmissible.  From  time  to  time,  at 
the  end  of  a  day's  work,  a  labourer  hides  in  the  ground,  or  brings  home 
with  him,  two  or  three  of  these  "  cats-tongues ;"  he  keeps  them  carefully 
for  the  visitors,  who  remunerate  him  according  to  their  pleasure.  Now  to 
make  two  or  three  of  these  hatchets,  a  day  would  hardly  suffice,  and  he 
would  require  tools  which  he  does  not  possess.     It  appears  to  me  impos- 

b  G.  Pouchet,  Excurtion  aux  carriere*  de  St.  Aeheml,  p.  25. — L.  Giraud,  L'komme 
/built,  p.  16.— Boucher  de  Perthes,  Bullet,  de  la  too.  dee  amtiq.  de  Pieardie,  1859, 
,Nc  ii  p.  69. 


1861.]  On  Archeo- Geology.  259 

Bible  for  these  labourers  to  make  such  hatchets,  which  they  are  ready  to 
sell  for  a  few  pence,  as  impossible  as  for  them  to  forge  the  nails  and  iron 
clamps  of  the  coffins6,  which  they  are  equally  ready  to  sell  for  a  trifle.  These 
nails  are  Gallo- Roman,  they  are  1,300  or  1,400  years  old,  and  the  work- 
people are  equally  ignorant  respecting  them  and  the  hatchets.  These 
remains  are  genuine ;  they  belong  to  science,  and  it  is  from  her  that  we 
must  expect  an  explanation  of  them. 

Dieppe j  12th  December,  1860.  The  Abbb"  Cochet. 

[We  are  much  indebted  to  the  Abbe*  Cochet  for  this  interesting  commu- 
nication. It  may  contain  nothing  new  to  those  who  have  watched  the 
progress  of  these  discoveries,  but  it  is  a  good  and  clear  summary  of  what  is 
known  about  them ;  and  by  the  numerous  witnesses  which  he  brings  for- 
ward, all  testifying  to  the  same  facts,  most  of  them  persons  who  are  well 
known,  and  some  of  European  reputation,  he  leaves  no  room  for  doubt  on 
the  subject,  however  it  may  be  explained.  ' 

We  are  enabled  also,  through  the  kindness  of  the  indefatigable  Abbe, 
to  represent  from  his  drawings  several  of  the  more  remarkable  specimens 
from  the  collection  of  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes.  These  will  be  found  on  the 
next  page ;  and  accompanying  them  will  be  found  some  others.  The  latter 
are  reduced  from  the  sketches  made  by  Mr.  Evans,  which  will  appear  in 
the  Archaologia,  to  illustrate  a  very  interesting  paper  read  by  that  gentle- 
man before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

With  the  Abbess  drawings  exact  descriptions  were  sent,  which  we  have 
printed  beneath  each,  and  therefore  further  reference  to  them  in  this  place  is 
needless.  With  respect  to  Mr.  Evans1  examples,  which  were  also  taken  from 
Abbeville  and  Amiens,  we  should  say  that  they  are  chosen  as  exhibiting 
the  two  classes  of  implements  which  have  as  yet  been  discovered,  namely, 
1,  the  pointed  flints,  which  seem  to  have  been  intended  for  lance  or 
spear-heads  ;  and  2,  the  oval  or  almond-shaped  implements,  presenting  a 
cutting  edge  all  round.  There  is  also  a  third  class  which  Mr.  Evans 
describes,  namely,  the  flint  flakes,  apparently  intended  for  arrow-heads  or 
knives.  To  the  first  of  the  three  classes  belongs  fig.  No.  I,  to  the  second 
figs.  2  and  3,  and  to  the  third  class  fig.  4. 

The  whole  of  the  specimens  given  have  been  found  in  the  sand  and 
gravel  pits,  either  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Amiens  or  of  Abbeville. 

It  remains  to  be  added  that  the  identity  of  these  implements  with  those 
known  to  antiquaries  as  belonging  to  the  Stone  Period  is  beyond  question ; 
but  this  only  proves  that  they  belonged  to  a  people  in  the  earliest  stage 
of  civilization,  as  similar  implements  are  used  by  the  Esquimaux  at  the 
present  day.     The  following  illustrations,  taken  from  Professor  Worsaae's 


c  See  Illustration,  p.  257. 


On  Arckeo Geology .  [March, 


1861.]  On  Arched- Geology. 


Flint  Implement  of  upMr-ahaiH  In 
tig.  ■:. 


Flint  Implement  of  •pur-ohnpc  torn. 


On  Arc/mo-  Geology. 


work  on  Primeval  Antiquities,  shew  the  manner  in  which  they 
in  handles  fat  nee. 


[March, 
were  fixed 


Bheirtnt  the  mode  of 

We  are  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  the  Abbe"  Cocliet  for  a  diagram  of 
the  accompanying  section  of  the  soils  at  Menchecoort,  near  Abbeville. 

EXPLANATION  OP  THE  6ECTI0N  ON  THE  OPPOSITE  PAGE. 
Stcent  or  AUmvial  Soil. 

I.  Black  vegetable  surface  soil;  humus. 

II.  Lower  vegetable  nil,  clayey,  (a  mixture  of  clay  and  humus). 

Diluvial  Soil,  or  "  Clyimien." 

IV.  Upper  bed  of  dint*  rolled  and  broken,  mixed  with  mum  of  white  marl, 

and  of  chalk  rolled  in  almond- aba ped  frogmen!*. 
Y.  Fomigiuoas  loam  {glaise),  brown  and  very  compact,  (commonly  called  bief). 

Mud—detrihu. 
VI.  Marly  clay  interspersed  with  broken  flints  with  a  white  crust  on  them. 

Clog— Sandy, 
tjrat  of  the 


%l 


VII.  Marly  • 


VIII.  Beds  of  chalk  rolled  and  reduced  to  small  pisiform  fragment*,  mixed 
with  fiintj  gravel;  these  bodi  penetrate  the  bed  of  marly  (and  (VII.)  at 
different  heights. 

IX.  White  loam,  mixed  with  seams  of  ochreons  sand- 
1  land,  the  Sable 

„    .       of  rolled  chalk  a 

XI.  Grey,  aandy  loam. 

XII.  Loam  and  ochreons  sand  in  aeama 

XIII.  Pore  grey  loam. 

XIV.  A  seam  of  ochre. 

"XV.  Alternate  bed*,  slightly  inclined,  of  grey  and  white  sand,  with  shells,  the 
Sable  otgrt  of  the  workmen.  (It  is  in  the  midst  of.  this  sand  that  the 
■bells  Bfld  dilnvial  bones  are  chiefly  found.) 

Pebbly. 
XVI.  Lower  bed  of  flints  rolled  and  broken. 

"■■  These  narki  indicate  the  places  In  which  the  Bint  tuteheu  have 


1861.]  On  Archeo-Gtology. 


fret.  In. 

II 

III. 

-}.. 

IV. 

:  j 

V. 

VL 

4  10 

• 

VII. 

VIII. 

*  M 

IX. 

X. 

13 

XI. 

«» 

III. 

\\           .9 

XIIL 

o  oj 

XIV. 

._  BtolO     0 

xv. 

... 

264  On  Archeo-  Geology.  [March, 

In  addition  to  the  section  of  the  cutting  at  Menchecourt,  the  Abbl  haa 
given  us  two  descriptions  of  the  section  at  St.  Acheul.  The  first  is  by 
M.  Dusevel,  who  was  present  when  the  discovery  was  made : — 

ft.  In. 
1°.  Vegetable  earth  (in  which  was  found  the  tombs)  .  .  .68 

2°.  Clay  with  fine  grey  Band  (almost  resembling  river-sand),  containing  re- 
mains of  shells     .  .  .  .  •  •  .    4  10 
3°.  Pebbles      .            .            .            .            .            .            .            .  .83 

Total    18    9 

The  next  is  the  description  of  the  soil  as  it  was  given  to  the  Abbe*  by 
M.  Garnier,  the  Curator  of  the  Library  at  Amiens : — 

Argillo-ferruginous  mould 
'    Grey  mud  mixed  with  chalk  and  flints 
Ferruginous  clay 

White  sand     .... 
Bed  of  broken  flints  and  mud 


ft.  in. 

• 

4 

3 

• 

2 

0 

• 

2 

6 

• 

2 

0 

• 

8 

0 

Total 

18 

9 

»»     »» 


Chalk  ........ 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  accounts,  although  not  agreeing  in  detail,  agree  in 
the  main  features. 

For  the  sake  of  comparison  we  here  give  from  other  sources  the  sections 
of  the  pits  we  have  mentioned.  The  following  is  the  description  of  the 
pits  at  Menchecourt,  as  given  by  Mr.  Prestwichd : — 

Average 

1.  A  mass  of  brown  sandy  clay,  with  angular  fragments  of  flints  and      thickness, 
chalk-rubble.    No  organic  remains.    Base  very  irregular  and  in- 
dented into  bed  No.  2  .  .  .  .  .  .    2  to  12  feet. 

2.  A  light-coloured  sandy  clay  ("  sable  gras"  of  the  workmen)  analo- 
gous to  the  loess,  containing  land-shells,  Pupa,  Helix,  Clausilia, 
of  recent  species.    Flint- axes  and  mammalian  remains  are  said  to 

occur  occasionally  in  this  bed      .     .  .  .    8  to  25  feet. 

3.  White  sand  ("  sable  aigre")  with  one  to  two  feet  of  sub-angular 
flint-gravel  at  base.  This  bed  abounds  in  land  and  fresh-water- 
shells  of  recent  species  of  the  genera  Helix,  Succinea,  Cyclat,  Pin- 
dium,  Valvata,  Bithynia,  and  Planorbit,  together  with  the  marine 
Buccinum  undatum,  Cardium  edule,  Tellina  eolidula,  and  Purpura 
lapillus.  The  author  has  also  found  the  Cyrena  consobrina  and 
Litorina  rudis.    With  them  are  associated  numerous  mammalian 

remains,  and,  it  is  said,  flint  implements      .  •  .  .    2  to    6  feet. 

4.  Light-coloured  sandy  marl,  in  places  very  hard,  with  Helix, 
Zonitee,  Succinea,  and  Pupa.    Not  traversed  .  .3  feet. 

The  flint  implements  are  said  to  occur  occasionally  in  the  beds  of  sandy  clay 
above  the  white  sand,  but  are  chiefly  found  on  the  top  of  the  beds  of  flints. 

From  the  same  source  we  obtain  a  section  of  the  pits  at  St.  Acheul, 
as  follows :  — 

Average 
1.  Brown  brick-earth  (many  old  tombs  and  some  coins)  with  an     thickness. 

irregular  bed  of  flint-gravel.    No  organic  remains.     Divisional 
plane  between  1  and  2  uneven  and  very  often  indented  .  10  to  16  feet 

2a.  Whitish  marl  and  sand,  with  small  chalk -debris.  Land  and  fresh- 
water shells  (Lytnnea,  Succinea,  Helix,  Bithynia,  Planorbis,  Pupa, 


Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  May  26, 1859. 


1861.]  On  Archeo-Geoloyy.  265 

Average 
Pisidium,  and  Ancylus,  all  of  recent  species)  are  common,   and     thickness. 

mammalian  bones  and  teeth  are  occasionally  found  .  .  .  2  to  8  feet. 

2b.  Coarse  sub-angular  flint-gravel,  white  with  irregular  ochreous  and 
ferruginous  seams,  with  tertiary  flint  pebbles  and  small  sandstone- 
blocks.  Remains  of  shells  as  above,  in  patches  of  sand.  Teeth  nnd 
bones  of  elephant  and  of  species  of  horse,  ox,  and  deer,  generally 
near  the  base.  This  bed  is  further  remarkable  for  containing  the 
worked  flints  ("baches"  of  M.  de  Perthes,  and  "langues  des  chat" 
of  the  workmen)       .  .  .  .  .'  .  .  6  to  12  feet. 

Resting  on  uneven  surface  of  Chalk  strata. 

It  will  be  seen  in  comparing  these  that  there  are  considerable  variations. 
This  is  but  natural.  In  sand  and  gravel  pits,  as  the  men  dig,  the  section 
changes  constantly,  and  we  have  only  to  suppose  the  sections  taken  at 
different  times  or  a  little  distance  from  each  other.  But  there  are  certain 
main  features  in  all  the  descriptions  of  any  one  section  which  are  similar. 

We  wish  we  were  able  to  gather  more  exact  information  as  to  the 
relative  numbers  of  these  flint  heads  which  are  found  in  the  different  beds. 
And  we  should  like  to  be  able  to  fix  more  exactly  the  vertical  range, 
i.e.  the  highest  bed  in  which  they  have  beefi  found,  and  the  lowest.  Till 
this  has  been  done,  all  theories  must  rest  upon  very  slight  grounds. 

Our  excellent  cotemporary  "  The  Geologist"  has  recently  published 
some  valuable  papers  on  this  subject  from  the  geological  point  of  view, 
which  have  called  forth,  among  other  cot  respondence,  an  anecdote  that 
seems  to  throw  some  new  light  upon  the  subject. 

"  Flint  Implements  in  the  Dbift. — The  recent  finding  of  some  flint  implements, 
evidently  the  work  of  man,  in  a  stratum  which  geologists  have  been  accustomed  to 
consider  of  a  date  long  anterior  to  the  human  era,  has  given  rise  to  much  discussion 
and  conjecture;  some  appearing  ready  to  admit  (though  no  human  remains  were  found 
with  them)  that  tliis  discovery  carries  back  the  creation  of  man  to  an  almost  incalcu- 
lably remote  priod;  though  so  many  existing  facts  tend  to  demonstrate  his  com- 
paratively  recent  origin — facts  that  are  quite  independent  of  scripture-chronology,  or 
the  testimony  of  tradition. 

'*  By  what  means  the?e  manufactured  flints  became  imbedded  in  the  formation  re- 
ferred to  is  a  question  that  perhaps  can  never  have  a  perfectly  satisfactory  solution ;  but 
an  idea  that  seems  to  have  some  possibly  explanatory  bearing  on  the  point  was  suggested 
to  me  iu  reading  the  other  day  an  account  of  the  construction  of  the  Thames  Tunnel. 

"  In  the  course  of  making  the  excavations  for  this  work,  the  difficulties  that  arose 
from  the  nature  of  the  soil  in  some  parts  induced  the  contractors  to  procure  a  diving- 
bell,  for  the  purpose  of  examiuing  the  bottom  of  the  river.  On  the  first  inspection  that 
took  place  by  means  of  this  machine  a  shovel  and  hammer  were  left  on  the  spot  by  the 
divers ;  but  these  tools  were,  coiitniry  to  their  expectations,  nowhere  to  be  found  on 
their  next  visit.  In  the  progress  of  the  excavation,  however,  while  advancing  the  pro- 
tecting wooden  framework,  this  missing  shovel  and  hammer  were  found  in  the  way  of 
it,  having  descended  at  least  eighteen  feet  into  the  ground,  and  probably  resting  on, 
or  mixed  up  with,  some  ancient  deposit.  Supposing  these  articles  had  not  been  re- 
covered by  the  excavators,  and  that  the  soft  stratum  through  »*hich  they  sunk  so 
deeply  had,  by  some  geological  changes  in  the  locality,  become  solidified,  and  encrusted 
with  several  layers  of  fresh  soil,  and  that  some  future  geologist  had  found  the  lost 
hammer  and  shovel  in  the  position  described,  it  would  doubtless  have  furnished  as  strong 
an  argument  in  that  day  for  the  vast  antiquity  of  the  human  race,  as  the  discovery  of 
these  said  flint  implements  in  the  drift  has  done  in  our  own. 

*'  I  am  not  aware  of  what  material  the  superincumbent  stratum  above  the  drift  in 
that  place  is  composed;  but,  however  compact  now,  it  may  possibly  in  a  former  age 
have  been  sufficiently  liquefied  by  some  aqueous  irruption  or  submersion  to  cause  sub- 
stances of  the  specific  gravity  of  flint  to  sink  through  it ;  as  the  silex  has  evidently 
Gurr.  Mag.  Vol.  CC3L  k  k 


266  On  A rcheo- Geology.  -     [March, 

done  through  the  chalk  in  a  fluid  state,  or  as  our  shovel  and  hammer  did  through  the 
toil  in  the  river. 

"  Whatever  difficulties  may  attend  this  hypothesis,  they  certainly  are  not  greater 
than  are  involved  in  the  startling  and  wholly  unsupported  assumption,  that  the  late 
flint  discovery  proves  man  to  have  existed  before  the  Straits  of  Dover  were  formed,  or 
the  mammoth  and  other  fossil  animals  had  become  extinct. 

"  After  all,  it  may  perhaps  be  a  question  whether  surmises  and  speculations  of  this 
kind  are  at  all  needful  in  the  present  case — whether  geologists  themselves  have  not  oc- 
casioned all  the  dtubt  and  mystery  respecting  these  flint  instruments,  by  assigning  an 
antiquity  to  the  drift  formation  which  does  not  belong  to  it :  assuming  a  fact,  which  is 
only  theory  based  on  some  erroneous  data.  Indeed,  between  the  advocates  for  the 
remote  and  those  for  the  recent  creation  of  man,  it  is  solely  a  question  as  to  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  respectively  ascribed  dates,  or  which  of  these  widely  varying  periods  has 
the  greatest  weight  of  probability  or  evidence  to  support  it;  and  here,  apart  from  the 
Mosaic  account  of  this  event,  all  the  past  history  and  present  state  of  man  upon  earth 
tends  to  prove  (in  geological  language)  his  modem  introduction  on  our  globe — that  he 
was  the  last,  as  well  as  the  most  perfect,  of  all  the  great  and  marvellous  works  of  God. 

"  If,  therefore,  there  are  valid  reasons  for  concluding  that  man  has  not  been  in  ex- 
istence more  than  somewhere  about  six  thousand  years,  the  theory  that  would  give  him 
a  date  of  forty  or  fifty  thousand,  especially  if  founded  only  on  the  discovery  of  wrought 
flints  in  so  equivocal  a  formation  as  the  Drift,  cannot  be  considered  to  be  of  sufficient 
authority  to  shake  the  generally  entertained  belief  on  the  subject." 

It  would  follow  from  this  that  if  the  soil  in  which  these  implements  are 
found  were  the  bed  of  a  river,  there  is  no  need  for  supposing  them  to  be 
of  any  very  high  antiquity.  But  allowing  that  the  soil  in  which  they  are 
found  has  been  at  some  period  the  bed  of  a  river  or  lake, — or  allow  that 
they  may  be  on  the  site  of  pfahlbauten  or  crannoges  of  some  remote 
period, — still,  as  in  two  or  three  instances,  the  site  is  at  the  present  time 
nearly  a  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river  Somme, — and  the  Abbe* 
Cochet  has  shewn  us  that  the  Roman  graves,  of  the  age  of  which  no  one  is 
better  able  to  judge  than  himself,  are  in  one  of  the  upper  strata  far  above 
that  in  which  these  flint  implements  are  found, — it  follows  of  necessity  that 
they  were  deposited  before  the  Roman  period. 

Now  looking  at  the  matter  geologically,  we  may  say  that  there  are 
no  appearances,  as  far  as  have  yet  been  discovered,  of  any  sudden  con- 
vulsion of  nature  which  would  account  for  the  bed  of  the  lake  or  river 
being  changed  into  the  hill  side.  If,  then,  we  must  allow  the  slow  process 
of  upheaval  to  have  gone  gradually  on, — such  as  is  going  on  almost  imper- 
ceptibly in  various  parts  of  the  world, — it  is  something  fearful  the  time 
that  must  have  elapsed  since  these  weapons  were  deposited.  And  this, 
it  is  to  be  remembered,  is  on  the  supposition  that  the  flints  were  deposited 
at  the  surface,  and  had  sunk  through  to  the  depth  of  several  feet. 

But  if  we  suppose  the  flints  belong  to  the  beds  in  which  they  are  found, 
still  greater  must  be  the  number  of  years  allowed  to  elapse  while  so  many 
different  beds — deposited,  as  is  proved  by  their  character,  at  different  times 
and  under  different  circumstances — have  accumulated  one  above  the  other. 

We  call  attention  to  these  points  only  to  exhibit  the  difficulties  which 
beset  the  question,  and  the  great  importance  which  their  solution  involves. 
Our  business  is  to  record  facts,  and,  as  historians,  we  have  attempted  to 
lay  before  our  readers  as  completely  as  possible  all  the  discoveries  which 
bear  upon  the  question.] 


1861.]  267 


SPENSER'S  POETICAL  WORKS*. 

We  have  watched  with  some  interest  the  successive  issues  of  these 
volumes  under  the  belief  that  they  were  likely  to  do  justice  to  the  memory 
of  a  great  poet.  The  fortunes  of  Spenser's  poetry  have  been  hitherto 
hardly  more  favourable  than  those  of  the  man.  In  spite  of  his  genius  and 
his  friends,  he  died  neglected,  poor,  and  in  an  agony  of  helpless  grief;  and 
his  writings,  in  spite  of  the  delight  they  have  afforded  to  successive  gene- 
rations of  critics,  poets,  and  scholars,  have  never  fairly  found  their  way 
into  the  public  mind.  Shakespeare  and  Milton  have  been,  and  still  are, 
names  known  and  reverenced  by  the  many  to  whom  Spenser — their  elder 
in  the  brotherhood  of  illustrious  poetic  creators — is,  at  best,  an  unfamiliar 
sound.  To  them  the  transcendent  merits  of  "  The  Faery  Queen**  have 
been  a  buried  treasure ;  whilst  men  of  genius — the  poets  especially— of 
Spenser's  own  time,  and  almost  ever  since,  have  studied,  loved,  and  imi- 
tated them,  and  have  left  to  us  a  glorious  succession  of  tributes  to  his  rare 
excellence  which  extends  downwards,  with  scarcely  any  interruption,  from 
the  "  heavenly  Spenser"  of  his  contemporary,  Nash,  to  the  "  no  poet  has 
ever  had  a  more  exquisite  sense  of  the  beautiful"  of  our  own  contem- 
porary, Wilson. 

A  glance  at  the  collected  poetry  of  Spenser  satisfies  us  of  some  of  the 
chief  reasons  why  it  has  never  hitherto  found  favour  in  the  hearts  and 
understandings  of  the  multitude.  To  readers  in  general,  the  "  Faery  Queen" 
is,  it  must  be  owned,  a  poem  of  appalling  length.  In  the  edition  now  be- 
fore us  it  extends,  with  the  help  of  some  brief  contributions  by  the  Editor, 
through  more  than  three  volumes  and  a  half,  octavo ;  and  it  has  been 
calculated  that  it  "  would  have  contained,  had  it  been  completed,  not 
much  uader  a  hundred  thousand  verses."  The  public  have  no  appetite  for 
literary  feasts  so  prodigal  as  this.  But  besides  this  ground  of  disfavour, 
there  it  in  all  Spenser's  poems,  though  least  so  in  his  greatest,  an  affected 
use  of  a  language  more  antiquated  than  that  of  the  times  in  which  he 
wrote.  From  this  circumstance  there  has  been  needed  for  the  understanding 
of  his  poetry  an  amount  of  study  not  at  all  congenial  to  the  habits  of 
unlettered  or  unpractised  readers.  And  these  repulsive  influences  have 
been,  we  doubt  not,  very  materially  aggravated  by  the  darkness  of  that 
allegoric  veil  in  which  the  beauty  of  his  great  poem  is  invested.  Bunyan's 
allegory,  which  the  dullest  reader  sees  through,  increases,  if  it  does  not 
create,  the  charm   of  his   bewitching  book,  but  Spenser's  can  be  only 

s  "  The  Poetical  Works  of  Edmund  Spenser.  With  Memoir  and  Critical  Disserta- 
tions, by  the  Rev.  George  Qilfillan.  In  five  volumes."  (Edinburgh:  James  Nichol, 
104>  High-street.    Loudon :  Junes  Nisbet  and  Co.    Dublin :  W.  Robertson.) 


268  Spenser's  Poetical  Works.  [March, 

mastered  by  an  effort  not  at  all  akin  to  the  condition  of  entranced  delight 
into  which  such  poetry  as  his  should  sink  the  soul.  The  poem  would 
be  less  ingenious  certainly,  but  decidedly  more  enchanting,  if  there  were 
no  moral  lesson  to  be  learned  beneath  the  adventures  of  his  champions 
stout  and  ladies  fair. 

In  pursuance  of  his  effort  "  now  for  the  first  time  to  facilitate  the  perusal 
of  the  works  of  this  illustrious  author,  and  thus  confer  on  the  many 
the  gratification  which  the  few  have  hitherto  enjoyed,"  the  Editor  has, 
we  believe,  done  the  best  that  could  be  done  in  the  case  of  the  im- 
pediments we  have  just  referred  to.  He  has  not  cut  away  any  portion 
of  the  poem, — for  where  are  the  cantos  or  the  stanzas  we  could  willingly 
consent  to  spare  ?  but  he  has  modernized  the  old  spelling,  which  was  beyond 
measure  puzzling  and  repulsive  to  the  mass  of  common  readers,  and  he  has 
given  in  the  margin  the  modern  synonyms  of  all  old  or  obsolete  words. 
These  are  the  only  liberties  he  has  presumed  to  take  with  Spenser's  text ; 
but  these,  however  obnoxious  they  may  be  to  the  learned,  are  services  of 
matchless  value  to  the  multitude,  who  have  sense,  and  taste,  and  feeling 
enough  to  enjoy  the  richest  effusions  of  the  poet,  though  they  may  want 
learning  euough  to  pierce  through  the  obscurities  of  his  fine  old  form  of 
speech.  Mr.  Gilfillan  has,  moreover,  helped  the  unlettered  reader  well 
in  the  case  of  Spenser's  allegories.  He  has  not,  indeed,  cast  his  explana- 
tory light  iuto  all  the  dark  places  of  the  poem,  for  this,  as  he  truly  enough 
observes,  would  have  required  a  "  commentary  larger  than  the  text."  but 
he  has  given  such  a  clue  to  the  labyrinth  as  will  enable  those  who  follow  it 
attentively  to  penetrate  the  mazes  with  small  hazard  of  confusion  or  mis- 
hap. In  brief  and  clear  phrase  he  tells  us  who  and  what  are  typified  by 
the  knights  and  ladies  whose  "  fierce  wars  and  faithful  loves"  are  made  to 
moralize  the  poet's  song. 

In  addition  to  these  helps  to  an  easy  understanding  and  enjoyment  of  the 
M  Faery  Queen,"  the  Editor  has  added  to  every  volume  a  glossary  of  all  the 
classical  allusions  it  contains ;  and  he  has,  moreover,  supplied  two  essays — 
one,  on  the  genius  and  poetry  of  Spenser,  and  the  other  on  the  poet's  life, — 
which  are  instructive  and  agreeable  accompaniments  to  his  edition  of  the 
works.  The  little  that  is  known  of  Spenser's  personal  history  makes  one 
of  the  many  mournful  pages  in  the  records  of  men  of  genius.  The  day  was 
never  a  serene  one,  and  it  closed  in  irremediable  gloom.  The  best  portion 
of  his  life  was  spent  under  the  two  curses  of  patronage  on  the  one  hand,  and 
ministerial  oppression  on  the  other.  Burghley  appears  to  have  thwarted 
the  favours  and  intended  benefits  which  Leicester  and  his  other  friends 
supposed  they  had  obtained  for  him.  A  pension  was  granted  to  hiin  by  the 
Queen  ;  but  the  Lord  Treasurer  withheld  it,  and  payment,  it  is  said — on  an 
authority  which  has  been  objected  to — was  only  obtained  at  last  by  the 
poet  finding  an  opportunity  of  presenting  to  her  Majesty  this  singular 
remonstrance : — 


1861.]  Spenser9 s  Poetical  Works.  269 

"  I  was  promised  on  a  time, 
To  have  reason  for  my  rhyme ; 
From  that  time  unto  this  season, 
I  received  nor  rhyme  nor  reason." 

Elizabeth  submitted  to  no  trifling  with  her  will,  bo  the  great  statesman 
was  reprimanded  and  the  great  poet  paid.  A  grant  which  was  eventually 
more  disastrous  to  Spenser  was  that  of  a  portion  of  the  forfeited  estate  of 
the  Earl  of  Desmond,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  procured  for  him 
from  the  Queen  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  It  was  a  condition  of  the  grant  that 
the  poet  should  reside  on  the  estate,  and  this  made  him  in  reality  "  a  ban- 
ished man."  True  it  is  that  he  was  living  in  the  midst  of  scenery  a  poet 
must  delight  in,  that  in  his  castle  of  Kilcolman  he  had  the  honour  of 
receiving  Raleigh  as  a  guest,  and  that  many  of  his  most  wonderful  poetic 
visions  were  conceived,  and  much  of  his  "  Faery  Queen"  written,  in 

" the  coolly  shade 

Of  the  green  alders  by  the  Malta's  shore." 

It  was,  nevertheless,  an  uninviting  and  ungenial  home  to  him.  "  He  had,** 
says  Mr.  Gilfillan, "  left  London  and  all  its  delightful  society ;  he  had  in 
Ireland  few  kindred  spirits ;  and  he  was  living  in  a  country  far  more  dis- 
organized than  even  now,  torn  by  warring  factions,  wasted  by  poverty, 
blinded  by  superstition,  and  reeling  toward  the  Great  Rebellion  which  broke 
out  a  few  years  afterwards  and  deluged  the  land  in  blood."  Such,  how- 
ever, as  it  was,  the  poet's  home  was  utterly  laid  waste  in  Tyrone's  rebellion. 
Mr.  Gilfillan  refers  to  a  conjecture  that  the  rebels  were  hounded  on  in  their 
attack  on  Kilcolman  by  a  personal  antipathy  of  James  the  Sixth  (of  Scotland) 
to  the  author  of  the  "  Faery  Queen."  Whether  this  conjecture  can  be  made 
good  we  know  not.  The  castle  of  Kilcolman  was  burned  to  the  ground,  the 
property  and  precious  manuscripts  of  the  poet  were  destroyed  or  stolen,  and 
his  infant  child  perished  amidst  the  flames.  Spenser  himself  escaped  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  died,  broken-hearted  and  in  want,  a  few  months  afterwards. 

Mr.  Gilfillan's  "  Essay  on  the  Genius  and  Poetry  of  Spenser,"  is  an 
outburst  of  imaginative  eulogy,  which  may  seem  extravagant  to  readers 
whose  pulses  beat  more  calmly.  It  is  emphatically  the  criticism  of  a  poet, 
not  of  a  philosopher.  In  this  spirit  he  defends  Spenser's  description  of  a 
forest  from  the  objection  of  Hallam  and  of  Ruskin,  and  brings  the  autho- 
rity of  Addison  to  bear  in  favour  of  the  poet's  privilege  of  putting  what 
he  pleases,  though  nature  does  not,  in  neighbourly  conjunction  with  each 
other  in  his  wood.  In  this  spirit,  too,  he  has  an  admirable  passage  of 
comparison  between  the  author  of  the  u  Faery  Queen "  and  the  author 
of  the  "  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  a  comparison  which  gives  the  preference  on 
many  points  to  the  unlettered  Bunyan,  and  which  closes  with  the  gratify- 
ing consideration  that  "  there  was  a  time  when  no  critic  durst  liken  the 
dreamer  of  Elstowe  to  the  dreamer  of  Mulla's  shore ;  but  that  time  has 
gone  by  for  ever."  Of  that  dreamer  of  Mulla's  shore  the  most  conspicuous 
endowment  was,  undoubtedly,  the  imaginative  wealth  which  gave  life  and 


270  Spenser's  Poetical  Works.  [March, 

luxuriance,  and  inexhaustible  variety  of  beauty  to  his  pictures ;  aud  the 
Editor  is  probably  not  wrong  in  believing  that,  in  this  particular,  he  was 
so  nearly  equal  to  Shakespeare,  that  the  difference  is  made  up  for  by 
Spenser's  great  superiority  in  the  learning  that  is  gained  from  books.  In 
that  learning  his  resources  were  immense.  Science,  art,  philosophy,  aud 
the  stores  of  Greek  and  Roman  literature  are  found  contributing  their 
choicest  treasures  in  abundance  to  enrich  his  great  poem,  and  to  make 
good  his  title  to  be 'considered  one  of  the  most  learned  of  the  poets.  And 
these  qualifications  of  extensive  learning  and  boundless  imaginative  power 
wanted  no  assistance  that  the  arts  of  speech  could  give  them  to  obtain 
efficient  and  abounding  life  and  utterance  in  a  poetic  form.  All  that  was 
suitable  to  his  purpose  in  the  storehouses  of  language,  whether  old,  or  ob- 
solete, or  scholarly,  or  scientific,  Spenser  forced  with  a  magician's  mastery 
into  his  service,  and  made  elemental  in  the  inexhaustible  music  of  his  song. 
In  the  sweetness,  and  the  beauty,  and  the  ever-varying  fascination  of  this 
music,  Spenser's  happiest  versification  is  unrivalled ;  and  we  feel  as  we 
linger  over  it  that  he  is,  as  Hazlitt  has  well  said,  "  the  poet  of  our  waking 
dreams ;  and  that  he  has  invented  not  only  a  language,  but  a  music  of  his 
own  for  them." 

The  length  of  the  "  Faery  Queen  "  has  been,  without  doubt,  one  of  the 
grand  impediments  to  its  popularity.  But  this  objection  might  be  ensily 
set  aside  by  losing  sight  of  the  connecting  links  by  which  the  various 
divisions  are  held  together,  and  regarding  them  and  reading  them  as  so 
many  separate  wholes.  The  late  Mr.  Hallam  describes  the  first  book  as 
a  complete  poem,  and  deplores  as  an  injury  to  it  the  "  useless  re-appearance 
of  its  hero  in  the  second."  It  is  a  complete  poem,  and  almost  the  most 
perfectly  poetical  and  most  beautiful  in  the  language,  though  more  than 
two  centuries  and  a-half  have  passed  away  since  it  was  given  to  the  world. 
If  it  could  appear  among  us  now  for  the  first  time,  with  all  the  marks  of 
age  obliterated,  and  with  all  the  charm  of  novelty  to  recommend  it,  with 
what  a  rapture  of  delight  might  we  not  expect  it  to  be  welcomed  by  the 
tens  of  thousands  who  are  at  this  veiy  season  bending  in  entranced 
emotion  over  the  pages  of  another  poet  who,  also,  has  made  the  romance 
of  chivalry  his  theme.  In  these  circumstances  the  veil  of  allegory  would 
not  of  necessity  be  any  obstacle  to  the  enjoyment.  "  If  they  do  not 
meddle  with  the  allegory,"  6ays  one  of  our  finest  critics,  "  it  will  not 
meddle  with  them.  Without  minding  it  at  all,  the  whole  is  as  plain  as 
a  pike-staff."  If  this  experiment  on  the  taste  and  understanding  of  the 
multitude  could  be  effectually  made,  we  believe  that  the  first  book  of  the 
"  Faery  Queen"  would  soon  become  as  much  a  favourite  with  the  public 
as  its  signal  excellence  entitles  it  to  be.  The  well-conceived  and  deeply 
interesting  adventures  of  the  Red-cross  Knight  and  of  the  fair  and  gentle 
Una, — their  journeyings,  dangers,  conflicts,  triumphs,  and  mishaps, — the 
lifelike  delineations  of  the  ministers  of  good  and  evil  whom  they  met  with 


1861.]  Spenser's  Poetical  Works.  271 

on  their  way, — the  lovely  landscape- scenes,  painted  in  the  truest  colours  of 
poetic  art, — the  frequent  glimpses  of  extensive  learning,  and  the  glorious 
atmosphere  of  imagination  that  pervades  the  whole, — form,  together,  so 
fascinating  as  well  as  so  fine  a  work,  that  it  would  be  next  to  impossible  for 
any  reader  of  taste  to  read  it  through  without  amazement  at  its  beauty  and 
regret  for  all  the  years  it  had  been  unenjoyed  and  unknown.  Thenceforth,  its 
choicest  passages  would  recur  to  him,  as  they  have  recurred  to  the  greatest 
of  our  poets  from  the  days  of  "  good  Queen  Bess"  till  now,  like  the  golden 
memories  of  some  dream  of  loveliest  romance. 

This  experiment  of  a  popular  edition  of  the  poetry  of  Spenser  has  been 
made  at  an  appropriate  time.  There  is  a  growing  taste  for  good  poetry 
manifesting  itself  amongst  the  young  men  and  women  of  the  age,  which  is 
marked  by  a  far  more  discerning  and  discriminating  spirit  than  that  which 
their  fathers  entertained;  but  there  is,  also,  a  tendency  among  these  confi- 
dent and  eager  critics  to  uphold  the  excellence  of  the  great  writers  of  their 
own  time  to  the  disparagement  of  that  of  the  old  bygone  masters  of  the 
art  The  diligent  perusal  of  Spenser's  poetry  would  have  a  salutary 
influence  on  both  these  dispositions.  It  would  feed  and  educate  and 
strengthen  the  love  of  true  poetry ;  and,  in  doing  so,  it  would  check  the 
undue  appreciation  of  those  whose  urns  have  been  mainly  filled  at  those 
time-honoured  fountains.  In  many  of  the  older  authors  in  our  fine  old 
English  tongue,  in  prose  as  well  as  poetry, — in  Hooker,  and  Taylor,  and 
Leigh  ton,  as  well  as  in  Chaucer,  and  Spenser,  and  Shakespeare, — there  is 
a  width  and  depth  of  wisdom,  and  a  marvellous  sweetness  and  force  of 
expression,  which  their  scholars  and  successors  have  in  vain  attempted 
to  approach ;  and  the  contemplation,  from  time  to  time,  of  this  great 
genial  excellence  in  those  memorable  fathers  of  our  literature,  is  a  whole- 
some and  instructive  exercise  for  those  who  would  heartily  pay  homage  to 
literature  in  the  present  age.  As  models  of  what  genius  may  accomplish, 
and  as  ministers  of  high  intelligent  enjoyment,  the  compositions  of  these 
great  men  are  indeed,  even  now,  unequalled ;  and  it  is  in  this  sense,  and 
on  this  account,  that  an  edition  of  the  works  of  any  one  of  them  which 
helps  to  extend  its  influence  through  a  larger  circle  of  society  becomes  an 
absolute  public  good.  In  Mr.  Gilfillan's  edition  of  the  poetry  of  Spenser, 
many  errors  and  many  oversights  may  be  readily  discerned,  but  it  has, 
nevertheless,  the  merit  of  this  tendency  in  a  high  degree.  It  is  likely  to 
do  good  service  by  making  the  transcendent  beauty  of  his  poetry  familiar 
to  many  who  else  had  never  known  it,  and  to  elevate  and  delight  many  by  its 
magnificent  imaginations,  its  richly-finished  delineations  of  nature,  the 
perfect  music  of  its  verse,  and  the  noble  lessons  which  it  teems  with  both 
of  wisdom  and  of  good.  Let  it  only  accomplish  this,  and  all  its  imper- 
fections as  a  scholarly  edition  of  Spenser's  poetry  will  have  received  an 
adequate  atonement. 


272  [March, 


CLASSICAL  ARCHITECTURE*. 

Mr.  Cockerell's  long  public  career  has  been  eminently  such  as  gives 
him  a  right  to  speak  on  the  subject  of  Classical  Architecture,  and  his 
name  is  well  known  among  the  learned  of  every  capital  in  Europe,  whose 
academies  we  believe  have  united  to  do  him  honour  more  extensively  than 
any  other  Englishman  of  the  age.  Yet  in  England  his  praises  have  been 
sounded  by  the  trumpet  of  fame  far  less  extensively  than  they  have  de- 
served, although  his  professional  and  professorial  services  have  combined 
to  place  him  in  the  foremost  ranks  of  those  whom,  in  classical  terms,  we 
should  call  de  patrid  optime  meriti,  or,  in  the  words  of  Virgil, — 

"  Quique  sui  memores  alios  fecere  tnerendo" 

He  had  scarcely  reached  the  age  of  manhood  when  circumstances  carried 
his  steps  to  Greece,  then,  of  course,  subject  to  Turkish  laws.  The  genius 
loci,  the  grand  old  classical  associations  of  Athens,  had  their  full  effect  on 
his  young  mind,  and  fired  hia  enthusiasm ;  the  acquaintance  of  Lord 
Byron,  who  was  then  living  in  that  city,  kindled  in  him  a  still  greater 
zeal  for  the  revival  of  Grecian  art,  and  more  especially,  as  was  to  be  ex- 
pected from  his  professional  training,  of  Grecian  architecture.  A  fortunate 
chance  brought  together  to  the  same  centre  of  attraction  some  other  artists 
and  men  of  letters,  all  engaged  in  the  study  of  Grecian  antiquities.  These 
were  the  Chevalier  Bronstedt  of  Copenhagen,  M.  Koes  from  Denmark  (who 
died  at  Zante  in  1812),  the  Baron  Haller  of  Nuremberg,  the  Baron  Stack- 
elberg,  M.  Linckh  of  Wurtemberg,  and  the  late  Mr.  Foster,  architect,  of 
Liverpool.  As  soon  as  these  ardent  spirits  had  well-nigh  exhausted  the 
capital  of  Attica,  they  began  to  think  of  turning  their  attention  to  the  ex- 
amination of  the  many  magnificent  remains  in  the  neighbouring  states.  In 
company  with  Messrs.  Foster  and  Linckh  and  Baron  Haller,  Mr.  Cockerell 
resolved  on  exploring  the  little  island  of  iEgina,  and  of  rescuing  from 
oblivion,  even  if  he  could  not  secure  actual  possession  of,  the  remains  of 
sculpture  which  still,  as  he  had  reason  to  suspect,  lay  buried  under  the  soil 
which  had  gathered  during  upwards  of  twenty  centuries  around  the  ruins 
of  the  magnificent  temple  of  Zeus  Panhellenius,  still  standing  on  one  of 
the  noble  peaks  of  that  island :  — 

"Accordingly,  in  April,  1811,"  to  use  Mr.  Cockerell's  own  words,  "having  spent  the 
previous  evening  with  Lord  Byron  in  pouring  out  libations  in  propitiation  of  his  home- 
ward voyage  to  England  to  reap  the  rich  harvest  of  fame  whick  awaited  his  return, 
we  left  the  Pirous  just  after  midnight,  and  arrived  at  break  of  day  under  the  Pan- 

•  "The  Temples  of  Jupiter  Panhellenius  at  «<Egina  and  of  Apollo  Epicurius  at  Baas® 
near  Phigaleia  in  Arcadia,    By  C.  R.  Cockerell,  R.  A.,  Professor  of  Architecture  in  the 
Royal  Academy,  Honorary  D.C.L.  Oxon.,  <fcc.,  Ac."    (Weale.    1860.) 
4 


1861.]  Classicu  Architecture.  273 

hellenian  mount.  Fortunately,  even  at  that  early  season  we  were  enabled  to  bivouac 
without  fear,  owing  to  the  settled  fineness  of  the  weather,  and  we  found  our  accom- 
modation complete  by  making  use  of  the  cave  at  the  north-east  end  of  the  platform  on 

which  the  temple  stands,  originally  perhaps  an  oracular  adytum  or  recess The 

village,  the  modern  capital  of  JDgina,  furnished  such  provisions  and  labourers  as  were 
necessary  for  the  excavations.  The  mountain  thyme  afforded  fuel,  partridges  were  in 
abundance,  and  the  shepherds  provided  our  party  with  kids  which  were  roasted  on 
wooden  spits  over  a  blazing  fire  when  the  labours  of  the  day  were  brought  to 
a  close." 

Not  being  molested  by  bandits  or  by  sickness,  in  the  course  of  a  very 
few  days,  by  digging  around  the  site  of  the  temple,  they  found  themselves  in 
possession  of  almost  every  detail  that  they  had  desired ;  and  within  about 
a  week  they  lit  upon  a  fragment  of  Parian  marble,  which  on  closer  inspec- 
tion proved  to  be  the  head  of  a  warrior,  enclosed  in  a  casque  and  perfect 
in  every  feature ;  and  this  was  immediately  followed  by  the  discovery  of 
seventeen  entire  statues,  and  the  fragments  of  nearly  a  dozen  more,  which 
they  brought  to  light  with  great  rejoicing  from  the  places  where  they  had 
lain  buried  for  fifteen  or  twenty  centuries.  The  prefatory  chapter  tells  us 
how  all  this  was  accomplished,  in  spite  of  all  difficulties  and  dangers  from 
greedy  Turkish  pashas  and  subordinate  magistrates,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
robbers  and  bandits  who  still  haunt  the  islands  of  Hellas,  the  latter,  no 
doubt,  true  and  genuine  descendants  of  the  pirates  who  swarmed  about  the 
islands  of  the  Archipelago,  if  we  may  believe  Thucydides,  (i.  4.)  some  ten 
centuries  before  the  Christian  era,  and  whose  spirits  must  be  delighted  to 
see  with  what  zest  their  descendants  still  carry  on  the  predatory  raids  which, 
as  the  historian  says,  were  "  thought  to  be  no  matters  to  cause  a  blush,  but 
rather  exploits  which  gained  credit  to  the  performers/'  Of  the  companions 
who  accompanied  him  in  his  expedition  to  iEgina,  and  took  part  in  the 
excavations,  Mr.  Cockerell  tells  us  that  he  is  the  last  and  only  survivor ;  and, 
even  while  his  work  was  passing  through  the  press,  it  appears  that  two  of 
the  warmest  of  his  supporters,  Col.  Leake  and  Mr.  W.  R.  Hamilton,  F.R.S., 
formerly  Under  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs,  and  to  whose  kind 
offices  he  owed  the  removal  of  many  obstructions  in  his  path,  were  carried 
off  by  the  band  of  death. 

At  this  time  three  volumes  of  "  Stuart's  Athens,"  published  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Dillettanti  Society  (1762—1794),  had  already  appeared,  and 
the  fourth  and  last  volume  was  being  prepared  for  publication ;  and  no 
doubt  a  very  natural  desire  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Cockerell  to  contribute 
something  of  the  same  kind  himself,  has  resulted,  after  an  interval  of  filly 
years,  in  the  magnificent  folio  now  given  to  the  public. 

We  pass  by  Mr.  CockerelTs  description  of  the  modern  island  of  JEgina, 
though  it  will  be  found  of  great  interest  to  the  English  reader ;  for  iEgina  of 
old,  in  the  days  of  "  living  Greece,"  was  very  much  among  the  people 
of  Hellas  what  England  is  among  the  states  of  Europe,  the  small,  inde- 
pendent, naval,  and  commercial  power,  which  made  its  influence  felt  alike 

Geht.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  *  1 


274  Classical  Architecture.  [March, 

in  war  and  in  the  arts  of  peace.  But  it  is  high  time  that  we  passed  on- 
wards to  the  temple  itself. 

Those  who  have  visited  the  Parthenon  at  Athens  can  form  to  themselves 
an  approximate  notion,  but  an  approximate  notion  only,  of  the  magnificence 
of  one  of  the  Grecian  temples  in  the  days  of  its  pride  and  glory.  Its 
majestic  size,  its  admirable  proportions,  its  calm  repose,  all  strike  the  eye 
and  the  imagination  in  a  very  marked  manner,  and  in  one  which  those  who 
have  seen  it  will  not  readily  forget.  Mr.  Cockerell's  splendid  volume  gives 
us  a  picture  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  during  the  excavations  in  1811,  and 
also  as  it  must  have  appeared  in  the  days  when  it  was  crowded  by  Grecian 
worshippers,  and  as  it  might  again  appear  if  the  restorations  suggested  by 
the  artist  and  the  architect  could  be  carried  into  practical  effect  by  the 
purses  of  the  learned  and  wealthy  members  of  society.  But  we  are  afraid 
that  the  cut  bono  question  in  this  case  could  not  be  answered  one  hundredth 
part  as  satisfactorily  as  if  asked  with  reference  to  the  restoration  of  a 
Welsh  cathedral  or  an  English  minster. 

"  Compared  with  the  temples  of  Jupiter  in  other  countries,"  observes  Mr.  Cockerell, 
u  and  with  those  of  more  recent  date,  the  iEginetan  temple  was  certainly  small  in  its 
dimensions;  but  at  the  same  time  the  character  of  the  architecture  in  the  order  and 
the  distribution  of  its  plan  was  probably  the  most  magnificent  used  at  that  time  in 
Greece,  and  entirely  corresponds  with  the  majesty  of  the  deity  to  whom  it  was  dedi- 
cated. It  was  hexastyle,  peripteral,  with  a  double  order  in  the  interior,  and  hy- 
piDtbral. . . .  The  colossal  eye  of  ivory  and  other  fragments  of  the  same  material  found 
within  the  walls  of  the  cella,  must  have  belonged  to  a  statue  twenty-five  feet  high, 
even  in  a  sitting  posture." 

As  to  the  date  of  the  erection  of  the  temple  there  are  two  opinions ;  one 
which  refers  it  lo  the  era  immediately  following  on  the  conclusion  of  the 
Persian  wars  (b.c.  479 — 70),  when  the  -^Eginetans,  flushed  with  victory, 
might  naturally  have  shewn  their  gratitude  to  the  tutelary  deities  of  their 
"tight  little  island"  by  propitiating  the  ^Eacidae  with  this  magnificent 
structure.  The  other  opinion  ascribes  its  date  to  b.c.  600,  before  the 
iEginetans  had  reached  the  height  of  their  prosperity,  and  when  they  were 
permitted  by  Amasis,  King  of  Egypt,  to  build  in  that  country  a  temple  of 
Panhellenian  Jove  as  a  centre  of  worship  for  their  colonists  and  traders,  as 
we  learn  from  Herodotus,  (ii.  ch.  178).  On  this  Col.  Leake  remarks 
that  "  it  is  difficult  to  imagine  that  the  great  national  work  at  home  was 
not  completed  before  this  temple  in  Egypt  was  erected,  which,  as  we 
know,  was  b.c.  560."  This  date  Mr.  Cockerell  himself  prefers,  on  purely 
technical  grounds,  and  supports  his  assertion  by  arguments  which  to  us 
appear  sufficiently  convincing  for  all  practical  purposes. 

It  is  agreed  by  all,  artists  and  architects  alike,  that  the  splendid  series 
of  sculptures  which  once  adorned  the  pediments  of  this  magnificent  struc- 
ture represented  the  legendary  deeds  of  the  national  heroes,  the  ^Eacida? ; 
the  eastern  pediment  having  been  filled  with  a  scene  from  the  early  siege 
of  Troy  by  Hercules,  while  the  western  pediment  was  devoted  to  the 


1861.]  Classical  Architecture.  275 

combat  between  Hector  and  Patroclus,  as  related  in  the  Iliad.  As  we  see 
in  the  engravings,  in  Mr.  Cockerell's  restoration  of  the  latter,  the  Tela- 
monian  Ajax,  assisted  by  Teucer  and  Ajax  Oileus,  is  in  the  act  of  defend- 
ing Patroclus.  To  the  left  is  Hector,  who  has  felled  the  hero  to  the  ground, 
and  Hippolytus  stands  by,  ready  to  strike  the  final  and  fatal  blow.  Paris 
is  clearly  distinguished  in  the  background ;  and  to  the  right  and  left  are 
two  personages,  who,  as  Mr.  Cockerell  urges,  because  they  wear  fillets,  are 
meant  for  inferior  divinities,  probably  representing  Simois  and  Scamander, 
described  by  Homer  as  wounded  while  interfering  on  behalf  of  their  be- 
loved Trojans.  In  the  midst  stands  Minerva,  in  the  act  of  putting  an  end 
to  the  combat.  She  is  not  only  in  the  midst,  but  holds  the  central  post  in 
point  of  meaning  and  interest ;  for  the  eyes  of  all  the  others  converge  to- 
wards her,  while  she  stands  motionless  and  regardless,  as  a  controlling 
divinity. 

"  With  respect  to  the  arms  and  dress/'  observes  Mr.  Cockerell,  "  it  is  interesting  to 
remark  that,  as  suited  to  the  JCacidae,  the  ^Eginetan  artists  seem  to  have  adhered 
strictly  to  the  received  traditional  notions  respecting  every  particular  which  was 
deemed  admissible  without  injury  to  the  work.  We  do  not  see  here  the  armour  worn 
by  the  Greeks  of  /Egina  in  the  fifth  century  B.C.,  but  that  which  was  conventionally 
accepted  by  the  learned  of  that  day  as  used  at  the  siege  of  Troy.  The  general  re- 
semblance of  this  group  and  of  the  costumes  to  subjects  painted  on  the  most  archaic 
vases  is  remarkable ;  they  have  that  pugnacity  of  expression  which  indicates  an  age  when 
military  heroism  was  the  beau  ideal  of  excellence,  in  contradistinction  to  the  subsequent 
ages  of  Greece,  which  present  us  with  subjects  generally  of  a  peaceful  and  often  of 
a  voluptuous  character." 

For  anything  like  an  approximate  idea  of  the  exquisite  beauty  of  the 
figures,  as  they  must  have  appeared  when  fresh  from  the  sculptor's  hands, 
we  must  refer  the  reader  to  the  work  itself,  which  is  well  worth  a  patient 
study  by  every  artist,  if  it  be  only  for  their  exquisite  anatomical  pro- 
portions. 

But  if  these  statues  are  so  very  beautiful,  it  occurred  to  us  to  enquire, 
why  are  they  not  in  the  British  Museum  ?  Thereby  hangs  a  tale.  No 
sooner  had  Mr.  Cockerell  and  his  friends  obtained  possession  of  the  buried 
treasures,  than  they  resolved  to  transport  them  to  a  place  where  they  would 
be  safe  from  the  intervention  of  the  Turkish  pashas  and  their  hungry 
officials.  Accordingly  they  were  taken  first  by  ship  to  Athens,  and  thence 
on  the  backs  of  mules  to  Zante.  Not  feeling  quite  secure  of  their  treasures 
even  there,  they  trans-shipped  them  to  Malta,  where  they  were  safely 
landed  on  English  soil.  By  the  good  offices  of  Mr.  W.  R.  Hamilton,  an 
English  officer  was  sent  out  to  Malta  with  a  commission  to  bid  for  them  if 
offered  for  public  sale,  and  with  a  ship  at  his  disposal  to  bring  them  home 
in ;  but  through  some  blunder  in  the  "  Circumlocution  Office,"  they  were 
offered  for  sale  at  one  place,  and  the  bidder  was  despatched  to  another ;  and 
the  consequence  was  that  after  some  competition  they  were  "knocked 
down"  under  the  auctioneer's  hammer  to  the  King  of  Bavaria,  by  whom 


276  Classical  Architecture.  [March, 

they  have  been  placed  in-  the  Glyptothek  at  Munich.  The  JEginetan 
gallery  of  that  building  is  devoted  to  their  reception,  and  they  will  be 
found  described  in  considerable  detail  in  Murray's  "  Handbook  of  Southern 
Germany." 

The  other  temple  described  in  Mr.  Cockerell's  volume  is  that  of  the 
Apollo  Epicurius  at  Bass®,  not  far  from  Phigaleia,  in  the  interior  of 
Arcadia.  Even  in  the  old  classical  times  of  ancient  Greece  this  part  of  the 
Peloponnesus  was  far  from  being  easily  accessible,  as  it  lay  far  away  from 
the  sea-coast,  and  among  ridges  of  untamed  and  mountainous  heights, 
almost  wholly  destitute  of  roads,  and  therefore  proportionately  "  behind  the 
rest  of  the  world"  in  civilization.  In  modern  times,  too,  there  has  been 
little  or  no  improvement ;  and  it  required  the  strong  stimulus  of  one  great 
and  decided  success  achieved  to  urge  Mr.  Cockerell  and  his  colleagues  to 
engage  in  a  second  effort  still  more  difficult  and  dangerous  than  the 
former.  However,  the  second  exploration  was  carried  to  an  equally  suc- 
cessful issue  with  the  first,  and  not  only  was  the  entire  plan  of  the  building 
brought  to  light,  but  the  entire  series  of  statues  which  composed  the  frieze 
were  discovered  in  such  a  state  of  repair  that,  without  much  difficulty, 
Mr.  Cockerell  has  been  able  to  restore  them  to  what  was  beyond  a  doubt 
their  original  plan.  The  figures  at  Bassae  represent  the  Battle  of  the 
Centaurs  and  the  Amazons,  as  recorded  in  the  old  Greek  mythology. 

"  The  largest  and  most  learned  composition,"  says  Mr.  Cockerell,  "  undoubtedly  is 
that  which  represents  Hercules  in  the  act  of  defeating  the  Queen  of  the  Amazons.  On 
either  side  are  two  compositions  especially  beautiful  and  elaborate,  in  which  arc  sug- 
gested conspicuous  acts  of  humanity — in  the  one  case  an  Amazon  interferes  to  save 
a  Greek,  and  in  the  other  a  Greek  rushes  forward  to  save  an  Amazon.  The  frieze  ends 
on  the  western  side  in  the  defeat  of  the  Amazons." 

Mr.  W.  *W.  Lloyd,  a  learned  and  enthusiastic  admirer  of  classical  archi- 
tecture, has  added  an  able  postscript  to  Mr.  Cockerell's  work  in  the  shape 
of  an  elaborate  critique  on  the  proportions  adopted  in  the  architecture  of 
the  two  temples  described  above. 

It  only  remains  for  us  to  express  our  sincere  hope  that  Mr.  Cockerell 
will  not  feel,  now  that  he  has  retired  from  the  active  business  of  the  pro- 
fession in  which  he  has  been  so  long  and  honourably  known,  that  he  is 
living  in  vain.  It  is  not  the  lot  of  every  man  to  produce  a  folio  volume,  of 
interest  alike  to  the  antiquarian,  the  scholar,  and  the  professional  architect, 
when  he  has  passed  the  allotted  span  of  "threescore  years  and  ten." 
Mr.  Cockerell,  however,  has  lived  to  enjoy  the  health  and  strength  neces- 
sary for  the  production  of  such  a  work  as  this — a  work  which,  no  doubt, 
he  has  had  in  his  mind's  eye  for  nearly  half  a  century,  and  which  at 
length  he  has  been  spared  to  accomplish  and  to  lay  before  the  world. 
He  may  well  congratulate  himself  upon  his  good  fortune  in  this  respect; 
for  high  as  his  name  stands  here  in  England,  and  in  every  continental 
capital  of  Europe,  he  may  say,  without  fear,  that  fifty  years   after  hia 


1861.]  Edinburgh  Market-Cross.  277 

arduous  researches  in  JEgina  and  Arcadia  were  completed,  he  has  placed 
on  record  a  narrative  of  the  results  of  those  labours,  which  will  not  dis- 
credit his  name,  and  with  which  his  best  friends  have  only  one  fault  to  find, 
and  that  is,  that  he  did  not  produce  it  some  five-and-forty  years  ago,  when 
the  subject  of  his  excavations  was  fresh  in  the  memory  of  the  public.  Even 
as  it  is,  we  cannot  see  why  the  substance  of  the  work  should  not  be  re- 
published in  a  more  popular  and  more  generally  attractive  form,  omitting 
those  portions  of  the  text  which  are  purely  technical,  and  therefore  of 
interest  to  comparatively  only  a  small  section  of  readers. 


EDINBURGH  MARKET-CROSS. 

A  project  is  on  foot  for  the  restoration  of  the  old  Market-cross  of  Edinburgh, 
which  was  removed  from  its  situation  in  the  High-street  above  a  century  ago. 
The  ancient  cross  is  associated  with  many  historical  and  traditional  incidents, — as 
the  execution  of  the  murderers  of  James  I.  of  Scotland,  and  the  proclamation  said  to 
have  been  mysteriously  made  at  midnight  in  1513,  before  the  departure  of  James 
IV.  for  Flodden  * ;  as  also  with  many  celebrated  pageants  and  proclamations.  In 
1617,  when  James  VI.  returned  to  visit  his  Scottish  subjects,  the  cross  was  re- 
moved to  make  way  for  the  great  procession  that  then  took  place  ;  but  soon  after 
a  new  cross  was  built.  This  cross  subsisted  till  1756,  and  was  the  scene  of  the 
execution  of  the  Covenanters  in  1681,  and  of  other  historical  events; — the  last 
being  the  proclamation  of  James  VIII.  by  Prince  Charles  Edward  Stuart  in 
1745.  The  only  remaining  fragment  of  the  old  cross  is  the  centre  pillar,  which 
has  remained  in  obscurity  for  above  a  century  on  the  estate  of  Brum,  and  was 
recently  offered  back  to  the  city  by  the  proprietor.  A  sketch  of  the  proposed 
restoration  has  been  prepared  by  the  city  architect,  Mr.  Cousin.  It  is  proposed 
to  be  an  octagonal  structure,  of  open  Gothic  work  supporting  a  balcony,  in  the 
centre  of  which  will  stand  the  pillar  (of  the  old  cross),  surmounted  by  the  unicorn 
and  St.  Andrew's  cross. 

•  The  story  of  the  proclamation  is  thus  told  in  Lindsay  of  Pitscottie's  History  of 
Scotland : — "  In  the  meantime,  when  they  taking  forth  their  artillery,  [from  the  castle 
of  Edinburgh,  preparatory  to  the  assembling  of  the  army  at  the  Borrowmnre  of  Edin- 
burgh,] and  the  King  being  in  the  abbey  for  the  time,  there  was  a  cry  heard  at  the 
market-cross  of  Edinburgh  at  the  hoar  of  midnight,  proclaiming  as  it  had  been  a  sum- 
mons, which  was  named  and  called  by  the  proclaimer  thereof,  the  summons  of  Plot- 
cock,  which  desired  all  men  '  to  compear  with  earl  and  lord,  and  baron  and  gentleman, 
within  the  town,  (every  man  specified  by  his  own  name,)  to  compear  within  the  space 
of  forty  days  before  his  master,  where  it  should  happen  him  to  appoint,  and  be  for  the 
time  under  the  pain  of  disobedience.'  Bat  whether  this  summons  was  proclaimed  by 
Tain  persons,  night-walkers  or  drunk  men  for  their  pastime,  or  if  it  was  bat  a  spirit, 
I  cannot  tell  truly.  But  it  was  shewn  to  me,  that  an  in-dweller  of  the  town,  Mr. 
Bichard  Lawson,  being  evil-disposed,  ganging  in  his  gallery-stair  fornenent  the  cross, 
healing  this  voice,  proclaiming  this  summons,  thought  marvel  what  it  should  be,  cried 
on  his  servant  to  bring  him  his  parse ;  and  when  he  had  brought  him  it,  he  took  out  a 
crown  and  cast  over  the  stair,  saying, '  I  appeal  from  that  summons,  judgement  and 
sentence  thereof,  and  takes  me  all  whole  in  the  mercy  of  God,  and  Chrut  Jesus  His 
Son.'  Verily  the  author  of  this,  that  caused  me  write  the  manner  of  the  summons, 
was  a  landed  gentleman,  who  was  at  that  time  twenty  years  of  age,  and  was  in  the 
town  the  time  of  the  said  summons;  and  thereafter,  when  the  Held  was  stricken 
[Flodden],  he  swore  to  me  there  was  no  man  that  escaped  that  was  called  in  this  sum- 
mons ;  but  all  the  lave  were  perished  in  the  field  with  the  King." 


278  [March, 


Original   Documents 


EXPENSES  OF  THE  ROYAL  STABLES,  ctbca  1554. 

Mh.  Ubban, — Perhaps  the  following  account  of  the  expenses  of  the 
stables  of  Queen  Mary  may  not  be  unacceptable  to  those  of  your  readers 
who  feel  an  interest  in  the  very  valuable  series  of  original  documents 
which  you  are  now  taking  excellent  means  of  perpetuating  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine.  This  document  is  extracted  from  the  Records  of  the 
Exchequer,  now  at  the  Public  Record  Office,  and  is  one  of  those  which 
escaped  the  wanton  dispersion  and  destruction  of  historical  papers  so  ruth- 
lessly commenced  by  the  Exchequer  authorities  before  the  recent  erectioa 
of  the  permanent  home  of  our  National  Records.  This  account  is  not 
dated,  but  it  belongs  to  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary.  I  would 
direct  attention  to  one  curious  feature  in  this  document,  towards  the  end, 
where  we  find  mention  of  "  one  daunsinge  nage"  for  her  Majesty's  use ; 
does  this  denote  that  horses  were  then  taught,  as  they  are  now,  to  perform 
tricks  and  capers  &  la  Batty  P  William  Henby  Hart. 

Folkestone  House,  Boupell  Park,  Streatham. 

A  books  of  chardoes  for  the  Queues  Maiesties  Stable  asxocU  for  the  provufon 
of  tow  Lytto"  covered  vf  Uacke.  velvet,  thone  embrodered  w*  paisamen  lace  of 
golde  and  sylver,  as  also  thre  Sadies  and  thre  harnes  to  the  same  of  velv*  of 
sondry  colors,  crymisyn,  purple,  and  blache,  layed  on  w*  paisamen  lace  of  golde 
and  silver,  w*  bittes,  stirrops,  and  all  othr  neaf  to  the  same  belonginge,  pro- 
vided by  Edmunde  Standen,  clearke  of  the  stable. 


Ouilliam  Bbellent,  Brourtherer. — Inprimis  for  thimbrowtherynge  of  on  Lyto*  uppon 
black  velvet,  wythe  payssamine  lace  of  goulde  and  sylver,  wyth  sadlea  &  harr- 
neses  to  the  same  for  the  workmashipp     .  .  .  .  xu 

Itm  for  iiijUi  of  fynne  Vennys  gould  and  sylver  spennt  uppon  the  saide  lytor,  price 
the  pounde,  lxxvj*      .  .  .  .  .  .    xvu  iiij1 

Itm  for  one  pounde  d'  of  fynne  sylk  spennt  uppon  the  saide  lyto*,  at  xxiiij"  po'  xxxvif 

Itm  for  the  quyltyoge  of  thinsyde  of  the  same  lytor  uppon  crymsyne  saten  for  cotton 

woll  and  workmashippe  of  the  same  .  .  .  .  c* 

Itm  D*  pounde  of  fynne  sylk  to  quylt  the  same  price  .  .  .  xij* 

Itm  for  xx.  elles  of  lynen  clothe  spennt  uppd  the  saide  lyDynge  of  the  lytor,  at  xijd 

thell  .......  xx« 

Sm*  of  thimbrowthcrers  byll  for  his  stuf  and  workmashippe  of  the  same 

lytor,  xxxiij"  xij1 

Mrs.  Wilkinson,  for  Sylkwoma'e  Stuf  and  Workmaship  for  one  rche  Lytor. — Fyrsfc 
delyveryde  the  iiyth  dale  of  Janrij  ij.unces  d'  of  rede  penny  bredry-bande,  at  xxd  the 
o&,  in  toto  ......      iiij"  ijd 

Itm  x.  uuces  iij.  qrt  d'  of  crymsyn  sylk  fringe,  at  ij"  the  unc'       .  .    xxj'  ixd 

Itin  one  ownce  of  black  pennybrtd  ryband  .  ,  .  xx4 


1861.]  Expenses  of  the  Royal  Stables,  c.  1554.  279 

Itm  viij11  j.  oz.  of  short  fringe  of  gould  and  sylver  imployed  nppon  a  lyto»,  at  vy*  the 

unce,  in  toto  .....  xxxiiju  xix" 

Itm  iiju  j.  oz.  of  black  sylk  fringe  for  the  same,  at  xvjd  the  unce,  in  toto   •    lxv*  iiijd 

Itm  ij.  nnces  of  Spaynyshe  stiching  sylk,  at  ij*  the  unc'  .  •  iiij" 

Itm  ix.  oz.  of  black  fringe  and  black  bobemit  work,  at  xvjd  the  unc*,  in  toto  xij* 

Itm  one  payr  of  ledinge  raynez  of  sylk  and  goulde  pTice  .  xxvj*  viijd 

Itm  one  oz.  of  Spaynyshe  sylk  black    ■  .  .  .  ij" 

Itm  grose  <T  of  black  ryband  poynntes,  at  vj*  the  grose,  in  toto  .  ix* 

Itm   Delivered  to  Guilliam  Brellenn't,  embrowtherer,  for  the  p'formance  of  the 

lyto*,  iy.  traces  j.  qrt  of  bonework  lace,  at  viij'  vjd  the  unce,  in  toto     xxvy*  vyd  ob. 

Itm  one  payr  of  Raynez  of  black  sylk,  price  •  .  .        xxx*. 

SftV  of  Mrs.  Wilkinson's  bill  for  the  riche  lyto',  xliiij"  lij-  ijd  ob\ 

MfiS.  Battll,  for  Silkwomas  Stuf  and  Workmashipp  for  ij.  Sadies. — In  p'mis  the 
xviy th  daie  of  Januarij,  ix.  yardes  of  double  fringe  of  black  sylk  and  gould,  and . 
ix.  yardes  of  double  fringe  of  crynsin  sylk  and  gould  for  fryngeinge  of  two  sadles 
of  black  and  crymsyn  velvet  to  be  gevin  aweye,  the  gould  wayinge  viij.  unces,  at 
vy*  the  oz.,  and  the  sylk  wayinge  vj.  oz.,  at  ij"  the  oz.,  in  toto  •       lxviij* 

Itm  one  peace  of  short  gould  fringe  for  the  cutes  of  the  y.  sadles,  weyinge  iiij.  oz. 
iij.  qrt,  at  vij*  le  oz.,  in  toto       ....  xxxiij*  iijd 

Itm  ij.  unces  of  twysted  gould  lace  for  the  seates  of  the  same  sadeles,  at  vij"  the 
oz.  ......  .         xiiij* 

Itm  ij.  unces  of  sowing  sylk,  at  xxd  oz.        .  .  .  .    iij*  iiijd 

Itm  iiij.  great  batons  of  black  and  crynsin  sylk  and  gould  for  ij.  payr  of  raynes  to 
the  same  sadles,  at  v*  the  boton  ....  xx*. 

Itm  ij.  deappe  tasselles  of  sylk  and  gould  for  the  said  rayne,  knyt  w*  caulles  of  gold, 
the  gould  weyinge  one  oz.  iij.  qrt,  at  vij'  the  oz.,  and  the  sylk  weyinge  ij.  unces,  at 
ij*  oz.  .  .  .  .  .  .    xvi*  iyd 

8m*  totalis  of  Mrs.  Baulles  bill  for  silkwoma's  stuff  and  worke,  in  toto,  vij11  xiiy*  xd. 

MB8.  Male  bye, /or  Silkwoma's  Stuf  and  Workmashipp  for  one  Sadie  and  Homes 

of  p' pie  Velvet. — Inp'mis  one  ounce  of  twysted  sylver  .  .    vj*  viijd 

Itm  d'  oz.  of  twhight  sylk  .  .  .  .  .  ixd 

Itm  v.  unces  j.  qrt  of  narowe  sylver  fringe,  at  vj*  viijd  the  unc*  .  .       xxxv* 

Itm  iij.  oz.  qrtr  d'  of  sylver  fringe  knyte,  for  a  peytrell,  at  viij*  the  oz.       .       xxvij* 

Itm  v.  unces  qrtr  of  purple  sylk  fringe,  at  xx-  the  oz.,  in  toto    .  •    viij*  ixd 

Itm  d'  oz.  of  twysted  sylver  .  .  .  .  .    iij*  iiijd 

Itm  vj.  unces  qrtT  d'  and  a  lytle  skeyne  of  sylver  breydes,  at  viij*  the  unc'        \j*  vjd 

Itm  for  taselling  and  butonynge  of  a  purple  rayne,  w*  a  caull  of  sylver,  and  ij. 

batons  for  the  stiropps  .....        xviij" 

Itm  j.  unce  iy.  qrtr  d'  of  narowe  sylver  fringe,  at  vj*  viyd  the  unc*  .     xij*  vjd 

Sm»  of  M™  Malory's  bill  for  sylkwoma's  stuf  and  workmaship,  viijM  iy*  vjd. 

Mbb.  WrLKTKSON,  for  Sylkwoma's  Stuf  and  Workmashipp  fore  one  lytor  coveryd 
vf  black  Velvet. — Itm  more  delyveryde  to  Richarde  Baynham,  Sadler,  for  one  other 
black  lyto',  the  xxixlh  daie  of  Maye,  v"  j.  oz.  of  black  fringe  of  sylk,  at  xxvj*  viijd 
the  pounde  .  .  .  .  .  .     vj"  xv* 

Itm  ij.  payr  of  syngle  raynez  of  black  sylk,  w*  tasclles  of  black  sylk,  at  xiij* 
nyd  p         .  .  .  .  .  xxvi*  viyd 

Itm  ij.  payr  of  raynez  double  of  the  same  sylk,  w*  caules  of  gould  and  taselles,  at 
xxvj*  viijd  the  payre,  in  toto     .  .  .  .  .   liy*  iiijd 

Itm  one  grose  of  rybande  poyntes,  pr  .  .  .  viij* 

Sm-  to1*  of  the  black  lyto*,  xj"  iij*. 
Sffi*  tota»*  of  M"  Wilkins'  p'eeU*  for  bothe  lyto**,  lv»  vj*  ijd  obf. 


280  Original  Documents.  [March, 

ElCHABD  Batkh'm,  Sadler,  for  his  Stuf  and  Wbrkmathipp  appertening  unto  one 
rche  Lyto'. — Inp'mis  for  the  mendinge  of  the  tymb'rwoork  of  Ane  lyttor,  and  for 
shavinge  downe  of  the  shades,  and  a  newe  dore,  and  mendynge  of  the  bayles  of 
the  same  lyto*  ......  V 

Itm  for  x.  black  caulu  . .  bynes  to  cover  the  said  lyto',  at  xijd  the  peace     .  X* 

Itm  for  one  oxhide  to  laye  in  the  botome  of  the  same  lyto',  price  .  viij1 

Itm  for  workmashipp  and  garnyshinge  of  the  same  lyto7  .  .  x* 

Itm  for  one  M1  of  black  garnyshinge  nayllcs  to  garnysh  downe  the  coverynge  of  the 
same  lytor  ......  xvjd 

It©  for  Cnttynge  fashonynge  and  garnyshing  in  of  the  lynynge  of  crymsyn  saten  x" 

Itfti  for  Ml  d'  of  gylt  garnyshing  naylles  wch  were  imployed  uppon  the  same 

lytor  .......       xxiiij" 

Itffi  for  payntynge  and  gyldinge  of  ihj.  glas  wyndowes  to  the  sayd  lytor,  at  ij'  vjd 
p'ic'  .......  x1 

Itm  for  payntynge  and  gyldinge  of  ix.  bares  to  the  said  lyto7     .  .  iiij' 

Itra  for  varnyshinge  of  a  payr  of  shaftes  to  the  same  lyto7  .  .    vjB  viijd 

Itm  for  tymbre  work  of  a  cheyer  and  a  stole  of  waynscote  work  done  by  a  joyner  for 

the  same  lyto'  ...*..  xij" 

Itm  for  coveringe  and  garnyshinge  the  cheer  and  the  stoole  w*  crymsyn  vellvet, 

the  setes  seet  wth  fyne  downe  fringed  wyth  rede  sylk  fringe,  at  vj*  viijd  the 

pece  .......  xiij*  iiij*1 

Itm  for  ml  of  gylt  garnyshinge  naylles  imployed  uppon  the  said  cheyer  and  stoole  xvi' 

Itm  for  ij.  great  double  braces  of  blacklether  lynnyd  in  the  mydes  w*  lether  hnngrey  to 

carie  the  said  lyto',  at  vB  iiijd  the  peace    .  .  .  .    xs.  viijd 

Itm  for  iiij.  great  buckles  of  iron,  varnyshd  black,  w*  runnyng  rowles,  at  vjd  the 


pic* 


>J 


id 


Itm  for  varnyshinge  and  mending  the  iron  work  belonging  unto  the  said  body  of  the 
same  lyto',  and  newe  pynnes     .  .  .  .vs. 

Itm  for  cnttynge,  lynyng,  fringing  and  makynge  of  the  slopho'  of  black  velvet  leyd 

over  w*  payssameyne  lace  of  Venys  gould  and  sylver,  fringed  wth  Wak  sylk  and 

Venys  gould  fringe,  wch  slopho'  is  to  take  of  and  on,  in  toto    .  .  xiy*  iiijd 

Itm  for  xv.  yardes  of  black  bukaram  to  lyne  the  same  slopho',  at  xijd  the  yard  xij'  vjd 

Itm  for  makinge  of  iiij.  caces  of  black  velvet,  to  take  of  and  on,  for  thendes  of  the 

shaftes,  at  xijd  the  peace,  in  toto  ....  iiy" 

Itm  for  ij.  lytor  sadles,  coveryd  with  blak  caulves  lether  to  the  lytor  moylles,  at 
xttj*  iiijd  the  peace     .....  xxvj*  viijd 

Itm  for  makinge,  lynynge,  and  fringinge  of  ij.  slopho'  of  black  velvet,  layd  on  w* 
paysameyne  lace  of  gould  and  sylver,  and  lynynge  of  them  w*  buckarram,  and 
fringing  them  wtb  Venys  gould  and  sylk  fringe,  at  vj'  viijd  the  peace,  in 
toto  .......  xttj*  iiijd 

Itm  for  iiij.  syvelles  of  iron,  varnyshid  black  to  the  same  sadles,  at  vjd  the  pric       ij* 

Itm  for  iiij.  double  braces  of  black  lether,  coveryd  wythe  black  velvet,  and  fringed 

w*  sylk  and  gould  fringe,  at  ij*  vjd  p»        .  .  .  .  xs 

Itm  for  iiij.  buckylles  of  iron,  varnyshid  black  to  the  same  syvelles,  at  iiijd  le  pecJ  xvjd 

Itm  for  y .  double  braces  of  iij.  fould  of  lether,  thendes  coveryd  w*  velvet,  fringed  wyth 

sylk  and  gould  fringe,  in  toto      .....        viij* 

Itm  iiij.  great  buckles  vernyshid  black  to  the  same  braces,  at  vjd.  the  peace  ij* 

Itm  for  lether,  making,  lynynge,  anoTstunng  of  ij.  double  harness  of  black  lether,  as 

collers  and  breches,  coveryd  wyth  black  velvet,  and  fringed  wyth  sylk  and  gould 

fringe,  and  lynynd  w*  buckarram  and  ryvetynge  on'  of  the  gylt  buckeles  to  the 

same,  p'ice  the  peace  xxiiij*  ihjd,  in  toto  .  •  .  xlvj'  viyd 

Itm  for  viij.  great  ringes  of  iron,  vernyshed  blacke,  at  vjd  the  peace  .  iiij* 

Itm  for  lether  and  makinge  of  ij.  hedstaUes,  coveryde  wyth  black  velvet,  fringed  w( 

5 


a 


1861.]  Expenses  of  the  Royal  Stables,  c.  1554.  281 

black  By  Ik  and  Venys  gould  fringe,  and  setynge  on*  of  the  gylt  buckles  and  howckes, 

price  the  peace  vj*,  in  toto        .....  xy" 

Itm  for  xlij.  gylt  buckeles  ymployed  upon  the  sadeles  hedstalles,  raynez,  collers,  and 

breches  afforesayd,  at  xvjd  the  peace         ....  lvj* 

Itm  for  viij.  basonetes  of  copper  and  gylt,  gravin  w*  the  Qnene's  Ma**  armes,  w** 

be  set  appon  the  collers  and  breches  aforsaid,  at  vj*  viijd  the  peace,  in  toto  liij"  iiij* 
Itm  for  yiij.  hoackes  of  copper  and  gylt  to  the  brode  hedstaulles  and  raynez  aforsaid, 

at  iij*  iiijd  the  p.  .  .  .  xxvj*Viyd 

Itm  for  xxiiij.  coupper  naylles,  grete  and  gylt,  to  set  on  the  bazonetes,  at  yd  the 

peace         .......  iiy* 

Itm  for  ij.  payr  of  whight  gerthes  of  ye  doable  fashion,  wy  th  dowble  bridges  of  twyne 

to  the  same,  at  ij-  viijd  ye  p*  .  .  .  .      v*  iiij* 

Itm  for  a  ly  sty  nge  footatole,  coveryd  w*  black  velvet,  garnyshid  with  lace  and  gylt 

naylles,  in  toto  ......  v 

Itm  for  gylt  naylles  to  garnyshe  the  same  fotstoole     .  .  .  vs 

Itm  for  a  case  of  black  lether  to  cary  the  same  fotstole  in,  lynnyd  w*  buckarram  ij'  vjd 
Itm  for  a  fyne  whight  brushe  of  here  .  .  .  ij* 

Itm  for  a  lock  and  keye  for  the  dore  of  y«  lytor  .  .  .  viijd 

Itm  for  ij.  doss'  of  canlve  skynes  for  to  make  the  slopho'  for  the  lytor,  at  xij*  the 

doss*  .......       xxiiy" 

Itm  for  xx.  yardes  of  buckarram  to  lyne  the  same  slophouse,  at  viijd  the  yarde  xiij"  iiijd 
Itm  for  makynge  of  the  same  slopho*  •  .  .  •  v* 

Itm  for  viij.  pynnes  of  iron,  tynnyd  and  vernyshid  for  the  shaftes  of  the  said  lytor,  at 

xvjd  the  peace,  in  toto  .  .  .  .  x*  viyd 

Sma  totalis  of  Rychard  Baynhnn"s  p'celles  for  his  stnf  and  workmashippe  apper- 
tayning  unto  on'  riche  lytor  beforesaid,  xxvu  xvj*  iiijd. 


Bichabd  Baywh*m,  Sadler,  for  his  Siuf  and  Workmashipp  appcrteynyng  unto  one 

Lytor  coveryd  w'  black  Vellvet. — Itm  cuttyng,  lynynge,  fringing  and  makinge  of 

a  slophouse  of  black  velvet,  fringed  with  black  sylk  fringe  for  a  lytor  of  black, 

wch  slopho'  is  to  take  of  and  on  the  same  lytor,  in  toto  .  .  xiij*  iiyd 

Itm  for  xv.  yardes  of  buckarram  to  lyne  the  same  slopho',  at  xd  the  yarde  .  xij" 

Itm  for  makinge  of  liij.  caces  of  black  velvet  for  thendes  of  the  lytor         .  iiij" 

Itm  for  makyng,  lynynge,  and  fringinge  of  ij.  slopho*  of  black  velvet,  lynnyd  with 

bukarm  and  fringed  wythe  black  sylk  fringe,  at  vja  viijd  the  peace  .   xiij*  iiij*1 

Itm  for  lether,  and  making  lynynge  and  tuffinge  of  ij.  double  harness  of  black  lether, 

w*  collers,  breches  coveryd  in  blak  welvet,  and  fringed  with  sylk  fringe  and  lynyd 

w(  buckeram,  price  the  peace  xx"  .  .  .  xl* 

Itm  for  viy.  great  ringes  of  iron,  vernyshid  black,  to  ye  same  harnez,  at  vjd  the 

peac'  .......  iiij* 

Itm  for  lether,  and  makinge  of  ij.  hedstalles  and  raynes,  w*  black  velvet,  and  fringed 
w*  black  sylk  fringe,  set  on  w*  gylt  buckles,  at  vj'  the  peace,  in  toto       •  xy* 

Itm  for  xviij.  gylt  buckles  for  the  same  hedstalles  and  raynez,  at  xyd  the  pec*    xviij" 
Itm  ij.  payr  of  whight  gyrthes,  bridged  after  the  double  fashion,  at  ij'  ye  peyr     iiij* 
Itm  on  brushe  of  here  to  the  same  lytor      ....  xijd 

Itm  for  a  fyne  lock  and  a  keye  for  the  dore  of  the  same  lyttor    .  .         viijd 

Itm  for  a  by  sack  of  buckeram  conteynynge  iij.  yardes  d',  to  put  the  lytor  harnes  in, 

at  x*  .  .  .  .  .  .       y*  xjd 

Itm  for  makinge  of  the  same  by  sack  ....  iiyd 

Itm  for  a  by  sack  of  buckarram  co'ting,  iij.  yard*  d'  for  the  rich  coverynge  and  the 
harnes,  in  to'  .  .  .  .  .  .       ij»  xjd 

Itm  for  makinge  of  the  same  bysack  .  iiij4 

Out.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  m  m 


282  Original  Documents.  [March, 

Itm  for  viij.  whight  pynnes  of  iron  for  the  riche  lytor,  to  spare  the  gilt  pynes,  at 
viijd  the  peace  .  .  .  .  .  .      v"  iiijd 

Itm  for  a  bage  of  canvas  to  pat  the  bytes  and  the  pynes  in,  price  .         vi\j4 

Sma  of  the  charges  of  the  sadler  for  the  black  ljtor,  vju  xinj*  xd. 

BlCHABD  Bayhh'k,  for  Velvet,  and  makinge  of  xj.  payr  of  velvet  Raynes  and  other 

necessaries,  etc. — Itm  for  iiij.  yardes  of  black  velvet  to  cover  xj.  payr  of  stayinge 

raynez  to  the  sente  sadles,  and  ofi  payr  of  stiroplethers  for  the  pilion  sadle,  at  xvj" 

the  yard     .  .  .  .  '      .  .        lxiiij" 

Itm  for  lether  and  coverynge  of  the  same  raynes  with  velvet,  at  xijd  the  peyr       xj" 

Itm  for  lether  and  coverynge  of  one  payr  of  stiroplethers,  price  .  xijd 

Itm  for  xj.  gylt  buckles  to  ye  same  raynez,  at  xijd  the  peace       •  .  xj" 

Itm  for  xxxiij.  pendauntes  of  copper  and  gylt  to  y*  same  raynez,  at  iiijd  the  peac'  xj" 

Itm  for  iiij.  clothes  of  sack  clothe,  lynnyd  wyth  canvas,  and  gardid  w(  whight  and 

grene  clothe  for  the  lytcr  moylles,  at  x"  xd,  pTic        .  .  .  xliij"  iiijd 

Itm  for  iiij.  cramockes  of  canvas  for  the  same  moylles,  at  ij*  the  peace       •         viij" 

Richabdx  Baykham, /or  his  Stuf  and  Workmanshipp  of  one  Sadie  for  Hoge  to  ryd 
the  Gelding  w*all  by  the  Coneduct  of  the  M' of  the  Morses. — Itm  for  one  sadle  of 
the  Frenche  fashion,  coveryd  wyth  drye  caulvez  lether,  to  ryde  the  Qnenes  Mau 
geldinges  w*all  ......  x" 

Itm  for  a  singele  harnes  of  blacklether  to  the  same  sadle  .  .  iiij" 

Itm  for  a  peyr  of  stiropps  and  doable  lethers  to  the  same,  in  toto  •     ij"  viijd 

Itm  for  a  peyr  of  whight  gerthes,  pric  ....         xvjd 

Sma  totalis  of  Rychard  baynames,  sadlers,  p'celles  for  his  stuf  and  workmashippe, 
as  well  for  the  ij.  lytors  as  for  other  nece'es  before  said,  xl11  xix'  vjd. 

Thomas  CoTTKB,Jbre  Ms  Stuf  and  Wo'k  ofiij.  Sadies  and  iij.  Harness  before-named. 
— Inp*mis  for  seate,  and  makynge  of  one  pad  sadle  coveryd  wyth  black  velvet, 
quylted  and  stychid  wyth  ttrysted  gould  lace,  gardid  wyth  ij.  gardes  of  paypsa- 
meyn  lace  of  gould,  lynyd  and  fringed  with  sylk  and  gould  lynyd  with  coton,  and 
the  panell  lynyd  wyth  fyne  holonde  clothe,  in  toto  .  .  .  xx" 


Itm  for  a  crowp'  buckle  of  iron  and  gylt  to  the  same,  price 
Itm  for  a  slopho'  of  sprucelether,  lynyd  with  cotton,  price 
Itm  for  one  payr  of  stiroplethers,  coveryd  w*  velvet,  price 
Itm  for  iij.  whight  gyrthes,  double,  with  fyne  Scotyshe  buckles 


xy" 

VIIJ" 

xvjd 

•  •  •  •_ 

n»J' 


HABVES/or  the  same  Sadie  of  Black  Velvett. 

Itm  for  the  lether  and  makinge  of  a  harnes  to  the  aforesayd  sadle,  coveryde  wyth 
velvet,  and  iij.  dovble  strypps  and  sydes  of  the  largist  syse,  and  for  settingc  on 
buckles,  pendauntes,  barivs,  rynges,  and  ross*  of  copper  and  gylt,  lynnyd  w(  buck- 
arram,  with  batons  and  taselles  of  black  sylk  and  gould  for  the  raynes   .       xxiiij* 

Gylt  Stuf  for  the  saide  Karnes. 

Yet  Thoma8  Cottbe,  for  the  same  Sadies  and  Harness. — Fyrste  x.  buckles  of  copper 
and  gylt,  at  xijd  the  peace,  in  toto  .  .  .  .  x* 

xxd 

xiy"  111J* 

y 

nj'  mjd 
x" 

Xlj" 

xiy 


Itm  y.  rynges,  wythe  roes'  of  copper  and  gylt,  at  xd  the  peace    . 
Itm  for  xvj.  pendauntes  of  copper  and  gylt,  at  xd  the  peace,  in  toto 
Itm  for  iiij.  pendauntes,  wyth  poyntes,  at  vjd  the  peace 
Itm  for  iiij.  great  pendauntes  for  dages,  at  xd  y'  pric' . 
Itm  for  xij.  great  barres  for  the  peytrell,  at  xd  the  peace,  in  toto 
Itm  for  xxiiij  barres  for  the  hedstaull,  at  vjd  p' 
Itm  for  exxvj.  barres  for  the  crowpper,  at  iiijd  the  pece,  in  toto 
Itm  for  iij.  great  roes',  as  brodd  as  ryalles,  for  the  body  of  the  crowpper  and  peytreyll, 
at  xyd  the  peace,  in  toto  .  .  .  .iij" 


1861.]  Expenses  of  the  Royal  Stables,  c.  1554.  283 

Itm  for  ij.  roes',  tain  dele  leser  then  the  other,  at  viyd  the  peace  .         xvjd 

Itm  for  clxviij.  roses  of  the  mydle  sort,  at  iijd  p'  .  •         xttj* 

Itm  for  ij.  yardes  of  buckaram  to  lyne  the  same  harnes,  at  xd  the  yarde,  in  toto  xxd 
Itm  for  one  yard  d'  of  cotton  to  lapp  in  the  same  harnes  .  .  xyd 

Sma  totalis  of  the  sadle  and  harnes  coveryd  wMriack  velvet,  x11  xx*. 

Okb  othbb  8adle  and  Harnes,  coveryd  wyth  Crymsyn  Vellvet, 

Yet  Thom's  CotTEE,/or  the  same  Sadies. — Fyrste  for  the  seat  and  makinge  of  sadle  of 
the  Frenche  fashion,  wy  th  boulsters  and  braces,  gardid  wyth  ij.  gardes  of  paysamene 
lace  of  crymsyne  sylk  and  gould,  quilted  and  styched  w*  twysted  gonld  lace,  the 
panell  lynyd  wth  fyne  holond  clothe         .  .  .  xxvj"  viijd 

Itm  for  xix.  ryned  butons  of  copper  and  gylt  for  the  coverynge  of  the  same 
sadle  .  .  •  .  .     iij*  iiijd 

Itm  for.  the  sloph'  lynnyd  w*  red  cotton 

Itm  for  a  crowpper  bouckle  of  iron  and  gilt 

Itm  for  a  payr  of  stiroplethers,  coveryd  wythe  vellvet,  price 

Itm  for  iij.  whight  gyrthes,  fyne  buckles     . 


viy4 
xy* 
xvj* 
inj" 


Karnes  for  the  same  Sadie  of  Crymsyn  Velvet. 

Itm  for  the  lether  and  makynge  of  a  hanies,  w*  iij.  strypps  and  sydes  coveryd  wyth 
crymsyn  vellvet,Jand  for  setynge  on  buckelles,  pendauntes,  barres,  rynges,  and  roes' 
of  copper  and  gylt,  w*  a  fringe  uppon  the  pey trell  and  butons,  and  tasselles  of  sylk 
and  gould  for  the  rayncz,  all  lynnyd  wyth  buckarram,  in  toto  •  xx* 

Silkb  STirmfor  the  Crymsyn  Harnes  of  Velvet, 

Yet  Thox'8  CoxrBXffor  the  same  Sadies. — Inpimis  x.  buckles  of  copper  and  gylt,  at 

xijd  p'  ,  .  .  .  .  .x* 

Itm  for  iiy.  pendauntes  for  dages,  at  xd  ye  peace         •  .  .     iij-  iiijd 

Itm  for  xx.  pendauntes,  w*  poyntes  of  a  newe  patrone,  we  y*  flowrdelyce,  at  viijd  ye 

peace  ........  xiij*  iiijd 

Itm  for  ij.  rynges,  with  ross*  of  copper  and  gylt  •  •  •  xx4 

Itm  for  ij.  great  ross',  at  xijd  the  peace        •  •  .  ,  ij" 

Itm  for  v.  moletes,  at  viyd  the  peace  .  .  .  .     iij"  iiijd 

Itni  for  xij.  gret  barres  for  the  pey  trell  of  a  newe  patron  of  antique  work,  at 

xij.  p'         .  .  •  .  •  •  •  xij' 

Itm  for  xxiiij.  barres  of  a  midle  sort,  and  of  a  newe  patron  of  antique  work,  at  vjd 

the  peace,  in  toto       ....  •  xy" 

EX 

Itm  for  C  iiij  xy.  ross*  of  the  same  patron,  for  powderynges,  at  iijd  the  peace    lxxuj* 
Itm  for  ij.  yardes  of  buckarram,  at  xd  y«  yard  .  .  «  xx4 

Itm  for  one  yarde  d'  of  coton  to  lapp  in  the  same  harrnes  .  •  xij* 

Sma  totalis  of  the  sadle  and  harnes  coveryd  w*  crymssyn  velvet,  ixu  xvjj"  viij*. 

Obi  Tmucy  Sadle  and  Harnes,  coveryd  toy  th  purple  Velvet  layd  wythe  Silver* 

Thomas  Cotos  yet  fore  same  Sadies.^ Inp'mis  for  seate  and  makynge  of  a  Turky 

sadle,  wyth  boulstres  and  braces  coveryd  w*  pie  velvet,  quylted  and  stichid  wyth 

twysted  sylver  lace,  garded  wl  ij.  gardes  of  paysamt  of  sylver,  and  fringed  w*  pie 

sylk  and  sylv*  .  .  .  ,  .  xxvj«  viijd 

Itm  for  a  crowp',  bouckles  of  iron  and  gylt  .  •  •  zijd 

Itm  for  a  slophowse  lynnyd  wyth  conto       ,  .  •  •  viij" 

Itm  for  a  payr  of  stiroplethers,  coverd  wythe  vellvet  .  •         xvid 

Itm  for  iij.  whight  gyrthes,  dowble,  with  fyne  Scotyshe  buckles  •  iiy* 


X* 

xvjd 

•• •_    •  •• • J 

vuj"  iujd 

xy* 

Ixiiij* 

xxd 

xyd 


284  Original  Documents.  [March, 

Karnes  to  theforsaide  Sadie  of  p'ple  Velvet* 
Itm  for  y  lether  and  makynge  of  one  harnes,  wyth  iij.  stryppes,  and  sydeg  coveryd 
w*  p'ple  velvet,  breydede  wth  breydes  of  sylver,  and  for  setynge  on  buckles, 
pendauntes,  ringes,  and  roes'  of  copper  and  sylveryd  .  xxvj*  viijd 

Itm  for  x.  buckles  of  copper  and  sylveryd    . 
Itm  for  y\  pendauntes  for  dagges,  at  viijd  p* 
Itm  for  x.  great  roes'  of  copper  and  gylverd,  at  xd  tbe  peace 
Itm  for  xviij.  pendauntes,  wth  poyntes,  at  viijd  the  peace 
Itm  cclvj.  ross'  of  copper  and  sylveryd,  at  iijd  the  peace 
Itm  for  buckarram  to  lyne  the  same 
Itm  for  cotton  to  lappe  the  same  in 

Sma  totle  of  the  p'ple  sadle  and  harnes,  viij11  vj*. 
Sma  totle  of  Thomas  Coure's  bill  for  the  iij  sadles  and  harness,  xxviij11  v"  ihjd. 

For  xl.  Course. 

Thomas  Cotjbe,  for  Ms  Stufand  Work  for  xl.  Court's. — In  p'rais,  for  xl.  coursers,  xL 

harness  of  black  lether,  viz.  hedstalles,  ray  nes,  pey trellcs,  and  Coppers,  w*  on  strypp, 

at  vj1  viijd  the  peac    .  .  .  .  .  xiij"  vj*  viijd 

Itm  for  xl.  payr  of  double  brown  gyrthes,  at  xijd  the  payr  .  .  xl" 

Itm  for  xl.  double  sursingelles,  at  xd  pec'     .  .  .  xxxi\j*  iiijd 

Itm  for  xl.  payr  of  stiroplethers,  wherof  xvj.  payr  double,  at  xijd  the  payr,  and 

thother  at  vjd  the  payr  .....      xxviij" 

Itm  for  xij.  payr  of  spare  portysmouthe,  at  iijd  the  peyr,  in  toto  .  iij' 

Itm  for  carriage  of  xxx.  stele  sadles  from  the  storhowse  to  the  stable,  and  for  stuffing 

and  mending  of  ye  same  sadles  .  ....  xx' 

Itm  fur  lx.  tayles  of  lether  hungry,  at  ijd  the  peac*      .  .  .  x* 

Itm  for  xxx.  countershingelles,  at  yd  ye  prc  ...  v* 

Itm  for  buckles  and  lethers  to  serve  for  the  same  peytrelles  and  crowppers  ij* 

Itm  for  carriage  of  the  same  furnyture  by  water  to  the  stable,  in  toto        .  iiijd 

Sma  tote  for  ye  coursers'  stuff,  xx11  viijs  iiijd. 

William  Cbsssevztt,  Bytemaker,  for  gylt  and  sylverye  bytes  and  tphiyht  bytes  with 
gylt  bosses. — In  p'mis  for  ij.  fayr  gylt  bytes  for  geldinges  fyne  fylid  wl  )onge  chekes, 
and  iron  bosses  gravin  and  double  gylt,  wth  boultes,  chaynes,  courbs,  and  other 
necc1,  at  iiij11  piec       .  .  .  .  .  .        viij11 

Itm  ij.  fayr  fylid  bytes  for  moylles  wth  gret  bosses  gravin  and  double  gylt,  wth 
boultes,  barres,  chaynes,  and  courbs,  with  all  other  necc*,  at  xxiij"  iiij"*  the 
peac*  ......  xlvjf  viijd 

Itfn  one  large  whight  bite  fyne  fylid  w'  gylt  bosses,  w*  chaynes,  hockes,  etc',  for 
a  double  geldinge,  pic*  .....  xx* 

Itm  more  for  ij.  faire  gylt  bytes  with  boses  double  gylt  for  the  quenes  higbnes  own 
use  and  ocapinge,  the  one  at  vu  and  thothr  at  iiij11,  with  boults,  barres,  chaynes, 
ringes,  and  courbbs,  in  toto       .  .  .  .  .  ix11 

Sma  totle  of  the  byt  makers  p'cell«,  xx11  vj*  viijd. 

RoBKET  Smtthe,  8tiroppmaker,for  Gylt  Sylveryd  and  Black  Vamyshid  Stiropps. — 
In  p'mis  to  Robert  Smythe,  stiropp  maker,  for  one  payr  of  fyne  fylid  stiropps 
double  gylt  ......  lx1 

Itm  more  to  him  for  one  other  payr  double  sylveryd  to  be  gevin  aweye  in  lyck 

manner      •  •  .  .  lx* 

Itm  more  to  him  for  one  other  payr  p'cell  gylt  to  be  gevin  as  before  .  xl" 

Itm  more  to  him  for  xl.  payr  of  blacke  vamyshid  stiropps,  to  serve  fot  xl.  stele 

sadles  for  coursers  weh  servid  ageynst  Wyat,  at  xxd  the  payr,  in  toto        |xvj"  viijd 

Sma  to*"  of  the  stiropp  maker's  byll,  xju  vj*  viyd. 


186L]  Expenses  of  the  Royal  Stables,  c.  1554.  285 

For  xiij.  gelding*  weh  were  gevin  awey,  and  for  one  daunsinge  nage  for  the  qnenes 
ma"  own  use,  as  folowith,  viz. : — 
John  Bbedoes,  Taylo\  Thomas  Cube,  Sadler,  and  Wjll'm  Cretoiewt,  Bytmdkr,  for 

their  Stuf  and  Wb'ktnashipp  for  xiij.  G  elding  c*  and  one  Nage. — In  p'mis  xiiij. 

horsclothes  of  whight  and  grene  clothe,  bordered  wythe  whight  and  greane  and 

lynyd  wythe  canvas,  at  xx"  y*  clothe         ....        xiiij11 
Itm  for  xiij.  hedstalles  with  raynez  of  redlether,  at  ij"  vjd  the  pece  xxxjj»  vjd 

Itm  xuj.  payr  of  paystrons,  at  xijd  y*  payr   ....  xiij1 

Itm  xiij.  doable  rollers,  doable  rnyned,  at  iiij'  iiijd  the  peac 
Itm  xiij.  traveller  with  raynes,  at  x*  y'  plc* . 
Itm  xiij.  bytes  w(  wateringe  bosses,  at  vj"  the  byte,  in  toto 
Itm  xiiij.  sarsingelles  of  brown  webb,  at  viijd  the  peac',  in  toto 
Itm  xiij.  payr  of  portesmonthes,  at  ijd  y*  p' . 

Sma  totalis  of  the  p'celles  fur  the  xiij.  geldingea  and  the  nage,  xxiij11  xijB  ijd. 

Sma  totalis  hujos  libri,  ccxlix11  xv*  ijd  ob'. 

Whereof  rece)  vid  in  prest  of  the  said  sm  of  ccxlix"  xv"  ijd  ob',  the  sum  of  lxvju  xiij*  iiyd. 
So  remaynes  due  and  owing  to  be  payd  onto  thartifycers  before  wryten  the 

XX 

sum  of   •  .  .  •  .  •     Ciiijiij11  xxyd  ob'. 

Edmond  Staxden. 


lvj"  iiij* 

x«  xd 

lxxviy" 

IXs  iujd 

IJ'   Ij- 


I8LIP  CHURCH,  OXON. 


The  restoration  of  this  church  is  about  to  be  commenced  immediately,  from 
the  design  of  Mr.  Bruton,  of  Oxford,  who  proposes  to  remove  the  flat  roof  of 
the  chancel,  and  to  substitute  an  open  timber  roof  of  good  pitch.  The  walls  are 
to  be  lowered,  and  the  round-headed  windows,  with  their  nondescript  intersecting 
tracery,  removed,  and  pointed  windows,  having  geometrical  tracery,  inserted  in 
their  places.  The  east  window  is  designed  for  stained  glass,  and  is  to  consist 
of  three  lights  of  rather  more  than  average  width,  the  head  to  be  filled  with 
geometrical  tracery,  the  chief  feature  being  a  sexfoil  with  floriated  cuspings. 

The  chancel  was  erected  by  Dr.  South,  and  is  one  of  the  very  few  erected  in 
his  time  of  good  dimensions  ;  they  were  generally  at  that  time,  when  erected  at 
all,  of  the  smallest  possible  size.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  some  record  of  Dr. 
South' s  erection  and  its  alteration  will  be  preserved. 

A  new  porch  is  to  be  substituted  for  the  present  dilapidated  one,  and  the 
church  reseated  with  oak.  There  are  a  few  original  benches  in  the  church,  of 
the  sixteenth  century ;  these  are  to  be  restored,  and  the  architect  proposes  that 
the  new  benches  shall  be  the  same  in  design. 

We  regret  to  learn  that,  though  careful  drawings  are  in  existence,  nothing 
can  be  done  with  those  remarkable  paintings  on  the  outer  wall  of  the  south 
aisle,  of  which  we  very  recently  gave  representations  \ 


•  Gent.  Mao.,  Jan.  1861,  p.  4. 


286  [March, 


antiquarian  anti  fciterarg  JtateUtflencer. 


[Correspondents  are  requested  to  append  their  Addressee,  not,  unless  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  may  be  forwarded  to  them.'] 

SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  LONDON. 

Jan,  17.     John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

The  ballot  was  taken  on  Alfred  William  Morant,  Esq.,  James  Rossiter 
Parfitt,  Esq.,  Bev.  James  Rigdway,  and  Edward  Roberts,  Esq.,  who  were 
severally  declared  duly  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society. 

Henry  Charles  Coote,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  stone  celt  recently 
dredged  with  hand-tackle  from  the  Thames  opposite  Chiswick  Eyot.  It 
was  the  second  which  had  been  discovered  in  that  exact  spot. 

George  Chapman,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  small  miniature,  which  for 
very  many  years  had  passed  in  the  family  of  its  possessor  for  a  portrait  of 
Milton.  The  miniature  was  beautifully  executed,  and  its  resemblance  to 
other  authenticated  portraits  of  the  poet,  as  well  as  its  general  character, 
seemed  to  warrant  the  correctness  of  the  attribution.  W.  J.  Thoms,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  called  the  attention  of  the  exhibitor  to  a  memoir  on  portraits 
of  Milton  published  in  the  recent  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Historic 
Society  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  by  Mr.  Marsh. 

The  Marquess  of  Bristol  exhibited  a  deed  of  Isabella  de  Ros,  dated 
1298,  on  which  his  Lordship  read  some  remarks. 

The  Rev.  M.  E.  C.  Walcott  exhibited  two  small  silver  knives,  supposed 
to  be  surgical  instruments,  of  the  year  1 600  circiter ;  also  a  round  silver 
box,  inscribed  "  Prince  Rupert,  1629  ;"  and  a  Glastonbury  Calendar,  which 
appeared  to  be  of  the  year  1438.  The  Dies  Resurrectionis  was  placed  at 
March  27 ;  but  this  term  did  not  at  that  day  imply,  of  necessity,  what  is 
now  called  Easter,  and  might  therefore  mislead  if  used  as  a  clue  to  deter- 
mine the  date  of  the  calendar.  The  words,  however,  at  the  head  of  one 
of  the  tables, — "  Tabula  hsec  docet  pro  144  arinis  ab  anno  Domini 
cccc°xxxviii°  quis  sit  annus  biasextflis,  quae  lit  era  dominicalis,"  &c, — 
seem  to  indicate  that  the  year  1438  may  be  the  first  of  the  series  of  144 
years  for  which  the  calendar  is  intended  to  be  used.  On  the  assumption 
that  the  Dies  Resurrectionis  means  Easter,  the  year  would  be  1440. 
Judicent  peritiores. 

The  Rev.  George  Dashwood  exhibited  a  mortuary  roll  issued  by  the 
Prsamonstratensian  Abbey  of  West  Dereham,   Norfolk.     The  subject  of 


1 861 .]  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  287 

these  rolls  generally  is  treated  at  length  in  Martene's  work,  De  Antiquis 
JEcclesia  ritibus  ;  and  this  roll  in  particular  is  most  ably  illustrated  (in  the 
volume  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  relating  to  the  meeting  at  Norwich 
in  1847,  published  in  1851,)  by  J.  G.  Nichols,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  to  whose 
paper  we  may  refer  the  reader  for  any  details  he  may  care  to  collect  (and 
he  will  find  few  omitted)  respecting  this  roll.  See,  too,  a  paper  by  Albert 
Way,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  on  a  mortuary  roll  of  the  Convent  of  Ely,  in  No.  V.  of 
Communications  made  to  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society  (octavo 
series),  1855. 

John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  laid  before  the  Society  a  transcript  of  the  letter 
in  the  State  Paper  Office  which  relates  to  the  circumstance  of  a  composi- 
tion having  been  paid  either  by  or  for  Oliver  Cromwell,  for  his  not  taking 
upon  himself  the  order  of  knighthood  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  I.  The 
letter  is  dated  April  28,  1631.  This  subject  has  on  previous  meetings 
formed  the  subject  of  very  interesting  elucidations  from  Mr.  Bruce,  and 
from  other  Fellows  of  the  Society.  The  perusal  of  the  letter  now  before 
the  Society  led  to  some  further  interesting  remarks  on  the  history  of  such 
compositions,  and  on  the  pretexts  upon  which  they  were  levied. 

Jan.  24.     Frederic  Ouvry,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  in  the  chair. 

Augustus  W.  Franks,  Esq.,  Director,  laid  before  the  Society  twelve 
bronze  implements,  which  were  stated  by  him  to  be  of  peculiar  interest 
from  having  been  found  in  Ireland.  Mr.  Franks  informed  the  Society  that 
there  were  certain  characteristics  about  them  which  enabled  him  at  once  to 
decide  that  they  came  from  Ireland. 

Richard  Almack,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  to  the  Society,  through 
Mr.  Franks,  a  very  interesting  letter  from  Robert  Cecil,  Earl  of  Salisbury,  to 
his  son  William,  dated  1610,  which  Mr.  Franks  elucidated  with  biographical 
notices  both  of  the  great  statesman  and  of  his  degenerate  offspring.  William, 
second  earl,  was  born  1590,  so  that  at  the  time  this  letter  was  addressed  to 
him  by  his  father  he  was  in  his  twentieth  year.  He  was  sent  to  Cambridge, 
and  in  1608  was  married  to  Lady  Catherine  Howard,  youngest  daughter 
of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Suffolk.  A  series  of  letters  from  Lord  Salisbury  to  his 
son  is  preserved  at  Hatfield.  The  one  laid  before  the  Society  is  addressed 
to  the  young  scapegrace  while  he  was  on  his  grand  tour. 

George  Chapman,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  grant  of  a  chapelry  of  the 
thirteenth  century. 

Jan.  31.    Frederic  Ouvry,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  H.  J.  B.  Nicholson,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  ecclesiastical  seal. 

The  Rev.  M.  E.  C  Walcott,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  "  Book  of  Offices," 
which  was  stated  from  the  arms  to  have  been  at  one  time  the  property  of 
Algernon  Percy,  tenth  Earl  of  Northumberland,  and  Lord  High  Admiral 
of  England  in  1637.    The  offices  named  in  this  book  are  as  follows : — The 


30$  Jmiifwnrian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.         [March, 

<Wt  trf  A^nenlmtions,  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  First-Fruits  and  Tenths, 
W*ttfc  **4  Liv*rie*»  Ministers  of  Justice. 

Mt%  Wakott  also  exhibited  a  bench,  or  stall-end,  from  a  church  at  Caen, 
— *  ftwfwwnt  of  a  quantity  of  beautiful  carved  work  which  was  destined  for 

tb+buraitt*;! 

,h*k  ihtuux,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  thirteen  bars  of  copper,  numerous 
kMM«,  and  an  urn  or  vase  containing  fragments  of  the  hones  of  a  child  two 
Yttra  old.  The  whole  of  these  objects  were  found  in  or  near  a  tumulus  at 
Therfield,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Royston.  The  copper  bars  had  pro- 
bably been  hammered  into  their  present  oblong  shape,  and  then  cut  into 
lengths  of  about  three  inches.  On  analysis  they  were  found  to  consist  of 
ninety  parts  of  copper  to  ten  of  tin.  On  the  bones  an  interesting  report 
by  Professor  Quekett  was  laid  before  the  meeting.  The  animals  to 
which  they  had  belonged  were  the  following: — A  pig,  horse,  badger, 
martin-cat,  roebuck,  red-deer,  cat,  and  goat.  Those  of  the  last-named 
animal  presented  features  of  a  very  extraordinary  character — two  of  the 
crania  exhibiting  the  cores  of  four  horns.  Such  varieties  of  the  goat,  said 
Professor  Quekett,  were  very  uncommon. 

Charles  Warke,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  to  the  Society  some  re- 
marks "  On  some  Shafts  of  the  Roman  Period  Discovered  at  Ewell  and  on 
the  Stane  Street,  with  respect  to  its  course,  as  passing  through  that  Vil- 
lage." Mr.  Warne  considers  that  these  pits,  which  have  given  rise  to 
much  discussion,  were  cloacce  or  latrince.  In  the  Ewell  pits  were  found 
abundant  debris  of  broken  crockerv. 

Feb.  7.     Earl  Stanhope,  President,  in  the  chair. 

The  ballot  was  taken  on  the  following  gentlemen,  who  were  severally 
declared  duly  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society : — Francois  Auguste  Alexis 
Mignet,  (Honorary);  Edward  Basil  Jupp,  Esq. ;  George  Harris,  Esq. ;  James 
Fenton,  Esq. ;  Robert  Mills,  Esq. ;  the  Hon.  Frederic  Walpole,  R.N. 

Spencer  Hall,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  drawings  of  three  encaustic 
tiles  from  a  church  at  Sandhurst.  One  of  these  tiles  bore  the  arms  of  the 
Etchinghams,  a  family  whose  history  has  been  very  fully  illustrated  by 
Mr.  S.  Hall  in  a  monograph  bearing  that  name.  The  Director  stated  that 
caution  should  be  used  in  drawing  from  this  fact  undue  inferences  as  to 
any  particular  connection,  such  as  that  of  patron  or  benefactor,  between 
the  church  and  the  person  whose  arms  were  so  found  on  tiles. 

The  Rev.  Charles  Walcott,  of  Bitterley  Court,  Salop,  exhibited,  through 
the  Rev.  Mackenzie  E.  C.  Walcott,  F.S.A.,  sundry  xci^Xta  of  the  Walcott 
family,  consisting  of  the  articles  and  objects  hereafter  enumerated. 

1.  A  piece  of  scarlet  cloth,  stated  by  the  exhibitor  to  be  a  portion  of  the 
cloak  worn  on  the  scaffold  by  King  Charles  the  First.  It  was  alleged  in 
corroboration  of  this  attribution  that  it  was  given  to  William  Walcott,  page 
6 


1861.]  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  289 

in  waiting  on  the  King,  and  that  the  stains  observable  on  it  were  stains 
of  blood.  More  material  to  the  point  at  issue  is  the  fact,  as  stated  by 
Mr.  Walcott  in  reply  to  a  question  from  the  President,  that  contemporary 
pamphlets  speak  of  the  cloak  worn  by  King  Charles  on  that  occasion  as 
being  a  scarlet  one.     This  piece  of  cloth  was  in  admirable  preservation. 

2.  Signature  of  Charles  I.  affixed  (1643)  to  a  demand  of  a  loan  of  £150 
from  Humphrey  Walcott. 

3.  Do.  affixed  to  a  warrant  to  Humphrey  "Walcott  to  raise  £5,000  for  the 
royal  cause,  (1642). 

4.  Discharge  of  H.  Walcott' s  sequestration  by  the  Parliamentary  Com- 
missioners assembled  at  Goldsmiths'  Hall,  (1649). 

5.  Warrant  to  save  H.  Walcott  harmless  from  injury ;  signed  Lindsay, 
(1643). 

6.  Parole  to  John  Walcott,  and  receipt  of  £50  for  his  ransom  by  Sir 
Thomas  Middleton,  (1645). 

7.  Letter  of  Lord  Arthur  Capel,  (1643). 

8.  Letter  of  Lord  Chancellor  Jefferies  to  John  Walcott/with  the  answer 
of  the  latter  thereunto  appended ;  which  we  shall  print  hereafter. 

9.  Letter  of  Lord  Herbert  (1744)  on  the  projected  invasion  of  this 
country  by  the  Pretender.  As  to  the  writer,  see  Brydges  Collins's  "  Peerage," 
v.  556. 

10.  Christening  robe  of  the  Walcott  family. 

11.  A  silver  countercase,  containing  upwards  of  a  dozen  silver  counters 
with  portraits  of  English  sovereigns.  The  history  of  these  counters  is 
somewhat  curious.  King  James  granted  to  Nicolas  Hilliard  (see  Rymer) 
a  special  license  and  monopoly,  for  twelve  years,  of  executing  all  portraits, 
of  whatever  description,  of  the  King  or  of  the  royal  family.  Nicolas  Hil- 
liard sold  his  license  to  others,  and  Simon  Pass,  the  youngest  son  of  Crispin 
Pass,  senior,  is  stated  to  have  executed,  under  a  license  so  granted,  coun- 
ters such  as  those  laid  before  the  Society  by  Mr.  Walcott,  and  which  are 
therefore  known  by  the  name  of  "  Pass's  counters." 

Felix  Slade,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  small  volume  as  a  specimen  of  the  writ- 
ing of  Esther  Langlois,  Anglois,  or  Inglis,  as  at  different  times  she  styled 
herself.  On  this  volume  R.  R.  Holmes,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  some 
interesting  remarks,  in  which  he  gave  an  account  of  other  specimens  of 
the  fair  damsel's  calligraphy,  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  Mr. 
Holmes's  remarks  on  this  volume  will  be  printed  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Society.  In  the  course  of  them  it  was  stated,  or  rather  implied,  that 
LMebourg  en  Ecossc  means  Edinburgh.  We  do  not  dispute  the  fact,  but 
we  suggest,  as  a  means  of  accounting  for  the  same,  that  Lisle  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  Leith,  of  which  the  two  final  letters  constitute  a  '  shibboleth' 
to  the  Gaul. 


Gnrr.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  h  n 


290 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


THE  OXFORD  ARCHITECTURAL  AND  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 

First  Meeting.     Lent  Teem. 

Feb.  5.     J.  H.  Parker,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  (Vice-President),  in  the  chair. 

After  the  list  of  names  of  members  had  been  proposed,  to  be  ballotted 
for  at  the  next  meeting,  the  chairman  begged  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
Society  to  the  very  beautiful  collection  of  photographs  which  were  being 
exhibited  in  London,  belonging  to  the  Architectural  Photographic  Associ- 
ation. He  then  called  upon  the  Rev.  W.  "W.  Shirley,  M.A.,  Wadham 
College,  who  read  a  very  valuable  paper  "  On  some  Questions  connected 
with  the  Chancellorship  of  Becket." 


He  began  by  shewing  how  mediaeval 
history  had  suffered  from  the  drawing 
of  an  arbitrary  line  of  demarcation  be- 
tween ecclesiastical  and  secular  history. 
In  the  case  of  Becket,  he  said, — 

"  Our  estimate  of  him  is  certainly  more 
rational  than  that  of  our  fathers.  After 
three  centuries  of  adoration,  and  three  of 
general  anathema,  he  is  at  last  regarded 
as  human — as  a  man,  in  the  estimate  of 
his  unbiassed  contemporaries,  of  great 
faults,  not  eminent  for  holiness,  not  even 
for  singular  asceticism,  but  yet  a  man  of 
noble  qualities,  of  a  rare  and  lofty  spirit, 
and  of  a  genius  which  has  had  few  equals. 
Still,  however,  we  continue  to  look  at 
him,  as  I  cannot  but  think,  too  exclusively 
from  an  ecclesiastical  point  of  view.  For 
though  the  ecclesiastical  side  of  his  career 
is  unquestionably  the  most  brilliant,  I  be- 
lieve that  a  more  careful  study  of  the 
secular  part  of  Becket's  life  would  yield 
results  of  considerable  importance.  It 
would  prove,  I  think,  that  his  chancellor- 
ship was  an  epoch  in  the  constitutional 
history  of  England,  and  that  he  himself 
was  one  of  the  few  mediaeval  statesmen  to 
whom  a  well-defined  civil  policy  can  be 
justly  ascribed." 

He  then  went  on  to  discuss  the  follow- 
ing three  questions,  namely, — 

"  Whether  the  chancellorship  of  Becket 
left  any  permanent  traces  of  itself,  1st,  in 
the  status  and  office  of  the  chancellor ;  2nd, 
in  the  constitution  of  our  courts  of  justice ; 
3rd,  in  the  character  of  the  common  law  ?" 

Before  entering  upon  the  first  of  them 
he  shewed  what  were  the  functions  to 
which  the  predecessors  of  Becket  were 
called  under  the  title  of  chancellor. 

" Originally,"  he  said,  "the  chancellor 
was  far  from  holding  the  first  place.    He 


was  the  king's  principal  chaplain,  keeper 
of  the  chapel  royal,  confessor  to  the  king, 
keeper,  in  other  words,  of  the  royal  con- 
science, and  his  secretary, — an  important 
person  certainly, — and  one  of  the  seven 
great  officers  of  the  crown ;  hut  still,  ac- 
cording to  Lord  Campbell,  holding  only 
the  sixth  place  among  them.  Indeed, 
only  a  very  few  years  before  the  accession 
of  Henry  II.,  Roger,  Bishop  of  Salisbury, 
when  himself  the  treasurer  of  the  kingdom, 
was  able  to  obtain  the  humbler  post  of 
chancellor,  first  for  his  nephew,  and  after- 
wards for  his  natural  son. 

"It  is  evident,  however,  at  a  glance, 
that  under  the  earliest  Plantagenet  kings 
the  position  of  the  chancellor  has  undergone 
a  material  change.  He  exercises  consider- 
able judicial  functions;  his  political  ac- 
tivity is  constant ;  during  the  absence  of 
Richard  I.,  the  regency  is  committed  to 
the  justiciar  and  chancellor,  apparently  as 
the  two  first  officers  of  the  crown,  and  the 
precedent  is  followed  by  King  John. 

"Fortunately  we  are  not  left  to  con- 
jecture the  time  when  this  change  took 
place.  One  of  Becket's  biographers  states 
plainly  that  he  was,  as  chancellor,  the 
second  subject  in  the  realm. 

"And  another  of  them,  Becket's  own 
secretary,  speaks  of  the  office  'which  is 
now  called  the  chancellorship ;'  implying 
that  it  was  a  new  one,  although,  as  we 
know,  the  chancellor  had,  under  all  the 
Norman  kings,  if  not  earlier,  been  one  of 
the  seven  great  officers. 

"These  facta,  coupled  with  what  we 
know  of  the  chancellorship  under  Stephen, 
render  it,  I  think,  almost  certain  that 
during  the  tenure  of  Becket,  the  chan- 
cellor was  raised  from  the  sixth  place  to 
the  second.  There  are  even  reasons  for 
conjecturing,  with  some  plausibility,  the 
exact  year  of  the  change  to  be  the  second 
of  Henry  II." 

He  also  pointed  out  that  Becket  d«s- 


1861.]      The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.        291 


charged,  as  chancellor,  some  duties  un- 
known to  his  predecessors. 

He  then  passed  on  to  the  second  ques- 
tion, and  gave  a  slight  sketch  of  the  origin 
of  the  courts  of  appeal,  especially  referring 
to  the  King's  Court,  (Curia  Regis).  On 
this  latter  subject  he  said, — 

"  There  seems,  therefore,  to  remain  hut 
one  conclusion  —  namely,  that  the  new 
court  was  created  hy  Henry  II.  very  early 
in  his  reign;  and  we  may  add,  I  think, 
without  hesitation,  at  the  instigation  of 
Becket.  It  was  at  least  established  while 
his  influence  with  Henry  was  paramount ; 
and  the  few  extant  records  of  its  early 
proceedings  bear  evidence  to  his  activity 
in  it.  If  so,  however,  we  owe  to  him  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  gifts  ever  be- 
stowed hy  any  statesman  upon  this  coun- 
try. The  Curia  Regit  has  been  subdi- 
vided, hut  it  has  never  been  abolished. 
The  Queen's  Bench  and  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  are  the  creation  of  the 
genius  of  Becket." 

Referring  to  the  third  question,  he 
■poke  of  the  fundamental  changes  which 
are  known  to  have  passed  upon  the  Eng- 
lish law  during  the  reign  of  Henry  II., 
and  gave  reasons  why  he  thought  they 
were  effected  by  the  judicial  operation  of 
the  Curia  Regis  more  than  by  regular 
legislation.    He  especially  laid  stress  upon 


a  passage  in  the  Polycraticus,  by  John 
of  Salisbury,  from  which  it  would  appear 
that  the  beginnings  of  those  changes  were 
to  be  ascribed  to  Becket ;  and  if  so,  "  he 
was,  more  than  any  one  man,  the  founder 
of  our  common  law."  In  conclusion  he 
said, — 

"  Three  great  steps  in  the  building  of 
our  Constitution  may  thus  be  ascribed,  if 
I  am  not  mistaken,  with  more  or  less  of 
probability,  to  the  genius  of  Becket :  the 
advancement  of  the  chancellorship  in  rank 
and  power,  the  establishment  of  the  Curia 
Regie,  and  the  foundation  of  the  common 
law.  Add  to  this,  what  I  have  not  spoken 
of  this  evening,  the  substitution  of  scutage 
for  feudal  military  service,  and  the  splen- 
dour of  his  foreign  policy,  and  enough  has 
surely  been  said  to  shew  that  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Becket  is  not  the  only  portion 
of  his  career  which  is  worthy  of  an  atten- 
tive consideration." 

The  Rev.  C.  W.  Boase  asked  whether  the 
power  exercised  by  Alfred  was  not  greater 
even  than  that  exercised  by  Henry  II.  in 
annulling  bad  "  customs." 

The  Lecturer  said  a  few  words  in  reply, 
on  which  a  short  discussion  ensued. 

A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Rev.  W.  Shirley, 
on  the  motion  of  the  Chairman,  was  car- 
ried unanimously. 


Feb.  19.  The  second  meeting  of  the  term  was  held  (by  the  kind  per- 
mission of  the  Keeper)  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  the  Rev.  the  Masteb, 
of  University  in  the  chair. 

Rubbings  of  two  curious  brasses  were  presented  by  F.  W.  Fryer,  Esq., 
St.  Edmund  Hall ;  one  from  Abenhall  Church,  Gloucestershire,  so  late  as 
the  time  of  James  I.,  the  other  from  Newland  Church,  Gloucestershire,  of 
early  fifteenth  century,  with  the  figure  of  a  miner  with  his  tools  and  basket, 
and  a  candle  in  his  mouth,  for  the  crest. 

Also   "A    Manual    of   Monumental  Brasses"   was  presented  by  the 

author,  the  Rev.  Herbert  Haines.     This  work  originated  in  a  catalogue  of 

the  rubbings  of  brasses  in  the  Society's  possession. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  members  of  the  Society : — 

Rev.  W.  Ince,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Exeter  College. 
Rev.  S.  J.  Hulme,  M.A.,  Wadham  College. 
W.  Salting,  Esq.,  Queen's  College. 
G.  Godfrey,  Esq.,  Queen's  College. 
A.  B.  Donaldson,  Esq.,  Oriel  College. 

E.  F.  Grenfell,  Esq.,  Queen's  College. 

F.  B.  Butler,  Esq.,  Merton  College. 
H.  W.  Challia,  Esq.,  Merton  College. 


292 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.         [March, 


Professor  Goldwin  Smith  then  rose  to  make  a  few  remarks  on  "  Subjects 
for  Inquiry  connected  with  the  History  of  the  University  and  the  Colleges/' 
hut  the  lecture  was  in  fact  a  lucid  and  interesting  summary  of  the  history 
of  the  University. 


Ho  laid  he  was  sorry  he  had  not  already 
taken  part  in  the  proceedings  of  the  So- 
ciety :  he  had  been  one  of  those  who  had 
considered  that  the  Oxford  Architectural 
Society  had  done  its  work.  It  was  really 
a  great  work  that  it  had  done,  for  to  this 
Society,  together  with  its  sister  Society  at 
Cambridge,  it  was  mainly  owing  that 
England  was  now  covered  with  so  many 
beautiful  new  churches,  and  so  many  of  the 
old  fabrics  had  been  rescued  from  a  state 
of  ruin.  But,  at  the  same  time,  a  Society 
with  no  particular  work  to  do  was  apt  to 
flag.  The  knowledge  of  architecture, 
which  the  Society  has  done  so  much  in 
promoting,  was  now  so  generally  diffused 
that  the  oracle,  he  was  afraid,  had  ceased 
to  be  regarded.  It  was  time  therefore, 
he  thought,  that  the  Society  should  be 
enlarged— that  it  should  take  in  a  wider 
field  of  study,  and  so  keep  itself  alive. 
Now  there  was  no  subject  so  closely 
allied  to  architecture  as  history ;  and,  as 
they  had  been  shewn,  by  the  series  of  lec- 
tures which  Mr.  Parker  delivered  last 
year,  the  domestic  architecture  of  the 
country  was  the  social  history  of  the 
people  embodied  in  brick  and  stone.  Par- 
ticularly, he  thought,  it  became  a  Society 
like  the  present  one  he  was  addressing  to 
pay  attention  especially  to  the  history  of 
the  University.  One  would  naturally  pass 
from  reviewing  the  history  of  the  Uni- 
versity as  a  whole  to  that  of  separate  col- 
leges. We  have  around  us  so  many  means 
for  the  study  of  this  history,  e.g.  the 
monuments  and  the  archives.  It  would 
be  well,  he  thought,  if  some  plan  could  be 
devised  by  which  access  could  be  had  to 
the  numerous  archives  contained  in  our 
colleges.  Some  colleges  have  existed  in 
an  unbroken  line  of  social  life  for  upwards 
of  600  years ;  a  fact  unparalleled  in  the 
history  of  almost  any  other  class  of  insti- 
tutions known. 

Amongst  domestic  records  a  great  deal 
more  might  be  found  relating  to  the 
history  of  the  times  than  has  yet  been 


brought  to  light.  Also  in  many  archives 
and  accounts  possessed  by  some  colleges  a 
vast  deal  of  information  was  contained 
bearing  upon  details  of  academical  life 
which  would  be  both  important  and  in- 
teresting. He  thought  it  was  the  first 
thing  the  Society  should  set  about.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  we  had  no  good  History  of 
Oxford.  It  was  a  desideratum.  Hubert 
History  was  perhaps  the  best.  It  was 
very  learned  with  regard  to  the  medieval 
portion,  but  he  clearly  had  not  read  the 
statutes  of  the  colleges.  Besides  this, 
there  was  hardly  any  other  History,  at 
least  any  book,  which  could  rightly  bear 
the  name  of  History.  There  were  the  works 
of  old  Antiquarians, — Lives  of  Founders, 
and  such-like ;  but  the  great  point  was  to 
get  at  the  archives  themselves.  He,  for  his 
part,  had  taken  more  interest  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  University  in  later  times,  but 
still  he  would  be  glad  to  see  the  early  and 
medieval  history  properly  worked  out. 
In  time  we  might  hope  to  see  the  Society 
take  a  wider  range. 

The  study  of  history  he  considered 
was  entering  now  upon  a  new  phase  j  philo- 
sophy was  brought  to  bear  upon  it.  Now 
the  new  school  of  history  might  be  of 
great  service,  and  its  results  might  be 
most  beneficial ;  but  it  should  not  be  left 
to  have  its  origin  among  the  school  of 
materialists,  and  it  should  therefore  find 
a  home  in  the  Universities.  Oxford,  it  was 
true,  had  its  bias ;  it  might  be  considered 
to  be  all  on  one  side  ;  but  then  it  would 
still  be  of  value  in  order  that  its  views 
might  balance  those  of  the  other  side. 

We  may  derive  much  historical  infor- 
mation from  books  and  from  archives, 
and  we  must  search  for  them  far  and 
wide.  He  might  instance  Mr.  Motley's 
book  on  the  "  Dutch  Republic,"  recently 
published,  to  shew  the  value  of  that  ex- 
tensive research  which  was  introducing 
a  new  form  both  in  the  science  and  philo- 
sophy of  history.  He  thought  there  was 
clearly  here  work  for  a  Society  to  do. 


1861.]      The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.       293 


As  to  the  archives  of  the  University, 
we  might  perhaps  be  considered  in  some 
degree  forestalled,  as  he  had  heard  that 
the  Master  of  the  Rolls  had  applied  for 
permission  that  some  of  the  University 
documents  should  be  entrusted  to  com- 
petent hands  for  editing,  with  a  view  of 
being  printed  in  the  important  series  which 
the  Government  was  issuing.  He  under- 
stood the  matter  would  soon  be  brought 
before  the  legislature  of  the  University, 
and  he  would  plead  that  every  facility 
should  be  afforded. 

He  would   now  turn    to  the    special 

subject  of  the  evening's  discussion.  The 
lecturer  then  said, — 

"In  starting  I  would  say  that  my 
object  is  to  map  out,  so  to  speak,  the 
various  periods  through  which  the  Uni- 
versity has  passed,  and  I  hope  that 
some  here  who  may  be  more  conversant 
with  some  of  the  periods  to  which  I 
shall  briefly  refer  will  favour  this  meet- 
ing with  more  extended  information.  Ox- 
ford at  first  sight  may  seem  unchanged, 
if  we  examine  into  her  history,  we  shall 
find  that  she  has  passed  through  many 
phases,  and  I  would  divide  them  as  fol- 
lows:—1.  The  Early  Period;  2.  the  Medi- 
eval Period,  which,  I  would  say,  began  in 
the  early  half  of  the  thirteenth  century ; 

8.  then  the  Ante-Reformation  Period ;  4. 
then  the  period  of  the  Reformation;  5. 
the  Reformation  to  Charles  I.  and  Laud ; 
6.  the  Laudian  Period ;  7.  the  Common- 
wealth; 8.  then  Charles  II.  to  James  II ; 

9.  then  the  Hanoverian,  or  Jacobite ;  10. 
lastly,  the  Revival  of  Study  in  the  last 
century. 

"  Of  the  early  history  there  is  nothing 
much  to  be  learnt.  That  Alfred  was  the 
founder  of  the  University  must  rather  be 
treated  as  a  legend  than  an  historical 
fact ;  yet  it  is  singular  what  an  influence 
the  legend  has  had.  Indeed,  it  has  quite 
recently  been  introduced  into  legal  dis- 
pute. It  rests  entirely  upon  a  passage  in 
Aster's  '  Life  of  Alfred,*'  but  there  is  little 
doubt  but  that  passage  was  a  forgery  of 
later  times.  However,  in  a  dispute  which 
University  College  entered  into  some  years 
ago  respecting  the  Visitor,  the  Court,  as  is 
usual  in  such  cases,  gave  a  shell  to  each  of 
the  disputants  and  kept  the  oyster  to 
themselves,  declaring  that  the  college 
was  of  royal  foundation,  (King  Alfred 
being  the  founder,)  and  therefore  the 
Crown  was  the  rightful  Visitor. 

"Perhaps  the  only  other  authority  is 
Bulaus,  who  in  his  History  of  the  Univer- 


sity of  Paris  speaks  of  this  foundation  ; 
but  then,  as  he  says  Oxford  sent  for  its 
professors  from  Paris,  he  had  a  special 
reason  in  upholding  this  early  date. 

"The  real  history  of  the  University  be- 
gins at  the  medieval  period,  that  is,  the 
thirteenth  century.  No  doubt  there  were 
previously  to  this  many  students  congre- 
gated in  Oxford,  but  we  have  nothing 
remaining  to  throw  any  light  upon  their 
mode  of  life. 

"  The  medieval  period  is  perhaps  the  most 
interesting  of  all ;  if  anything  of  this  can 
be  recovered  it  will  be  a  great  gain;  it 
was  the  period  of  scholastic  philosophy, 
of  which  period  we  have  no  good  history 
extant;  there  is  one  by  a  Frenchman 
named  Haureau,  which  treats  the  subject 
in  a  very  dry  manner,  and  it  is  also  dis- 
cussed in  Martin's  'History  of  France.' 
This  period  was  a  sudden  burst  of  intel- 
lectual life,  an  infantine  ardour  which  en- 
deavoured to  comprehend  everything  in 
its  grasp ;  it  may  be  compared  to  the  re- 
ligious enthusiasm  which  produced  the 
Crusade*.  Coupled  with  it  is  the  history  of 
the  great  Mendicant  Orders,  and  their 
contest  with  the  secular  element  A  thing 
very  much  to  be  desired  is  a  good  history 
of  Western  monachism ;  that  of  M.  Mont- 
alembert  is  a  poem  written  by  a  man  of 
imaginative  genius  who  has  thrown  a  halo 
round  a  subject  that  he  loves.  The  great 
Orders  of  the  Dominicans  and  Franciscans 
threw  themselves  into  the  intellectual 
arena;  their  great  object  was  to  subdue 
all  learning  to  the  Church,  and  the  result 
was  the  school  of  scholastic  philosophy. 

"  The  political  view  of  University  history 
is  also  most  interesting.  The  movements  of 
reform  under  Henry  III.  arose  in  Oxford; 
Grossteste  was  the  head  of  the  movement 
of  intellectual  and  ecclesiastical  reform. 
The  University  is  said  at  that  period  to 
have  numbered  30,000  students ;  this  num- 
ber is  probably  exaggerated;  for  although 
several  lived  together  in  one  room,  there 
could  hardly  have  been  so  many  without 
counting  in  the  numerous  servants  and 
dependants.  Oxford  was  then  the  centre 
of  the  intellectual  life  of  the  whole  of 
Europe.  Here  it  was  that  were  pursued 
the  various  studies  of  alchemy,  civil  law, 
medicine,  grammar,  and  the  learned  pro- 
fessions. Modern  Heidelberg,  with  its 
beer-drinking  and  duels,  may  perhaps  give 
a  faint  idea  of  the  roughness  of  Oxford  of 
that  day.  The  system  of  teaching  may  be 
called  professorial;  it  was  oral,  not  by 
books.  This  life  in  common,  and  the  at- 
trition of  mind  against  mind,  produced 
an  intensity  of  intellect  since  that  time 
unequalled.     Knowledge  was  fresh,  and 


294 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


everything  seemed  open  to  the  diligent 
inquirer.  Christendom  was  then  a  great 
theocratic  state,  at  the  head  of  which  was 
the  Pope  and  the  Emperor  of  Germany ; 
a  faint  shadow  of  the  old  Roman  empire 
pervading  the  whole.  Towards  the  end 
of  this  period  were  founded  the  early  col- 
leges ;  colleges  indeed  they  can  hardly  be 
called ;  they  were  halls,  or  hostels,  for  the 
reception  of  students.  Her  ton  was  the 
first  real  college,  which  owed  its  origin  to 
Walter  de  Merton,  the  friend  of  Gross  teste, 
the  idea  of  which  was  partly  taken  from 
that  of  the  hostel,  and  partly  combined 
with  the  strict  rule  of  a  monastery. 

"  The  system  of  degrees  also  took  its  rise 
then,  and  gave  a  stability  to  intellectual 
life ;  they  were  a  sort  of  mental  appren- 
ticeship, and  arose  from  the  same  genius 
which  conceived  the  idea  of  a  college. 
We  then  leave  the  period  cf  turbulence 
and  chimerical  speculation  and  come  to 
that  of  the  early  reformation,  the  times 
of  Wycliffe  and  Wykeham.  Wycliffe 
comes  into  contest  with  the  great  Men- 
dicant Orders.  Lollardism  was  very  pre- 
valent in  the  University  at  this  time,  as 
also  were  Yorkist  principles.  Wykeham 
belonged  to  a  new  class  of  statesmen.  At 
this  period  England  becomes  a  separate 
and  distinct  nation  in  ideas,  literature, 
and  national  life.  Wykeham  was  a  tho- 
roughly English  statesman  and  church- 
man ;  he  first  came  iuto  notice  by  his  ar- 
chitectural abilities.  He  built  Windsor 
Castle,  and  then  turning  ecclesiastic,  he 
held  about  fourteen  different  preferments, 
as  his  admirers  say,  because  there  was  no 
better  man  to  hold  them.  In  New  College, 
and  that  of  St.  Mary  of  Winton,  we  have 
the  dawn  of  the  training  of  a  classical 
education;  the  statutes  of  New  College 
seem  to  be  rather  of  a  strict  and  ascetic 
nature ;  they  shew  that  in  those  days  it 
seemed  perfectly  natural  and  fitting  to 
endeavour  to  form  men's  characters  by 
confining  them  to  the  observance  of  strict 
rules.  Lincoln  College  is  a  monument  of 
the  struggle  between  the  Wycliffites  and 
the  Catholic  party ;  it  was  founded  by 
a  man  who  had  originally  been  a  Lollard, 
but  who  had  left  his  party  through  horror 
at  the  excesses  into  which  they  were  run- 
ning. We  then  come  to  All  Souls',  which 
is  rather  a  chantry  than  a  college,  Braze- 
nose,  and  finally  Corpus,  where  we  have 
the  learned  part  of  the  Reformation  set- 
ting in.  Then  we  come  to  Wolsey,  the 
Leo  X.  of  England,  who  invited  to  his 
great  foundation  of  Christ  Church  all  the 
most  learned  men  of  the  day.  Though 
himself  of  course  opposed  to  the  reformed 
doctrines,  he  found  that  he  had  introduced 


them  in  introducing  learning.  Oxford 
then  comes  to  a  very  sad  point  of  her  his- 
tory ;  she  was  coerced  by  the  King  to  givo 
an  opinion  in  favour  of  his  divorce  against 
the  real  opinion  of  the  members,  who  were 
probably  inclined  to  the  Lutheran  doc- 
trines, which  had  made  considerable  pro- 
gress here ;  that  coercion  was  the  begin- 
ning of  a  long  series  of  disgraceful  sub- 
missions; the  University  becomes  a  tool 
of  the  royal  will;  intellectual  freedom 
was  quenched,  and  intellectual  life  with  it.  * 

"  Henry  VIII.,  with  all  his  bad  points, 
had  some  sympathy  with  learning.  The 
University  suffered  under  the  protector- 
ship of  Somerset,  and  under  Queen  Mary 
came  the  persecutions  of  the  Reformers. 
It  was  probably  to  overawe  any  reaction- 
ary intellectual  movement  that  Oxford  was 
made  the  scene  of  the  burning  of  Cranmer, 
Ridley  and  Latimer.  In  her  reign,  how- 
ever, we  have  two  colleges  founded,  and 
apparently  without  any  particular  reasons, 
those  of  St.  John's  and  Trinity.  Down  to 
the  foundation  of  Wad  ham  we  find  the 
upper  classes  wavering  between  the  two 
faiths,  and  indeed  the  founder  of  that  col- 
lege is  said  to  have  doubted  whether  he 
should  found  a  Catholic  or  a  Reformed 
establishment.  It  is  the  last  relict  of  the 
period  of  the  foundation  of  the  great  mass 
of  colleges.  Under  Elizabeth  we  had  her 
favourite,  Leicester,  as  our  chancellor,  who 
filled  the  University  with  his  creatures. 
He  was  at  the  head  of  the  Puritan  party, 
and  though  himself  a  worthless  and  un- 
principled character,  he  fostered  them  here 
to  support  his  political  aims.  The  Univer- 
sity at  that  time  was  delivered  over  to 
polemical  theology;  intellectual  life  had 
migrated  to  the  capital,  as  is  shewn  by 
the  rise  of  our  great  dramatists,  the  Inns 
of  Court,  &c  In  the  Middle  Ages  the 
University  had  been  as  much  a  secular  as 
a  religious  institution,  but  latterly  the 
colleges  had,  as  it  were,  swallowed  up  the 
University,  and,  by  their  system  of  com- 
pelling their  men  to  take  orders,  had  forced 
a  religious  character  on  it. 

"James  I.  allied  himself  with  the  ex- 
treme High  Church  party,  which  was  headed 
by  Laud,  a  man  who,  whatever  may  be  his 
faults,  and  great  they  were,  was  yet  of 
a  force  of  character  and  intensity  of  pur- 
pose that  leaves  its  mark  on  history. 
Here  it  was  that  he  contended  fiercely 
with  the  Puritan.  Narrow  and  pedantic 
himself,  he  tried  to  rule  despotically  both 
Church  and  State  in  a  way  that  soon  after- 
wards laid  both  Church  and  State  in  the 
dust.  Laud,  however,  was,  in  his  own 
way,  a  University  reformer ;  he  reduced 
the  governing  body  to  a  narrow  oligarchy, 


1861.]      The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.        295 


and  established  a  system  of  examinations 
which  existed  till  the  commencement  of 
the  present  century.  Through  him  it  was 
that  Oxford  passed  to  the  High  Church 
party  and  joined  the  King. 

"  During  the,  civil  war  there  was  less  of 
academical  life  than  at  any  other  period. 
Oxford  was  a  garrison  town  filled  with 
successive  Royalist  forces,  yet  throughout 
this  troubled  period  she  behaved  with 
a  noble  self-devotion,  and  threw  herself 
heart  and  soul  into  a  cause  which  she  had 
once  taken  up. 

"Cromwell  has  generally  been  misre- 
presented as  an  unintellectual  and  ignorant 
fanatic ;  but  as  he  rose  high  in  command 
the  man  of  genius  burst  forth  from  the 
sectary.  He  knew  and  appreciated  the 
value  of  a  University ;  he  fostered  it  during 
the  short  term  of  his  protectorate,  and 
though  he  introduced  into  it  men  of  his 
own  party,  yet  they  were  always  the  best 
men  that  he  could  find,  as  it  was  his  de- 
sign to  employ  in  the  service  of  the  State 
those  youths  who  had  the  most  distin- 
tinguished  themselves  in  the  University. 

M  At  the  period  of  the  Restoration  Ox- 
ford undeniably  declined;  physical  science 
however  flourished  here ;  here  it  was  that 
the  Royal  Society  took  its  rise ;  physical 
science  was  then  in  fashion  among  the 
great,  Charles  II.  and  Prince  Rupert  both 
dabbled  in  it.  Oxford  then  again  passed 
over  to  the  side  which  strongly  supported 
the  prerogative  and  divine  right  of  the 
Crown ;  clear  of  the  capital,  and  not  ham- 
pered as  the  University  of  Paris  by  the 
proximity  of  the  Court,  she  ought  to  and 
might  have  kept  clear  of  politics. 

"  The  Hanoverian  or  Jacobite  period  is 
the  least  interesting  of  all.  Jacobitism  is 
a  very  fine  thing  in  exile,  but  to  get  drunk 
over  a  common-room  fire  in  toasting  the 
King  is  a  very  different  state  of  the  case. 
This  period  is  almost  a  complete  blank,  as 
far  as  regards  social  life,  though  it  contains 
some  very  fine  traits  of  individual  cha- 
racter, such  men  as  Butler 

"But  perhaps  Horace  Walpole's  esti- 
mate was  not  very  far  from  the  truth 
when  he  compared  some  one  '  to  a  dirty, 
idle,  pedant,  college  fellow.' 

44  At  the  beginning  of  this  century  arose 
the  great  movement  for  the  revival  of 
learning,  the  credit  of  which  is  due  chiefly 
to  Evelyn,  Provost  of  Oriel,  Cyril  Jackson, 
Dean  of  Christ  Church,  and  Coplestone; 
then  arose  also  the  great  religious  move- 
ment which  has  only  just  subsided;  and 
now  we  have  entered  anew  on  a  real  edu- 
cational and  practical  period  of  our  career. 

"Such  is  a  rude  outline  on  which  we 


may  build  up  the  fabric  of  onr  history, 
and  there  are  many  here  to-night  who 
must  be  much  better  acquainted  than  I 
am  with  the  separate  phases  of  it.  Much 
may  turn  up  to  enlighten  us  in  our  in- 
quiries by  comparing  the  statutes  of  foreign 
Universities,  and  perhaps  by  exploring  tho 
archives  of  the  Vatican  ;  but  here  at  home 
in  Oxford  we  have  at  hand  the  materials 
on  which  we  may  work,  in  the  Bodleian 
Library,  and  the  collections  in  the  posses- 
sion of  our  various  provinces/ 


»» 


The  President  in  convening  the  thanks 
of  the  meeting  to  Professor  Gold  win  Smith, 
commented  on  the  vast  number  of  topics 
which  were  held  out  for  this  Society  to 
take  into  consideration,  and  at  the  same 
time  the  great  interest  they  possessed. 

The  Rev.  C.  Adams  made  some  remarks 
upon  an  expression  used  by  the  lecturer 
in  reference  to  William  of  Wykeham's 
statutes.  He  could  not  agree  they  were  re- 
markable for  their  "asceticism ;"  of  course 
they  would  appear  so  if  judged  by  the 
rules  of  life  of  the  present  day,  but  the 
proper  way  would  be  to  regard  them  in 
connection  with  the  austere  mode  of  life 
which  was  then  common.  He  thought 
that  there  was  peculiarly  an  absence  of 
asceticism.  William  of  Wykeham  himself, 
whether  regarded  as  a  Romanist  or  not,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  a  thoroughly  good  man, 
and  was  not  likely  to  impose  on  others 
that  which  he  did  not  himself  perform. 
Many  of  the  regulations  were  necessitated 
by  the  times  in  which  they  were  made. 
These  were  not  regulations  strictly  to  be 
called  his ;  he  gave  to  the  fellows  an  un- 
wonted liberty  to  be  absent:  and  you 
never  find  enjoined  in  his  statutes  such 
obligations  as  "  penance,"  and  such  like ; 
he  may  have  belonged  to  the  old  set,  and 
was  no  doubt  consistent  in  his  religious 
views,  but  he  was  clearly  in  advance  of 
those  around  him ;  he  was  a  reformer,  but 
at  the  same  time  he  would  preserve  all 
that  was  wise  and  good,  and  reform  only 
the  abuses. 

Professor  Goldwin  Smith  replied  that 
"  rigorous"  was  perhaps  a  better  word,  and 
more  what  he  meant  as  applied  to  Wyke- 
ham's statutes.  He  thought  that  even 
taking  into  account  the  habits  of  the  time 
they  were  severe.     One  of  the  rules  'en- 


296 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


joined  by  the  statutes  was  poverty.  The 
Professor,  however,  fully  concurred  in  con- 
sidering Wykeham  as  the  chief  pioneer  of 
the  great  educational  movement  which 
followed. 

Dr.  Blozam  called  attention  to  some  trea- 
sures in  the  way  of  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian, 
which  he  hoped,  by  means  of  this  Society, 
might  be  investigated  more  fully  than  they 
had  been,  and  many  curious  points  relating 
to  the  history  of  the  University  brought 
to  light.  There  was  a  very  curious  MS. 
history  of  Oxford  during  the  time  of 
Cromwell,  which  he  thought  was  very 
little  known ;  and  for  the  history  of  the 
mode  of  life  in  Oxford  during  the  first 
half  of  the  last  century  (1730),  there  were 
about  130  MS.  volumes  of  Hearne's  Diary, 
full  of  interesting  information.  There  was 
also  a  bundle  of  letters  from  one  of  the 
Nonjurors,  (Dr.  T.  Smith,)  which  he 
thought  would  throw  much  light  upon 
the  history  of  the  times. 

Mr.  Medd  referred  to  some  valuable 
extracts  from  the  Bolls  of  Merton  Col- 


lege, which  he  believed  were  read  before 
this  Society  a  year  or  so  ago,  by  the  pre- 
sent Bishop  of  Nelson.  He  would  ask  the 
Librarian  if  they  were  not  printed,  and 
whether  the  Society  had  a  copy  in  their 
Library. 

The  Librarian  said  they  were  printed, 
but  a  copy  had  not  been  presented  to  the 
Society.  This  omission  arose  probably 
from  the  very  unsatisfactory  state  in 
which,  during  the  last  year,  their  library 
had  remained.  A  copy  would  be  presented 
to  the  Society  at  the  next  meeting,  and 
he  thought  many  other  books  would  be 
given  to  them  immediately  their  library 
was  again  in  working  order,  which  could 
not  be  till  they  had  a  permanent  abode. 

After  some  remarks  from  the  Presi- 
dent, fully  agreeing  to  the  effort  that  was 
now  likely  to  be  made  to  bring  various 
points  of  history  and  archaeology  to  bear 
on  each  other,  but  pointing  out  some  of 
the  difficulties  which  attended  the  exa- 
mination of  the  archives  of  the  colleges, 
the  meeting  separated. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE. 


Jan.  11.  Richard  Wtotmacott,  Esq., 
Professor  of  Sculpture  R.A.,  in  the  chair. 

This  being  the  first  meeting  of  the 
Society  in  the  new  year,  Professor  West- 
macott  took  occasion  to  allude  to  the 
agreeable  retrospect  of  the  previous  ses- 
sion, and  especially  to  the  annual  meet- 
ing at  Gloucester,  in  which  he  had  the 
gratification  to  participate.  The  success 
which  during  the  last  year  had  attended 
the  selection  of  special  subjects  of  anti- 
quity or  art  at  some  of  the  monthly  meet- 
ings had  encouraged  the  Committee  of  the 
Institute  to  follow  out  a  plan  which  had 
given  so  much  satisfaction.  The  apart- 
ments of  the  Society  had  undergone  some 
repairs  and  improvements,  requisite  for 
the  more  suitable  and  convenient  reception 
of  their  numerous  visitors  on  occasion  of 
such  special  exhibitions ;  and  also  in  the 
library,  Ac  The  Committee  hoped  to  gain 
renewed  encouragement  from  the  members 
at  large,  to  enable  them  to  carry  out  these 
and  other  arrangements  for  their  general 
advantage.  Professor  Wcstmacott  hoped 
7 


also  that  many  might  be  encouraged  to 
join  the  ranks  of  the  Institute  during  the 
year  now  commencing ;  a  considerable  ac- 
cession of  members  would  be  reported  that 
day,  but,  in  order  to  give  full  effect  to  the 
purposes  of  the  Society,  an  extended  system 
of  auxiliary  correspondence  was  indispen- 
sable throughout  the  realm.  The  names 
of  new  members  having  then  been  an- 
nounced, the  chairman  called  upon  the 
Rev.  Professor  Willis  to  give  the  discourse 
which  he  had  kindly  promised  on  the 
recent  discoveries  in  Lichfield  Cathedral. 
Professor  Willis  observed  that  Lichfield 
Cathedral,  although  small,  has  been  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  English  primary  ex- 
amples of  mediaeval  architecture,  and,  did 
it  but  possess  a  good  chronicled  record, 
would  be  one  of  the  most  valuable  for  the 
history  of  the  development  of  the  styles. 
A  new  interest  has  been  given  to  it  by 
the  discovery  of  foundations  of  earlier 
structures  within  the  choir,  and  these  it 
was  the  object  of  his  discourse  to  describe 
and  to  shew  their  bearing  upon  the  early 


1861.] 


Archteoloffical  Institute. 


297 


history  of  the  building,  as  well  as  to  sketch 
some  hitherto  unobserved  points  of  the 
architectural  history  of  the  existing  fabric. 
The  cathedral  had  long  been  found  ex- 
tremely  cold  and  uncomfortable,  and  this 
led  to  the  unfortunate  arrangements  of 
Wyatt  in  1795,  now  cleared  away,  which 
consisted  in  walling  up  the  pier  arches  of 
the  choir  and  closing  the  eastern  tower- 
arch  with  a  glass  screen,  so  as  to  on  vert 
the  united  choir  and  Lady-chapel  into  a 
long  aisleless  or  apteral  chapel,  but  with- 
out success.  In  1856  it  was  resolved 
to  introduce  a  warming  apparatus,  which 
proved  perfectly  successful.  The  choir  is 
now  thoroughly  comfortable.  But  this 
apparatus  necessitated  the  construction  of 
a  central  flue  beneath  the  pavement,  op- 
posite the  fourth  and  fifth  piers,  so  as  to 
warm  the  choir.  In  digging  trenches  for 
these  flues,  walls  were  encountered,  which 
had  to  be  cut  through,  but,  as  the  services 
were  continued,  the  pavement  could  only 
be  removed  and  replaced  as  quickly  as 
possible,  and  it  was  impossible  to  make 
researches  to  right  and  left  so  as  to  trace 
the  connection  or  plan  of  these  walls. 

The  works  of  restoration,  now  carrying 
forward  to  completion  uuder  the  able 
direction  of  Mr.  Scott,  were  of  so  exten- 
sive a  nature  as  to  require  that  the  whole 
of  the  choir  and  transepts  should  be  given 
up  to  the  masons.  The  service  was,  there- 
fore, removed  to  the  nave.  The  oppor- 
tunity thus  offered  of  a  further  examina- 
tion of  the  walls  observed  in  1856,  was 
not  neglected.  With  the  concurrence  of 
the  Dean  and  Chapter,  a  systematic  search 
was  made,  that  has  developed  the  original 
arrangement  of  the  earlier  choirs  of  the 
cathedral.  As  far  as  possible  the  walls 
uncovered  were  left  open  for  inspection, 
but  many  of  the  excavations  were  neces- 
sarily closed  as  soon  as  measurements  were 
taken.  Careful  record  was,  however,  kept, 
especially  by  Dr.  Hawsou,  who,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Hamlet,  undertook  a  com- 
plete and  carefully  measured  survey  of  the 
old  foundations ;  and  to  their  kind  assist- 
ance Professor  Willis  acknowledged  his 
obligations,  and  also  to  Mr.  Clark,  the 
clerk  of  the  works. 

By  the  invitation  of  the  Rev.  Canon 
Gist.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


Lonsdale,  Professor  Willis  visited  the  ca- 
thedral in  August  last,  and  occupied  him- 
self with  as  careful  an  examination  of 
these  remains  as  circumstances  would  per- 
mit, for  the  purpose  of  endeavouring  to 
discover  their  relation  to  the  architectural 
history  of  the  building.     He  proceeded  to 
offer  a  detailed  explanation  of  the  plan, 
prepared  from  the  data  thus  obtained,  and 
from  his  own  sketches  and  measurements, 
shewing  the  whole  choir  from  the  tower 
piers  to  the  Lady-chapel.     The  earliest  of 
the  foundations  belongs  to  an  apsidal  build- 
ing, extending  from  the  eastern  extremities 
of  the  tower  piers  to  the  fifth  scverey  of 
the  present  choir.     The  walls  rest  on  the 
rock,  about   5  feet  beneath  the  present 
pavement ;  they  measure  about  5  ft.  6  in. 
in  thickness,  and  the  internal  dimensions 
of  the  building  were  52  ft.  in  width  and 
70  ft.  in  length ;  the  width  being  too  great 
to  have  sustained  a  roof  without  internal 
pillars,  of  which,  however,  no  trace  was 
found,  the  area  having  been  cut  up  in 
forming  graves,  and  by  the  foundations 
of  Wyatt's  organ-loft.     A   square-ended 
chapel  projected  eastward  from  the  centre 
of  the  apse,  but  with  a  slightly  different 
orientation.  The  foundations  were  exposed 
sufficiently  to  ascertain  its  dimensions  and 
precise  position ;    and  an   external  base 
moulding  was  found,  the  profile  of  which 
is  of  the  kind  used  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  twelfth  century,  as  at  Kirkstall  (1159), 
Byland  (1177),  Fountains  (1209),  and  it 
is  very  well  worked.     The  Professor  pro- 
ceeded to  explain  in  detail  certain  features 
of  interest  in  these  and  other  vestiges, 
which  were  clearly  indicated  in  the  dia- 
grams exhibited,  and  are  not  to  be  under- 
stood by  mere  description.    Some  remark- 
able transverse  walls  were  also  found,  and 
in  the  centre  of  one  of  these  was  a  circular 
platform,  6  ft.  in  diameter,  formed  of  an 
outer  ring  of  wrought  ashlar,  and  the 
centre  filled  up  with  rubble.    This  plat* 
form  had,  however,  been  constructed  pre- 
viously to  the  transverse  wall,  in  the  line 
of  which  it  is  now  found.   An  ancient  font 
was  here  also  discovered,  about  2  ft.  below 
the  pavement ;  it  is  of  cubical  form,  was 
inverted  when  discovered,  and  the  bowl 
shewed  the  'action  of  intense  heat.     Some 

00 


298 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


other  circular  foundations  were  exposed  to 
view,  the  position  of  which,  and  their  pro- 
bable  relation  to  the  more  ancient  fabric, 
was  explained  by  Professor  Willis,  by  aid 
of  the  ground- plan,  which  is  indispensable 
for  the  comprehension  of  their  interesting 
character,  as  vestiges  of  the  original  ex- 
tent and  arrangements  of  the  Early  Eng- 
lish choir,  compared  with  the  choirs  of 
other  structures,  as  at  Bomsey,  Hereford, 
Winchester,  &c.  The  transverse  wall  above 
mentioned  he  considered  to  have  been 
formed  as  a  foundation  for  the  reredos 
of  the  Decorated  presbytery;  numerous 
Norman  fragments  were  worked  up  in  it. 
The  apsidal  building  had  probably  been 
the  choir,  or  rather  presbytery,  of  a  Nor- 
man church,  having  pier  arches  and  aisles 
continued  round  the  apse  as  a  procession 
path.  The  rectangular  chapel  is  of  sub- 
sequent date,  probably  about  the  close  of 
the  twelfth  century.  In  regard  to  the 
general  architectural  history  of  Lichfield 
Cathedral,  Professor  Willis  offered  a  few 
interesting  observations.  We  have  no 
history  to  guide  us  in  forming  opinions, 
save  the  most  meagre  indications.  The 
last  Saxon  church  was  built  or  dedicated 
by  Bishop  Hedda,  a.d.  700,  and  it  is  not 
probable  that  any  of  these  old  walls  be- 
long to  his  work.  Bishop  Robert  de 
Lymesey,  in  1088,  is  said  to  have  em- 
ployed 500  marcs  of  silver,  which  he 
stripped  from  a  beam  of  the  rich  church 
of  Coventry,  in  great  buildings  at  Lich- 
field ;  and  Roger  de  Clinton  (1228-48)  is 
said  to  have  exalted  the  church  as  well  in 
building  as  in  honour,  from  which  ambigu- 
ous phrase  he  is  supposed  to  have  built 
the  Norman  cathedral.  Two  royal  licenses 
to  dig  Hopwas  stone  for  the  "  new  fabric 
of  the  church  of  Lichfield,"  in  1235  and 
1238,  serve  to  shew  that  some  work  was 
going  on  in  the  Early  English  period,  but 
give  no  assistance  for  fixing  the  respective 
dates  of  the  evidently  Early  English  choir 
and  transepts.  The  choir,  however,  is  so 
early  in  its  details  that  it  must  have  been 
commenced  near  the  beginning  of  the 
century.  In  1243,  Henry  III.  issued  a 
commission  to  the  Archbishop  of  York,  to 
expedite  the  works  at  Windsor,  in  which 
he  orders  a  wooden  roof,  like  the  roof  of 


the  new  work  at  Lichfield,  to  appear  like 
stone  work  with  good  ceiling  and  paint- 
ing. The  transepts  of  Lichfield  have  now 
stone  vaults  considerably  later  than  the 
walls,  and  therefore  may  have  had  a 
wooden  vault  at  first.  The  date  would 
suit  the  transepts  better  than  the  choir 
and  there  are  certain  indications  which 
might  serve  (at  least  in  the  south  tran- 
sept) to  shew  the  later  construction  of  the 
springing  stones  of  the  vault.  No  his- 
torical document  exists  that  can  apply  to 
the  building  of  the  nave,  but  Bishop 
Walter  de  Langton  (1296—1321)  is  re- 
corded as  having  commenced  the  Lady- 
chapel,  and  left  money  to  complete  it, 
and  also  to  have  made  the  great  Bhrine  of 
St.  Chad,  at  an  expense  of  £2,000.  He 
was  buried  in  the  Lady -chapel ;  but  his 
successor,  Roger  de  Norburgh  (1322 — 
1359)  moved  his  body  to  a  magnificent 
sepulchre  at  the  south  horn  of  the  high 
altar,  on  the  spot  afterwards  occupied  by 
the  tomb  of  Bishop  Hacket.  This  removal 
shews  that  the  presbytery  was  completed 
in  the  time  of  Bishop  Norburgh. 

We  are  thus,  at  least,  supplied  with  the 
period  at  which  the  works  were  going  on, 
by  which  the  low  aisles  and  chapels  that 
terminated  the  Early  English  choir  were 
to  be  replaced  by  the  lofty  structure  that 
now  exists,  commenced  by  Lnugton,  at  its 
east  end.  The  making  of  the  shrine  of 
St.  Chad  by  the  builder  of  the  Lady- 
chapel  seems  to  supply  the  motive  for  the 
new  building,  for  this  shrine  is  recorded 
to  have  stood  in  the  Lady -choir  behind  the 
high  altar.  The  Lady-chapel  was  there- 
fore built,  and  the  shrine  provided,  that 
St.  Chad  might  be  elevated  in  like  manner 
as  the  shrines  of  St.  Edward  the  Confessor, 
St.  Benedict,  St.  Cuthbert,  St.  Alban,  &c 

The  shrine  must  have  been  placed  be- 
yond the  high  altar  on  a  lofty  pedestal, 
with  a  small  altar  placed  against  its  west 
end,  a  sufficient  space  being  left  between 
this  altar  and  the  back  of  the  high  altar  for 
the  passage  of  processions,  &c.  In  drawing 
to  a  close  this  most  interesting  discourse,  of 
which  a  very  brief  notice  can  give  no  ade- 
quate notion,  the  Professor  remarked  that 
the  gradual  progress  of  Lichfield  Cathedral, 
from  the  original  Norman  church  to  its 


1861.] 


Archaeological  Institute. 


299 


present  structure,  as  developed  by  the 
recent  discoveries,  proceeds  with  singular 
parallelism  to  that  of  York,  built  about 
1080.  Between  1154—1181  Archbishop 
Roger  substituted  at  York  a  long,  square- 
ended  choir,  with  the  ai>le  carried  behind 
the  end.  At  Lichfield  during  the  same 
period  the  large  chapel  was  built  at  the 
end  of  the  Norman  apse;  and  about  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century  the 
whole  Norman  eastern  termination  was,  as 
at  York,  replaced  by  a  long,  square-headed 
choir  with  low  aisles  behind. 

Next,  at  York  the  Norman  transepts 
were  rebuilt  in  Early  English ;  the  south 
transept,  1230—1241;  followed  by  the 
north  transept,  1241—1260.  At  Lich- 
field the  Norman  transepts  were  rebuilt  in 
Early  English,  the  work  being  in  progress 
in  1235  and  1238.  York  nave  and  Lich- 
field were  next  rebuilt  in  early  Decorated. 
Lastly,  at  Lichfield  the  elongat  ion  of  the 
eastern  part  was  begun  at  the  extreme 
cast  beyond  the  existing  choir  by  the 
Lady -chapel  in  late  Decorated,  1296— 
1321,  and  followed  by  taking  down  the 
choir,  and  continuing  the  same  work  on 
its  site.  The  works  at  York  followed  in 
the  same  order,  but  forty  or  fifty  years 
later.  The  plan  of  York  resembles  that 
of  Lichfield  in  the  simplicity  of  its  pro- 
portions. 

After  the  completion  of  Lichfield  Ca- 
thedral, changes  were  made  in  succeeding 
centuries,  principally  affecting  the  tracery 
of  the  windows  and  the  interior  of  the 
transepts.  Perpendicular  tracery  has  been 
substituted  as  well  in  the  transepts  as  in 
the  clerestory  of  the  choir  and  the  Lady- 
chapel.  Some  of  these  changes  are  due 
to  the  general  repair  in  1661,  under 
Bishop  Hacket,  when  the  church  had  been 
reduced  to  an  incredibly  ruinous  condition, 
as  well  from  the  siege  as  from  the  de- 
strnctiveness  of  the  Puritans;  but  many 
are  manifestly  earlier,  perhaps  effected 
under  Bishops  Heyworth  or  Blythe,  in 
1420  and  1503.  Hollar's  engravings  in 
Fuller's  "  Church  History"  enable  us  to 
point  out  some  of  these,  as  the  book  was 
published  in  1656,  aud  therefore  must 
represent  the  cathedral  before  the  repairs 
of  Bishop  Hacket,  who  came  to  the  see  in 


1G61,  were  commenced.  It  is  evident 
that  these  views  represent  the  Perpendi- 
cular windows  that  now  occupy  the  clere- 
story and  gable  of  the  south  transept. 
The  north  transept  is  hidden,  but  its  Per- 
pendicular work  is  shown  of  such  a  cha- 
racter that  it  must  also  have  been  prior  to 
the  Rebellion.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
windows  of  the  Lady -chapel  must  have 
been  all  like  the  present  eastern  ones  wben 
those  drawings  were  made,  and  conse- 
quently it  may  be  inferred  that  the  Per- 
pendicular tracery  which  occupies  some  of 
these  windows  was  inserted  after  the 
siege,  as  well  as  the  Perpendicular  tracery 
which  now  fills  the  greater  part  of  the 
clerestory  windows  of  the  choir. 

Hollar's  etching  supplies  also  some 
valuable  information  in  regard  to  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  roof  of  the  side  aisles, 
and  the  contrivance  (now  removed,  per- 
haps by  Wyatt,)  by  which  the  upper  part 
of  the  triforial  openings  were  glazed  and 
converted  into  windows,  when  the  origi- 
nal roof  was  replaced  by  a  low-pitched 
leaden  roof.  Hollar  shews  the  tracery 
of  the  great  west  window,  totally  different 
from  the  present  one,  and  of  which  Dr. 
Plot  said  in  1686  that  the  "  tracery  in  the 
stonework  as  well  as  the  glazing,  the  gift 
of  his  present  most  sacred  Majesty,  James 
II.,  is  a  curious  piece  of  art."  In  con- 
cluding his  admirable  lecture,  Professor 
Willis  expressed  a  very  high  commenda- 
tion of  the  extensive  restorations  now  in 
course  of  completion  by  the  Chapter,  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Scott,  by  which  the 
unfortunate  changes  made  by  Wyatt  in 
1795  have  been  obliterated,  and  the  choir 
and  presbytery  carefully  and  conscien- 
tiously restored  to  their  original  aspect 
and  character. 

Mr.  G.  G.  Scott  offered  a  few  observa- 
tions on  the  valuable  elucidation  of  a 
most  curious  and  difficult  subject  so  ably 
treated  by  Professor  Willis.  He  would 
ask  permission  to  give,  on  a  future  occa- 
sion, a  brief  account  of  the  restoration  of 
the  three  most  westerly  bays  of  the  choir, 
the  date  of  which  was  about  1200,  and 
they  had  been  much  altered  in  1320. 
Mr.  Scott  was  desirous  to  place  on  record 
certain  facts  relating  to  them,  serving  as 


300 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


evidence  whereon  to  found  a  conscientious 
restoration  of  this  interesting  portion  of 
the  fabric. 

The  Rev.   Lord  Arthur  Hervey,  Pre- 
sident of  the  Suffolk  Archaeological  In- 
stitute, in  moving  the  thanks  of  the  meet- 
ing to  Professor  Willis,  expressed  his  high 
sense  of  the   valuable  instruction   given 
in  this  lecture,  not  only  in  regard  to  the 
particular  structure  to  which  it  related, 
but  as  a  lesson  in  the  art  of  reasoning, 
and  shewing  the  value  of  details  in  ap- 
proaching important  results.    The  vote  of 
thanks  having  been  seconded  by  the  Dean 
of  St.  Paul's,  was  passed  with  cordial  ap- 
plause.   The  learned  Professor,  in  acknow- 
ledging the  compliment,  with  the  assur- 
ance of  his  satisfaction  in  having  had  the 
occasion  to  place  this  curious  investigation 
before  the  Institute,  observed  that  on  some 
former  occasions  he  regretted  the  disap- 
pointment occasioned  by  his  having,  through 
the  pressure  of  many  engagements,  been 
compelled  to  defer  the  publication  of  cer- 
tain subjects  on  which  he  had  discoursed 
at  the  meetings  of  the  Society.     On  the 
present  occasion  he  had  to  announce  with 
pleasure  that  the  lecture  which  his  audi- 
ence had  received  so  favourably  was  ac- 
tually in  type,  and  would  appear  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Institute,  in  the  first  num- 
ber of  a  new  year,  and  of  the  eighteenth 
volume  of  the  Society's  Transactions,  and 
the  plans  being  already  engraved,  he  hoped 
that  the  memoir  would  be  in  the  hands  of 
the  members  at  the  close  of  March,  the 
due  period  for  its  issue. 

Several  communications  were  received, 
which  through  want  of  time  were  deferred 
to  the  ensuing  meeting  on  Feb.  I,  includ- 
ing a  curious  notice  of  Roman  vestiges  on 
the  north  coast  of  Cornwall,  by  the  Rev. 
E.  Trollope ;  a  memoir  on  a  peculiar  class 
of  finger-rings,  by  Mr.  E.  Waterton,  illus- 
trated by  examples  from  his  collection; 
a  notice  of  ancient  remains,  from  Mr. 
Lukis,  of  Guernsey ;  and  of  early  antiqui- 
ties found  at  Nottingham,  in  Northumber- 
land, and  other  localities.  The  attention 
of  the  Society  will,  however,  be  specially 


directed  at  the  next  monthly  meeting  to 
Antiquities  of  Bronze. 

Mr.  Lucius  Bailey  brought,  through  the 
kind  permission  of  Sir  H.  James,  the  Atlas 
of  Plates  of  the  great  work  on  the  Crimea, 
Caucasus,  Georgia,  &c,  recently  published 
by  M.  Frederic  Dubois,  at  Neuchatel,  and 
exhibiting  the  very  curious  tombs,  inscrip- 
tions, rich  ornaments  of  gold  and  other 
metals,  with  numerous  remarkable  relics 
of  antiquity  brought  to  light  in  those 
countries. 

The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edmund  Head, 
Bart.,  sent  a  penannular  gold  tore,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  found  in  Ireland,  and 
of  somewhat  unusual  character. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Bernhard  Smith  brought  an 
ancient  shackle  and  padlock  of  curious 
fashion,  found  near  Cheltenham. 

Mr.  Oswell  Thompson  exhibited  a  beau- 
tiful collection  of  vessels  of  Schmelz,  of  the 
work  of  Murano,  lately  brought  to  this 
country  by  Count  Cornaro  of  Venice. 

Mr.  Farrer  contributed  a  pair  of  candle- 
sticks of  steel,  admirably  chased  with 
arabesques,  devices,  and  ornaments  of 
the  btBt  renaissance  character,  amorg 
which  fleurs-de-lys  with  the  device  of 
Francis  I.  occur,  and  it  is  believed  that 
they  were  made  for  that  monarch  by 
Lucio  Picinino,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
workers  in  metals  of  his  age,  whose  mono- 
gram they  bear.  Mr.  Farrer  sent  also 
a  curious  MS.  of  a  treatise  by  Bonaven- 
tura,  which  appeared  to  have  belonged  to 
the  church  of  St.  Jacques  at  Liege. 

The  Rev.  James  Beck  brought  some  in- 
teresting miniature  portraits;  Mr.  Hewett 
sent  an  Anglo-Saxon  arrow-htad  from  a 
cemetery  in  the  Isle  of  Wight;  and  seve- 
ral impressions  of  seals  were  brought  by 
Mr.  Ready,  especially  some  fine  seals  of 
the  Do  Fortibus  family,  Earls  of  Albe- 
marle. 

The  catalogue  of  the  museum  formed  at 
Gloucester  at  the  meeting  of  the  Insti- 
tute, just  published,  was  laid  on  the  tabic, 
containing  notices  of  numerous  local  anti- 
quities, works  of  art,  &c. 


1861.] 


301 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


Jan.  9.  Dr.  James  Copland,  F.R.S., 
V.- P.,  in  the  chair. 

The  following  were  elected  Associates : 
— Dr.  George  R.  Pratt  Walker,  Bow-lane ; 
J.  J.  Chalk,  Esq.,  Whitehall-place;  Wm. 
Harrison.  Esq.,  Gall  i  greaves -house,  Black- 
burn ;  P.  A.  Inderuick,  Esq.,  Thurloe- 
sqoare ;  F.  H.  Thome,  Esq.,  Dacre-park, 
Lee,  Kent. 

Various  presents  to  the  library  were  re- 
ceived from  the  Royal  Society,  the  Archae- 
ological Institute,  Canadian  Institute,  &c. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  exhibited  the  original 
brass  matrix  of  the  seal  of  Richard,  duke 
of  Gloucester,  as  Admiral  of  England,  re- 
ferred to  in  his  paper  on  tl  e  early  naval 
history  of  Britain.  It  was  sent  for  in- 
spection by  the  Rev.  James  Parkin,  to 
whom  it  belongs. 

Mr.  Hillary  Davies  presented  a  drawing 
of  a  drug  or  spice-mortar,  of  the  early  part 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  exhibited  by  Dr. 
Henry  Johnson  at  the  Shrewsbury  Con- 
gress. It  is  of  brass,  and  ornamented  with 
the  badges  of  the  Tudor  family,  &c  It 
was  found  at  Wenlock. 

Mr.  Gunston  exhibited  a  carved  oaken 
statuette,  representing  a  musician  placing 
on  the  oboe,  which  had  probably  been 
taken  from  a  series  in  an  arcade  i\  und 
a  coffer  of  the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth 
century. 

Mr.  Brent  communicated  notices  of  the 
discovery  of  Roman  remains  at  Canter- 
bury, found  in  excavations  which  are  still 
in  progress  in  the  main  street,  and  consist 
of  columns,  ornamented  cornices,  thick 
walls,  pavements,  tiles,  flue-pipes,  pottery 
(some  Samian),  glass,  &c.  There  are  also 
some  medieval  relics  and  a  cross  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  character. 

Mr.  Baigent  forwarded  a  deed,  c.  1260, 
relating  to  the  sale  of  land  at  Tendring, 
Essex,  executed  by  Thomas,  son  of  Hugh 
Curfois,  with  a  perfect  seal  attached,  hav- 
ing a  quatrefoil  in  the  centre. 

Mr.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  some  sphe- 
roids of  ancient  glass,  and  gave  an  account 
of  the  specimens  now  known,  and  which 
have  been  commonly  considered  as  Druidic 
amulets.     His  observations  gave  rise  to 


a  discussion  as  to  the  several  opinions  en- 
tertained regarding  them. 

The  Rev.  H.  M.  Scarth  made  a  further 
communication  descriptive  of  the  Roman 
remains  preserved  at  the  Literary  and  Sci- 
entific Institution  at  Bath,  and  corrected 
several  of  the  readings  of  the  inscriptions 
upon  them.     The  paper  will  be  printed. 

Jan.  23.  Geoboe  Vbee  Irving,  Esq., 
V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Chief-Justice  Temple  exhibited  an 
instrument  in  copper ;  a  common  type  of 
celt,  in  bronze,  found  in  limestone  at  a 
considerable  depth  at  Honduras;  also  a 
flint  celt  from  the  same  locality.  Further 
particulars  in  relation  to  these  were  pro- 
mised. 

Mr.Vere  Ir/ing  laid  before  the  meeting 
a  MS.  book,  entitled  "Record  of  the 
Court  of  the  Township  of  Dolphinton  in 
Lanarkshire,"  and  remarked  that  although 
the  records  of  this  and  similar  courts  mjust 
have  been  at  one  time  common  in  Scot- 
land, as  every  barony  had  its  burgh,  they 
are  very  rarely  to  be  met  with  at  this 
day.  They  are  interesting  to  the  archaeo- 
logist as  illustrating  the  state  of  society  in 
medieval  times,  and  Mr.  Irving  promised 
some  notes  regarding  these  petty  munici- 
palities for  the  Journal. 

Sir  Gardner  Wilkiuson,  V.-P.,  forwarded 
a  paper,  illustrated  by  numerous  drawings, 
on  the  Construction  of  Ancient  British 
Walls,  which  was  ordered  to  bo  printed. 

The  Rev.  E.  Kell  forwarded  a  large 
collection  of  fragments  of  glass  and  pot- 
tery, obtained  at  Buckholt  Farm  in  Hants, 
the  site  of  a  Roman  station.  A  minute 
examination  of  the  glass  was  made,  and 
the  conclusion  arrived  at  that  no  portion 
could  be  esteemed  to  date  earlier  than  the 
fourteenth  ceutury.  The  discovery,  how- 
ever, of  a  glass  factory  here,  of  which  Mr. 
Kell  gave  a  minute  description,  is  exceed- 
ingly interesting,  as  it  offers  perhaps  tho 
earliest  evidence  of  an  establishment  of 
the  kind  yet  discovered  in  this  country. 

The  meeting  adjourned,  and  the  Chair- 
man announced  that  a  special  meeting 
of  the  Association  in  conjunction  with  tho 


302 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.         [March, 


Ethnological  Society  would  be  held  at  the  relating  to  the  finding  of  flint  implements 

rooms  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  in  drift,  &c,  and  on  which  occasion  spe- 

on  Tuesday,  Feb.  19,  at  half-past  eight  cimens  sent  by  M.  Boucher  des  Perthes 

o'clock,  p.m.,  to  fully  discuss  the  question  would  be  exhibited. 


ARCHITECTURAL  MUSEUM,  SOUTH  KENSINGTON. 


Jan.  9.  A  course  of  lectures  under 
the  direction  of  the  Council  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Museum  was  commenced  by  Mr. 
William  White,  the  subject  being  "A Plea 
for  Polychromy."  The  lecturer  first  in- 
fisted  upon  the  necessary  existence  of 
polychromy  in  architecture,  and  pleaded 
for  a  further  introduction  of  colour  largely 
for  its  own  sake  in  architectural  interiors. 
He  appealed  to  man's  intuitive  love  for 
colour  as  illustrated  in  a  variety  of  ways, 
and  to  the  analogy  of  nature.  He  then 
referred  to  the  value  of  "  unconscious  in- 
fluences" and  to  the  manner  in  which 
men  are  affected  by  colour  even  though 
unconscious  of  its  presence,  and  called 


attention  to  the  necessity  of  colour  in 
order  to  the  healthy  state  of  the  eye  and 
brain,  and  the  consequent  cruelty  which 
its  withdrawal  inflicted  upon  the  sick  and 
the  poor.  After  answering  popular  objec- 
tions, he  concluded  by  advising  a  more 
close  application  to  the  study  of  chromatic 
law,  appealing  to  all  to  lend  their  aid  to 
that  institution  whose  great  aim  was  to 
help  forward  the  ArtUt  and  the  Art- 
student  upon  their  high  mission  of  con- 
tributing to  the  health  and  happiness  of 
their  fellow-countrymen.  Considering  the 
severe  weather  the  lecture  was  well  at- 
tended. 


ECCLESIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


Dec.  17,  1860.  At  a  Committee  Meet- 
ing held  at  Arklow-house, — present,  A.  J. 
B.  B  bees fobd- Hope,  Esq.,  the  President, 
in  the  chair ;  J.  F.  France,  Esq.,  the  Rev. 
S.  S.  Greatheed,  the  Rev.  T.  Helmore, 
the  Rev.  G.  H.  Hodson,  W.  C.  Luard, 
Esq.,  the  Rev.  W.  Scott,  and  the  Rev.  B. 
Webb,  —  Lewis  A.  Majendie,  Esq.,  Great 
Dunmow,  Essex,  and  H.  J.  Matthew,  Esq., 
B.A.,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  were 
elected  ordinary  members. 

It  was  agreed  that  of  five  competitors 
for  the  Colour  Prize,  offered  by  the  Society 
in  connection  with  the  Architectural  Mu- 
seum, the  first  and  second  prizemen  of 
last  year,  Mr.Simkin  and  Mr.  Harrison, 
were  equal.  Accordingly,  with  Mr.  Beres- 
ford-Hope's  consent,  the  committee  agreed 
to  add  two  guineas  to  his  second  prize,  so 
that  each  of  these  competitors  might  re- 
ceive the  full  prize  of  five  guineas. 

A  figure  of  an  angel  from  the  transept 
of  Westminster  Abbey  was  suggested  as 
a  good  subject  for  the  next  year's  prize ; 
and  the  President  and  the  Chairman  of 
Committtes  were  appointed  a  sub-com- 
mittee to  decide  upon  this  in  conference 


with  the  committee  of  the  Architectural 
Museum. 

Mr.  Robson  of  Durham  met  the  com- 
mittee and  exhibited  a  very  interesting 
collection  of  drawings  from  the  incised 
pavement,  filled  in  with  lead,  of  the  church 
of  S.  Remi  at  Rheims.  It  was  agreed 
that  it  would  be  most  desirable  to  intro- 
duce pavements  of  this  kind  as  a  variation 
from  the  general  rule  of  encaustic  tiles ; 
and  it  was  remarked  that  the  fine  design 
of  these  groups  would  be  very  suitable  for 
use  in  stained  glass. 

Some  conversation  ensued  on  the  ori- 
ginal termination  of  the  great  central 
tower  of  Durham  Minster,  Mr.  Robson  not 
agreeing  with  Mr.  Scott  that  there  were 
sufficient  traces  to  make  it  seem  probable 
that  the  tower  once  supported  a  kind  of 
crown  imperial,  like  the  examples  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  and  elsewhere. 

Several  points  in  the  restoration  of  Chi- 
chester Cathedral  by  Mr.  Slater  were  dis- 
cussed. Mr.  Slater  also  produced  his  designs 
for  the  restoration  of  All  Saints',  Thuriaston, 
Leicestershire.  A  partial  restoration  and 
re-arrangement  contemplated  in  the  curi- 


1861.] 


Numismatic  Society. 


303 


0118  church  (with  Sixon  remains)  of  St. 
Mary,  Deerhurst,  Gloucestershire,  gave 
rise  to  much  discussion.  It  was  the 
unanimous  opinion  of  the  committee  that 
the  east  end  should  be  restored,  perhaps 
by  the  addition  of  an  apse,  and  the  present 
bad  arrangement  altered. 

Mr.  St.  Auhyn  rxhibited  his  designs  for 
the  rebuilding  of  the  church  of  Marazion, 
Cornwall,  for  the  restoration  of  St.  Mary, 
Widford,  Essex,  and  for  a  new  parsonage 
at  Notsell  in  Yorkshire.  He  also  con- 
suited  the  committee  on  the  best  way  of 
treating  the  western  porch  of  the  Temple 
Church,  which  is  about  to  be  set  free  from 
the  modern  buildings  in  which  it  is  now 
buried.  It  seemed  to  be  agreed  that 
this  porch  was  originally  part  of  a  cloister ; 
and  it  was  recommended  that  it  should  be 
treated  with  an  independent  roof,  rather 
than  as  a  mere  porch.  Other  improve- 
ments to  the  exterior  of  the  Temple 
Church  were  spoken  of  as  not  improb- 
able. 

The  committee  examined  some  fine  car- 
toons for  filling  the  east  window  of  Louth 
Church,  Lincolnshire,  with  stained  gla-s, 
by  Messrs.  Clayton  and  Bell ;  and  als  >  the 
design  for  coloured  decorations  for  the 
space  above  the  chancel- arch  in  the  new 
church  of  Salterhcbble,  near  Halifax, 
Yorkshire.     They  also  examined  photo- 


graphs, of  the  statue  of  St.  George  and 
the  Dragon,  now  nearly  completed  in 
Portland  stone,  for  the  top  of  the  column 
of  the  Westminster  Crimean  Memorial 
in  the  Broad  Sanctuary.  It  was  agreed 
that  it  would  be  very  desirable  for  the 
sword  of  St.  George  to  be  made  of  metal. 

Mr.  Burges  laid  before  the  committee 
Messrs.  Evans  and  Pullan's  designs  for 
additions  and  restorations  to  St.  Andrew 
Fontmell,  near  Shaftesbury,  Dorsetshire. 

The  committee  examined  Mr.  J.  L. 
Pearson's  fine  designs  for  his  sumptuous 
and  important  new  church  of  St.  Peter, 
Lambeth ;  and  Mr.  White's  plans  for  the 
rebuilding  of  Claydon  Church,  Oxford- 
shire, for  the  restoration  of  Walton  Church, 
Bucks,  for  additions  to  the  rectory  at  the 
same  place,  and  for  a  new  school  at  Little 
Woolston,  Bucks. 

Letters  were  read,  among  others,  from 
A.  Heales,  Esq.,  and  W.  E.  Flaherty, 
Esq.,  the  latter  calling  attention  to  the 
record  known  as  Cardinal  Pole's  Pension 
Book*. 

Specimens  of  a  new  kind  of  needlework, 
introduced  at  Cologne,  for  hangings  be- 
hind the  stalls  in  the  choir,  have  been 
brought  from  Germany  by  the  President. 
The  method  is  recommended  for  adoption 
in  this  country,  as  being  easy  and  inex- 
pensive, and  yet  very  effective. 


NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY. 


Jan.  24.  W.  S.  W.  Vaux,  Esq.,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. 

Dr.  A.  Nainur,  Secretary  of  the  Archaeo- 
logical Society  of  Luxembourg,  was  elected 
an  honorary  member. 

Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith  exhibited  casts  of 
some  ancient  British  coins  in  gold  found 
in  a  field  called  the  Golden  Piece,  near 
Kyarsh,  Kent,  and  now  in  the  possession 
of  the  Rev.  L.  B.  Larking.  It  was  sus- 
pected that  prior  discoveries  of  the  same 
nature  in  the  same  field  gave  it  the  name 
of  the  Golden  Piece.  The  coins  were  five  in 
number  :  one  similar  to  Coll.  Ant.,  vol.  i. 
pi.  vi.  No.  5;  three  like  Ruding,  pi.  i. 
No.  3 ;  and  one  of  the  same  character  but 
of  coarser  work.  Similar  coins  to  the  first 
have  been  found  near  Maidstone  and  El- 


ham  in  Kent,  and  the  other  varieties  are 
of  frequent  occurrence  through  the  whole 
of  the  southern  part  of  England,  and  are 
found  occasionally  on  the  Continent. 

The  Rev.  Professor  Henslow  exhibited 
an  impression  of  a  small  gold  coin  of  Pa- 
norama of  the  ordinary  type,  said  to  have 
been  found  at  Felixstow,  Suffolk,  where 
Roman  coins  and  other  antiquities  are 
constantly  being  discovered.  As  the  coin 
belongs  to  the  fourth  century  B.C.,  its  in- 
troduction into  this  country,  if  it  was 
really  brought  hither  by  some  Roman 
soldier  or  colonist,  must  have  taken  place 
at  a  period  long  posterior  to  that  in  which 
it  was  struck. 

•  Gent.  Mao.,  June,  I860,  p.  5C9. 


304 


Antiquarian  and  literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


Mr.  John  Evans  exhibited  a  drachma  of 
Philip  Aridsus,  which,  it  was  asserted, 
had  been  found  beneath  the  root  of  an 
oak  that  had  been  grubbed  up  in  Rendles- 
ham  Park,  Suffolk,  as  another  instance  of 
the  alleged  discovery  of  Greek  coins  of  an 
early  period  in  England. 

J.  Y.  Akerman,  Esq.,  exhibited  photo- 
graphs of  a  silver  coin  of  Carausius  lately 
found  at  Abingdon.  The  type  of  the  re- 
verse is  that  of  concoedia  hilitym,  with 
the  two  right  hands  joined,  and  with  b.s.b. 
on  the  exergue. 

Mr.  Webster  exhibited  a  remarkable 
silver  jetton,  having  on  the  obverse  the 
full-blown  rose  of  England  surrounded  by 
lions,  &c.,  and  with  the  legend  81  devs 

NOB1BCYM    QYIS    CON  TEA    NOS.       On    the 

reverse  are  three  crowns,  arranged  one 
above  another,  with  the  legend  ivstitia 
VIBTYTvm  ekgina.  He  was  inclined  to 
consider  this  curious  piece  to  have  been 
struck  by  the  supporters  of  Lady  Jane 
Grey. 

The  President  communicated  a  short 


account  of  some  remarkable  gold  coins 
mounted  as  pendents,  lately  found  with  a 
magnificent  Anglo-Saxon  brooch,  at  Sarr, 
Thanet,  and  acquired  by  the  British  Mu- 
seum. They  consist  of  imitations  of  the 
solidi  of  Mauritius,  Tiberius,  and  Hera- 
clius,  and  a  solidus  of  Chlotaire  II. 

Mr.  Bateman  communicated  an  account 
of  the  discovery  of  some  ancient  British 
coins  at  Light  Cliffe,  near  Halifax,  in  the 
year  1827.  They  comprised  three  gold 
coins  of  the  ordiuary  Yorkshire  type,  with 
the  legends  vousios  aud  dvmnocovebos, 
and  one  with  the  legend  vep  (retrograde) 
cobf.  The  remarkable  feature  was  the 
discovery  in  the  urn  with  them  of  a  large 
number  of  Roman  family  denarii  and  a  few 
imperial,  including  one  of  Caligula,  thus 
affording  an  approximate  date  for  the  de- 
posit. 

A  short  paper  was  read,  on  Modern  Art 
and  the  New  Bronze  Coinage,  by  Mr.  Se- 
bastian Evans,  in  which  the  grave  artistic 
defects  of  the  new  issue  were  pointed  out 
and  commented  upon. 


LONDON,  MIDDLESEX,  AND  SURREY  ARCH^OLOGICAL 

SOCIETIES. 


Jan.  15.  H.  C.  Coot*,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
in  the  chair. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Nash  exhibited  a  drawing  of 
a  portion  of  a  Roman  pavement  repre- 
senting a  sea-horse.  This  pavement  was 
discovered  in  Birchin-lane  in  1857.  A 
portion  only  of  the  pavement  was  un- 
covered, evidently  part  of  the  outside 
border. 

W.  H.  Hart,  F.S.A.,  exhibited,  by  per- 
mission of  S.  H.  F.  Cox,  Esq.,  a  document 
of  considerable  historical  interest,  bearing 
the  signature  of  the  great  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. It  is  an  appointment  by  her 
Majesty  of  Sir  Richard  Lea  as  ambassador 
to  the  Court  of  Russia  in  the  year  1600, 
and  is  in  the  form  of  letters  patent, 
but  it  is  not  enrolled  on  the  patent  roll  ; 
and  it  has  another  peculiarity  worth  noting, 
namely,  that  it  is  signed  by  the  sovereign 
in  the  left  hand  upper  corner,  like  a  sign 
manual  or  signed  bill,  which  process  is  not 
necessary  to  the  validity  of  a  patent.  There 
is  at  the  Stale  Paper  Office  a  letter  dated 
8 


April  19, 1600,  (a  little  before  the  date  of 
this  appointment,)  wherein  Sir  Richard 
Lee  submits  to  Sir  R.  Cecvll  various  con- 
sidcrations  concerning  her  Majesty's  send- 
ing to  the  Emperor  of  Muscovy. 

The  Lees  were  an  Oxfordshire  family, 
and  resided  at  Ditchley  in  that  county.  In 
Evelyn's  Diary,  vol.  i.  p.  383,  (Sept.  20, 
1661,)  we  find  him  paying  a  visit  to  Ditch- 
ley,  thus : — 

"  Hence,  we  went  to  Dichley,  an  ancient 
seat  of  the  Lees,  now  Sir  Henry  Lee's; 
it  is  a  low  ancient  timber  house,  with  a 
pretty  bowling-green.  My  Lady  gave  us 
an  extraordinary  dinner.  This  gentle- 
man's mother  was  Countess  of  Rochester, 
who  was  also  there,  and  Sir  Walter  St. 
John.  There  were  some  pictures  of  their 
ancestors,  not  ill  painted ;  the  great-grand- 
father had  been  Knight  of  the  Garter: 
there  was  the  picture  of  a  Pope,  and  our 
Saviour's  head." 

By  the  holes  and  string- marks  the  great 
seal  would  appear  to  have  been  attached 
to  this  document,  but  as  it  is  not  enrolled, 


1861.]    Bucks.  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Association.     305 


Mid  the  seal,  whatever  it  was,  is  no  longer 
in  existence,  this  point  must  be  left  to 
conjecture. 

The  Rev.  B.  H.  Cowper  exhibited  a  broad- 
side having  reference  to  a  paper  read  by 
Robert  Cole,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  at  the  previous 
meeting,  on  the  pretended  gift  of  healing 
the  king's  evil  by  the  royal  touch.  The 
broadside,  which  is  dated  1680,  is  headed, 
— "His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Monmouth, 
Honoured  in  His  Progress  in  the  West  of 
England  in  an  account  of  a  most  extraor- 
dinary cure  of  the  King's  Evil,  given  in  a 
Letter  from  Crook  horn  in  the  County  of 
Somerset,  from  the  Minister  of  the  Parish 
and  many  others."  And  is  attested  by 
Henry  Clark,  minister  of  the  Parish, 
Captain  James  Bale,  Captain  Richard 
Sherlock,  and  others.  The  following  note  is 
added: — "Whoever  doubts  the  truth  of 
this  relation,  may  be  satisfied  thereof  by 
sight  of  the  Original  under  the  hands  of 
the  Persons  before  mentioned,  at  the  Am- 
sterdam Coffe-Housein  Bartholomew  Lane, 
near  the  Royal  Exchange." 

Mr.  Cowper  also  exhibited  a  broadside 
dated  1684,  relating  to  the  great  Frost  in 
that  year.  It  is  entitled,  "  A  Strange 
and  Wonderfull  Relation  of  many  Re- 
markable Damages  sustained,  both  at  Sea 
and  Land,  by  the  present  Unparraleld 
Frost."  The  following  extracts  from  this 
document  are  curious  : — 

"  It  is  also  credibly  attested  that  vast 
sollid  Cakes  of  Ice  of  some  Miles  in  circuit, 
breaking  away  from  the  Eastern  Countries 


of  Flanders  and  Holland,  Ac.,  have  leen 
by  the  East  and  North-east  winds,  driven 
upon  the  Marine  Borders  of  Essex,  Suffolk 
and  Norfolk,  to  their  no  small  Dammage  : 
and  it  is  also  Reported  that  some  Skeet- 
slyders  upon  one  of  these  large  Icie  plains, 
were  unawares  driven  to  Sea,  and  arived 
Living  (though  almost  perished  with  Cold 
and  Hungar)  upon  the  Sea-coast  of  Essex." 

"From  Worcestershier  'tis  Reported  that 
a  certain  Tobacconess  Riding  from  the 
City  of  Worster  about  his  necessary  Oca- 
sions,  some  Twenty  two  Miles,  had  four  of 
his  Fingers  so  Frozen  by  the  extream 
Severity  of  the  Cold,  that  no  wormth 
could  possibly  recover  them,  for  they  were 
absolutely  Dead :  and  in  little  time  began 
to  wither  and  perish ;  So  that  he  was  Con- 
strained to  yield,  (by  the  advice  of  a  skil- 
ful Cbirurgeon)  to  suffer  them  to  be  Cut 
off:  which  was  done  without  his  Sence  of 
feeling  any  Paine;  which  may  put  us  in 
mind  of  the  Intentions  of  the  Parrable,  in 
another  cae:  It  is  better  that  the  Hand 
bo  Cut  off,  than  the  whole  Body  Perrish." 

"  A  certain  Sexton  in  the  City  of  London 
having  a  Grave  to  make,  and  finding  the 
Obdurate  and  Imprenitrable  Earth,  as  it 
had  been  a  Rock  of  soiled  Marble,  Rever- 
berate his  Forsible  Stroaks ;  was  therefore 
Constrained  to  Hire  two  Strong  and  Able 
Working  Men  giving  Each  two  Sailings 
a  Day  to  undertake  the  same:  Who  with 
Pick  axes,  Twibils,  Beetle  and  Wedges, 
and  two  Days  hard  Labour,  did  with  great 
Difucalty  make  it  Deep  Enough  :  So  that 
the  Labour  of  Diging  one  only  Grave,  did 
amount  to  Eight  Shillings,  and  the  Labour- 
ours  Worthy  of  their  Hire." 

Various  other  broadsides,  &c.,  relating 
to  the  same  subject  were  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Cowper. 


BUCKS.  ARCHITECTURAL  AND  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


Jan.  22.  A  general  meeting  was  held  at 
Aylesbury,  the  Vcn.  Archdeacon  Bicker- 
BTITH  in  the  chair. 

After  the  election  of  several  new  mem- 
bers and  other  routine  business,  the  Rev.  N. 
T.  Garry  read  a  paper  on  "  Two  original  Li- 
censee, one  granted  by  George  Abbot,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  to  Richard  Cart- 
wright,  to  eat  flesh ;  the  other  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  to  William  Izard  to  convey  Tithes 
of  Wheat  ley,  Ac.,  to  Anthony  Mull  ins; 
with  translations  and  notes  by  G.  H.  Sau- 
tell,  Esq. " 

The  Rev.  C.  Lowndes  next  read  a  pa- 
Gkht.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


per,  by  G.  R.  Corner,  Esq.,  illustrative 
of  "  Four  Illuminations  of  the  Courts  of 
Westminster,  in  the  possession  of  William 
Selby  Lowndes,  Esq.,  of  Whaddon-hall." 
These  remarkable  illuminations  are  sup* 
posed  to  have  been  the  property  of  the 
antiquary  Browne  Willis,  who  once  resi- 
ded at  Whaddon.  They  are  fixed  to  the 
date  of  1454  from  the  circumstance  that 
the  Chief  Justice  is  represented  as  a  lay* 
man,  and  the  only  layman  who  held  that 
office  at  the  period  indicated  was  Richard 
Neville,  Earl  of  Salisbury. 

Archdeacon  Bickersteth  gave  "  A  Brief 

pp 


306 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


Historical  Sketch  of  the  Town  of  Ayles- 
bury. "  Aylesbury  stands  on  an  isolated 
mass  of  Portland  rock,  the  same  soil  on 
which  Hartwell  and  Stone  stand,  the  inter- 
mediate portion  having  been  swept  away. 
The  Kimmeridgc  clay,  which  forms  the 
intermediate  surface,  is  the  soil  which 
gives  such  fertility  to  the  vale  of  Ayles- 
bury. The  geological  position  of  Aylesbury 
rendered  it  an  important  British  post  at 
an  early  period.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
taken  by  the  Saxon  Prince  Cuthwolf,  a.d. 
571.  At  a  later  period  its  political  his- 
tory is  mixed  up  with  the  story  of  the  two 
sisters,  Eadburg  and  Eaditha,  and  their 
niece,  the  Lady  Osy th,  who  was  connected 
with  Quarrendon.  Probably  the  name  of 
Bierton  was  derived  from  St.  Eadburg. 
Bierton  and  its  dependencies,  Stoke  Man- 
deville  and  Qunrrendon,  are  known  to 
have  been  connected  with  Aylesbury  in 
the  thirteenth  centnry.  From  the  Norman 
survey  we  find  that  the  manor  of  Ay  le.- bury 
was  vested  in  the  Crown  till  the  reign  of 
King  John,  and  there  was  certainly  a 
church  anterior  to  the  present  one,  the 
date  of  which  is  probably  about  A.D.  1250. 
In  A.D.  1253  Robert  Fitz  Richard  held 
lands  under  the  Crown  on  condition  of 
finding  straw  for  the  King's  bed  and  two 
geese  for  the  King's  table,  or  three  eels  in 
winter,  so  that  Aylesbury  ducks  may  be 
said  to  be  an  institution  of  some  antiquity. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  King 
John  the  manor  was  granted  to  Geoffrey 
Fitz-Piers.  From  his  family  it  passed  into 
the  possession  of  the  Botelcrs,  or  Butlers, 
Earls  of  Ormond,  who  sold  it  to  Sir  John 
Baldwyn,  Lord  Chief  Justice,  a  great  bene- 
factor to  the  town,  and  owner  of  the 
monastery  of  Grey  Friars.  From  the  Bald- 
wyns  the  manor  passed  to  the  family  of 
the  Pakingtons,  with  whom  it  remained 
for  250  years.  Of  Sir  John  Pakington, 
M.P.  for  Aylesbury  in  his  24th  year,  we 
have  this  record  in  the  burial  register, 
"  The  hope  of  Aylesbury. "  During  the 
civil  wars  the  mansion  seems  to  have  been 
so  dismantled  as  to  be  no  longer  a  family 
residence.  Owing  to  the  influence  of  seve- 
ral families,  especially  that  of  Hampden, 
the  town  seems  in  those  disastrous  times 
to  have  taken  an  active  part  on  the  Par- 


liamentary side.  In  1642 — nino  days  after 
the  battle  of  Edge-hill  (1st  November)— 
there  took  place  a  skirmish  which  has 
been  dignified  by  the  name  of  the  battle  of 
Ayl<  sbury,  and  Jof  which  an  account  has 
been  preserved  in  a  scarce  tract  entitled 
"  Good  and  Joyful  News  out  of  Bucking- 
hamshire. "  The  conflict  took  place  near 
what  is  known  as  Holman's- bridge.  In 
1818  the  late  Lord  Nugent  was  led  to  ex- 
amine this  spot,  and  about  257  bodies 
were  discovered  and  re-interred,  corre- 
sponding very  nearly  with  the  number 
stated  in  the  tract  above  named  as  the  loss 
on  both  sides  (290).  Aylesbury  was  consti- 
tuted a  borough  under  a  charter  of  Queen 
Mary  in  1554,  the  corporation  consisting 
of  one  bailiff,  ten  aldermen,  and  twelve 
capital  burgesses,  who  were  to  nominate 
two  burgesses  to  represent  it  in  Parlia- 
ment. In  a  short  time  the  corporation 
failed  to  fill  up  the  number  of  burgesses, 
and  the  corporation  of  Aylesbury  seems  to 
have  died  out.  Coming  to  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal history  of  the  town,  there  were  cer- 
tainly three,  if  not  four,  important  foun- 
dations— the  ancient  Hospitals  of  St.  John 
and  St.  Leonard,  the  House  of  the  Fran- 
ciscans, or  Grey  Friars,  the  Chantry  or 
Brotherhood,  and  perhaps  a  small  house 
of  Trinitarians,  though  this  latter  appears 
doubtful.  The  hospitals  first  named  are 
first  mentioned  in  the  Inquisition  held  in 
the  time  of  Edward  III.,  when  they  ap- 
pear to  have  fallen  into  decay,  and  to 
have  passed  into  lay  hands.  There  was 
afterwards  an  endowment  by  Alice  Countess 
of  Ormond.  Next  comes  the  monastery  of 
the  Grey  Friars,  founded  about  1386,  by 
James  Bottler,  Earl  of  Ormond,  probably 
on  the  site  of  the  old  hospital  of  St.  John 
and  St.  Leonard,  and  still  known  as  the 
Friarage.  A  statue  was  dug  up  some 
few  year 8  back,  now  preserved  in  Ayles- 
bury Church,  which  is  erroneously  stated 
in  Browne  Willis's  Parliamentaria  to  have 
been  that  of  Sir  Robert  Lee,  in  the  time 
of  Henry  VII. ;  but  it  is  indubitably  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  and  probably  that  of 
the  founder  of  the  monastery.  The  build- 
ing remained  the  residence  of  Sir  John 
Baldwyn  until  the  dissolution  of  the  mo- 
nasteries.    The  person  sent   by  Thomas 


1861.]       Bucks.  Architectural  and  Archaoloyical  Society.         '  307 


Cromwell  report*  that  he  sold  the  glass 
windows,  bat  left  the  house  whole,  only 
defacing  the  church.  We  come  next  to 
the  fraternity  or  chantry,  founded  in  the 
fifteenth  century  by  John  Singleton  and 
two  John  Baldwins,  father  and  son,  the  site 
being  near  that  of  the  present  vicarage. 
Leland  mentions  a  house  of  Trinitarians 
on  the  same  spot,  but  he  is  probably  in 
error.  Perhaps  the  old  stalls  still  in  Ayles- 
bury Church  are  those  dedicated  to  the 
Brotherhood.  Of  the  town  itself  there  is 
not  much  to  be  said.  In  the  tap-room  of 
the  King's  Head  inn  there  are  some  curious 
panels  and  windows,  which  possibly  have 
some  connection  with  the  old  religions 
foundation  near  the  spot.  In  the  lied 
Lion  also  may  still  be  found  some  re- 
mains  which  the  Archdeacon  had  not  ex- 
amined. Nor  must  they  forget  the  very 
room  in  which  they  were  assembled.  This 
inn,  the  White  Hart,  is  undoubtedly  of 
the  time  of  Charles  II.  The  room  and 
that  below,  part  of  which  is  now  used  as  a 
coach-house,  were  about  40  feet  by  23. 
The  ceiling  was  in  decay,  until  the  late 
Mr.  Fowler  caused  it  to  be  restored.  The 
painting  over  the  present  fireplace  repre- 
sents Queen  Tomyris  receiving  the  head 
of  Cyrus;  that  on  the  lefc  hand,  Eneas 
bearing  off  his  father  Anchises.  On  the 
ceiling  are  representations  of  Peace  and 
Concord,  evidently  suggested  by  the  King's 
restoration ;  for  the  people  of  Aylesbury — 
whatever  part  they  might  have  taken — 
were  very  glad  when  the  rightful  monarch 
was  restored.  There  is  a  tradition,  men- 
tioned in  Clarendon,  that  the  Earl  of  Ro- 
chester, being  in  imminent  danger,  was 
sheltered  at  Aylesbury  by  one  Philby, 
and  possibly  this  inn  may  have  been  a 
memorial  of  his  gratitude  after  the  Restor- 
ation. Speaking  of  Aylesbury  in  1861,  he 
trusted  he  might  call  it  an  improving 
town. 

Mr.  J.  K.  Fowler  said  that  during  the 
restoration  of  the  church  many  remains 
were  found  bearing  out  the  Archdeacon's 
suggestions  that  there  was  a  Norman  edi- 
fice previous  to  the  present  one. 

The  Rev.  A.  Isham  then  gave  an  ac- 
count of  the  stone  coffins,  Ac,  recently 
found  in  Weston  Turville  Church;  and 


the  Rev.  O.  R.  Ferris  read  an  able  and 
suggestive  paper  on  the  question,  "  Colour, 
how  far  admissible  in  architecture  P  "  He 
observed  that  there  is  hardly  an  old  wall 
or  buttress  which  does  not  bear  witness  to 
the  opinion  of  our  ancestors  on  .this  sub- 
ject ;  more  than  this,  there  is  scarcely  an 
uncoloured  object  in  nature.  There  is,  no 
doubt,  a  right  and  wrong  way  of  applying 
colour.  No  one  objects  to  coloured  mar- 
ble pillars,  or  to  slabs  of  the  same,  but  we 
cannot  always  build  in  marble.  We  may 
employ  either  the  natural  colour  of  the 
material,  as  marble,  or  the  artificial  hues 
of  brick  or  glass,  or  the  aitifical  pigments 
we  may  choose  to  apply.  The  true  method 
lies  not  in  anything  of  the  nature  of  a  sham, 
but  in  the  careful  study  of  nature  and 
imitation  of  ancient  examples.  Nothing 
can  be  more  appropriate  as  an  ornament 
to  God's  house  than  that  which  is  taken 
from  His  perfect  works  —  for  example, 
leaves  and  flowers.  These  we  may  colour 
rightly  or  wrongly,  and  it  is  our  business 
to  find  the  right.  Many  objections  have 
been  made  to  the  quaint  old  paintings 
sometimes  disclosed  on  our  church  walls ; 
but  all  such  should  be  carefully  studied 
and  copied  in  cases  where  it  is  necessary 
that  they  should  be  removed.  Much  might 
be  said  as  to  the  degree  of  conventionality, 
if  any,  which  is  admissible,  and  on  the 
question  whether  the  predominant  aim 
should  be  a  solemn  or  a  cheerful  impres- 
sion. Following  nature,  it  would  seem 
that  quiet  colour  should  predominate,  and 
that  more  brilliant  colour  might  be  em- 
ployed on  prominent  parts  where  the  light 
falls.  Tbe  best  methods  of  applying  colour 
is  perhaps  in  diapers,  considering  that 
pictures  require  a  higher  style  of  art  than 
is  usually  attainable  in  parish  churches. 
Colour  being,  so  to  speak,  the  child  of 
light,  the  most  striking  efforts  in  this 
direction  might  be  reserved  for  the  large 
windows  of  our  cathedrals  and  large 
churches.  The  method  of  applying  colour 
in  scrolls  with  texts  of  Scripture  in  cha- 
racters which  only  the  educated  can  read, 
is  perhaps  the  worst  of  alL 

The  Rev.  H.  Roundell  read  a  paper  on 
some  remains  recently  found  at  Tingewick, 
consisting  of  a  number  of  bones  of  various 


308 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


animals,  a  large  quantity  of  Roman  pot- 
tery, a  wooden  comb,  a  pair  of  bronze 
compasses,  two  bronze  rings,  some  iron 
nails,  Ac.,  and  four  Roman  coins.  Fall 
particulars  of  this  find  will  be  given  in 


the  next   number  of  the   "Records  of 
Bucks." 

The  meeting  closed  with  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  the  Archdeacon. 


CHRISTCHURCH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


Jan.  4.  This  Society,  which  has  been 
recently  formed  for  the  description  and 
preservation  of  objects  of  archaeological 
interest  in  the  town  and  neighbourhood 
of  Christchurch,  held  its  first  meeting  on 
Jan.  4.  Sir  George  E.  Pococke,  Bart.,  was 
elected  President,  the  Rev.  Z.  Nash,  A.M., 
Vice-President,  and  the  Rev.  Mackenzie 
E.  C.  Walcott,  M.A.,  Honorary  Secretary. 

The  magnificent  priory  church  now  in 
course  of  restoration  by  Benjamin  Ferrey, 
Esq.,  honorary  member,  was  visited ;  and 
the  new  vaulting  of  the  north  porch,  with 
its  encaustic  tile  pavement,  the  arcades  on 
the  exterior  of  the  north  transept  and  in 
the  south  aisle  of  the  nave,  and  the  Canons' 
door  with  its  decided  French  character, 
recently  opened,  attracted  special  notice, 
and  were  pronounced  highly  interesting 
and  admirably  carried  out.  The  south 
side  of  the  choir  has  been  opened  out  to 
view,  and  two  defensive  towers  in  the 
walls  of  the  outer  courts  exposed  by  the 
care  of  the  President.  A  barrow  of  seventy 
yards  in  length,  and  twenty  yards  in 
breadth,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dane- 
rout,  or  Danat-lane,  in  the  Clock-field  on 
his  property,  will  be  opened  by  him  in  the 
course  of  the  spring.  A  similar  barrow 
was  examined  about  seventeen  years  since, 
and  two  urns  of  coarse  red  pottery  were 
discovered ;  one,  the  larger,  which  had  a 
rude  cable  moulding,  contained  human 
bones,  and  the  other  a  heart,  which  turned 
to  dust  on  exposure  to  the  outer  air.  The 
smaller  urn  is  in  the  possession  of  Mrs. 
Gray  of  Christchurch.  Along  the  course 
of  the  river  Stour  for  many  miles  barrows 
are  found  of  considerable  size,  and  from 
one  a  gold  bracelet  with  a  spiral  pattern 
was  recovered.  Two  other  barrows  re- 
main near  the  Artillery  Barracks,  and  a 
third  near  the  Ferry-house  at  Wick. 

Across  the  isthmus  which  separates 
Hengistbury  Head  from  the  mainland  a 


strong  earthwork  has  been  drawn,  with 
deep  ditches  reaching  from  the  river  Avon 
to  the  sea.  Upon.  St.  Catharine's  Hill,  dis- 
tant two  miles  from  Christchurch,  the 
Association  explored  a  scries  of  very  im- 
portant remains.  Along  the  crest  of  the 
hills  are  ranged  four  mounds  for  sentinels, 
or  watch  towers,  and  a  considerable  em- 
bankment extends  to  a  similar  circular 
mound  in  the  centre  of  the  plateau.  This 
forms  a  division  between  two  large  camps : 
that  to  the  north  is  defended  by  a  ram- 
part and  ditch,  and  forms  an  irregular 
oval  48  yards  by  40 ;  the  rampart  is  15  ft. 
over  the  ridge,  and  the  entire  circum- 
ference 174  yards :  the  southern  camp  is 
square,  with  a  double  vallum  and  ditch  on 
every  side  but  the  south,  where  there  is  a 
single  rampart  and  ditch,  and  measures 
72  yards  by  70,  and  is  54  yards  across 
within  the  rampart.  In  the  centre  is  an 
oblong  space  covered  with  short  turf,  while 
all  the  surrounding  portions  of  the  hill  are 
rough  with  shingly  sand  and  tufts  of  hea- 
ther ;  it  formed  the  site  of  a  very  ancient 
building,  the  foundations  of  which  remain, 
measuring  17  yards  by  8.  Small  boss-like 
ramps  of  clay  marked  with  a  rude  cross, 
square  red  tiles,  and  Swanage  stone,  iron- 
stone of  the  neighbourhood,  and  Purbeck 
marble,  are  readily  turned  up  by  the  spade. 
Tradition  points  to  the  existence  of  a 
church  on  this  spot,  and  the  dimensions 
indicated  in  the  sward  tally  with  this  an- 
cient belief.  A  largo  circular  mound  is 
detached  at  some  distance  on  the  south- 
west. By  the  kindness  of  Mrs.  Gray  the 
Association  was  enabled  to  inspect  a  large 
number  of  very  valuable  articles  in  her 
possession;  they  included  a  long  cane 
which  belonged  to  Sir  Francis  Drake,  and 
a  child's  toy  of  silver  and  coral,  wrought 
into  the  form  of  the  great  Admiral's  an- 
chor; an  acorn  of  Boscobel  mounted  in 
silver,  and  used  as  a  smelling-bottle  by 


1861.] 


Exeter  Diocesan  Architectural  Society. 


309 


the  Cavalier  dames;  a  silver  acorn  used 
by  their  lords  to  contain  the  Royalist 
cipher;  a  memorial  heart  of  ebony  and 
gold,  in  honour  of  the  gallant  Earl  Digby, 
who  fell  at  the  defence  of  Sherborne  Castle ; 
a  carious  silver  ink-bottle  with  receptacles 
for  a  wafer  and  sand,  used  by  the  loyalists 
of  Devon  and  the  West  when  they  drew 
up  their  invitation  to  Charles  II.  to  re- 
turn to  England;  it  has  a  signet,  with 
the  helmet  of  a  nobleman,  and  on  a  circle, 
Gules,  a  talbot  courant,  holding  a  palm- 
branch  in  his  right  paw:  two  lancets  or 
surgical  instruments,  with  embossed  silver 
handles,  and  the  crest,  a  lion  sitting,  said 
to  have  been  used  in  the  crusades ;  a  silver 
goblet  embossed  with  the  initials  and  date 
L  d.  D.  68,  used  by  the  Rev.  John  Den- 
gill  Domat,  Rector  of  Hawkchurch,  Devon, 


to  serve  out  drink  to  the  soldiers  at  tho 
siege  of  Lyme  Regis ;  a  silver  locket  with 
the  effigy  of  Charles  I.,  given  as  a  me- 
morial of  their  loyalty  by  Queen  Henrietta 
to  her  faithful  cavaliers;  a  brooch  with 
their  portraits  of  the  same  material;  a 
silver  ecclesiastical  brooch  discovered  at 
Beaulieu,  and  the  calendar  of  the  abbot 
of  Glastonbury,  which  passed  from  Lord 
Westover  into  the  Bragge  family.  The 
Association  likewise  visited  the  ancient 
Norman  house,  and  ruins  of  the  casilc- 
keep. 

The  Society  is  the  first  association  of 
this  character  established  in  the  county 
of  Hants.,  and,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  ulti- 
mately extend  its  operations  to  the  southern 
portion  both  of  that  county  and  the  neigh- 
bouring county  of  Dorset. 


EXETER  DIOCESAtf  ARCHITECTURAL  SOCIETY. 


Jan.  24.  The  nineteenth  annual  meet- 
ing was  held  at  the  College  Flail.  In  the 
absence  of  the  President,  the  Right  Hon. 
Sir  J.  T.  Coleridge,  the  chair  was  occupied 
by  R.  Dueant,  Esq.,  of  Sharpham,  and 
there  was  a  good  attendance  of  members. 

The  report  was  read  by  the  Rev.  J.  L. 
Fulford,  one  of  the  Honorary  Secretaries, 
and  from  it  we  extract  some  passages 
which  deserve  attentive  consideration. 
Speaking  of  the  question  whether  Gothic 
Architecture  is  applicable  to  secular  as 
well  as  to  ecclesiastical  purposes,  it  ob- 
served:— 

"It  rests  with  our  architects  to  prove 
that  all  the  principles  of  medieval  art  may 
be  applied  to  the  dwellings  of  the  rich  and 
poor,  without  any  loss  of  modern  comforts 
and  modern  conveniences ;  and  though  no 
encouragement  ought  to  be  given  to  the 
effeminate  luxuriousness  of  modern  life, 
yet  the  medieval  boose  may  be  made  as 
commodious  as  any  building  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  if  a  medieval  house  is 
cold,  draughty,  and  dark,  the  fault  is  not 
in  the  style,  but  in  the  arrangement.  Too 
much  care  and  attention  cannot  be  paid 
by  societies  like  our  own  to  carrying  out 
such  principles,  for  in  these  details  most, 
if  not  all  the  difficulties  of  objectors,  may 
be  said  to  lie.  We  know  what  our  villages 
are ;  what  a  contrast  would  they  present, 
when  not  only  church,  and  school,  and 
parsonage,  but  also  the  residences  of  the 


higher  and  middle  classes,  and  the  cot- 
tages of  the  poor,  have  each  and  all  the 
character  and  conveniences  that  may  be 
applied  to  medieval  architecture;  the  eye, 
by  degrees,  will  be  accustomed  to  better 
things,  and  the  cottages  of  the  poor  be- 
come more  orderly,  more  cleanly,  much 
lighter,  and  far  more  healthy. 

"  There  is  one  feature  in  modern  work 
which  bids  fair  to  become  popular,  namely, 
the  use  of  various  coloured  bricks  and 
stones,  or  a  mixture  of  brick  and  marble. 
There  may  be  some  danger  of  running  a 
little  wild  in  this  direction,  but  your  com- 
mittee feel  that  there  is  great  advantage 
in  the  use  of  these  coloured  materials,  and 
at  the  same  time  giving  up  that  perpetual 
drab  which  is  at  present  so  predominant ; 
this  would  be  in  itself  a  great  gain.  Many 
a  London  citizen  halts  as  he  passes  the 
parochial  schools  of  the  parish  of  St. 
Giles  to  take  a  survey  of  the  striking 
building  which  there  presents  itself.  The 
marble  and  granite  shafts,  the  various 
coloured  bricks,  the  ornamental  gables, 
the  lofty  and  bold- looking  roof  with  its 
metallic  ridge,  cannot  fail  to  attract  atten- 
tion, and  teach  them  at  least  to  believe 
that  there  may  be  something  more  to  ad- 
mire than  that  wiih  which  London  eyea 
have  been  so  long  familiar." 

Some  memorials  recently  erected  in 
Exeter  Cathedral  gave  occasion  to  the 
following  remarks,  in  which  we  heartily 
concur : — 

"  Your  committee  think  it  right  to  ob- 


310 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [March, 


serve,  that  daring  the  last  year,  three 
memorial*  have  been  pluced  in  our  beauti- 
ful cathedral  of  a  very  widely  different 
character,  taste,  and  feeling.  One  is  a 
memorial  window  erected  at  a  compara- 
tively small  cost,  the  other  at  a  somewhat 
unusually  large  one.  The  window  has 
been  executed  by  Clayton  and  Bell,  in 
memory  of  a  prebendary  of  Exeter  Ca- 
thedral, [Rev.  Dr.  Coleridge,]  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  parochial  clergy  in  Con- 
vocation, and  a  faithful  parish  priest; 
known  to  many,  and  where  known,  loved. 
The  other  is  a  compound  of  marble  and 
bronze,  by  Marochetti,  which  the  medieval 
school  certainly  repudiates,  and  the  modern 
school  will  never  claim.  Palm-trees  and 
mounted  Lancers  in  bronze  are  not  usually 
of  about  equal  height ;  neither  is  the  sub- 
ject happily  selected  in  memory  of  men 
[9th  Lancers]  who  endured  much  and 
fought  nobly  for  their  country  in  the 
plains  and  cities  of  India.  They  certainly 
deserve  something  better  than  that  whish 
commemorates  their  deeds  of  valour.  At 
best  it  is  but  a  patch  npon  the  wall,  dis- 
figuring even  mere  ashlared  free-stone. 
Your  committee  are  only  grieved  that 
good  intentions  have  been  so  badly  carried 
out,  and  a  large  sum  of  money  so  ill  spent. 
A  third  memorial  will  be  referred  to  by 
a  member  of  this  Society  in  the  course  of 
the  morning." 

After  the  adoption  of  the  report,  Mr. 
Ashworth  read  a  paper  on  "  Some  of  the 
Churches  in  the  Deaneries  of  Plimtree 
and  Honiton."  He  commenced  with  Aw- 
liscombe,  a  Perpendicular  church  contain- 
ing several  peculiarities.  On  the  exterior 
great  delicacy  and  finish  in  some  portions 
are  contrasted  with  singular  rudeness  in 
others.  The  tower  diminishes  in  bulk, 
with  a  considerable  set-off  at  each  of  the 
two  upper  stages.  The  windows  are  good 
Perpendicular.  The  floor  of  the  nave, 
suiting  itself  to  the  circumstances  of  the 
site,  is  on  an  inclined  plane ;  the  effect  of 
this  would  not  be  bad,  but  the  pew  fronts 
rake  with  the  floor,  and  contrast  un- 
pleasantly with  others  that  are  level. 
The  tower-arch  has  shafts  of  panelling. 
A  substantial  traceried  screen,  of  Beer- 
stone,  with  angels  at  the  spring  of  the 
arches,  separates  the  chancel  and  nave, 
and  the  panels  of  the  chancel-arch  above 
die  into  plain  jambs.  The  wide  south 
transept  opens  with  a  moulded  and  pa- 
nelled arch.     It  is  lighted  by  a  noble 


five-light  three-pointed  window,  having 
niches  and  pedestals  in  its  splays,  with 
flowing  tracery  spread  over  the  arch 
above.  The  most  interesting  feature  of 
the  church  is  the  south  porch,  occupying 
the  angle  between  the  nave  and  transept. 
It  has  moulded  archways  on  both  its 
fronts;  a  vault  with  ribs  springing  from 
shafts,  and  uniting  over  head  in  a  circle 
filled  with  four  quA  trefoils.  The  church 
doorway  is  decorated.  The  restoration 
of  this  beautiful  porch,  and  it  is  believed 
the  elegant  south  transept  window  also, 
was  the  work  of  Dr.  Thomas  Ahurd,  alias 
Tibbs,  the  last  Abbot  of  Ford  Abbey. 

In  the  aisle  are  two  Grecian  monuments 
in  memory  of  Pring  of  Ivedon.  This  pro- 
perty was  anciently  held  by  William  de 
Ivedon,  the  last  of  the  feudal  lords  of  that 
name,  and  at  his  death  was  divided  be- 
tween his  three  daughters,  married  to 
Stanton,  Membury,  and  William  Tracy, 
about  A.D.  1200.  The  latter  was  probably 
of  the  Cornish  branch  of  the  Tracvs, 
Barons  of  Barnstaple,  and  removed  into 
Devonshire  with  the  Dinhams,  who  pos- 
sessed a  neighbouring  property  at  Hei- 
mock,  and  his  arms,  Gules,  four  fusils  in 
fess,  ermine,  still  remain  in  the  south 
transept  window. 

The  second  church  mentioned  was  Git- 
tisliam,  a  low  Third  Pointed  structure. 
The  edifice  is  entered  by  a  south  porch. 
The  nave,  of  three  bays,  has  good  Perpen- 
dicular piers,  having  initials  and  armorial 
devices  in  their  capitals.  The  chancel-arch 
has  a  good  abutment  towards  the  aisle, 
pierced  with  a  hagioscope.  The  east  win- 
dow has  equiradial  tracery.  A  deep  re- 
cess in  the  north  wall  encloses  a  large 
tomb,  in  memory  of  Sir  Thomas  Putt,  of 
Combe,  Baronet,  who  died  in  1686.  At 
the  east  eud  of  the  church  is  a  coloured 
prie  Die*  monument  with  an  armed 
knight  and  his  lady,  both  in  the  attitude 
of  prayer,  with  the  date  1591.  This  is 
a  memorial  to  one  of  the  ancient  Devon 
family  of  Beaumont,  the  last  of  which, 
Henry,  died  in  1599,  devising  Combe  and 
his  manors  and  lands  in  Gittisham  to  Sir 
Thomas  Beaumont,  of  Coleorton  Hall.  In 
1615  Sir  H.  Beaumont,  son  and  heir  of 
this  Sir  Thomas,  conveyed  all  his  Git- 


1861.] 


Exeter  Diocesan  Architectural  Society. 


311 


tisham  estates  to  Nicholas  Putt,  esq.,  in 
whose  family  they  still  remain.  This  was 
originally  the  inheritance  of  the  Lomens; 
and  Sir  R.  Loraen,  the  last  of  the  race, 
conveyed  these  lands,  temp.  Henry  III., 
to  the  Widlingtons,  of  Umberleigh  in 
North  Devon,  from  whom  they  came  to 
the  Beaumonts. 

The  neighbouring  church  of  Talaton 
is  Perpendicular  throughout,  and  has  re- 
cently undergone  a  careful  restoration. 
The  tower,  which  is  remarkably  fine,  has  a 
Urge  half-hexagonal  stair  at  the  east  angle, 
in  one  of  which  is  St.  Michael  and  his 
fiend- adversary ;  also,  at  the  same  level, 
an  evangelist  with  his  symbol  at  each 
corner.  At  a  lower  level  is  the  Virgin 
and  Child  crowned,  and  an  adoring  angel : 
and  the  tower  finishes  with  battlements 
and  tapering  pinnacles. 

The  central  seats  of  the  nave  and  south 
aisle  are  stout  oak  bench- ends  of  the  olden 
time ;  and  an  oak-wood  screen,  with  per- 
fect groinings,  extending  across  the  whole 
church,  harmonizes  well  with  the  ancient 
seating.  There  are  five  bells.  On  the 
tenor  is  the  following  legend,  "Sancti 
omnes  conifessores  orate  pro  nobis,"  with 
the  arms  of  William,  fourth  son  of  Thomas 
dc  lieauchamp,  Earl  of  Warwick,  impal- 
ing those  of  Joan,  daughter  of  Richard 
Fitzalan,  Earl  of  Arundel.  He  died  in 
1410,  but  she  survived  until  1435-6  The 
motto  surrounding  the  arms  is  8.  IOHANE : 
DK  :  BEAVCHAMP  :  DN£  :  DE  :  BEEOA- 
TBNWT. 

Mr.  Norris  read  a  short  paper  on  "  the 
decent  adorning  of  Churches,"  having  re- 


ference to  the  monument  recently  erected 
on  the  west  wall  of  Exeter  Cathedral,  in 
memory  of  the  heroic  officers  and  men  of 
the  32nd  Regiment,  or  Cornish  Rangers, 
who  fell  during  the  siege  of  Lucknow.  It 
is  executed  by  a  young  sculptor,  Mr.  Rich- 
ardson, and  represents  a  lion  couchant 
with  a  viper  in  his  mouth,  chiselled  in 
white  Carrara  marble,  with  the  regi- 
mental colours  carved  and  crossed  behind 
it.  Below  the  corbels  of  support  a  tablet 
of  the  usual  form  records  the  deeds  and 
names  of  the  departed. 

"  Now  all  this,"  he  remarked,  "  is  very 
nice,  but,  may  we  not  ask,  is  it  fitting  that 
such  should  be  the  ornament  of  God's 
house  ?  Although  these  are  not  the  palmy 
days  of  Church  architecture,  still  religion 
and  symbolism  are  the  practice.  Our 
lexicographer  Johnson  defines  a  symbol, 
a  type — that  which  comprehends  in  its 
figure  a  representation  of  something  else/ 
Now  what  does  the  lion  or  the  viper  com- 
preh  nd  in  its  figure  P  The  noble  emblem 
of  old  England  eats  up  its  heathen  popu- 
lation iu  one  of  her  finest  colonies — India. 
Such  a  view  of  things  might  have  been 
consistent  three  years  since  with  popular 
feeling  out  of  doors :  but  within  our  sa- 
cred portals  is  taught,  '  Love  your  ene- 
mies, do  good  to  them  who  despitcfully 
use  you  and  persecute  you/  Should  not  the 
symbol,  then,  for  consistency's  sake,  have 
been  Charity  taking  the  blessed  Gospel  to 
these  heathen,  with  this  motto  —  'May 
they  be  converted  and  live  ?'  May  the 
day  come  when  artists  of  known  religious 
feeling  within  our  country  may  be  sought 
out  to  design  decent  ornaments  for  our 
churches,  rather  than  foreigners  of  a  dif- 
ferent creed  and  different  views." 


Colchester. — Mr.  Josias  Bryant  informs  us  that,  towards  the  close  of  last 
year  two  Roman  sepulchral  interments  were  discovered  on  a  portion  of  Mr.  John 
Taylor's  property,  where  so  many  similar  remains  have  been  disinterred  during  the 
last  ten  or  fifteen  years.  They  were  formed,  each  of  four  large  tiles  placed  up- 
right, and  a  fifth  placed  upon  the  top  as  a  cover.  In  one  was  a  lamp,  a  glass  vessel 
full  of  burnt  bones,  an  unguentariumt  and  two  or  three  common  clay  urns,  (one 
inverted,)  all  filled  with  calcined  bones.  The  other  tile-grave  was  filled  with  earth 
and  burnt  bones.  Just  outside  one  of  these  little  vaults  were  two  very  large  urns, 
of  a  red  colour,  much  like  the  Samian  ware,  but  coarser,  of  a  duller  red,  and  with- 
out glaze. 


812  [March, 


CorratyottiJtttre  of  j&glbanug  23 1  ban. 


[Correspondents  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  not,  unless  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  may  be  forwarded  to  themJ] 

THE  ARCHITECTURE  OF  LINCOLN  CATHEDRAL. 

Mb.  Ubban, — I  am  glad  to  see  that  the  interest  you  have  excited  on  the 
subject  of  the  architect  of  Lincoln  Cathedral  continues  to  increase  and  to 
spread  over  a  wider  field,  among  those  who  are  able  to  appreciate  the  im- 
portance of  the  question.  The  choir  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  with  its  well- 
authenticated  history,  is  just  one  of  the  most  important  points  in  the  history 
of  architecture  on  which  turns  the  question  whether  the  Early  English  styb 
of  Gothic  was  developed  in  England  or  was  imported  bodily  from  Prance  ? 
There  are  probabilities  both  ways,  and,  as  usual,  much  may  be  said  on  both 
sides,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  three  letters  in  your  last  number,  all  from  very 
able  and  learned  men,  as  competent  to  discuss  such  a  question  as  any 
three  whom  you  could  have  picked  out,  but  all  belonging  to  the  school 
of  literary  rather  than  of  architectural  antiquaries.  I  should  be  glad  to 
hear  what  Professor  Willis  and  M.  Viollet-le-Duc  have  to  say  upon  the 
subject:  they  have  made  architectural  history  their  especial  study,  and 
are  pre-eminently  the  masters  of  the  subject,  one  for  England,  the  other 
for  France. 

The  lives  of  St.  Hugh,  written  by  his  personal  friends  within  a  few  years 
of  his  death,  of  which  you  have  given  an  account,  leave  no  doubt  of  the 
fact  that  the  choir  of  his  cathedral  was  ready  for  consecration  at  that  time, 
(a.d.  1200).  The  fall  of  the  central  tower,  recorded  in  the  Peterborough 
Chronicle  to  have  occurred  about  1237,  damaged  the  choir,  and  the  repairs 
of  the  work  are  still  visible  ;  they  were  pointed  out  to  a  number  of  persons 
by  Professor  Willis  at  the  meeting  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  in  1848. 
There  is,  therefore,  no  longer  any  doubt  that  the  existing  choir  was  built 
by  St.  Hugh  between  1190  and  1200.  He  was  long  supposed  to  have 
been  his  own  architect,  but  that  is  now  clearly  disproved.  It  was  then 
said  that  the  architect  was  a  native  of  Blois,  but  I  am  unable  to  find  any 
authority  for  this :  it  seems  possible  that  some  other  manuscript  may  read 
blois,  instead  of  noiers  or  voires, — the  variation  would  scarcely  be  greater 
than  that  already  found  to  exist ;  but  this  is  mere  conjecture. 

The  Count  de  Montalembert  appears  to  take  it  for  granted  that  the 

architect  was  a  Frenchman,  and  claims  the  honour  for  his  own  province  of 

Burgundy.     He  is  so  thoroughly  well  acquainted  with  the  medieval  history 

and  archaeology  both  of  France  and  of  England,  that  it  is  almost  pre- 

9 


LINCOLN  CATHEDRAL, 


Gnu.  Una.,  Mabcb,  1881. 


\ 


LINCOLN    CATHEDRAL. 


Gkht.  Mao.,  March,  18(11. 


1861.]  The  Architect  of  Lincoln  Minster.  313 

sumptuous  to  question  an  opinion  of  his  on  such  a  subject ;  but  it  does  ap- 
pear probable  that  even  if  the  architect  was  one  of  the  Burgundian  family  of 
Noyers,  he  was  naturalized  in  England,  and  it  does  not  necessarily  follow 
that  he  brought  this  style  of  architecture  with  him  from  his  native  province, 
although  it  is  very  probable  that  he  did  so.  Your  object,  I  imagine,  is  to 
make  the  evidence  of  style  correspond  with  the  evidence  of  history — the 
records  cut  in  stone  with  the  recoids  written  on  parchment;  and  as  the 
memory  is  apt  to  be  deceitful  on  such  points  as  architectural  details,  I  will 
ask  you  to  insert  some  of  my  woodcuts  from  the  "  Glossary  of  Architec- 
ture" of  the  most  characteristic  details  of  the  choir  of  Lincoln,  and  will 
ask  the  Count  de  Montalembert  or  M.  Viollet-le-Duc,  or  any  other  of  our 
French  archaeological  correspondents,  whether  they  know  of  any  building 
in  Burgundy  of  the  same  period  (1190 — 1200)  with  the  same  features,  or 
equally  advanced  in  style.  I  have  long  sought  for  evidence  of  this,  but 
hitherto  without  success.  Notre  Dame  de  Dijon  is  very  similar  in  style, 
but  the  date  is  thirty  years  later.  On  the  other  hand,  the  west  window  of 
St.  Nicholas  at  Blois  is  almost  a  fac-simile  of  the  great  north  window  at 
Lincoln,  but  the  other  parts  of  that  church  are  of  the  ordinary  transitional 
character,  and  have  none  of  the  features  of  the  Early  English  work  at 
Lincoln.  Some  of  these  features  are  rather  uncommon,  for  instance,  the 
crockets  arranged  vertically  behind  the  detached  shafts :  this  feature  occurs 
in  the  west  front  of  Wells  Cathedral,  a  few  years  after  Lincoln,  and  1  have 
found  something  like  it  in  Anjou  and  Guienne,  but  1  do  not  remember  to 
have  met  with  it  in  Burgundy.  I  am,  however,  quite  open  to  correction, 
my  object  is  only  to  elicit  the  truth  from  the  most  competent  witnesses. 

I  am,  &c., 

Oxford,  Feb.  12,  1861.  J.  H.  Parser. 


THE  ARCHITECT  OF  LINCOLN  MINSTER. 

Mb.  Urban, — Who  was  "  Gaufridus  de  Noiers* '  ?  I  will  assume  that 
nothing  more  is  known  of  him  than  we  find  in  the  extract  from  the  MS. 
given  in  your  December  number,  p.  641.  If  so,  let  us  see  what,  in  the 
absence  of  direct  proof,  seems  to  be  the  most  probable  presumption  about 
him. 

Mr.  Dimock,  with  a  praiseworthy  national  feeling,  hints  that  he  may  pos- 
sibly have  been  an  Englishman,  though  of  course  an  Englishman  of  French 
or  Norman  descent.  If  so,  an  ancestor  of  Geoffrey,  a  native  of  Noyers, 
must  have  settled  in  England  and  must  have  left  the  name  of  his  birth- 
place to  his  descendants  as  an  hereditary  surname.  "  Gaufridus  de  Noiers," 
as  applied  to  our  architect,  would  thus  be  not  *'  Geoffrey  of  Noiers"  but 
'•Geoffrey  De  Noiers"  or  "Geoffrey  Denoyer."  The  name  "Denoyer," 
which  perhaps  really  exists  under  the  form  of  Denyery  would  be  exactly 
analogous  to  Devereux,'  Daubeny,  and  others  of  the  same  class. 

Gxjtt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  q  q 


814  Correspondence  of  Sylvanua  Urban.  [March, 

This  is  perfectly  possible,  but  I  think  the  presumption  lies  the  other 
way.  Till  some  direct  evidence  is  brought,  one  would  rather  be  inclined 
to  take  "  Gaufridus  de  Noiers,"  in  its  more  obvious  sense  of  "  Geoffrey  of 
NoiersM= Geoffrey  born  at  Noiers,  just  like  John  of  Oxford,  Herbert  of 
Bosham,  and  countless  others.  Mr.  Dimock  should,  I  think,  show,  what 
Iiis  examples  do  not  prove,  that  De  Noiers  or  Denoyer  existed  as  an  here- 
ditary surname  at  that  time.  We  should  remember  that  hereditary  sur- 
names were  then  only  coming  into  general  use,  and  that  the  presumption  is 
rather  against  a  man,  unless  of  high  rank,  having  one. 

It  is  then,  I  think,  more  natural  to  suppose  that  Geoffrey  was  a  native 
of  some  place  or  other  called  Noyers,  but  if,  as  the  Count  of  Montalembert 
says,  there  are  thirteen  such  places,  the  question  follows.  Of  which  Noyers 
was  Geoffrey  a  native  ? 

The  Count  seems  to  assume  that  if  a  man  was  called  Geoffrey  of  Noyers 
be  must  needs  have  been  born  at  the  greatest  and  most  famous  of  the 
thirteen  places  called  Noyers.  He  goes  on  to  enlarge  at  some  length  on  the 
greatness  of  Noyers  in  the  Duchy  of  Burgundy  and  on  the  littleness  of 
Noyers  in  Touraine.  He  also  seems  to  assume  that,  if  Geoffrey  took  his 
name  from  Noyers  in  Touraine,  he  must  have  been  a  monk  of  the  Abbey 
there   .A lit  his  seems  to  me  absolutely  beside  the  mark. 

A  man  in  those  times  very  commonly  took  the  name  of  his  birth- 
place as  his  surname.  One  cannot  suppose  that  he  would  abstain  from 
taking  the  name  of  his  birth-place  because  there  was  a  more  important 
place  bearing  the  same  name.  Does  the  Count  suppose  that  a  native 
of  Noyers  in  Touraine  would  argue  thus  ?  "  I  was  indeed  born  at  Noyers, 
but  only  at  little  Noyers ;  I  cannot  venture  to  call  myself  John  or  Peter 
of  Noyers,  lest  people  should  think  I  was  born  at  great  Noyers."  This 
implies  a  degree  of  local  modesty  which  I  cannot  believe  in.  I  cannot 
but  think  that  a  Geoffrey  born  at  the  smallest  Noyers  would  as  freely 
call  himself  Geoffrey  of  Noyers  as  a  Geoffrey  born  at  the  greatest.  The 
Count  forgets  also  that  the  transcendant  superiority  of  the  Burgundian 
Noyers,  clear  as  it  is  to  the  Count  writing  in  Burgundy,  would  be 
much  less  self-evident  to  a  native  of  Noyers  in  Touraine.  Wells  in 
Somersetshire  is — we  at  least  think  so  here — a  much  more  famous  place 
than  Wells  in  Norfolk,  but  I  cannot  be  quite  certain  (unless  there  is  some 
direct  evidence  either  way)  that  Hugh  of  Wells,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  was 
a  West-Saxon  and  not  an  East-Anglian.  Who  could  presume  to  fix  the 
birthplace  of  John  of  Newport,  Peter  of  Wellington,  William  of  Sulton, 
Herbert  of  Hampton,  or,  most  fearful  bone  of  contention  of  all,  Llwelyn  of 
Llanfihangel  ?  You  could  have  no  possible  right  to  assume  that  they  were 
all  born  at  the  greatest  Newport,  Wellington,  Sutton,  &c,  even  if  you 
could  be  always  quite  certain  which  was  the  greatest.  If  I  do  not  greatly 
err,  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  and  the  Carl  of  Derby  take  their  titles,  not 
from  the  most  famous  Newcastle  and  the  most  famous  Derby,  but  from 


186 1 .]  The  Architect  of  Lincoln  Minster.  3 1 5 

the  comparatively  obscure  Newcastle-under-Lyme  in   Staffordshire  and 
West  Derby  in  Lancashire. 

Again,  the  Count  assumes  that,  if  Geoffrey  took  his  name  from  Noyers  in 
Touraine,  he  must  have  been  a  monk  of  the  abbey  there.  I  cannot  con- 
ceive why,  unless  Noyere  in  Touraine  is  a  place  so  utterly  insignificant  as 
not  to  contain  any  one  house  where  a  lay  infant  might  be  born.  If  I  come 
across  a  John  of  Glastonbury  or  a  Simon  of  Muchelney,  I  do  not  set  them 
down  as  monks  of  those  abbeys,  but  as  natives  of  those  parishes.  Nothing 
is  more  certain  than  that  John  of  Oxford  was  not  a  monk  of  St.  Frides- 
wide's.  Richard  of  Devizes,  Roger  of  Wendover,  Matthew  Paris,  Alan  of 
Walsingham,  were  all  of  them  monks  indeed,  but  not  one  of  them  was 
a  monk  at  the  place  whose  name  he  bore.  As  far  as  I  can  see,  a  Geoffrey 
of  Noyers  called  from  Noyers  in  Touraine  might  perfectly  well  have  been 
a  monk  of  some  other  monastery,  a  secular  priest,  or  a  layman. 

Now  is  there  any  presumption,  on  more  solid  grounds,  in  favour  of  one 
Noyers  rather  than  another  as  the  birthplace  of  Geoffrey  ?  I  think  there 
is  such  a  presumption,  a  slight  one  certainly,  but  real  as  far  as  it  goes. 

Geoffrey  was  an  architect  employed  by  St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln.  St.  Hugh 
was  a  native  of  Imperial  Burgundy  (in  more  modern  geographical  language, 
of  Dauphiny)  settled  in  England.  It  is  nowise  impossible  that  he  may 
have  employed  an  architect  from  French  Burgundy,  as  it  is  nowise  impos- 
sible that  he  may  have  employed  one  from  Spain,  Germany,  or  Italy.  But 
I  think  the  presumption  lies  the  other  way.  Till  we  have  some  direct 
evidence  to  the  contrary,  it  seems  much  more  likely  that  he  would  either  4 
bring  an  architect  from  his  own  country  or  else  employ  one  whom  he 
found  in  his  adopted  country. 

If  any  one  of  the  thirteen  places  called  Noyers  lies  in  Dauphiny,  or  in- 
deed anywhere  in  the  Kingdom  of  Burgundy,  I  should  say  that  there  was  a 
decided  presumption  in  favour  of  that  Noyers  above  all  others.  No  such 
Noyers  has  yet  been  produced,  and,  till  such  an  one  appears,  the  presump- 
tion second  in  strength  is  surely  in  favour  of  Geoffrey  being  a  native  of 
some  Noyers  within  the  dominions  of  the  King  of  England.  Two  such  have 
been  mentioned,  one  in  Normandy,  one  in  Touraine.  Under  the  Angevin 
Henry,  a  native  of  either  of  those  places  would  be  as  much  at  home  in  Eng- 
land as  an  Englishman  was,  while  a  native  of  the  Burgundian  or  Campanian 
Noyers — for  it  seems  there  is  one  in  Champagne  too— would  be  a  mere 
foreigner.  The  presumption  that  Geoffrey  was  a  native,  or  jtuwi-native — 
a  fellow-subject  at  least— of  the  country  where  we  find  him  surely  quite 
overbalances  any  consideration  of  the  comparative  greatness  of  this  or 
that  Noyers.  Tolosa  (Toulouse)  in  Languedoc  is  an  incomparably  more 
famous  city  than  Tolosa  in  Guipuzcoa,  but  did  I  find  an  architect  called 
Johannes  de  Tolosa  employed  in  Spain,  I  should  (anterior  to  evidence  to 
the  contrary)  set  him  down  as  a  native  of  the  Spanish  city.  So  I  should 
set  down  a  Petrus  de  Bononia  employed  in  France  as  more  probably 


316  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [March, 

a  native  of  Boulogne  in  Picardy,  or  even  of  Boulogne  close  to  Paris,  than 
of  the  far  more  illustrious  Bologna.  So  I  think  that  a  Geoffrey  of  Noyers 
employed  in  England  is  far  more  likely  to  have  been  a  native  of  the  least 
Noyers  in  Touraine  or  Normandy  than  of  the  greatest  Noyers  in  the  Duchy 
of  Burgundy. 

As  yet,  no  direct  evidence  has  been  brought  forward  on  any  side.  We 
have  not  got  beyond  presumptions,  and  not  very  strong  presumptions  either. 
Still,  as  far  as  they  go,  they  seem  to  me  to  support  your  own  view  put 
forth  in  your  December  number,  rather  than  that  either  of  Mr.  Dimock 
or  of  the  Count  of  Montalembert.  It  is,  I  think,  as  yet  most  probable  that 
Geoffrey  was  a  native  of  some  place  called  Noyers,  and,  out  of  the  places 
called  Noyers,  a  native  of  one  in  the  Kingdom  of  Burgundy,  if  there  be 
any  there,  and,  if  there  be  none  there,  then  of  one  somewhere  in  the  French 
dominions  of  Henry  the  Second.  Still  all  this  is  mere  presumption,  which 
the  smallest  scrap  of  direct  evidence  would  at  once  upset.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  Mr.  Dimock  may  yet  show  that  Geoffrey  was  Geoffrey 
Denoyer,  an  Englishman,  and  quite  possible  that  the  Count  of  Montalem- 
bert may  show  that  he  was  a  native  of  Noyers  in  the  Duchy  of  Burgundy. 
But  the  mere  presumption  seems  to  me  to  lie  against  both  of  them. 

I  am,  &c. 

Edwabd  A.  Freeman. 

Somerleaze,  Wells,  Somerset,  Feb.  6,  1861. 


CHRONICLES  AND  MEMORIALS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

Mb.  Urban, — Can  you  give  me  any  in-  they  would  obtain  gratuitously,  as  a  mat- 
formation  as  to  the  present  state  of  the  ter  of  course,  if  the  books  were  issued  by 
publication  of  Chronicles,  Ac,  commenced  a  private  firm. — I  am,  Ac 
some  time  ago  under  the  direction  of  the  F. 
Master  of  the  Rolls  P  In  common,  I  be-  [Our  attention  was  called  some  time 
lieve,  with  many  other  historical  students,  since  to  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  inform- 
I  should  be  glad  to  learn,  not  only  what  ation  about  the  Chronicles  and  Memorials 
works  have  appeared,  but  also  what  are  of  which  our  correspondent  complains ; 
in  progress.  I  have  looked  frequently  in  and  we  therefore  printed  a  list  of  the 
the  advertising  columns  of  the  "  Times,"  works  published  and  in  progress,  in  our 
the  "  Atheneum,"  "  Notes  and  Queries,"  Advertiser  for  last  month  (pp.  533-5), 
and  other  literary  organs,  for  the  inform-  which  list  we  intend  to  reproduce  when- 
ation  that  I  require,  but  I  am  sorry  to  ever  the  issue  of  new  books  may  require 
say  I  have  looked  in  vain.  it.    It  will  be  seen  from  it  that  21  works 

On  inquiry  at  the  publishers',  I  find  (comprised  in  28  volumes  at  8s.  6d.  each) 
that  a  list  of  the  works  printed,  and  of  have  been  issued ;  that  15  others  are  in 
others  in  progress,  is  issued  with  each  new  the  press;  and  that  4  more  are  in  pro- 
book,  but  is  not  to  be  had  separately,  gross.  Several  other  works  are  at  pre- 
This  appears  but  an  indifferent  way  of  sent  under  the  consideration  of  the  Master 
making  the  undertaking  known,  as  few  of  the  Rolls,  and  wo  are  in  a  position  to 
people  will  care  to  pay  for  information  say  that  we  shall  be  able  to  add  them  to 
regarding  a  Government  publication  which  our  list  at  an  early  period — as  soon,  in 


1861.]      The  Liverpool  Museum.—"  God  save  the  King."  317 

fact,  u  the  imprimatur  of  the  Lords  of  be  found  in  the  columns  of  the  "Times," 

the  Treasury  is  obtained.  Ac,  as  we  understand  that  a  really  liberal 

We  must  express  our  surprise  at  the  sum  is  allowed  annually  by  the  Stationery 

statement  that  information  as  to  the  pro-  Office  for  the  purpose  of  advertising.] 
gress  of  this  noble  undertaking  is  not  to 


THE  LIVERPOOL  MUSEUM. 


Mb.  Ubbak. — The  people  of  Liverpool 
will,  I  am  sure,  feel  grateful  to  you  for 
eliciting  from  Mr.  Picton  the  declaration 
of  the  fact  that  the  town  of  Liverpool 
does  possess  a  public  museum ;  because  I 
can  assure  you  it  was  not  generally  known. 
Perhaps  Mr.  Picton  will  make  known  also, 
for  the  benefit  of  those  who  live  at  a  dis- 
tance, the  general  nature  of  this  museum. 
It  is  possible,  perhaps,  that  the  reason  why 
Liverpool  rejected  the  purchase  of  the 
Hobler  collection  of  coins  (mentioned  in 
your  last  number,)  was  that  the  museum 
already  possessed  a  better  selected  cabinet ! 
However  that  may  be,  of  course  there  is  a 
selection  of  the  works  of  John  Gibson,  the 
eminent  sculptor,  (a  native  of  Liverpool). 
Will  Mr.  Picton  mention  a  few  of  them  ? 
and  will  he  state  how  many  examples  of 
the  works  of  Wedgwood  the  potter  are 
to  be  seen  in  the  museum?    I  will  not 


press  him  on  the  ancient  historical  series, 
though  should  he  volunteer  information 
it  would  be  acceptable. 

The  days  of  hobbies  (which  Mr.  Picton 
says  the  Liverpool  philosophers  possess 
and  wish  to  ride  unreasonably,)  are  gone 
by,  and  I  doubt  if  those  personages  who 
formerly  exhibited  them  have  representa- 
tives at  Liverpool.  Those  who  are  en- 
trusted with  the  formation  of  a  truly 
national  museum  should  be  above  being 
influenced  by  people's  fancies.  One  more 
question  I  will  trouble  Mr.  Picton  to 
answer.  It  is,  How  many  rooms  in  the 
museum  are  devoted  to  history,  and  how 
many  to  stuffed  birds  f — I  am,  Ac. 

F.S.  A. 
London, 

Feb.  11,  1861. 

P.S.  Is  there  a  free  library  of  reference 
attached  to  the  museum  ? 


"GOD  SAVE  THE  KING. 


»» 


Mb.  Urban, — Considerable  interest  has 
been  taken  in  the  history  of  our  National 
Anthem,  and  I  believe  both  the  tune  and 
the  words  are  generally  supposed  to  have 
had  their  origin  in  the  reign  of  George  II. 
The  cry  of  "God  save  the  King"  may 
possibly  have  furnished  the  burden  of  an 
earlier  song.  I  was  struck  in  turning  over 
one  of  the  volumes  of  State  Papers  of  the 
time  of  Henry  VIII., — published  by  the 
Royal  Commission  in  1830, — at  finding  a 
further  portion  of  the  well-known  refrain 
used  apparently  as  a  familiar  phrase  at 
that  period.  In  the  order  for  the  fleet 
taken  by  the  Lord  Admiral,  Aug.  10, 1545, 
is  the  following  direction :  — "  The  watch 
wourde  in  the  night  shalbe  thus,  'God 
save  King  Henrye  •/  the  other  shall  aun- 


swer, '  and  long  to  raign  over  us.' "  It  is 
remarkable,  by  the  way,  that  in  this  col- 
loquial watch -word  the  French  form  of 
the  name  *  Henry*  is  used  instead  of  the 
English  'Harry,'  which  in  the  previous 
generation  was  used  even  in  formal  docu- 
ments. A  statute  of  the  19th  Henry 
VII.  recites  the  king's  determination 
that  the  high  and  mighty  prince,  Harry 
duke  of  York,  should  be  created  Prince  of 
Wales.  A  French  form  of  another  name, 
Jane,  was  about  the  same  time  substituted 
among  the  higher  ranks  for  the  English 
Joan. — I  remain,  Ac. 

Francis  Nichols. 
157,  Westboume~terracet 
Feb.  8, 1861. 


318  [March, 


C&e  fiotc-fcoofc  <tf  &glbanug  ©rtan. 


[Under  this  title  are  collected  brief  notes  of  matters  of  current  antiquarian  interest 
which  do  not  appear  to  demand  more  formal  treatment,  Stlvanus  Urban  invites 
the  kind  co-operation  of  his  Friends,  who  may  thus  preserve  a  record  of  many  things 
that  would  otherwise  pass  away.'] 


Excavations  at  Malton. — The  drainage-works  now  in  progress  in  the  streets 
of  Malton  have  exposed  a  section  of  the  Roman  road  leading  from  Derventio  to 
Eboracum.  The  road  has  been  traced  a  distance  of  150  yards,  and  is  at  an  uniform 
depth  of  three  feet  below  the  present  surface,  and  lies  close  upon  the  oolite  rock. 
It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  paved,  but  somewhat  resembles  the  modern  system 
of  Macadam,  and  is  formed  of  water-rounded  gravel  or  shingle  of  the  secondary 
rocks.  Except  a  small  fragment  resembling  the  Samian  ware,  no  pottery  has  yet 
been  found.  At  two  feet  below  the  present  surface  an  upper  and  more  recent  road 
was  also  cut  through.  On  this  the  soil  was  nearly  black,  and  some  beds  of  ashes 
were  found,  and  the  stones  bore  numerous  traces  of  fire.  It  is  supposed  that  this 
marks  the  level  of  the  street  previous  to  the  destruction  of  the  town  by  the  Scots, 
in  Archbishop  Thurstan's  time,  when  it  was  burnt. 

Queries. — Mr.  Urban,  Can  you  inform  me  why  the  second  of  the  two  titles  of 
Lord  Dufferin  in  the  Irish  Peerage  is  Claneboye,  while  he  sits  in  the  English 
House  of  Lords  as  Baron  Clantfeboye ; — are  both  these  titles  correct  P  Or  if  they 
refer  to  some  locality  in  Ireland,  which  is  the  correct  one  ?  It  seems  a  singular 
discrepancy. 

Also,  how  is  it  that  the  Earl  of  Haddington  has  been  elected  one  of  the  sixteen 
Representative  Peers  of  Scotland,  and  actually  sits  as  such  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  yet  was  not  allowed  to  vote  (his  vote  was  rejected)  at  the  late  election  of  a 
Representative  Peer  in  the  room  of  the  Earl  of  Leven  and  Melville  P  Is  not  this 
a  strange  anomaly  P — I  am,  &c.  K.  T.  G. 

Ichthus  \ — The  Greek  word  ixBvs  has  been  considered  a  symbol  of  our  blessed 
Saviour  from  the  earliest  days  of  the  Christian  Church.  Optatus,  Bishop  of 
Milevia  in  Africa,  is,  I  believe,  the  first  writer  who  has  put  on  record  the  mystical 
signification  of  each  letter,  which  was  then,  as  in  later  times,  *ln<rovs  Xpurrbs  6coG 
rlis  lerrbp.  His  words  are, — "  Piscis  nomen,  secundum  apellationem  grsecam,  in 
uno  nomine  per  singulas  litteras  turbam  sanctorum  nominum  continet  lxBv*,  quod 
est  latine,  Jesus  Christus  Dei  filius,  SalvatorV  Tour  correspondent  will  find  the 
history  of  the  fish  symbol  illustrated  very  fully,  and  with  much  curious  learning, 
by  M.  Didron,  in  his  Iconographie  Chre'tiennc. 

Botterford  Manor,  St.  Valentine,  1861.  Edwabd  Peacock. 

•  See  Gent.  Mao,  Feb.  1861,  p.  171. 

b  Optat.  Milev.  in  Bib.  Pat.,  voL  iv.  lib.  iii. 


1861.] 


319 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


Pass  and  Clan.  By  Moictagu  E. 
Bfbbows,  M.A.,  Commander  in  the  Royal 
Navy.  Second  Edition.  Fcap.  8vo., 
292pp.    (Oxford:  Parkers.) 

Education  in  Oxford:  its  Method,  its 
Aids,  and  its  Rewards.  By  James  E. 
Thobold  Rogihs,  M.A.  Crown  8vo., 
266  and  x.  pp.  (London :  Smith,  Elder, 
and  Co.) 

We  briefly  noticed  one  of  these  works 
some  time  since,  on  its  first  appearance  *, 
bat  we  again  take  it  up  for  consideration 
along  with  a  more  recent  volume. 

We  have  here  two  works  recently  pub- 
lished, both  having  nearly  the  same  end 
in  view,  both  intended  to  make  known  the 
present  system  of  education  in  Oxford, 
both  written  by  resident  graduates,  both  of 
whom  have  taken  high  academical  honours, 
both  now  private  tutors,  and  both  be- 
longing to  the  same  Hall ;  and  yet  the  two 
books  are  in  almost  all  respects  as  unlike 
as  possible.  Captain  Burrows  had  some 
years'  experience  in  knocking  about  the 
world  as  an  officer  in  the  Royal  Navy  be- 
fore he  entered  the  University;  having 
decided  upon  changing  his  profession,  he 
set  himself  calmly  and  steadily  to  work 
to  master  the  University  course  of  learn- 
ing in  a  creditable  manner,  and  naturally, 
as  a  man  of  the  world,  first  endeavoured 
to  obtain  a  full  comprehension  of  the 
system,  and  the  objects  proposed  by  the 
different  courses  of  study  and  the  dif- 
ferent Examination  Schools  by  which  the 
results  of  that  study  are  tested. 

Having  succeeded  in  passing  creditably 
through  his  own  course,  and  obtaining 
a  distinguished  first  class  in  the  new 
School  of  Modern  History,  he  thought  he 
might  do  good  service  by  giving  others 
the  benefit  of  his  experience.  He  has 
done  this  so  clearly,  so  judiciously,  and  so 
thoroughly  well  in  all  respects,  that  any 
youth  of  ordinary  abilities  who  will  follow 
his  directions  will  be  almost  certain  to  ob- 


•  Gzxt.  Mao.,  July,  1860,  p.  81. 


tain  distinction  in  his  University  career. 
His  aim  has  been  practical  utility,  to  make 
the  University  career  better  understood, 
and  to  shew  what  preparation  is  required 
for  it;  and  he  has  succeeded  iu  his  aim. 
Perhaps  his  own  recent  success  has  given 
a  favourable  colouring  to  every  object ;  he 
puts  the  best  side  forward  on  all  occasion*, 
and  possibly  paints  every  thing  rather  too 
much  couleur  de  rose. 

If  this  is  the  case,  the  perusal  of  Mr. 
Rogers'  book  will  effectually  dispel  any 
such  delusion :  there  is  no  mistake  about 
the  gall  in  which  his  pen  is  dipped,  and 
the  blackness  of  his  colours.  His  book  is 
evidently  the  work  of  a  disappointed  man 
and  a  cynic.  He  tells  us  that  "  he  has  lived 
in  Oxford  for  eighteen  years ;  during  that 
time  he  has  been  pupil „  teacher,  and  ex- 
aminer.     Academical   life  has   been  his 

• 

living.  He  has  instructed  several  hun- 
dreds of  undergraduates,  and  has  been 
familiar  with  most  forms  of  undergra- 
duate capacity  and  conduct.  He  has  hsd 
the  pleasure  of  teaching  many  very  able 
persons,  and  has  done  his  best  with  the 
material  of  many  very  stupid  men.'4  In 
other  words,  he  has  worked  hard  as  a  pri- 
vate tutor  for  many  years,  and  has  had 
a  high  reputation  in  that  capacity;  but 
whatever  benefit  be  has  conferred  on 
others,  and  we  have  no  doubt  of  his 
ability  and  scholarship,  the  occupation 
has  afforded  him  little  leisure  for  purg- 
ing his  own  studies,  and  has  not  improved 
his  temper  or  his  goodwill  towards  others 
who  may  possibly  be  working  in  the  same 
field.  He  sneers  rather  unfairly  at  Capt. 
Burrows,  as  one  who  has  entered  the 
University  at  a  somewhat  later  period  of 
life  than  usual,  and  who  thinks  to  teach 
young  men  how  to  get  through  the  Ex- 
amination Schools  creditably  by  the  help 
of  his  book,  which  Mr.  Rogers  thinks  quite 
a  vain  attempt,  and  is  satisfied  it  can  only 
be  done  by  the  help  of  a  private  tutor  like 
himself.  The  manner  in  which  he  stands 
up  for  his  own  order  is  rather  amusing. 


320 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[March, 


"  Better,  however,  than  this  system  is 
that  of  private  tuition  for  some  definite 
period  before  entering  at  the  University, 
provided  the  instruction  is  obtained  from 
those  who  are  competent  to  teach,  and  are 
well  up  to  the  present  line  of  academical 
work.  Best  of  all,  when  such  a  teacher 
lives  in  or  near  the  precincts  of  the  Uni~ 
versiiy." 

That  is,  private  tuition,  in  the  hands  of 
competent  persons,  (such  as  Mr.  Rogers, 
of  course,)  is  of  great  value  for  the  pupil*, 
and  the  more  so  when  it  takes  place  in 
the  University  itself,  (where  Mr.  Rogers 
resides.)  Many  good  reasons  are  given 
for  this,  and  we  do  not  mean  to  dispute 
its  general  truth,  though  we  cannot  help 
being  amused  at  the  egotistical  manner  in 
which  it  is  recommended.  As  an  instance 
we  must  quote  a  somewhat  longer  pas- 
sage. 

"  Still,  the  advantages  of  oral  instruc- 
tion, the  opportunity  which  it  gives  of 
question  and  answer,  and  the  fact  that 
a  competent  teacher  is  not  only  a  book, 
but  an  index  to  his  art,  would  have  made 
it  practicable,  even  under  the  altered  cir- 
cumstances of  the  present  time,  that  very 
large  benefits  would  be  offered  and  eagerly 
accepted  by  persons  with  whom  the  pos- 
session of  knowledge  bears  a  high  market 
value  in  the  endowments  bestowed  on  pro- 
ficiency under  the  names  of  scholarships 
and  fellowships.  But  there  is  a  state  of 
things  in  Oxford  which  thoroughly  neu- 
tralizes such  hopes.  This  is  the  monopoly 
of  college  tutors. 

"  The  modern  sense  of  the  words  tutor 
and  tuition,  is  a  striking  instance  of  the 
way  in  which  the  inherent  meaning  of 
terms  is  altered.  A  tutor  is  properly 
a  person  set  over  the  conduct  and  morals 
of  those  committed  to  his  care.  A  college 
tutor  is  properly  a  sort  of  academical 
curate,  who  is  usually  responsible  for  the 
guidance  and  government  of  youth.  The 
word  has  not  the  remotest  connection  with 
education.  Tutors  were  licensed  by  the 
University  authorities,  and  were,  like  cu- 
rates, removable  at  the  discretion  of  these 
authorities.  Now,  however,  this  duty  is 
merged  in  that  of  teaching,  and  attend- 
ance on  the  lectures  of  college  tutors  is 
always  compulsory,  and  seldom  discreet. 
As  a  consequence,  the  hours  of  public 
teaching  are  absorbed  by  the  routine  of 
the  college  lectures,  and  the  public  pro- 
fessor has  to  scramble  for  the  scraps  of  tbe 
undergraduates'  time.  There  cannot,  I 
believe,  bo  conceived  or  imagined  a  more 

10 


suicidal  and  more  mischievous  monopoly 
than  that  of  the  college  tutor.  College 
lectures  are,  as  a  rule,  perfunctory,  re- 
pressive, irritating.  For  one  man  who 
learns  and  profits  by  them,  ten  are  de- 
pressed and  discouraged.  Under  a  healthier 
system,  the  fancy  that  a  college  could 
give  adequate  instruction  in  the  various 
studies  of  the  University,  to  the  various 
capacities  of  its  members,  would  be  dis- 
cerned to  be  the  paradox  which  it  is. 

"This  it  is  which  more  than  any- 
thing else  deadens  the  energies  of  the 
active  professor.  Were  it  removed, 
though  one  cannot  expect  that  the  palmy 
days  of  professorial  teaching  could  be 
created  or  revived,  yet  much  would  be 
done  which  it  is  now  hopeless  to  look  for- 
ward to.  If,  indeed,  a  professorship  is  a 
reward  for  past  services,  and  is  to  be 
looked  on  as  a  comfortable  provision  for 
acknowledged  capacity,  it  may  be  well  to 
continue  the  present  state  of  things ;  but 
the  practice  of  the  university  is  strangely 
at  variance  with  its  statutes.  On  the  one 
hand,  it  exacts  the  fulfilment  of  rigorous 
conditions  from  its  officers,  or  affects  to 
exact  them ;  and  on  the  other,  it  permits 
a  state  of  things  which  negatives  the  con- 
ditions by  completely  emptying  the  lec- 
ture-rooms."— (pp.  60,  61.) 

There  is  much  truth  in  this,  although 
Mr.  Rogers  betrays  a  certain  jealousy  of 
the  college  tutors  and  professors;  and  there 
is  evidently  no  education,  in  his  eyes,  to  be 
compared  with  that  which  he  gives  to  his 
own  private  pupils.  If  we  are  correctly 
informed,  there  is,  however,  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  during  the  last  half  century  a 
great  change  has  taken  place  in  the  cha- 
racter, the  position,  and  the  duties  of  col- 
lege tutors ;  we  believe  that  fifty  years  ago 
they  were  much  more  like  what  the  pri- 
vate tutors  are  now.  The  old  idea  of  a 
tutor,  what  the  name  implies,  one  to 
take  charge  of  and  look  after  a  certain 
limited  number  of  young  men,  to  be  in 
loco  parentis  to  them,  is  entirely  lost  sight 
of.  The  college  tutor  has  become  a  de- 
puty professor,  who  gives  lectures  more  or 
less  public,  to  perhaps  forty  or  fifty  young 
men  in  a  class, — we  have  heard  of  the 
public  lectures  of  the  tutors  at  Christ 
Church  having  sixty  or  seventy  in  a  class; 
these,  we  believe,  are  now  abandoned, 
they  were  carrying  the  system  to  an  ex- 
treme. 

We  liave  been  informed  by  old  Oxford 


1861.]        Pass  and  Class — Rogers's  Education  in  Oxford.        321 


men  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  when  the  new  system  of  Public 
Examinations  was  began,  a  college  tutor 
seldom  had  more  than  a  dozen  pupils,  who 
were  divided  into  two  classes,  one  for  be- 
ginners, the  others  for  more  advanced 
students;  and  these  six  youths,  all  of  about 
the  same  acquirements,  always  working 
together  through  their  whole  academical 
course,  stimulated  and  assisted  each  other ; 
and  these  were  some  advantages  in  the  sys- 
tem which  are  now  lost.  We  believe  we 
may  safely  appeal  to  the  experience  of 
able  men  still  living  and  deservedly  hon- 
oured and  respected,  as  to  the  truth  of 
this. 

Sir  John  Coleridge  has  come  forward 
as  a  witness,  and  the  zeal  which  he  has 
shewn  in  his  protest  against  the  shameful 
state  of  our  great  schools  will  bear  fruit 
in  due  season.  He  has  done  his  best  as 
one  of  the  Commissioners  to  reform  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  this  reform 
will  probably  work  much  good  also  in  due 
season.  As  yet  the  beneficial  effects  of  it 
are  not  very  visible,  for  the  splendid  en- 
dowments of  learning  in  that  University 
do  not  produce  anything  like  the  effect 
which  they  ought  to  produce.  Perhaps  if 
Mr.  Rogers  had  partaken  in  the  benefits 
of  them  his  picture  would  have  been  more 
favourably  coloured ;  but  he  has  good  op- 
portunities of  observation,  and  he  is  far  too 
honest  to  disguise  the  truth  wilfully.  The 
facts  are  palpable ;  the  number  of  Under- 
graduates has  not  been  increased  by  all  the 
changes,  and  by  the  throwing  open  of  so 
many  rich  endowments  to  the  best  scholars 
without  regard  to  any  other  qualifications. 
On  the  contrary,  the  number  of  youths 
entering  the  University  has  rather  fallen 
off  than  otherwise. 

The  reform  of  the  University  should 
either  not  have  been  begun  at  all,  or 
it  should  have  been  carried  farther.  The 
ancient  prestige  of  the  University  has 
been  considerably  shaken,  if  not  destroyed, 
and  it  has  not  been  replaced  by  making 
it  conform  to  the  wants  and  ideas  of  the 
present  day.  A  member  of  the  University 
of  Oxfurd  should  bear  the  indelible  stamp 
of  a  gentleman  and  a  scholar  upon  him ; 
we  hear  that  this  can  hardly  be  said  to  be 
Gbkt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


the  case  with  a  considerable  part  of  the 
present  set  of  Undergraduates.  On  the  one 
hand,  at  some  colleges  we  believe,  and  at 
Magdalen  Hall  certainly,  a  youth  may  be 
entered  as  a  member  of  the  University  with- 
out any  examination  at  all ;  he  has  only  to 
give  seenrity  for  the  payment  of  his  room- 
rent  andhis  battels,  in  other  words,  his  board 
and  lodging,  and  he  may  sport  his  cap  and 
gown  forthwith.  A  ploughboy,  or  a  miner 
who  has  been  lucky  enough  to  find  a  gold 
nugget,  may  enter  the  University  forth- 
with, without  any  preparation  at  all.  We 
have  heard  of  a  case  within  the  last  two 
or  three  years  of  an  Undergraduate  who 
had  never  opened  a  Greek  Grammar  at 
the  time  he  was  entered;  much  to  the 
credit  of  the  individual,  who  was  a  steady 
hard  working  lad,  he  passed  His  Little-go 
just  twelvemonths  after  he  was  entered; 
but  what  a  disgrace  to  the  system  !  One 
year's  reading  is,  then,  all  that  is  required 
to  enable  a  young  man  to  pass  the  first 
Public  Examination  of  the  University  of 
Oxford.  Surely  so  much  preparation  as 
this  ought  to  be  demanded  before  he  was 
allowed  to  be  enrolled  as  a  member  of  the 
University.  This  point  ought  to  have 
been  insisted  on  by  Parliament  and  the 
Commissioners.  At  present  those  who  have 
passed  the  Middle  Class  Examination,  and 
obtained  the  certificate  of  their  qualifica- 
tions by  the  title  A  .A.,  have  a  fair  right 
to  look  down  upon  the  freshmen  of 
Oxford  who  have  submitted  to  no  test 
whatever  of  their  qualifications.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  system  pursued  by  Balliol 
College  is  carried  to  an  extreme  the  other 
way,  and  while  standing  alone  is  more 
calculated  to  make  young  men  conceited 
pedants  than  gentlemen  and  scholars.  The 
College  has  a  perfect  right  to  say  that  no 
one  shall  enter  it  who  is  not  already  pre- 
pared to  pass  his  Little-go,  and  that  any 
one  who  does  not  intend  to  try  for  Honours 
is  requested  to  take  his  name  off  the 
books  of  the  College.  But  then  it  is 
hardly  fair  to  allow  half-a-dozen  candi- 
dates to  compete  for  every  vacancy,  so 
that  five  out  of  six  must  always  be  dis- 
appointed; and  so  long  as  the  system  is 
confined  to  one  College  only,  there  is  no 
fair  competition  with  other  Colleges. 

Br 


322 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[March, 


The  Balliol  system  ought  to  be  made 
compulsory  on  the  whole  University,  with 
certain  reasonable  modifications,  and  then, 
by  ceasing  to  be  singular,  the  objections  to 
it  would  disappear.  If  a  youth  could  not  suc- 
ceed in  passing  the  moderate  examination 
required  for  admission  to  the  University, 
he  would  have  to  read  for  six  months  with 
a  private  tutor  in  order  to  qualify  himself 
for  it,  and  would  be  all  tho  better  man  for 
this  check  and  for  the  preparation. 

The  present  system  is  mischievous  to 
all  parties ;  it  is  most  injurious  to  permit 
a  college  tutor,  for  the  sake  of  the  emolu- 
ment, to  pretend  to  instruct  a  class  of 
twenty  young  men,  of  whom  probably 
fifteen  are  decent  scholars,  the  other  five 
absolute  dunces,  who  do  not  know  as  much 
of  Greek  and  Latin  as  their  fellows  in 
the  same  class  knew  at  sixteen  years  of 
age.  The  lecturer  is  obliged  to  water 
down  his  instructions  to  the  capacity  of 
the  dunces,  and  thereby  wears  out  the 
patience  of  the  bulk  of  his  class  and  of 
himself  also;  he  feels  wearied  and  dis- 
gusted with  his  task,  and  that  so  far  from 
improving  himself  by  working  with  and 
assisting  clever  minds,  be  is  actually  re- 
trograding year  after  year.  Mr.  Rogers 
draws  out  this  picture  very  distinctly: — 

"  Look  through  the  annals  of  English 
literature,  through  the  biographies  of 
English  worthies,  and  find  how  it  has  been 
that  honest  labour  has  brought  forward, 
under  such  a  state  of  things  as  I  wish 
might  be  revived,  the  yearnings  of  native 
enterprise.  Why  are  such  men  debarred 
from  their  best  right,  a  university  educa- 
tion ?  Why  should  their  powers  be  strait- 
ened by  the  miserable  selfishness  of  a  short- 
sighted monopoly,  backed  by  the  affecta- 
tion of  the  impossible  discipline  of  the  col- 
leges ?  The  best  discipline,  as  it  exists  at 
present  in  Oxford,  is  that  of  the  proctors. 
"  I  know  that  there  are  men  who  think 
that  Oxford  exists  for  the  sake  of  squires 
and  boobie*.  I  know  that  there  are  peo- 
ple who  measure  the  value  of  education 
by  the  rude  and  coarse  rule  of  what  it 
costs,  instead  of  by  what  it  does.  Many 
people  have  drunk  of  the  ashes  of  the 
golden  calf,  and  have  gathered  a  vigorous 
fiunkeyism  by  the  draught.  I  do  not 
envy  them  the  enjoyment,  provided  they 
derive  an  unobstructive  pleasure.  But  one 
would  not  wish  to  waste  time  in  arguing 
with  them."— (pp.  20$,  206.) 


This  is  strong  language,  Mr.  Rogers, 
and  marks  the  disappointed  man  and  the 
cynic,    but    there    is   no    denying    that 
there  is  a  foundation    of  truth    in    it. 
The  system  of  college  tutors'  lectures  is 
practically    condemned    by  the    colleges 
themselves;    it  is  perfectly  well  known 
that  when  a  young  man  is  "  reading  for 
Honours"  during  his  last  year,  be  is  "ex- 
cused from  attendance"  on  the  college  lec- 
tures, on  the  express  ground  that  he  cannot 
afford  to  waste  his  time  in  that  manner. 
We  have  searched  in  vain  in  the  pages  of 
Mr.  Rogers  and  Captain  Burrows  to  see  ex- 
actly what  is  paid  to  college  tutors ;  we 
believe  it  varies  considerably  in  different 
colleges,  and  that  we  are  not  far  from  the 
mark  in  saying  that  £10  a  term,  or  £30 
a-year,  is  about  the  average.  There  seems 
to  be  some  mystery  about  it :  the  sum  is 
Included  in  the  general  charge  of  the  col- 
lege, called  battels,  which  include  room- 
rent,  usually  £10  or  £12,  a  very  moderate 
charge;  food  about  £30, also  very  moderate; 
but  then  come  the  college  fees  for  tuition, 
Ac.,  which  makes  up  the  amount  to  about 
£100  a-year  in  most  colleges.  This  amount 
is  not  excessive  if  the  work  were  properly 
done,  but  for  this  sum  the  college  ought 
to  provide  all  the  instruction  that  a  young 
man  really  requires,  in  addition  to  that 
given  by  the  public  Professors  of  the  Uni- 
versity. It  appears  that  a  college  with  100 
Undergraduates  has  £3,000  a-year  to  be 
divided  among  the  Fellows  as  Tutors,  in 
addition  to  the  endowments,  which  average 
£230  a-year  to  each  Fellow.     Instead  of 
grunting  a  licence  of  non-attendance  at 
college  lectures  to  all  the  "  Honour  men," 
those  lectures  should  cease  altogether,  as 
a  matter  of  course,  for  all  those  who  have 
passed  their  Second  Public  Examination  in 
"Moderations;"  and  simultaneously  with 
this,  their  compulsory  attendance  in  the 
Classical  School  at  the  final  examination 
should  be  abolished.     To  make  it  com- 
pulsory on  young  men  in  their  two-and- 
twenticth  year  to  be  drudging  at  Greek 
and  Latin  is  an  absurdity.     Now  that 
young  men  can  pass  their  first  examin- 
ation, or  Little-go,  in  their  first  term, 
and  can  take  Honours  at  their  second 
examination,  or  Moderations,  at  the  end 


1861.]       Pass  and  Class — Rogers's  Education  in  Oxford.        323 


of  tbe  second  year,  that  ought  to  be 
a  sufficient  test  of  scholarship;  and  the 
third  year,  when  they  have  usually  ar- 
rived at  years  of  discretion,  should  be  left 
open  for  each  to  follow  the  bent  of  his  own 
taste  and  genius,  in  that  line  of  study 
which  is  most  likely  to  be  useful  to  him  in 
after  life. 

Mr.  Rogers  is  particularly  warm  on 
the  subject  of  endowments,  possibly  be- 
cause he  has  not  been  fortunate  enough 
to  share  in  them,  and  we  cannot  help  sus- 
pecting that  he  sees  them  through  a 
mirage,  which  greatly  magnifies  them  in 
his  eyes : — 

"  All  this  has  been  altered.  Very  few 
scholarships  are  at  present  tenable  for 
more  than  five  years,  the  candidate  being, 
ipso  facto,  superannuated  at  this  date,  or 
at  an  earlier  period.  Let  it  then  be  under- 
stood, that  the  average  is  five  years.  It 
will  follow  then,  that  not  less  than  eighty 
scholarships  will  annually  be  available  for 
competition,  the  majority  of  which  number 
is  without  limitation;  and  taking  these 
scholarships  at  the  average  value  of  £65 
per  annum,  the  resources  in  the  hands  of 
the  colleges  for  the  encouragement  of 
promising  students  equals  £26,000  a  year, 
£5,200  of  which  is  annually  open  to  com- 
petition, apart  from  what  is  at  least  double 
in  amount,  the  unincorporated  and  school 
exhibitions.  The  University  is  entrusted 
to  distribute,  for  the  same  purpose,  the  sum 
of  £1,835  in  annual  income,  £766  of  which 
is  annually  competed  for. 

"  If,  then,  we  include  with  the  endow- 
ments attached  to  the  foundation  of  each 
college,  those  exhibitions  which  are  con- 
nected with  a  college  or  school,  and  esti- 
mate them  at  the  rate  which  1  have  stated 
on  inquiry  to  represent  the  proportions 
which  they  bear  to  each  other,  there  is, 
or  will  be,  I  make  no  doubt,  no  less  than 
a  sum  of  £80,000  per  annum  bestowed  on 
those  who  desire,  or  receive,  as  the  case 
may  be,  eleemosynary  aid  in  Oxford  as 
Undergraduates. 

"The  annual  value  of  the  fellowships 
and  college  headships,  buildings  included, 
is  at  least  £140,000.  We  shall,  under  the 
new  Act,  have  decennial  returns — at  least 
they  must  be  laid  before  the  Visitor  —of 
the  income  of  each  college. 

"The  annual  value  of  ecclesiastical 
benefices  connected  with  the  colleges  is 
at  least  £200,000,  and  the  income  of  the 
University,  including  its  trust  estates,  will 
bring  the  gross  total  to  not  much  less  than 
£500,000  per  annum.      Not  much  less 


than  a  moiety  of  this  sum  is  expended  in 
pensions — that  is  to  say,  in  assistance  or 
reward  without  service  or  labour  being 
rendered  on  behalf  of  the  stipend.  I  do 
not  mean  that  the  stipend  is  not,  or  rather 
will  not  be,  deserved ;  but  it  is  absolutely 
irrespective  of  any  return  for  the  future  on 
the  part  of  the  recipient."  —  (pp.  231, 
232.) 

This  estimate  appears  to  us  grossly  ex- 
aggerated, and  calculated  to  mislead.  The 
including  of  the  livings  in  the  patronage 
of  the  different  colleges  and  the  Univer- 
sity, and  of  the  estates  held  in  trust,  is 
surely  unfair,  and  this  amounts  to  about 
half  of  the  grand  total  announced  by  Mr. 
Rogers.  Neither  are  his  calculations  and 
his  statements  consistent  with  each  other ; 
he  reckons  that  "  the  number  of  Fellow- 
ships under  tbe  new  constitution  must  be 
about  350,  of  about  the  annual  value  of 
£230,  which  gives  about  £100,000  a-year 
to  be  divided  among  the  Fellows  resident 
and  non-resident." 

This  is  probably  not  far  from  the  truth. 
To  this  we  have  to  add,  by  his  own  shew- 
ing, £80,000  a-year  for  Scholarships  and 
Exhibitions,  in  the  hands  of  Undergra- 
duates. Allowing  this  to  be  correct,  and  it 
is  arrived  at  in  rather  a  vague  manner,  there 
remains  still  a  large  sum  to  make  up  his 
total.  There  is,  however,  no  doubt  that 
the  endowments  are  very  large,  and  if  well 
applied  may  do  immense  good.  We  do 
not  see  how  Mr.  Rogers  reconciles  this 
with  his  oft-repeated  statement  that  "an 
Oxford  education  costs  £1,000."  This  if 
a  common  saying,  and  we  believe  a  com- 
mon and  a  mischievous  delusion.  If  it 
even  was  true  on  the  average  thirty  years 
ago,  it  was  only  because  the  average  was 
drawn  by  including  extravagant  young 
noblemen  and  baronets,  and  some  swindlers 
who  aped  them ;  (and  that  there  ever  were 
such  characters  Mr.  Rogers  can  testify). 
But  if,  on  the  one  hand,  large  sums  have 
been  squandered  in  Oxford  by  reckless 
young  men,  always  sure  of  the  protection 
of  the  college  against  their  creditors,  on 
the  other  hand  there  have  been  very  many 
more  steady  young  men  who  have  not  cost 
their  families  one  shilling  from  the  day  of 
their  entering  in  the  University.  The  case 
of  a  steady,  hard-working,  clever  boy,  who 


324 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[March, 


gets  an  Exhibition  from  his  school  of  £60 
a-year  for  four  years,  obtains  a  Scholar- 
ship  in  his  college  of  £70  a-year,  with 
rooms  rent-free,  and  his  battels,  or  food, 
charged  at  a  low  rate  as  being  on  the 
foundation,  is  a  far  more  common  case 
than  that  of  the  extravagant,  reckless 
yonth  for  which  Oxford  has  such  a  bad 
name.  Such  a  scholar  as  this  lives  upon 
his  Scholarship  and  Exhibition,  or  perhaps 
runs  in  debt  for  furniture,  clothes,  and 
other  necessaries,  to  the  amount  of  £50 
a-year,  but  thu  debt  he  dots  not  call  upon 
his  friends  to  pay;  the  credit  system  helps 
him  over  his  most  difficult  time,  and  as 
soon  as  he  takes  his  degree  he  either  gets 
a  Fellowship  or  takes  private  pupils,  and 
is  enabled  to  pay  off  his  debts  in  two  or 
three  years.  Such  cases  are  of  every -day 
occurrence,  and  far  more  numerous  than 
the  opposite  class.  If  the  average  was 
fairly  taken  of  the  last  five  yeare,  we  are 
told  that  £500  would  be  much  nearer  the 
mark  than  £1,000.  Mr.  Rogers  himself 
reckons  £200  a-year  as  sufficient,  and  three 
years  as  all  that  are  now  required  for  the 
University  course;  this  only  gives  £600 
instead  of  £1,000.  What  gentleman's  son 
of  two-and-twenty  spends  less  than  £200 
a-year  ?  Do  the  boys  at  Eton  or  at  Har- 
row spend  less  ? 

It  is  true  that  at  Radley  Dr.  Sewell 
undertakes  to  board,  and  lodge,  and  edu- 
cate boys  for  £100  a-yeur;  but  this  does 
not  include  clothes,  or  travelling  expenses, 
or  pocket-money.  He  engages  also  to  pro- 
vide one  Tutor,  called  a  Fellow,  for  each 
ten  boys.  Radley  is  a  model  for  all  other 
colleges  and  public  schools ;  its  system  is 
admirable;  it  has  all  the  generous  spirit 
of  our  ancestors.  Unfortunately,  it  has 
no  endowment,  and  is  always  so  much 
involved  in  debt,  that  its  best  friends 
doubt  the  possibility  of  carrying  it  on 
unless  some  Bothschild  or  Coutts  will 
endow  it.  If  a  Tutor  to  every  ten  boys 
is  considered  necessary  where  there  is  no 
endowment,  how  much  stronger  is  the 
claim  upon  a  well-endowed  college.  The 
actual  proportion  of  tutors  to  under- 
graduates is  about  one  to  twenty,  but 
these  are  by  no  means  equally  divided. 
The  different  tables  which  Mr.  Rogers 


gives,  shew  the  numbers  of  Tutors  and 
Undergraduates  in  each  college  and  hall 
for  the  last  twenty  years ;  of  classmen  and 
prizemen ;  of  matriculations ;  and  of  rooms 
available  for  Undergraduates, — all  very 
interesting  and  useful  to  those  who  know 
how  to  apply  them.    It  appears  that  at 
the  present  time  there  are  1,280  sets  of 
rooms  available,  and  1,548  Undergradu- 
ates ;  so  that  after  all  the  rooms  are  occu- 
pied, there  would  be  268  Undergraduates 
living  in  lodgings :  but  as  in  some  of  the 
colleges  there  are  rooms  vacant,  though  to 
a  very  limited  extent,  the  actual  number 
lodging  out  is  probably  about  800.    This 
does  not  appear  to  us  to  shew  such  a  bad 
state  of  things  as  Mr.  Rogers  would  lead 
ns  to  imagine.  Still,  from  the  fact  to  which 
he  calls  attention,  that  while  the  population 
and  the  wealth  of  the  country  have  dou- 
bled during  the  last  half  century,  and  the 
number  of  Undergraduates  at  Oxford  has 
rather  retrograded  than  increased,  there 
does  seem  to  be  room  for  improvement. 
Mr.  Rogers's  plan  is  to  abolish  the  statute 
of  Laud,  which  requires  every  member  of 
the  University  to  have  his  name  on  the 
books  of  some  college  or  hall,  and  he 
expects  thereby  to  obUin  the  addition  of 
another    thousand  Undergraduates,  free 
and  independent  of  M  the  farce  of  college 
discipline."    We  should  be  disposed  to 
modify  the  statute  in  a  different  manner, 
and  allow  any  Undergraduate  to  lodge  out 
after  he  had  passed  his  second  examination 
or  Mods.,  that  is  usually  at  the  end  of  the 
second  year  instead  of  the  third,  as  at 
present.    The  number  of  Undergraduates 
is  in  reality  restricted  by  the  number  of 
rooms  available  in  the  popular  colleges, 
and  by  this  practical  and  easy  measure  the 
number  might    be   increased,  and  that 
without  any  violent  change  of  any  kind. 
If,  at  the  same  time,  he  was  exempted 
from    college  lectures,  which,  according 
to  Mr.  Rogers,  three-fourths  of  the  Under- 
graduates consider  as  a  mere  waste  of 
time  and  an  intolerable  bore,  nearly  all 
the  object  of  the   reformers  would    be 
accomplished.  The  young  men  would  then 
usually   be  one-and-twenty  before    they 
lodged   out,    and  would   have   had   the 
preparation  of  two  years'  college  disci- 


1861.]        Pass  and  Class — Rogers's  Education  in  Oxford.        325 


pline;  and  if  the  college  Tutors  would 
really  return  to  their  original  duty  and 
act  in  loco  parentis,  the  young  men  ought 
to  be  safely  trusted  by  that  time. 

We  have  mentioned  Mr.  Rogers's  zeal 
in  behalf  of  his  own  order,  which  the 
following  extract  well  shews : — 

u  Priyate  Tuition.  —  A  very  large 
number  of  resident  Graduates  occupy 
themselves  in.  Oxford  as  private  Tutors. 
There  is  nothing  remarkable  in  the  fact, 
for  the  private  teacher  is  the  most  ancient 
institution  in  the  place,  from  which  Pro- 
fessors are  an  offshoot,  and  on  which  col- 
lege  tuition  is  a  late  usurpation.  The 
terms  of  a  degree  are  a  licence  to  teach, 
whatever  the  degree  may  be ;  the  special 
subject  in  which  the  Graduate  is  em- 
powered to  instruct  others  being  definitely 
stated  in  the  terms  by  which  he  is  in- 
vested with  his  academical  status. 

"  But,  even  if  the  private  Tutor  could 
not  claim  customary  antiquity  and  a  formal 
recognition  of  his  functions,  the  exigencies 
of  a  natural  demand  would  call  him  into 
existence.  He  is  wanted  for  the  work  of 
the  place ;  aud  if  college  instruction  were 
ever  so  much  improved,  and  professorial 
teaching  made  ever  so  effective,  the  in- 
evitable result  of  a  larger  competition  for 
academical  honours  would  only  call  forth 
the  energies  of  a  larger  body  of  private 
Tutors.  As  a  proof  of  this,  there  is  no 
college  in  which  so  efficient  and  laborious 
a  staff  of  college  Tutors  can  be  found  as 
at  Balliol,  there  is  no  college  which  has 
for  the  last  twenty  years  come  near  it  in 
the  acquisition  of  academical  honours,  and 
there  is  certainly  none  the  Undergraduates 
of  which  read  so  steadily  with  private 
Tutors.  And  beyond  doubt,  uow  that  this 
college  has  very  wisely  made  a  rule, 
which,  by  the  way,  should  have  been  made 
for  the  whole  University,  that  every  Under- 
graduate shall,  under  pain  of  dismissal, 
appear  in  the  final  school,  not  as  a  candi- 
date fur  a  pass,  but  for  a  class ;  it  will 
inevitably  follow,  that  a  still  larger  num- 
ber of  Balliol  Undergraduates  will  seek 
the  services  of  those  men  who  give  pri- 
vate and  personal  instruction.  It  betrays 
an  utter  ignorance  of  the  nature  of  things, 
and  of  the  ordinary  rules  which  regulate 
every  kind  of  competition,  when  college 
Tutors  affect  to  dissuade  Undergraduates 
from  the  use  of  private  Tutors,  on  the  plea 
that  college  lectures  are  sufficient  for  the 
purpose.  The  better  the  college  lecture 
is,  the  more  need  is  there  lor  private  in- 
struction; and  if,  as  sometimes  may  be 
the  case,  the  college  lecture  is  wholly 
worthless,  there  is  still  a  need  of  private 


instruction,  though  for  a  different  reason. 
No  doubt,  to  a  person  of  very  large  abili- 
ties, a  private  Tutor  may  not  be  necessary, 
and  especially  is  this  the  case  wheu  such 
persons  do,  from  indolence  or  perversity, 
decline  to  compete  for  academical  ho- 
nours ;  but  it  may  well  be  doubted  whe- 
ther, in  such  cases  as  these,  the  assistance 
of  college  lectures  is  at  all  appreciable  in 
the  product.  Of  course,  if  college  Tutors 
act  voluntarily  as  private  Tutors  to  their 
Undergraduates,  the  case  is  different ;  but 
such  voluntary  action  is  rare,  is  precarious ; 
and  in  default  of  ordinary  human  motives 
— those,  namely,  in  which  the  services 
rendered  are  repaid  by  a  pecuniary  equi- 
valent— is  not  over  trustworthy.  At  any 
rate,  these  exceptional  cases  are  no  cal- 
culable diminution  to  the  general  rule." 
—(pp.  138—140.) 

The  following  observations  of  Mr.  Ro- 
gers are  worthy  of  all  attention  as  the 
result  of  his  long  experience,  and  we 
believe  that  every  other  experienced  Tutor 
in  the  University  is  of  the  same  opinion : — 

"Unfortunately,  however,  the  English 
Universities  and  the  English  Grammar- 
schools,  in  their  reciprocal  action  on  each 
other,  have  given  an  enormous  and  utterly 
disproportionate  value  to  the  faculty  of 
stringing  together  Greek  aud  Latin  verses. 
1  do  not  know  how  the  custom  arose,  but 
it  is  a  very  old  one.  I  remember  to  have 
read  how,  shortly  after  Eton  College  was 
founded,  one  of  the  younger  Pastons  in  the 
collection  of  these  letters,  sends  his  father 
from  Eton  a  miserable  doggrel  couplet, 
which  he  announces  with  great  pride  as 
his  own  composition;  and  so  I  conclude 
that,  in  this  school  at  least,  the  fashion  of 
verse- writing,  as  a  means  of  education,  is 
antecedent  to  the  revival  of  classical  lite- 
rature. 

"  As  it  is,  the  power  of  writing  Greek 
and  Latin  verses  is  as  fair  and  critical 
a  test  of  the  present  and  future  capacities 
of  the  candidate,  as  dancing  on  the  tight- 
rope or  playing  a  piano  would  he.  The 
power  is  exceptionable,  and  except  in  those 
cases  in  which  there  is  a  far  more  ample 
and  safe  mode  of  forming  an  estimate,  is 
wholly  worthless.  However,  it  is  of  great 
hypothetical  weight,  and  will  be  perhaps 
till  college  examiners  get  to  be  a  little 
sensible  of  the  utter  inutility  of  their 
favourite  test."— (pp.  241,  242.) 

When  we  look  around  and  see  the 
rapid  progress  which  general  education 
has  made,  and  is  making,  in  the  country, 
those  who  love  and  revere  the  memory  of 


826 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[March, 


Oxford  as  we  do,  may  well  look  with  some 
apprehension  on  the  present  state  of 
things,  and  see  the  necessity  of  carrying 
out  the  reform  which  has  been  begun. 
We  cannot  help  seeing,  as  we  have  said, 
that  the  A.A.'s  have  a  fair  ground  to  look 
down  upon  the  ordinary  Undergraduates, 
and  we  fear  we  shall  soon  have  reason  to 
say,  if  the  present  system  continues,  that 
the  parish  schoolmaster  has  a  fair  ground 
for  looking  down  upon  the  curate.  The 
young  men  turned  out  of  the  Training 
Schools  are  far  better  informed  men  than 
the  ordinary  pass-men  of  the  University. 
We  have  heard  of  an  instance  of  the 
students  at  a  Training  School  begging 
their  Master  as  a  favour  to  read  Eusebius 
in  Greek  with  them  as  a  piece  of  extra 
work,  getting  up  at  six  in  the  morning  in 
order  to  have  time  for  it.  The  same 
earnest  thirst  for  knowledge  is  rife  among 
that  class;  while  at  the  same  time  the 
pass-men  are  seeking  only  how  idle  they 
can  be,  and  with  how  little  work  they  can 
coutrive  to  scrape  through  the  Schools. 

The  plan  of  the  Commissioners  for  in- 
creasing the  numbers  of  the  University 
by  means  of  new  academical  halls  is  evi- 
dently a  failure ;  the  only  new  hall  (Mr. 
Litton's)  is  merely  a  nest  for  the  small 
clique  of  extreme  Calvinists  who  still 
exist  in  the  University,  and  who  were 
expelled  from  their  old  resting-place  in 
St.  Edmund  Hall ;  and  this  will  probably 
die  out  in  a  few  years,  unless  the  Simeon 
Trustees  can  be  persuaded  to  endow  it. 
There  is  no  fair  competition  between  a  hall 
without  endowment  and  a  well-endowed 
college,  with  the  additional  advantage  of 
a  long-established  prestige  in  its  favour. 
We  are  surprised  that  the  colleges  have 
not  more  immediately  and  generally  availed 
themselves  of  the  privilege  of  having 
affiliated  halls ;  we  believe  that  Exeter  Col- 
lege, which  has  bought  Dickeson's  coffee- 


house and  converted  it  to  that  use,  is 
the  only  one  that  has  made  use  of  this 
valuable  privilege.  It  is  not  necessary 
for  a  college  to  buy  or  build  a  house  for 
this  purpose ;  there  must  be  many  houses 
in  Oxford  which  could  be  hired  for  £50  or 
£60  a-year,  and  made  to  hold  ten  or 
twelve  young  men,  with  an  M.A.  to  look 
after  them;  in  other  words,  a  private 
Tutor  with  his  pupils,  only  attached  to 
some  college  instead  of  being  independent. 
This  would  be  a  return  to  the  old  system 
before  the  Caroline  Statutes,  and  obvi- 
ously admits  of  the  expansion  of  members 
to  almost  any  extent  without  any  violent 
change.  It  would  then  no  longer  be 
necessary  to  require  names  to  be  entered 
two  or  three  years  in  advance,  according 
to  the  present  practice,  which  drives  away 
a  considerable  number  every  year. 

We  should  not  be  surprised  to  hear  of 
the  establishment  of  a  Roman  Catholic 
Hall,  and  a  Unitarian  Hall,  and  we  are 
not  sure  that  we  should  regret  it,  much  as 
our  prejudices  are  shocked  at  the  first  idea 
of  such  a  change.  It  is  better  for  an 
enemy  to  shew  his  real  colours  before  he 
enters  the  harbour,  than  to  steal  in  under 
false  colours,  and  make  bis  prizes  before  he 
is  discovered.  And  it  would  perhaps  be 
better  for  the  University  to  have  such 
halls  openly,  which  the  law  now  permits, 
than  to  have  her  most  eminent  professors 
suspected  at  one  time  of  Romanism,  and 
at  another  of  Unitarianism*  The  suspicion 
is  probably  quite  unfounded  and  unjust  in 
both  cases,  but  it  is  well  known  that  such 
suspicions  exist;  and  they  have  a  very 
injurious  influence  on  the  University,  and 
perhaps  tend  as  much  as  anything  to  keep 
down  the  number  of  Undergraduates  by 
the  dread  which  parents  naturally  feel  of 
their  sons  being  exposed  to  such  danger- 
ous influence. 


1861.] 


327 


HIGH  SHERIFFS  FOR  1861. 

At  the  Court  of  Buckingham  Palace,  the  4th  day  of  February,  1861,  Present, 

the  Queen's  Most  Excellent  Majesty  in  Council. 

Sheriffs  Appointed  bt  her  Majesty  in  Council  tob  the  Yeab  1861. 

England  (excepting  Cornwall  and  Lancashire), 


Bedford* hire.— Joseph  Tucker,  of  Parenham, 

Esq. 
Btrkshire.-~B.enry  Lannoy  Hunter,  of  Beech 

Bin,  near  Reading,  Eaq. 

Bucks.  — Sir  Anthony  Rothschild,  of  Aston 
Clinton,  Bart. 

Cambridgeshire  and  Huntingdonshire.  — YA- 
ward  Hick*,  of  Great  Wnbraham,  Esq. 

Cumberland.  —  Thomas  Ainsworth,  of  the 
Flosh,  Esq. 

Cheshire.— Edward  Holt  Olegg,  of  Baekford 
Hall,  Esq. 

Derbyshire.— William  Thomas  Cox,  of  Spondon 
Hall,  Esq. 

Devonshire.— Bir  John  Thomas  Buller  Duck- 
worth, of  Weare,  Topsham,  Bart. 

Dorsetshire.— Robert  Hassell  Owen  Swaffleld, 
of  West  Down  Lodge,  Wyke  Aegis,  Esq. 

Durham.— Richard  Lawrence  Pemherton,  of 
Barnes,  Esq. 

Essex.— George  Alan  Lowndes,  of  Barrington 
Hall.  Hatfield  Broad  Oak,  Esq. 

Gloucestershire.— John  Waddingham,  of  Guit- 
mg  Grange,  near  Winchoombe,  Esq. 

Herefordshire.— Robert  Henry  Lee  Warner, 
of  Tiberton  Court,  Esq. 

Hertfordshire.— William  Jones  Loyd,  of  Ab- 
botts Langley,  Esq. 

Kent.— Alex.  Randall,  of  Foley  House,  Maid- 
stone, Esq. 

Leicestershire.— 'Richssd  Sutton,  of  Skefflng- 
ton,  Esq. 


County  of  Southampton.  —William  Henry 
Dererell,  of  Purbrook  Park,  near  Cosham,  Esq. 

Suffolk.  — Edward  Robert  Starkie  Bence,  of 
Kentwell  Hall,  Melford,  Esq. 

Surrey. — Samuel  Gurney,  of  Carshalton,  Esq. 

Sussex.— George  Gatty,  of  Felbridge  Park,  East 
Grinstead,  Esq. 

Warwickshire.— Richard  Greares,  of  The  Cliff, 
Warwick,  Esq. 

Westmoreland.— William  Hopes,  of  Brampton 
Crofts,  Appleby,  Esq. 

Wiltshire.— Charles  Penruddok,  of  Compton 
Camberlaine,  Esq. 

Worcestershire.  —  Jas.  MoilHet,  of  Abberley 
Hall,  near  Worcester,  Esq. 

Yorkshire.—  8ir  George  Orby  Wombwell,  of 
Newburgh  Park,  near  York,  Bart. 

Walks. 

Anglesey.— William  Bulkeley  Hughes,  of  Plas 
Coch,  Esq. 

Breconshire.—JestoQ  Williams  Fredrick*,  of 
Talwen,  Esq. 

Carnarvonshire.— Hew j  IPKellar,  of  Sygun- 
fawr,  Esq. 

Carmarthenshire. — Arthur  Henry  8aundert 
Daries,  of  Pentre,  Esq. 

Cardiganshire.— Yryt*  Loreden,  of  Gogerddan, 
Esq. 

Denbighshire.  —  Charles  John  Tottenham,  of 
Berwyn  House,  near  Llangollen,  Esq. 

Flintshire.  —  Robert  Howard,  of  Broughton 


Lincolnshire.—  Weston  Cracroft  Amcotts,  of     HaU,  B*q. 


Hackthorn,  Esq. 

Monmouthshire.— James  Proctor  Carruthers, 
of  The  Grondra,  near  Chepstow,  Esq. 

Norfolk.— John  Thos.  Mott,  of  Barningham, 
Epq. 

Northamptonshire.—  John  Edmund  Sererne, 
ofThenford,Esq. 


Glamorganshire.— Edw.  Robt.  Wood,  of  Stout- 
hall,  Esq. 

Montgomeryshire.— John  Heyward  Heyward, 
of  Cross  wood,  Esq. 

Merionethshire.  —  DaTid  Williams,  of  Den- 
draeth  Castle,  Esq. 

Pembrokeshire.  —  Edward   Wilson,   of   Hean 


Northumberland.— William  John  Pawson,  of     **£*•  Esq:. 


Shawdon,  Esq. 

Nottinghamshire.— Henry  8arile,  of  Ruflbrd 
Abbey,  Esq. 

Oxfordshire.  — Henry  Birch  Reynardson,  of 
AdweU,  Esq. 

Rutland.— William  Fludyer,  of  Ayston,  Esq. 

Shropshire. — Geo.  Pritchard,  of  Broseley,  Esq. 

Somersetshire.  —  Francis  Wheat  Newton,  of 
Barton  Grange,  Esq. 

Staffordshire.—  John  Wm.  Philips,  of  Hey- 
bridge,  Esq. 


Radnorshire.— George  Greenwood,  of  Aber- 
nant,  Esq. 

Lav  ca  shirk  axd  Cowtwall. 

Duchy  of  Lancaster,  Feb.  4.— Sir  Humphrey 
de  Trafford,  Bart,  Trafltord  Park,  Sheriff  of  the 
County  Palatine  of  Lancaster. 

Prince  of  Wales?  Council  Chamber,  Bucking- 
ham-gate, Feb.  5.  —  John  Francis  Basset,  of 
Tchidy,  in  the  county  of  Cornwall,  Esq.,  Sheriff 
of  the  County  of  Cornwall. 


328 


[March, 


APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS. 


The  dates,  where  given,  are  those  of  the  Gazette  in  which  the  Appointment  or  Return 

appeared. 


Ecclesiastical. 

The  Rev.  Francis  Lear,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Bishop- 
stone,  to  the  Chancellorship  of  the  Cathedral 
Church  of  Salisbury,  and  to  the  Prebend  of 
Bricklesworth  therein. 

The  Rev.  J.  Barber  Lightfoot,  M.A.,  Fellow 
and  Tutor  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  to  be 
Chaplain  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  Consort. 

Civil,  Naval,  and  Military. 

Jan.  25.  Macnamara  Diz,  esq.,  to  be  Trea- 
surer for  the  Island  of  St.  Lucia ;  and  John  Pal- 
mer, esq.,  to  be  Treasurer  for  the  Island  of 
Dominica. 

Jan.  29.  Donald  Mackenzie,  esq.,  Advocate, 
to  be  Sheriff  of  Fife,  vice  Alexander  Earle  Mon- 
teith,  esq.,  deceased. 

Felix  Bedingfeld,  esq.,  to  be  Colonial  Secretary 
for  the  Island  of  Mauritius. 

Frederic  Bernal,  esq.,  now  Consul  at  Cartha- 
gena,  New  Grenada,  to  be  Consul  at  Baltimore. 

Bcntinck  Welbore  Doyle,  esq.,  now  Vice- 
Consul  at  Santa  Martha,  to  be  Consul  at  Cartha- 
gnna,  New  Grenada. 

Don  Ramon  San  Juan,  to  be  Consul  General, 
and  Don  Pio  de  Esparanza  Vice-Consul,  at 
Sierra  Leone,  for  Spain. 

George  Bourchier  Ward,  esq.,  now  Vice-Consul 
Cancellier,  or  Registrar,  at  Constantinople,  to  be 
Consul  at  Galatz. 

Feb.  5.  Edward  Thomas  Rogers,  esq.,  now 
Vice-Consul  at  Caiffa,  to  be  Consul  at  Damascus. 

Joseph  Severn,  esq.,  to  be  Consul  at  Rome. 

John  George  Green,  esq.,  to  be  Extra  Gentle- 
man Usher  Quarterly  Waiter  to  Her  Majesty. 

Feb.  8.  Charles  Pressly,  esq.,  Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Inland  Revenue,  to  be  an  ordinary 
Member  of  the  Civil  Division  of  the  Third  Class, 
or  Companions,  of  the  Most  Hon.  Order  of  the 
Bath. 

The  Right  Hon.  Ed  war  1  George  Fitzalan 
Howard,  (commonly  called  Lord  Edward  George 
Fitzalan  Howard,)  to  be  Deputy  Earl  Marshal 
of  England. 

Mr.  Augustus  Charles  Gumpert,  to  be  Consul 
at  Bombay  for  Austria. 

Feb.  12.  Mr.  Johann  Philipp  Schneider,  to  be 
Consul  at  Calcutta  for  the  Free  Hanaeatic  City  of 
Bremen. 


M.  Edoardo  Giovanni  Leveson,  to  be  Consul  at 
Penang  for  Sardinia. 

Feb.  15.  Knighthood  conferred  on  Col.  Arthur 
Cotton,  CoL-Commandant,  H.M.'s  Madras  En- 
gineers. 

Knighthood  conferred  on  Richard  Charles 
Kirby,  esq.,  Companion  of  the  Most  Hon.  Order 
of  the  Bath,  an1  late  Accountant-General  of  the 
War  Department. 

Charles,  Marquis  of  Huntly,  to  be  Lieut,  and 
Sheriff-Principal  of  the  Shire  of  Aberdeen,  vice 
George,  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  deceased. 

William  Charles  Gibson,  esq.,  to  be  Colonial 
Secretary  for  the  Island  of  Ceylon ;  John  Smale, 
esq.,  to  be  Attorney-General  for  the  Colony  of 
Hong  Kong ;  and  Francis  Spencer  Wigley,  e*q., 
to  be  one  of  H.M.'s  Counsel  for  the  Virgin 
Islands. 

Lieut.-Col.  Harry  Saint  George  Ord,  R.E.,  to 
be  Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  in  and 
over  the  Bermudas,  or  Somen*  Islands,  in 
America. 

Feb.  19.  William  Jenner,  esq.,  M.D.,  to  be 
Physician  Extraordinary  to  her  Majesty,  rice 
William  Baly,  esq.,  M.D.,  deceased. 

Mr.  Joel  Joel,  to  be  Consul  at  Hartlepool  for 
the  Oriental  Republic  of  Uruguay. 

James  Murray  Robertson,  esq.,  to  be  a  Member 
of  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  Island  of  Ceylon ; 
Dougald  Yeates,  esq.,  to  be  a  Member  of  the 
Privy  Council  of  the  Island  of  Tobago ;  James 
Clement  Choppin,  esq.,  to  be  a  Member  of  the 
Executive  Council  of  the  Island  of  St.  Vincent ; 
and  Hill  Dasent,  esq.,  to  be  a  Member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  the  Island  of  Nevis. 

Member*  returned  to  serve  in  Parliament. 

Feb.  8.  Borough  of  Leicester.— William  Unwin 
Heygate,  esq.,  of  Brent  Pelham-hall,  Hertford, 
in  the  room  of  Joseph  William  Noble,  esq.,  de- 
ceased. 

Feb.  12.  Borough  of  Bradford.— William  Ed- 
ward Forster,  esq.,  of  Wharfsidc,  Burley-in- 
Otley,  York,  in  the  room  of  Titus  Salt,  esq.,  re- 
tired. 

Borough  of  Bolton.— Thomas  Barnes,  esq.,  of 
Limefltld,  near  Bolton,  in  the  room  of  Joseph 
Crook,  esq.,  retired. 


11 


1861.] 


329 


BIRTHS. 


Oct.  10,  1860.  At  Turangn,  New  Zealand,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  Leonard  Williams,  a  son. 

Nov.  26.  At  Cape-town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
the  wife  of  John  B.  Currey,  esq.,  Civil  Service, 
a  dan. 

Dec.  1.  At  Allahabad,  the  wife  of  Henry  J. 
W.  Wilkinson,  esq.,  H.M.'s  48th  Regt.,  a  dan. 

Dec.  4.  At  Gibraltar,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Robt. 
Cuthcart  Dalrymple  Bruce,  8th  King's  Regt., 
Acting  Deputy-Judge- Advocate-General,  a  dan. 

Dec.  8.  At  Corosal,  British  Honduras,  the 
wife  of  Robert  Thornton,  esq.,  Staff-Surgeon, 
adau. 

Dec.  10.  At  Trichinopoly,  the  wife  of  Barnard 
Hughes  Preston,  esq.,  of  H.M.'s  2nd  European 
(Madras)  Light  Infantry,  a  dau. 

Dec.  16.  At  Gyah,  Behar,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Clement  J.  Mead,  Bengal  Artillery,  a  dau. 

Dec.  20.  At  Ahmednuggur,  Bombay  Presi- 
dency, the  wife  of  Galvin  Ainslie  Turnbull,  esq., 
8urgeon  6th  Innbkilling  Dragoons,  a  dau. 

Dec.  21.  At  Jaulnah,  the  wife  of  Capt.  C.  8. 
Pagan,  46th  Regt.  Madras  N.I.,  and  Command- 
ant 1st  Regt.  Infantry  Hyderabad  Contingent, 
a  dau. 

Dec.  25.  At  Lucknow,  the  wife  of  Major  W. 
A.  Crommelin,  C.B.,  Bengal  Engineers,  a  son. 

Dec.  28.  At  the  Royal  Naval  Hospital,  Ber- 
muda, the  wife  of  Dr.  Smart,  Deputy  Inspector- 
General  of  Naval  Hospitals  and  Fleets,  a  dau. 

Jan.  4, 1861.  At  Manga! ore,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Shand,  H.M.'s  51st  Regt.  M.N.I.,  a  dau. 

Jan.  5.  At  Bangalore,  Madras,  the  wife  of 
Major  Thomas  Nisbet,  1st  (King's)  Dragoon 
Guards,  a  son. 

Jan.  9.  At  Ahmednuggur,  the  wife  of  Charles 
Gonne,  esq.,  Bombay  Civil  Service,  a  dau. 

Jan.  17.  At  Downing,  Flintshire,  the  Vis- 
countess Feilding,  a  dau. 

At  Dolforgan,  Montgomeryshire,  the  wife  of 
R.  P.  Long,  esq.,  M.P.,  a  dau. 

At  Goldsborough-hall,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Egre- 
mont  Lascelle*,  a  dau. 

At  Pennington  Parsonage,  Hants,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  William  Lambert,  a  son. 

Jan.  18.  At  Brighton,  the  wife  of  Msjor  W. 
8.  Hatch,  Bombay  Artillery,  a  dau. 

At  Stradbally-hall,  Queen's  County,  the  wife 
of  Robert  G.  Crosby,  esq.,  late  Inniskilling  Dra- 
goons, a  dau. 

Jan.  19.  In  Grosvenor-st.,  the  wife  of  Francis 
Leyborne  Popham,  esq.,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  Dublin,  the  wife  of  Captain  J.  H.  8t.  John, 
20th  Regt.,  a  son. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Iwerne  Minster,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  John  Acton,  a  son. 

Jan.  20.  At  Harlestone-house,  Northampton- 
shire, the  Lady  Suffleld,  a  son. 

Jan.  21.  In  Queen's-gate-gardens,  Kensing- 
ton, the  Lady  Isabella  W  hi  thread,  a  son. 

In  Green-ek,  W.,  Lady  Lambert,  a  son. 

Gwrr.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


Jan.  22.  In  Grosvenor-place,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Thomas  Henry  Burroughes,  a  son. 

At  Osidge,  Southgate,  the  wife  of  Major  C.  J. 
Gibb,  Royal  Engineers,  a  son. 

At  Maesmaur-cottage,  Llangollen,  the  wife  of 
Edward  Donatus  O'Brien,  esq.,  a  dau. 

Jan.  23.  At  the  Vicarage,  Long  Bennington* 
Lincolnshire,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Swaby 
Ox  ley,  a  dau. 

Jan.  24.  At  Enniskillen,  the  wife  of  Major 
Baillie,  Staff  Officer,  a  dau. 

At  the  Royal  Arsenal,  Woolwich,  the  wife  of 
Capt.  Inglis,  Royal  Engineers,  a  dau. 

Jan.  25.  At  Moulton  Paddocks,  near  New- 
market, the  wife  of  Astley  Paston  Cooper,  esq., 
a  son. 

Jan.  26.  The  wife  of  Henry  Baskerville,  esq., 
of  Crowsley-park,  Oxfordshire,  a  son. 

Jan.  27.  In  Lower  Berkeley-street,  the  Lady 
Annora  Williams  Wynn,  a  dau. 

At  Grey  Abbey,  the  Lady  Qharlotte  Mont- 
gomery, a  son. 

At  Duncliffe,  Edinburgh,  Lady  Brewster,  a 
dau. 

At  8tubton  Rectory,  Lincolnshire,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  William  S.  Hampson,  a  son. 

At  Coltishall,  the  wife  of  Major-Gen.  Prior, 
a  son. 

In  Upper  Hyde-park-gardens,  Lady  Bright, 
a  dau. 

At  Let  Meriennes,  Guernsey,  the  wife  of  H.  C. 
Raikes,  esq.,  H.M.'s  Bengal  Civil  Service,  a  son. 

At  Emespie,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  the  wife  of 
James  Mackie,  esq.,  M.P.,  a  son. 

Jan.  28.  At  Warwick-villas,  Paddington,  the 
wife  of  Lieut.  -CoL  H.  Stamford,  a  son. 

Jan.  29.  At  Eaton-place,  South,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Spring  Rice,  a  dau. 

At  Park-cottage,  East  Sheen,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Adolphus  Liddell,  a  dau. 

At  Stoke  Damarel,  the  wife  of  Captain  Arthur 
Lowe,  Royal  Navy,  a  son. 

Jan.  30.  At  Round-hill-crescent,  Brighton, 
the  wife  of  Col.  Charles  Smith,  late  of  the  20th 
Regt.,  a  son. 

At  York,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Gilbert  8. 
Karney,  a  dau. 

Jan.  31.  At  Brighton,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Ker, 
wife  of  D.  S.  Ker,  esq.,  a  son. 

Feb.  l.  In  Euston-square,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
James  Hamilton,  D.D.,  a  son. 

At  Benwell-tower,  Northumberland,  the  wife 
of  Wm.  J.  Cookson,  esq.,  a  dau. 

At  Downe-lodge,  near  Bromley,  Kent,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  T.  8.  Stephens,  a  son. 

At  Fredericton,  New  Brunswick,  the  wife  of 
Major  F.  D.  Grey,  of  the  63rd  Regt.,  a  son. 

Feb.  2.  At  Brough-hall,  Yorkshire,  the  wife 
of  John  Lawson,  esq.,  a  dau. 

Feb.  3.  At  Hoveton-hall,  Norfolk,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Randall  Borroughea,  a  dan. 

81 


330 


Births. — Marriages. 


[March, 


In  Canning-st.,  Liverpool,  the  wife  of  Comm. 
J.  Franier  Ross,  R.N.,  of  H.M.8.  "  Desperate," 
a  son. 

At  Widdington  Rectory,  Essex,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  J.  C.  L.  Court,  a  son. 

Feb.  4.  At  Tiddington-hoase,  Stratford-on- 
Avon,  the  wife  of  Major  A.  R.  E.  Hutchinson, 
Bengal  Army,  a  dau. 

In  Priory-road,  Kilburn,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
G.  R.  Adam,  a  son. 

Feb.  5.  At  Bognor,  the  wife  of  William  Onne, 
esq.,  Royal  Sussex  Light  Infantry  Militia,  a  dau. 

Feb.  6.  In  South-street,  the  wife  of  Alexander 
Matheson,  esq.,  M.P.,  a  son. 

At  Chichester,  the  wife  of  Major  Robert  B. 
Boyd,  Depot  Battalion,  a  dau. 

In  Cambridge-st.,  Hyde-park-square,  the  wife 
of  Edmund  A.  Orattan,  esq.,  H.M.'s  Consul  at 
Antwerp,  a  dau. 

In  Ulster-terraee,  Regent's-park,  the,  wife  of 
Arthur  Kekewich,  esq.,  barriater-at-law,  a  dau. 

At  Sandgate,  the  wife  of  Capt.  F.  H.  Gee,  17th 
Regt.,  a  son. 

Feb.  7.  In  Green-st.,  Grosvenor-sq.,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  William  Napier,  a  son. 

At  Leamington  Priors,  the  wife  of  Charles  S. 
Leslie,  esq.,  jqflBger  of  Balquhain,  a  son. 

At  Clifton,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Charles  Gray 
Johnson,  R.A.,  a  son. 

Feb.  8.  At  Mean  Ashby-hall,  Northamptonsh., 
the  wife  of  H.  M.  Stockdale,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Dalbury  Rectory,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Hen. 
Cotton,  a  dau. 

At  Wartling  Vicarage,  Sussex,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  James  Chataway,  a  dau. 

At  Stoke  Newington,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Geo. 
Hervey,  M.A.,  a  dau. 

Feb.  9.  At  the  Rectory,  Corfe  Castle,  Lady 
Charlotte  Bankes,  a  son. 

At  Dcvonport,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Charles  Wake, 
R.N.,  a  son. 

At  Becca-hall,  Yorkshire,  Mrs.  Markham,  a 
dau. 

At  Sheerness,  the  wife  of  Col.  Ncdham,  R.A., 
Colonel -Commandant,  Sheerness  Garrison,  a 
dau. 


The  wife  of  Major  [Herbert  R.  Manners,  As- 
sistant-Inspector of  Volunteers,  a  son. 

At  Durham -terr.,  Westbourne-park,  the  wife 
of  Col.  Erskine,  a  dau. 

At  Langton  -lodge,  Blandford,  the  wife  of 
Lieut. -Col.  George  Mansel,  a  son. 

Feb.  10.  At  Hopton-hall,  near  Lowestoffe, 
Lady  Plumridge,  twin  daus. 

At  Chesterfield,  the  wife  of  Edm.  G.  Maynard, 
esq.,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  Sir  Godfrey  J.  Thomas,  bart., 
a  son. 

At  Eversley-cross,  Hampshire,  the  wife  of  the 
Hon.  W.  B.  Annesley,  late  6th  (or  Inniskilling) 
Dragoons,  a  son. 

At  Tolpuddle  Vicarage,  Dorset,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  George  L.  Nash,  a  dau. 

At  Ashdale,  Haverfordwest,  the  wife  of  Wm. 
P.  Rodney,  esq.,  a  dan. 

Feb.  11.  At  Cheltenham,  the  wife  of  Major- 
Gen.  J.  T.  Brett,  Madras  Retired  List,  a  son. 

Feb.  12.  At  the  Rectory,  Drayton -Baasett, 
Tamworth,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Augustus  Browne, 
a  dau. 

At  Tunbridge,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  R.  Little, 
a  son. 

Feb.  14.  At  Bray,  the  Lady  Harriet  Lynch 
Blosse,  a  son. 

At  Dorchester,  the  wife  of  Major-Gen.  Michel, 
a  dau. 

At  his  residence,  Eaton-sq.,  the  wife  of  George 
Moffatt,  esq.,  M.P.,  a  dau 

Feb.  15.  At  Hillington  Rectory,  near  King's 
Lynn,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  H.  E.  B.  Ffolkes, 
a  son. 

Feb.  16.  In  Cadogan-place,  the  Lady  Mary 
Reade,  a  son. 

In  Merrion-sq.,  Dublin,  [the  wife  of  the  Right 
Hon.  J.  D.  FitzGerald,  a  son. 

Feb.  17.  In  Hereford-st.,  Park-lane,  the  Right 
Hon.  Lady  Rollo,  a  son. 

At  Waltham  Abbey,  the  wife  of  Col.  W.  II. 
Ask  with,  Royal  Artillery,  a  son. 

At  Gateshead  Fell,  Durham,  the  wife  of  Lieut. - 
Col.  H.  F.  Dunsford,  C.B.,  H.M.'s  Bengal  Army, 
a  son. 


MARRIAGES. 


Nov.  28,  1860.  At  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 
Lieut.  Francis  Alexander  Hume,  R.N.,  third  son 
of  George  Hume,  esq.,  of  Dorset-sq.,  to  Hannah 
Charlotte  Clara,  eldest  dau.  of  Major-Gen.  Chas. 
Emilius  Gold. 

Dec.  4.  At  Kandy,  Ceylon,  Lindsey  H.,  second 
■on  of  Captain  E.  M.  Daniell,  of  Gloucejter-aq., 
Hyde-park,  to  Alice  Caroline,  eldest  dau.  of  Capt. 
W.  Fisher,  formerly  of  the  78th  Highlanders. 

Dec.  24.  At  Christ  Church,  Colombo,  Ceylon, 
Wilmot,  fifth  son  of  the  late  Thos.  Cave-Brown- 
Cave,  esq,  of  Repton-lodge,  and  grandson  of  the 
late  Sir  Wm.  Cave-Brown-Cave,  bart.,  to  Marie 
Annie,  youngest  child  of  the  late  Wm.  Skinner, 


esq., of  Calcutta,  and  granddau.  of  the  late  Major- 
Gen.  8ir  Robert  Rollo  Gillespie,  K.C.B. 

Jan.  10,  1861.  At  Pooua,  Walter  George  Har- 
rison, esq.,  second  son  of  C.  M.  Harrison,  esq., 
of  the  C.S.,  to  Jane  Jacob,  second  dau.  of  Major 
Candy,  of  H.M.'s  Bombay  Army. 

Jan.  12.  At  Panama,  Charles  Toll  Bidwell, 
esq.,  to  Amalia,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Don 
Manuel  Jose"  Hurt  ado,  many  years  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  at  the  Court  of  St.  James  for  the 
Republic  of  Columbia. 

Jan.  15.  At  St.  Anne's,  Dublin,  E.  N.  Hill, 
Capt.  30th  Regt.,  son  of  James  T.  Hill,  esq.,  of 
Anlaby,  Yorkshire,  to  Frederica  Mary,  dau.  of 


1861.] 


Marriages. 


331 


H.  H.  Hamilton,  esq.,  Q.C.,  of  Fitzwilliam-pl., 
Dublin,  and  granddau.  of  the  late  General  Sir  F. 
A.  Wetherall,  G.C.H.,  of  Castle-hill,  Middlesex. 

Jan.  19.  At  Watton,  Norfolk,  Major  James 
Hay  Wodehouse,  second  son  of  the  Rev.  C.  N. 
and  Lady  Jane  Wodehouse,  to  Annette  Fanny, 
youngest  dan.  of  Win.  Massey,  esq.,  of  Watton. 

Jan.  SI.  At  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  Clifton* 
J.  Cox  Edwards,  B.A.,  of  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  and  youngest  son  of  John  Edwards, 
esq.,  of  Market  Bosworth,  Leicestershire,  to 
Maria  Hc-dger,  younger  dau.  of  the  late  T.  Roes, 
esq.,  of  Macao,  China. 

Jan.  23.  At  East  Rarendale,  Lincolnshire, 
Capt.  Stewart  A.  Cleeve,  51st  (King's  Own)  Light 
Infantry,  and  Brigade-Major  to  the  Queen's 
British  Troops,  Bombay,  youngest  surviving 
son  of  the  lute  Col.  Cleeve,  Royal  Artillery,  to 
Maria,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  John  Mush,  esq., 
of  Scarborough,  Yorkshire. 

Jan.  24.  At  the  British  Embassy,  Paris,  W.  O. 
Romaine,  esq.,  C.B.,  Secretary  to  the  Admiralty, 
to  Phoebe,  dau.  of  Henry  Tennant,  esq.,  Cadox- 
ton-lodge,  Glamorganshire. 

At  Llangattock  Yibon  Avel,  Monmouthshire, 
Cornwall!*  Wykeham  Martin,  Lieut.  R.N.,  third 
son  of  Charles  Wykeham  Martin,  esq.,  of  Leeds 
Castle,  Kent,  to  Anne  Katherine,  fourth  dau.  of 
John  Rolls,  esq.,  of  the  Hendre,  Monmouthsh. 

At  Christleton,  Joseph  Kennerley,  esq.,  of  Tat- 
tenhall,  Cheshire,  to  Elizabeth  Bennett,  only 
child  of  Hugh  Bennett  Briscoe,  esq.,  of  Christie- 
ton  Old  Hall,  Cheshire. 

At  Quatford,  the  Rer.  John  Butler  Burne, 
M.A.,  Incumbent  of  Aldermaston,  Berks,  to 
Elizabeth,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  George  Old- 
bury,  esq.,  Eardington,  Salop. 

At  8t.  Giles's,  Oxford,  John  Robert  West,  esq., 
of  Winslow,  to  Grace,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Rer. 
R.  F.  Wulker,  M. A.,  of  New  College,  Oxford,  and 
many  years  Curate  of  Purleigh. 

Jan.  26.  At  8t  Peter's,  Eaton-sq.,  H.S.H. 
Prince  Victor  of  Hohenlohe  Langenberg,  Capt. 
R.N.,  to  Laura  Williamina,  youngest  dau.  of 
Admiral  Sir  George  F.  Seymour,  G.C.B. 

At  Stoke-next-Guildford,  Edward  Baldwin 
Wake,  esq.,  of  H.M.'s  3d  Bengal  Light  Cavalry, 
younger  son  of  Sir  Charles  Wake,  bark,  of 
Courteen-hall,  Northants ,  to  Mary,  second  dau. 
of  Ross  Donnelly  Mangles,  esq.,  of  Woodbridge, 
Surrey,  Member  of  the  Council  of  India. 

At  the  British  Embassy,  Stuttgart,  John 
Guthrie,  fourth  son  of  William  Smith,  esq.,  of 
Carbeth  Guthrie,  Stirlingshire,  to  Anne  Pene- 
lope Campbell,  eldest  surviving  dau.  of  the  late 
James  Robert  Dcnnintoun,  esq. 

Jan.  29.  At  Christ  Church,  Craven-hill,  Ed- 
mund Augustus  Blundell,  esq.,  late  Governor  of 
Singapore  and  Malacca,  to  Meliora  Mynors,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  U.  H.  Farmar,  esq.,  of  Dunse- 
nane.  co.  Wexford. 

At  St.  George's,  Hanover-sq.,  William  Fermor, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  John  Turner  Ramsay,  esq., 
of  Tunnore,  Oxon,  to  Emily  Susan,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Robert  Tredcroft,  of  Tang- 
mere,  Sussex. 

At  St.  Giles's,  Oxford,  the  Rer.  C.  B.  Rowland, 


fourth  son  of  W.  Rowland,  esq.,  Ramsbury, 
Wilts,  to  Augusta  Fanny,  second  dau.  of  the  Rer. 
R.  P.  O.  Tiddeman,  Oxford. 

At  Rugeley,  the  Rex.  G.  B.  Atkinson,  M.A., 
Fellow  and  Assistant-Tutor  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, Principal  of  the  Collegiate  School,  Shef- 
field, to  Maria  Tyndale,  second  dau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  William  Hutton  Wilkinson,  M.A.,  formerly 
Incumbent  of  All  Saints',  Portsea. 

Jan.  30.  At  Ivy  Bridge,  Devonshire,  Henry 
Teed,  esq.,  23rd  Regt,  M.N.I.,  to  Amelia  Hannah, 
only  dau.  of  Charles  M.  Teed,  esq.,  Supreme) 
Court,  Madras. 

Jan.  31.  At  Barby,  Henry  Armitage  Gillbee, 
esq.,  only  son  of  the  Rev.  C.  Gillbee,  Rector  of 
Barby  and  Vicar  of  Kilsby,  Northants,  to  Mary 
Armitage,  fourth  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  Smith, 
Vicar  of  Long  Buckby  and  Prebendary  of  Lich- 
field. 

At  Spsrkford,  Somerset,  Archibald  Hamilton 
Grahame,  esq.,  Glasgow,  to  Susan  Fanny,  sixth 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  H.  Bennett,  Rector  of  Spark- 
ford. 

Feb.  2.  At  8t.  George's,  Hanover-square,  T. 
R.  8.  Temple,  esq.,  of  Linooln's-inn,  barrifcter- 
at-law,  to  Henrietta,  eldest  dan.  of  the  late  Jos. 
Chitty,  esq.,  junr.,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
step-dau.  to  Victor  de  Merie,  esq.,  of  Brook-et., 
Grosvenor-sq. 

Feb.  5.  At  St.  Mary's,  Bathwick,  Capt.  Chas. 
Cowper  Bcnett,  R.N.,  of  Lyme  Regis,  Dorset,  to 
Eliza  Agnes,  second  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  George 
Randal  Orchard,  Incumbent  of  Christ  Church, 
North  Bradley,  Wilts. 

At  St.  Nicholas',  Brighton,  the  Rev.  Edward 
James,  M.A.,  to  Emily,  younger  dau.  of  the  lata 
Thomas  Kettlewell,  esq. 

At  Kensington,  Hen.  Brackenbury,  esq.,  Royal 
Artillery,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Wm.  Bracken- 
bury,  esq.,  of  Usselby-hall,  Lincolnshire,  to  Emilia, 
widow  of  Reginald  Morley,  esq.,  and  dau.  of 
Edmund  HalswelL  esq.,  of  Kensington-gate, 
Hyde-park. 

At  Westerham,  Kent,  the  Rev.  John  Rich, 
M.A.,  Student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and 
Vicar  of  Chippenham,  Wilts,  to  Clara  Sophia, 
third  dan.  of  Thomas  Holmes  Bosworth,  esq.,  of 
Westerham. 

At  St  Mary's,  Monmouth,  the  Rev.  Wm.  Dyke, 
B.D.,  Fellow  of  Jesus  College,  and  Rector  of 
Bagendon,  Glocestershire,  to  Anne,  youngt  r  dau. 
of  the  late  Charles  Morgan,  esq.,  of  Dixton,  Mon- 
mouthshire. 

Feb.  6.  At  St.  Peter's,  Pimlieo,  George  Henry, 
eldest  son  of  Mr.  and  Lady  Louisa  Finch,  to 
Emily  Eglantine,  eldest  dau.  of  Mr.  and  Lady 
Georgians  Balfour. 

At  St.  John's,  Leicester,  the  Rev.  S.  Furman, 
Jan.,  of  Layer  Marney  Rectory,  to  Clara  Letitia, 
second  dau.  of  J.  P.  Clarke,  esq.,  Leicester. 

At  Hove,  Brighton,  William  Clegg,  esq.,  Lieut. 
1st  Battalion  11th  Regt.,  to  Louisa  Caroline,  fifth 
dau.  of  tbe  late  John  Barr,  esq.,  of  Bermuda. 

At  Coddenham,  the  Rev.  Hen.  Ware  Schreiber, 
fourth  surviving  son  of  the  late  Lt-Col.  James 
A.  Schreiber,  of  the  Hill-house,  Melton,  Suffolk, 
to  Margaret  Charlotte  Anne,  only  dau.  of  ths 


332 


Marriages. 


[March, 


Rev.  Robert  Longc,  Vicar  of  Coddenham,  and 
Rural  Dean. 

Feb.  7.  At  the  Chapel  Royal,  Windsor-park, 
Capt.  Ferguson,  Grenadier  Guards,  son  of  A  dm. 
and  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Ferguson,  of  Pitfour,  to  Nina 
Maria,  eldest  dau.  of  Colonel  the  Hon.  A.  N.  and 
Lady  Mary  Hood. 

At  St.  Mary  Abbott's,  Kensington,  Frederick 
Arthur  Currie  Knyvett,  H.M.'s  Indian  Army, 
son  of  the  late  Lieut.-Col.  F.  Knyrett,  late  64th 
Regt.  B.N.I.,  to  Henriette  Gretton,  only  dau.  of 
the  late  Rev.  Simeon  LI.  Pope,  M.A.,  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  and  Vicar  of  8t  Mary's,  Whit- 
tlesea,  Cambridgeshire. 

At  Trinity,  Paddington,  Chas.  Matthew  Lewis, 
esq.,  n.M-'s  1st  Bombay  Grenadiers,  eldest  son 
of  Arthur  James  Lewis,  esq.,  Advocate-General, 
Bombay,  to  Louisa  Middleton,  third  dau.  of 
£.  Coates,  esq.,  of  Park -pi.  Villas,  Paddington. 

At  Wjke  Regis,  Dorset,  the  Rev.  R.  Francis, 
youngest  son  of  Thomas  Lynes,  esq.,  of  Boultop- 
villa,  to  Louisa  Eliza  Josephina,  eldest  dau.  of 
Robt.  Hassall  Swaffield,  esq.,  High  Sheriff  for 
the  county. 

At  St.  John's,  Frome,  Capt.  T.  W.  Sheppard, 
25th  (King's  Own  Borderers),  to  Mary  Stuart, 
eldest  dau.  of  George  Wood  Sheppard,  esq.,  of 
Fromefield-house,  Somerset. 

At  St.  Thomas's,  Wells,  Somerset,  the  Rev. 
Francis  Charles  Drake,  B.A.,  Incumbent  of  Wil- 
lesley,  Derbyshire,  to  Sarah  Catherine,  only  dau. 
of  Joseph  Giles,  esq.,  of  Wells. 

At  Newcastle,  Bridgend,  Glamorganshire,  the 
Rev.  Isaac  Penruddock,  of  Clifton,  to  Elizabeth 
Mary,  widow  of  the  Rev.  George  Hickes,  and 
elder  dau.  of  the  late  John  S.  Rsinsford,  esq., 
of  St.  Michan's,  Dublin. 

At  Charleton,  Devon,  Oswald  C.  Arthur,  esq., 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Vice- Admiral  R.  Arthur, 
C.B.,  to  Elizabeth  Fortescue  Mary,  youngest  dan* 
of  Capt.  Wells,  R.A.,  of  Slade-house,  Devon. 

Feb.  9.  At  St.  James's,  Westbourne-terrace, 
George  Jackson  Carey,  Col.  18th  Royal  Irish,  to 
Olivia  Hester,  only  dau.  of  Wm.  Gordon  Thom- 
Eon,  e«q.,  of  Clifton-gardens,  Hyde-park. 

.FV6.11.  At  St.  Mary's,  Bayswater,  the  Rev. Wm. 
Winchester,  M.A.,  late  Chaplain  in  Bengal,  to 
Elizabeth  Maria  Lowther,  relict  of  Major  the 
Hon.  R.  B,  P.  Byng. 

At  the  Chapel  of  the  British  Embassy,  Paris, 
the  Earl  of  Lincoln,  to  Miss  Hope,  dau.  of  Henry 
"T.  Hope,  esq.,  of  Deepdene. 


At  St.  George's,  Bloomsbury,  Chas.  Ilorwood, 
esq.,  of  Brasenosc  College,  Oxford,  to  Harriet 
Mary,  second  dau.  of  C.  J.  Bloxam,  esq.,  of 
Bedford-place,  Russell-square. 

At  the  Catholic  Church,  Killursa,  John,  second 
son  of  Francis  Blake,  esq.,  of  Cregg  Castle,  co. 
Galway,  to  Mary,  eldest  dau.  of  George  Lynch- 
8taunton,  esq.,  of  Clydagh,  in  the  same  county. 

Feb.  12.  At  Sigston,  Yorkshire,  Henry,  eldest 
son  of  Christopher  Bramwell,  esq.,  of  Hardwick- 
hall,  co.  Durham,  to  Elizabeth,  younger  dau.  of 
the  Rev.  H.  J.  Duncombe,  Rector  of  Kirby 
Sigston. 

At  the  Subdeanery  Church,  Chichester,  Henry 
Lloyd  Randell,  esq.,  Staff  Assistant-Surgeon,  to 
Katharina  Alice,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Gilbert 
Hen.  Langdon,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Oving,  Prebendary 
of  Chichester,  and  Rural  Dean. 

At  Christ  Church,  Ramsgate,  the  Rev.  Charles 
Jas.  Bird,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of  West  Fordington, 
Dorset,  second  son  of  the  Chancellor  of  Lincoln 
Cathedral,  to  Caroline  Vidler,  youngest  dau.  of 
Robert  Burdon  Cay,  esq.,  of  Ramsgate. 

At  Ewcll,  Surrey,  the  Rev.  Thos.  Scott,  M.A., 
Chaplain  to  the  London  Hospital,  to  Mary  Amelia, 
second  dau.  of  J.  E.  Walters,  esq.,  of  Ewcll,  and 
Lincoln's-inn. 

At  Leamington,  John  Albert  Craven,  esq., 
Royal  Horse  Guards,  son  of  Henry  Craven,  esq., 
of  Wickham-hall,  Kent,  to  Ellen  Amelia,  second 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  8tuart  Majendie,  Rector  of  Barn- 
well, Northamptonshire. 

At  St.  Thomas's,  Winchester,  Edw.  Augustus 
Stotherd,  Capt. 60th  (King's  Royal)  Rifles,  second 
son  of  Major-Gen.  Stotherd,  Royal  Engineers,  to 
Frances  Evelyn,  only  dau.  of  Charles  M.  Deane, 
esq.,  of  Winchester. 

At  8t.  Peter's,  Notting-hiil,  Patrick  Hare, 
esq.,  of  Cloncgeera,  Queen's  County,  to  Eliza 
Houseman,  eldest  surviving  dau.  of  the  late 
Berkeley  Weatropp,  esq.,  of  Upper  Sheen,  Mort- 
lake. 

At  St.  John's,  Upper  Lewisham-road,  the  Rev. 
William  Quested  Scott,  B.A.,  to  Susan  Martha 
Gaudy,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  George  Stuart, 
esq.,  R.N. 

Feb.  14.  At  St.  Peter's,  Dublin,  George  Henry 
Lawrence,  B.C.S.,  son  of  General  G.  St.  P.  Law- 
rence, Bengal  Cavalry,  to  Margaret,  second  dau. 
of  the  late  Rev.  R.  Staveley,  Prebendary  of 
St.  Munchin's,  Limerick. 


1861.] 


333 


<&i)ftuarg* 


{Relatives  or  Friends  supplying  Memoirs  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  in 
order  that  a  Copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing  their  Communications 
may  be  forwarded  to  them.'] 


The  Dowageb  Lady  Petbe. 

Feb.  10.  At  her  residence,  Mansfield- 
street,  aged  58,  the  Right  Hon.  Emma 
Lady  Petre. 

The  deceased  lady,  Emma  Agnes,  relict 
of  Lord  Petre,  was  the  second  daughter 
of  the  late  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Corby 
Castle,  Cumberland,  where  she  was  born 
Nov.  5,  1803.  She  married  April  14, 
1823  (as  his  second  wife),  William  Henry 
Francis,  eleventh  Baron  Petre,  of  Writtle, 
in  the  county  of  Essex,  who  died  in  1850. 
Although  the  Dowager  Lady  Petre  had 
been  suffering  from  illness  since  October 
last,  her  life  was  not  considered  in  danger 
until  a  very  short  time  before  its  close.. 
She  leaves  surviving  issue,  four  sons,  Frede- 
rick, Arthur,  Edmund  and  Albert,  and  one 
daughter,  Agnes  Louisa  Catherine,  the 
wife  of  the  present  Lord  Clifford  of  Chud- 
leigh.  Of  her  two  brothers,  Philip  Hen. 
Howard,  Esq.,  late  M.P.  for  Carlisle,  is 
the  esteemed  representative  of  the  Corby 
branch  of  the  noble  family  of  Howard,  and 
Henry  Francis  Howard,  Esq.,  is  British 
Minister  at  the  Court  of  Hanover;  and 
a  si  iter,  Catherine,  is  the  relict  of  the 
Hen.  Philip  Stourton.  A  bright  and  be- 
loved presence  has  been  taken  not  only 
from  the  bereaved  family  of  the  gifted 
lady  just  deceased,  but  from  the  large 
circle  of  friends  to  whom  the  charm  of  her 
manners,  and  her  amiability  and  worth, 
no  less  than  the  Christian  graces  of  her 
character,  endeared  her. 


Sra  Hugh  Lyon  Playpaib. 

Jan.  21.  At  St.  Leonard's,  St.  Andrew's, 
aged  74,  Sir  Hugh  Lyon  Play  fair,  Provost 
of  St.  Andrew's. 

The  deceased  was  born  at  the  manse  of 
Meigle  and  Newtyle  (of  which  parishes 
his  father  was  minister),  Nov.  17, 1786. 


He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  St. 
Andrew's,  where  his  father,  Dr.  James 
Playfair,  was  Principal,  and  obtained  an 
appointment  in  the  Bengal  Artillery,  which 
he  joined  in  the  year  1805.  His  career 
in  India  was  a  marked  one,  and  was  fre- 
quently the  theme  of  official  commenda- 
tion. In  1806  he  was  selected  by  the 
General  to  command  a  detachment  of 
European  Artillery  proceeding  to  the 
Upper  Provinces.  On  this  occasion  he 
won  golden  opinions  from  his  superior 
officer  by  conducting  his  soldiers  to  Cawn- 
pore,  a  distance  of  800  miles,  without 
having  had  to  punish  one  of  them,  and 
without  the  loss  of  a  single  man. 

In  a  short  time,  Sir  John  Horsford 
appointed  him  to  the  command  of  the 
Artillery  at  Bareilly.  Shortly  after  he 
was  ordered  to  Oude,  to  put  down  a  dis- 
turbance caused  by  a  robber  chief  named 
Tumon  Sing,  an  enterprise  in  which  he 
was  completely  successful. 

In  the  year  1807,  the  fortress  of  Ku- 
monah  being  besieged,  he  volunteered  to 
relinquish  his  command  and  proceed  to 
the  scene  of  action.  His  offer  was  at  first 
accepted ;  but  it  was  afterwards  counter- 
manded, with  many  expressions  of  regard. 
He  was  recommended  to  be  appointed  to 
the  Horse- Artillery  at  Agra ;  and  here  he 
spent  the  year  1808  in  constant  drill  and 
practice.  In  January,  1809,  Sir  Hugh 
marched  to  join  the  army  at  Saharunpore, 
under  General  St.  Leger  and  General  Gil- 
lespie. In  the  following  month  he  reached 
Sirhind  and  Lascarrie,  and  was  engaged 
in  frequent  skirmishes  with  the  Sikhs. 
Being  about  this  time  selected  to  go  to 
the  fair  at  Hurdwar  to  purchase  horses, 
he  refused  to  take  any  share  of  them  un- 
less he  was  allowed  his  choice  of  them  for 
the  Horse-Artillery,  as  those  engaged  in 


334 


Obituary. — Sir  Hugh  Lyon  Playfair.  [March, 


that  arm  of  the  service  did  double  work. 
He  thus  established  a  principle  which  has 
ever  since  been  acted  on  in  the  Indian 
service.  He  was  afterwards  appointed 
adjutant  and  quartermaster  of  the  Horse- 
Artillery,  and  was  stationed  at  Meerut, 
where  he  laboured  incessantly  to  bring 
his  corps  to  the  highest  state  of  efficiency. 
In  1814  he  took  the  field,  and  though 
wounded,  succeeded  in  reducing  the  strong 
fort  of  Kalunga,  before  which  the  gallant 
Hollo  Gillespie  had  recently  lost  his  life  *. 
In  1815  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
captain,  and  his  health  having  greatly 
suffered  from  the  climate,  he  soon  after 
obtained  his  furlough,  and  proceeded  to 
Europe.  I  e  passed  most  of  the  time  in 
continental  travel,  and  having  married  the 
daughter  of  William  Dalgleish,  Esq.,  of 
Scotscraig,  Fifeshire,  he  in  1820  returned 
to  India.  He  was  offered  the  command  of  a 
troop  of  Hone-Artillery,  but  he  declined  it, 
and  applied  for  the  office  of  Superintendent 
of  the  Great  Military  Road,  Telegraph 
Towers,  and  Poet-Office  Department,  be- 
tween Calcutta  and  Benares,  which  he 
obtained.  He  held  this  appointment  for 
nearly  seven  years,  but  had  to  resign  it 
on  his  promotion  to  be  Major,  and  on  his 
being  appointed  to  command  the  4th  Bat- 
talion of  Artillery  at  Dumdum.  Before 
quitting  his  post,  he  requested  the  Govern- 
ment to  appoint  a  committee  to  report  on 
the  manner  in  which  he  had  discharged 
his  duties.  That  committee  travelled  over 
the  whole  road,  440  miles  in  length,  from 
Benares  to  Calcutta,  and  reported  his 
bridges  to  be  efficient,  and  the  telegraph 
towers  to  be  in  a  state  that  could  not  be 
surpassed.  He  soon  became  very  popular 
in  his  new  command,  and  he  was  beloved 
by  the  whole  station,  civilians,  officers,  and 
privates,  for  his  unwearied  efforts  to  pro- 
mote the  enjoyment  and  comfort  of  all. 
He  instituted  cricket  and  golf,  established 
libraries,  and  started  a  regimental  theatre. 
After  three  years  thus  usefully  passed  at 
Dumdum,  he  returned  to  Britain,  and  pre- 
vious to  his  departure  he  was  entertained 
at  a  public  dinner  by  the  officers  of  Artil- 


•  8ee  "  An  Indian  Mutiny  and  He  who  quelled 
it,"  Gent.  Ma«.  Nov.  1857,  p.  535. 


lery,  and  highly  complimentary  mentior 
of  his  various  services  was  made  in  public 
orders. 

In  1834  Major  Playfair  resigned  his 
commission  in  the  Hon.  Company's  Ser- 
vice, and  returning  to  St.  Andrews,  he 
devoted  himself  with  singular  energy  and 
success  to  the  improvement  of  that  de- 
cayed city.  How  he  acted,  and  how  his 
efforts  were  appreciated,  are  well  told  in 
the  "  Edinburgh  Courant,"  from  which  we 
extract  a  passage : — 

"In  this  brief  sketch  it  is  impossible 
thoroughly  to  realise  for  the  general  reader 
the  utter  degradation  and  miserable  decay 
of  St.  Andrews  thirty  years  age.  It  was 
not  then,  nor  for  many  years  after,  the 
gay  yet  dignified  Scarborough  of  Scotland 
as  we  now  recognise  it.  The  magnificent 
links  lay,  with  all  their  vast  capabilities, 
untrodden;  there  was  no  aristocratic  golf- 
ing club ;  the  city  itself  was  heaped  with 
ruins ;  the  streets  were  irregular  and  dirty ; 
many  of  the  present  ones,  such  as  the  Bell- 
streets,  Playfair-terrace,  Gladstone-ter- 
race, &c,  were  unbuilt;  the  cathedral  and 
castle  remains  were  crumbling  into  un- 
heeded decay;  pigs  and  kine  grazed  in 
front  of  the  ill-attended  colleges ;  so  that, 
in  fact,  when  Major  Playfair  schemed  a 
reformation  in  St.  Andrews,  he  was  sim- 
ply proposing  to  himself  the  erection  of  a 
handsome  town  on  the  site  of  a  ruined 
city,  and  that  with  no  public  funds,  little 
co-operation,  and  small  chance  of  securing 
the  application  of  private  resources  for  his 
proposed  end. 

"First  of  all,  'the  Major/  as  he  wa 
generally  known,  took  to  golfing,  infuser 
a  fresh  spirit  into  the  practice  of  thn 
beautiful  pastime,  and  founded  a  modest 
club  under  the  name  of  the  Union  Par- 
lour Club.  This  association  was  based  on 
an  effete  body  of  royal  and  ancient  golfers 
which  had  existed  since  1754.  In  1842, 
the  Major  accepted  the  office  of  Provost  as 
a  means  of  doing  more  good  to  St.  An- 
drews. From  that  year  forward,  he  car- 
ried on  the  most  extraordinary  campaigns 
against  abuse,  filth,  niggardliness,  and 
ignorance,  till  some  ten  years  afterwards 
gay  visitors  of  rank  and  fashion  accepted 
(as  a  matter  of  course)  the  fine  old  city  as 
the  first  watering-place  in  North  Britain. 
How  this  was  accomplished  is  matter  for 
detail  beyond  the  scope  of  a  brief  biogra- 
phical notice.  The  Major  was  never  known 
to  try  anything  which  he  did  not  accom- 
plish. In  his  own  person  he  was  proficient 
ii  all  kinds  of  manly  sports — a  good  me- 


1861.] 


Obituary. — Sir  Hugh  Lyon  Playfair. 


335 


chanic,  with  a  special  leaning  towards 
photography,  which  he  was  the  first  (being 
initiated  by  his  friend  Claudet)  to  intro- 
duce into  St.  Andrews,  now  celebrated  as 
a  chief  home  of  the  art.  The  Major  was 
also  endued  with  a  plentiful  fund  of  the 
driest  of  dry  humour,  which  smoothed 
many  a  difficulty  away  in  his  intercourse 
with  the  inhabitants  of  St.  Andrews.  In 
music  he  was  a  proficient  on  several  in- 
struments; and,  in  general,  Major  Play- 
fair  may  be  described  as  an  accomplished 
gentleman,  with  very  shrewd,  practical 
uses  for  the  same.  He  was  at  home  every- 
where and  with  everybody — could  talk 
my  Lord  at  the  club  into  a  subscription 
for  some  pet  improvement,  and  ten  minutes 
afterwards  walk  down  the  broad  pavement 
of  South-street  with  a  veritable  fishwife 
on  each  arm,  sharing  their  somewhat  noisy 
confidences  with  an  admirable  affectation 
of  interest.  And  here  let  us  pay  the  tri- 
bute of  one  sentence  to  that  able  Lieu- 
tenant of  the  Major— Allan  Robertson, 
the  champion  goltVr,  who  died  in  Sep* 
tember  1859.  These  two  men,  dissimilar 
in  station,  but  akin  in  their  genial  natures, 
have  done  more  for  St.  Andrews  than 
school,  or  college,  or  storied  tradition. 
The  improved  look  of  St.  Andrews,  con- 
sequent on  the  active  interposition  of  Major 
Playfair,  brought  moneyed  people  into  the 
place.  The  Madras  School  throve  apace. 
The  red-cloaked  students  became  more 
familiar  to  the  streets.  The  easy  aspect 
of  prosperity  set' led  upon  the  grey  city. 
The  cathedral  remains  were  explorable  by 
antiquaries.  The  most  timid  lady  could 
safely  shudder  over  the  Bottle-dungeon  of 
Beaton's  Castle.  The  change,  let  us  say 
it  in  brief  and  once  for  all,  was  wonderful 
indeed,  and  has  no  parallel  as  the  result  of 
what  one  strong  will  can  do  in  the  annals 
of  an  everyday  life." 

A  locil  paper,  the  '•  Fifeshire  Journal," 
bears  a  like  testimony  to  his  successful 
exertions :  — 

"Sir  Hugh's  career  in  the  Hon.  East 
India  Company's  Service  was  such  as  re- 
flected much  credit  on  hiin  as  a  man  and 
as  a  soldier.  But  bis  great  achievements 
— those  for  which  his  i.ame  will  remain  as 
a  household  word  in  the  county— were 
the  improvements  effected  in  St.  Andrews. 
There  is  scarcely  a  spot  in  that  now  model 
city  which  does  not  bear  the  marks  of  his 
transforming  and  improving  policy.  What- 
ever tended  to  increase  its  amenity  or  im- 
prove the  comfort  of  the  inhabitants  was 
the  subject  of  his  unceasing  care ;  and 
with  him  generally  to  conceive  or  to  plan 
was  the  precursor  of  to  execute ;  by  a  way 


and  a  will  of  his  own,  he  managed  mainly 
to  carry  his  object.  A  '  committee  of  one* 
— to  the  decisions  of  which  he  was  very 
partial — had  no  sooner  decided  than  the 
decision  was  carried  out ;  and  as  a  result, 
many  and  various  improvements  were  ef- 
fected which  otherwise  must  have  re- 
mained undone,  and  which,  had  they 
waited  for  a  decision  of  a  Police  Com- 
mittee  or  Town  Council,  would  have  been 

unperformed  to  the  Greek  Kalends. 

Indeed,  we  do  not  suppose  that  in  any 
corner  of  Britain  a  people  can  point  with 
pride  to  so  many  improvements,  effected 
mainly  by  one  energetic,  persevering 
citizen,  as  St.  Andrews  can  do  in  regard 
to  the  changes  for  the  better,  effected 
directly  and  indirectly  through  the  in- 
fluence  of  Lieut.-Colonel  Sir  Hugh  Lyon 
Playfair.  This  influence  was  sustained 
and  heightened  by  personal  worth,  and 
through  being  ever  ready  to  be  the  first 
to  aid  liberally  in  the  execution  of  his  own 
designs." 

Whilst  Major  Playfair  was  thus  de- 
voting himself  singly  for  the  good  of  St. 
Andrews,  two  of  his  sons  fell  in  India— 
one  at  the  battle  of  Sobraon  in  1816,  the 
other  at  the  storming  of  Mooltan  in  1848. 
More  fortunate  than  some  other  public 
benefactors,  the  Major  was  appreciated  by 
his  townsmen.  In  1844  he  was  entertained 
at  a  public  dinner;  in  1847  his  portrait, 
by  Sir  J.  Watson  Gordon,  was  placed  in 
the  Old  Town  Hall;  in  1850  he  was  pre- 
sented by  the  town  with  a  piece  of  plate 
for  increasing  enormously  the  revenues  of 
the  mussel  bait  department ;  in  1856  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews  conferred  on 
him  their  highest  honour,  the  degree  of 
LL.D. ;  and  the  same  year  the  honour  of 
knighthood  was  bestowed  on  him  by  her 
Majesty  the  Queen.  Seldom  has  that  last 
honour  more  worthily  been  bestowed ;  a».d 
it  was  only  a  fitting  mark  of  recognition 
on  the  part  of  Royalty  to  bestow  it  on  the 
eccentric  aud  energetic  soldier  who  had 
begged,  and  bullied,  and  wheedled  away 
the  filth  and  ruinous  neglect  which  bid 
fair  to  entomb  St.  Andrews. 

Sir  Hugh  was  twice  married,  and  leaves 
a  widow,  four  daughters,  and  three  sons, 
the  eldest  of  whom,  Captain  Frederick 
Playfair,  Madras  Artillery,  was  married  to 
Miss  Farnie  in  1855. 

"  Whether,"  says  a  Scottish  paper,  "  we 


836    Obituary. — The  Hon.  Littleton  Waller  Tazewell.      [March, 


look  on  the  deceased  knight  as  the  centre 
of  a  peculiar  social  circle,  or  as  a  city  re- 
former, or  as  an  exemplar  to  Provosts 
generally,  we  look  on  one  not  likely  to  re- 
cur in  the  burgh  annals  of  Scotland." 


The  Hon.  Littleton  Walleb  Taze- 
well. 

May  6,  1860.  At  Norfolk,  Virginia, 
U.S.  America,  aged  85,  the  Hon.  Little- 
ton Waller  Tazewell,  ex-Governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  our  readers 
to  note  that  this  geutleman  was  descended 
from  a  nephew  of  the  Rev.  William  Tas- 
well,  D.D.,  Rector  of  St.  Mary,  Newing- 
ton,  Surrey,  whose  death,  on  the  16tb  of 
June,  1731,  is  announced  in  the  first  num- 
ber of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine.  This 
nephew,  William  Tazewell,  a  lawyer  by 
profession,  and  the  son  of  James  Tazewell, 
Esq.,  of  Limington  Manor,  co.  Somerset, 
emigrated  to  the  colony  of  Virginia,  Ame- 
rica, in  1715,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Virginia,  he  mar- 
ried Sophia,  daughter  of  Henry  Harman- 
son  and  Gertrude  Littleton,  who  was  a 
daughter  of  Col.  Southey  Littleton,  and 
the  son  of  that  marriage  was  called  Little- 
ton after  the  surname  of  his  grandfather. 

"  This  Littleton  was  brought  up  in  the 
Secretary's  office  under  Secretary  Nelson, 
and  married  Mary  Gray,  daughter  of  Col. 
Joseph  Gray  of  Southampton.  With  the 
view  of  being  near  the  relations  of  his 
wife,  he  sold  his  estate  in  Accomack,  which 
has  long  been  the  property  of  his  grand- 
son Littleton  Waller,  and  purchased  lands 
in  Brunswick,  of  which  county  he  became 
Clerk  of  the  Court,  dying  at  the  early 
age  of  thirty-three.  The  son  of  this 
marriage  was  Heury,  (the  father  of  our 
departed  townsman,)  who  also  studied  law, 
became  a  Judge  of  the  General  Court,  a 
Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  a  Senator 
of  the  United  States,  and  twice  President 
of  the  Senate.  The  mother  of  Mr.  Taze- 
well was  Dorothea  Elizabeth  Waller,  a 
daughter  of  Judge  Benjamin  Waller  of 
Williamsburgh." 

Mr.  Tazewell  was  first  introduced  to 
the  notice  of  the  English  public  by  "A 
Review  of  the  Negociations  between  the 
United  States  of  America  and  Great  Bri- 
tain, respecting  the  commerce  of  the  two 
countries,  and  more  especially  concerning 

12 


the  trade  of  the  fonner  with  the  West 
Indies.  By  the  Hon.  Littleton  W.  Taze- 
well." Published  in  America  in  1828, 
and  republished  by  Murray,  London,  8vo., 
1829.  This  is  very  favourably  received 
in  the  "  Quarterly,"  Vol.  XXX.  No.  72. 
From  a  sketch  of  Mr.  Tazewell's  life,  (writ- 
ten by  William  W.  Sharp,  Esq.,  formerly 
a  student  in  his  chambers,)  which  ap- 
peared in  one  of  the  morning  papers  of 
Norfolk,  Virginia,  on  the  8th  of  last  May, 
we  borrow  some  particulars : — 

"  The  mortal  career  of  our  celebrated 
townsman,  Littleton  Waller  Tazewell, 
closed  on  Sunday  morning  at  11  o'clock. 
He  was  emphatically  one  of  the  great 
men  of  his  age,  and  a  just  memorial  of 
his  life  will  no  doubt  be  specially  pre- 
pared in  due  season  \  Meantime  we  will 
note,  that  be  was  born  in  the  city  of  Wil- 
liamsburg, where  his  father,  Judge  Taze- 
well of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  subsequently 
resided,  on  the  17th  of  Dec,  1774.  After 
finishing  his  education  at  William  and 
Mary  College,  he  commenced  the  study  of 
the  law,  partly  under  the  care  of  his  grand- 
father, Mr.  Waller,  and  the  late  Mr.  Wick- 
ham  of  Richmond. 

"  In  a  short  time  after  his  appearance 
in  the  Courts  he  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature, and  was  one  of  its  members  in  the 
great  session  of  '98,  when  the  resolutions 
prepared  by  Mr.  Madison  were  introduced. 
The  next  year  he  represented  the  Williams- 
burg district  in  Congress,  being  successor 
to  Judge  Marshall  in  that  body. 

"  He  declined  a  re-election  to  Congress, 
and  came  to  Norfolk  in  1802,  then  a  place 
of  extensive  foreign  commerce,  and  soon 
entered  upon  a  large  and  important  prac- 
tice. During  the  same  year  he  married 
a  daughter  of  the  late  Col.  Nivison,  and 
from  that  time  to  tbe  present  continued 
to  reside  among  us.  With  the  exception 
of  the  interrupting  years  of  the  war  of 
1813-14,  and  of  a  short  period  during 
which  he  represented  this  city  in  the  le- 

*  Since  tbe  above  was  written,  "A  Discourse 
on  the  Life  and  Character  of  the  Hon.  Littleton 
Waller  Tazewell,  delivered  before  the  Bar  of  Nor- 
folk, Virginia,  and  the  Citizens  generally,  on  the 
29th  day  of  June,  1860,  by  Hugh  Blair  Grigsby, 
LL.D.,"  8vo.,  124  pp.,  has  been  published  by 
J.  D.  Ghisselin,  jun.,  Norfolk,  Va.,  and  a  copy  is 
now  lying  before  the  contributor  of  this  ai  ticlc. 
At  page  7  the  orthography  of  Tazewell  is  said  to 
have  been  various;  and  that  Ta* well,  Taw* well, 
and  Tasswell  "have  been  used  indifferently  by 
father  and  son  of  the  same  family  for  more  than 
300  years,  and  are  so  used  at  the  present  day." 


1861.]     Obituary.— T.  L.  Walker,  Esq.— Mr.  John  Swaine.    337 


gislature  on  a  special  occasion,  he  prac- 
tised his  profession  with  the  honour  and 
success  that  were  to  have  been  expected 
from  one  who  was,  while  yet  a  young  man, 
pronounced  by  Judge  Marshall  and  Judge 
Koane  to  be  unsurpassed,  if  equalled,  by 
any  competitor  of  his  day.  It  was  in- 
deed  hard  to  speak  in  measured  terms 
of  a  lawyer  who,  though  a  resident  of  a 
provincial  town,  was  consult  el  at  the  same 
time  (1819)  by  Loudon  merchants  on  the 
'custom  of  London/  and  by  the  priests 
of  ltome  on  the  Canon  Law. 

"  At  tlte  earnest  solicitation  of  Mr. 
Monroe,  he  reluctantly  accepted  the  ap- 
ptintinent  of  one  of  the  Commissioners 
under  the  Florida  Treaty,  being  united  in 
that  duty  with  Mr.  King  and  the  late 
Hugh  Lawson  White;  and  after  that 
work  was  done  he  withdrew  from  the 
practice  of  law  to  th«  privacy  which  he 
so  much,  perhaps  too  much,  loved. 

"  In  1825  he  was  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly  a  Senator  of  the  United  States 
over  some  distinguished  competitors,  and 
soon  after  taking  his  seat  wms  called  upon 
to  discuss  the  celebrated  Piracy  Bill  of 
Mr.  Monroe's  administration ;  and  in  a 
speech  on  that  measure,  which  ^e  defeat- 
ed, displayed  such  extraordinary  resources 
of  argument  and  learning  as  threw  all  his 
associates  of  that  ep-x*h  in  the  sha'ie,  and 
established  his  own  reputation  as  the 
great«-st  debater  of  his  age. 

"  He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Convention  of  Virginia  in  1829-30,  where 
his  compeers  were  Chief  Justice  Marshall, 
John  Randolph,  Watkins  Leigh,  Taylor, 
Upshur,  and  others  of  that  brilliant  as- 
sembly. He  was  at  the  same  time  a  Sena- 
tor from  Virginia  in  Congress ;  and  was  in 
nothing  behind  the  great  personages  of 
the  Senate,  where  sat  Calhoun,  Clay,  and 
Webster,  save  only  in  his  invincible  desire 
and  love  of  retirement. 

"  In  1833-4  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the 
S«nate  of  the  United  State?,  and  soon 
after,  and  almost  without  his  knowledge, 
he  was  elected  Governor  of  Virgiuia,  the 
duties  of  winch  office  he  actively  and 
faithfully  performed  until  his  resignation, 
which  took  place  before  the  expiration  of 
his  term. 

"From  that  \v.\o  he  has  continued  in 
private  life — but  not  uselessly,  for  he  has 
been  consulted  from  all  parts  of  the  Union 
on  almost  all  subjects;  and  by  his  inti- 
mate acquaintances  his  opinions  have  been 
regarded  as  oracular  inspirations.  He  has 
also  attended  with  care  to  his  private  du- 
ties, and  these  with  his  correspondence 
have  chiefly  occupied  his  later  years. 

"  It  lias  been  the  subject  of  deep  regret 

Gut.  Mjlo.  Vol.  CCX. 


that  one  possessing  such  colossal  powers 
should  have  been  so  unwilling  to  exert 
them.  But  Mr.  Tazewell  had  the  right 
to  judge  and  decide  for  himself,  and  that 
he  p-eferred  private  to  public  life  is  rather 
to  be  lamented  than  complained  of." 

Mr.  Tazewell's  funeral  was  attended 
by  the  members  of  the  Richmond  Bar,  in 
accordance  witli  a  resolution  passed  by 
that  body  on  the  day  following  his  death, 
and  the  Discourse  already  cited  was  after- 
wards delivered  before  them. 


T.  L.  Walker,  Esq. 

Oct.  10, 1860.  At  Hong  Kong,  in  China, 
Thomas  Lark  ins  Walker,  Esq.,  architect. 

He  was  the  eldest  surviving  son  of  the 
late  Adam  Walker,  Esq.,  M.D.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  the  elder  Pugin ;  and,  in  continua- 
tion of  that  artist's  "  Specimens  of  Gothic 
Architecture/'  he  published  in  1831  "The 
History  and  Antiquitiis  of  the  Vicars' 
Close  at  Wells,"  "  The  History  and  An- 
tiquities of  the  Manor- House  aud  Church 
at  Great  Chalfleld,  Wiltshire,"  and  "The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Manor- 
house  at  South  Wraxhall  and  the  Church 
of  St.  Pet  er  at  Biddleston,  Wilts."  These 
formed  Parts  I ,  II.,  and  1 1 1,  of  4«  Example* 
of  Gothic  Architecture,"  a  series  that  did 
not  proceed  further. 

Mr.  Walker,  soon  after  the  production 
of  these  works,  removed  from  London  to* 
Nuneaton,  and  afterwards  to  Leicester. 
We  are  unacquainted  with  his  engagements 
in  that  part  of  the  country,  further  than 
that  he  restored  the  ancient  church  at 
Ilkeston  in  Derbyshire,  and  was  employed 
by  Mr.  T.  R.  Potter  to  make  architectural 
drawings  for  his  projected  reproduction  of 
Nichols'  History  of  Leicestershire.  We 
believe  he  was  unfortunate  in  some  specu- 
lations, which  finally  led  to  his  emigration 
to  China. 


Mb.  John  Swinn. 

Nov.  25, 1860.  In  Dean-street,  Soho, 
in  his  86th  year,  Mr.  John  Swaine,  line- 
engraver. 

Mr.  Swaine  was  a  native  of  Stanwell,  in 
Middlesex.  Having  lost  his  father  at  an 
early  age,  he  was  placed  under  the  tuition  of 
Mr.  Jacob  Schnebbelie,  a  skilful  draughts- 
man and  self-taught  engraver,  who  was 

Tt 


338 


Obituary.— Mr.  John  Swaine. 


[March, 


much  patronised  by  Mr.  Gough,  Mr.  Ni- 
chols, and  other  admirers  of  ancient  art 
and  architecture,  and  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  Eurl  of  Leicester  was  appointed 
draughtsman  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
Mr.  Schnebbelie  died  at  the  early  age  of 
82  in  1791,  and  a  memoir  of  him  will  be 
found  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
1792,  p.  189.  Young  Swaine  then  found  a 
second  master  in  Mr.  Barak  Longmate, 
the  heraldic  engraver  and  editor  of  the 
"  Supplement  to  Collins's  Peerage ;"  and 
on  his  death,  July  23,  1793,  a  third  in 
Mr.  Barak  Longraute,  junior,  (who  died 
February  25,  1836,  aged  68:  see  him 
noticed  in  Gent.  Mao.  1836,  i.  441,)  whose 
sister  he  married  in  1797. 

As  an  artist  Mr.  Swaine  far  exceeded  his 
masters  the  Longmatcs.  Though  some- 
what d<:ficioiit  in  a  true  perception  of  the 
highest  beauties  of  his  art,  particularly  in 
the  important  quality  of  light  and  shade, 
his  workm  mship  was  clean,  very  pains- 
taking, and  often  highly  effective.  His 
great  merit  was  fid*  lity  in  copying,  and  in 
that  respect  his  talents  were  duly  appre- 
ciated by  some  of  the  best  judges,  among 
whom  we  may  particularly  mention  the 
names  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Ottley,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Dibdin,  and  Mr.  Pickering  the  publisher. 
In  the  "  History  of  Engraving"  by  the 
first-named  there  are  some  admirable  fac- 
similes from  the  hand  of  Mr.  Swaine  of 
the  very  oldest  engravings  known  to  be  in 
existence.  His  talents  were  employed  with 
similar  success  in  Mr.  Singer's  "  History 
of  Playing  Cards."  For  Mr.  Pickering 
and  others  he  engraved  in  fac-simile  some 
old  title-pages,  among  which  we  may  name 
that  of  Purchases  "  Pilgrimages,"  (repub- 
lished, fol.,  1816),  and  that  of  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer,  after  D.  Loggan,  fol., 
1662.  Also  some  copies  of  Hollar's  plates 
inserted  in  the  new  edition  of  Dugdalc's 
Monasticon. 

Mr.  Swaine  copied  several  old  portraits 
with  great  success,  among  which  were 
Droeshout's  Shakspearc  (from  the  first 
folio),  and  a  reduced  copy  of  the  same; 
W.  Marshall's  Sh:ikspeare  in  8vo. ;  and 
Thomas  Stanley  the  poet,  after  Faithorne. 
Among  his  early  works  were  about  forty 
of  the  heads  aud  autographs  published  in 


Thane's  "  British  Autography."  He  also 
engraved  many  modern  portraits,  one  of 
which  is  an  excellent  likeness  of  Mr.  Leigh 
the  auctioneer,  in  4to. 

His  accurate  eye  was  employed  as  suc- 
cessfully in  making  fac- similes  of  auto- 
graphs, of  which  ho  executed  many  plates 
before  the  time  that  the  art  of  lithography 
offered  greater  facility  for  that  description 
of  work.  Wo  may  especially  mention 
several  plates  from  Mr.  Upcott's  collec- 
tions, executed  iu  1827. 

Of  Coins  he  engraved  a  long  series,  for 
"  Oriental  Coins,  Ancient  and  Modern,  de- 
scribed by  William  Marsden,  F.R.S.,"  in 
nearly  sixty  plates,  4ta,  1823.  Also  several 
small  plates  of  Heraldry ;  and  some  of 
Stained  Glass,  from  the  works  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Willemcnt,  F.S.A. 

Mr.  Swaine's  time  and  labours  were  very 
extensively  engage*!  fpr  subjec-s  in  Natural 
History.  He  was  engaged  for  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Linncan,  Zoological,  aud 
Eutomological  Societies.  He  engraved 
some  large  plates  for  Mr.  Marsden' 8  work 
on  the  "  Pepper  Plant,"  published  in  1813 ; 
others  for  the  same  gentleman's  work 
on  the  "  Fruits  of  India,"  1810;  and  the 
outlines  (afterwards  aquatinted)  of  thirty  - 
nine  plates  for  "  The  Fishes  of  the  Ganges," 
by  Dr.  Francis  Hamilton  (formerly  Bu- 
chanan), 1822,  4to.  Mr.Orme  of  Bond- 
street  employed  him  to  make  etchings  to 
supply  some  of  the  worn  plates  of  Samuel 
Howitt's  "New  Work  of  Animals,  par- 
ticularly delineating  the  Fables  of  J£sop, 
Gay,  and  Phaidru*,"  in  100  plates,  1811, 
4to.  Among  Mr.  Swaine's  productions 
were  also  the  plates  to  Major  Edward 
Moor's  "  Oriental  Fragments,"  1834,  8vo. 

In  Topography,  besides  his  very  earliest 
work  as  an  apprentice  upon  Longmate's 
plates  for  Mr.  Nichols's  "  History  of  Lei- 
cestershire," he  was  also  employed  for  Sir 
E.  C.  Hoare's  "  History  of  Salisbury,"  and 
Dr.  Lipscombe's  "  History  of  Buckingham- 
shire." He  etched  the  outlines  (after- 
wards aquatinted)  of  Major's  "Views  in 
Cambridge,"  1822. 

To  this  ample  list  of  the  results  of  a 
long  and  industrious  life,  we  have  lastly 
to  acknowledge  that  Mr.  Swaine  contri- 
buted plates  to  the  Gentleman's  Maua- 


1861.]     Obituary. — Col.  Hugh  Owen. — John  Bentley,  Esq.     339 


zike  for  a  longer  period  than  any  other 
engraver,  his  first  appearing  in  March 
1804,  and  the  last  in  April  1855. 

Mr.  Swaine  was  left  a  widower  in  Octo- 
ber 1822,  and  in  1838  he  had  the  misfor- 
tune to  lose  his  only  son,  Mr.  John  Barak 
Swaine,  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-three. 
Uo  was  a  very  promising  young  artist,  as 
a  draughtsman,  engraver,  and  painter; 
and  a  biographical  notice  of  him  was  given 
in  our  Magazine  for  1838,  i.  552.  The 
father  has  left  two  surviving  daughters, 
one  the  faithful  attendant  of  bis  latter 
years,  the  other  married  to  Mr.  Sartain,  a 
successful  engraver  in  the  United  States 
of  America. 


Colonel  Hugh  Owen. 

Dec.  17,  I860.  At  the  residence  of  John 
Lambert,  Esq.,  Garret's- hall,  Banstead, 
aged  76,  Colonel  Hugh  Owen,  a  distin- 
guished officer  of  the  Portuguese  service. 

The  deceased,  who  belonged  to  a  good 
Denbigh  family,  was  born  in  that  town 
in  the  year  1784,  and  began  his  pro- 
fessional life  in  the  Shropshire  Volunteers, 
of  which  he  was  gazetted  Captain  in  1803. 
He  had  a  patron  in  General  Sir  Stapleton 
Cotton,  now  Field-Marshal  Viscount  Coin- 
bermere,  through  whose  influence  he  was 
appointed  cornet  in  the  16th  Light  Dra- 
goons in  1806 ;  and  he  embarked  for  Por- 
tugal in  1809  with  his  regiment,  and  the 
14th  Light  Dragoons,  under  the  command 
of  Lord  Coraberinere.  During  the  early 
campaigns  he  was  always  nominated  as 
the  outpost  and  skirmishing  officer,  and 
was  thus  employed  in  the  cavalry  affairs  of 
Albergaria,  Greijo,  and  Oporto,  as  far  as 
Salamonde.  At  the  battle  of  Talavera  he 
commanded  the  united  skirmishers  of  the 
14th,  16th,  and  23rd  Light  Dragoons,  and 
the  1st  German  Hussars.  In  1810  he  was 
gazetted  captain  of  cavalry  in  the  Portu- 
guese service,  under  Marshal  Beresfbrd, 
and  he  was  acting  aide-de-camp  to  the 
Hon.  Sir  Henry  Fane,  commanding  the 
rear-guard  of  General  Hill's  division  on 
the  retreat  to  the  lines  of  Torres  Vedras. 
He  was  afterwards  brigade-major  to  Sir 
Loftus  Otway,  commanding  the  1st,  7th, 
4th,  and  10th  regiments  of  Portuguese 
cavalry,  when  occupying  the  lines  of  Torres 


Vedras ;  and  subsequently  brigade-major 
and  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Benjamin  D'Ur- 
ban,  commanding  a  Brigade  of  the  1st, 
11th,  12th,  and  6th  regiments  of  Portu- 
guese cavalry.  In  1813,  at  the  battle  of 
Vittoria,  as  he  was  leading  the  brigade 
into  action  during  the  temporary  absence 
of  the  General,  who  had  been  sent  to  re- 
connoitre the  enemy,  his  name  was  written 
down  by  Lord  Wellington,  who  next 
morning  ordered  him  to  memorialize  for  a 
troop  in  the  18th  Hussars,  to  which  he 
was  gazetted,  and  he  was  consequently 
promoted  to  a  majority  in  the  Portuguese 
cavalry. 

In  1815  Major  Owen  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  with  orders 
to  organize  and  discipline  the  6th  Regiment, 
which  he  rendered  so  efficient  that  it  be- 
came famous  in  the  civil  wars  for  its  moral 
character,  as  well  as  for  its  superiority  in 
the  field,  under  the  title  of  "  Os  Dragoena 
de  (haves."  In  1820  he  accompanied 
Lord  Beresfbrd  to  Rio  Janeiro,  and  was 
sent  home  with  despatches  in  August,  as 
brevet-colonel  to  the  4th  Regiment  of 
Cavalry.  On  his  arrival  at  Lisbon,  finding 
the  King's  Government  had  been  super- 
seded, and  that  Lord  Beresfbrd  and  all 
British  officers  had  been  summarily  dis- 
missed by  a  self- constituted  constitutional 
Government,  Colonel  Owen  retired  into 
private  life.  During  the  subsequent  civil 
wars  Colonel  Owen  was  offered  by  Dom 
Pedro  the  rank  of  general  officer,  or  an 
appointment  as  personal  aide-de-camp; 
but,  not  having  permission  to  accept  from 
his  own  Sovereign,  he  declined  these  hon- 
ours. Colonel  Owen  received  the  nomina- 
tion of  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order 
d'Aviz,  Knight  of  the  Tower  and  Sword, 
the  Gold  Cross  for  Peninsular  campaigns, 
the  silver  medal  with  four  clasps  for  Tala- 
vera, Albuera,  Vittoria,  Pyrenees,  and 
three  Spanish  medals. 


John  Bentlet,  Esq. 

Deo.  20,  1860.  At  his  residence,  Park- 
crescent,  Brighton,  aged  74,  John  Bentley, 
Etq.,  late  Secretary  to  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land. 

He  was  the  second  son  of  Edward 
Bentley,  Esq.,  formerly  Principal  of  the 


840      Edw.  Bentley,  Esq.,  M.D.—F.  W.  R.  Ross,  Esq.     [March, 


Accountant's  Office  in  the  Dank  of  Eng- 
land, who  died  July  24, 1838,  (see  Gent. 
Mao.,  voL  x.t  Second  Series,  pp.  337  and 
846,)  by  Anno,  the  only  sister  of  John 
Nichols,  the  historian  of  Leicestershire, 
and  many  years  Editor  of  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine.  Mr.  John  Bentley  was 
born  Not.  12,  1786,  and  he  early  eutered 
the  Secretary's  office  in  the  Bank,  and 
gradually  rose  in  it,  till  he  became  Secre- 
tary in  1850,  in  succession  to  Mr.  Knight. 
He  retired  after  a  service  of  fifty  ytars, 
universally  respected  and  esteemed,  in  the 
spring  of  1860. 

Mr.  Bentley  married  in  1816,  Mary, 
eldest  daughter  of  Mr.  Breen  of  Brighton, 
and  had  issue  four  sons — Edward  Bentley, 
Esq.,  M.D.,  who  died  shortly  after  his 
father,  John,  Thomas  William,  and  the 
Rev.  Samuel  Bentley,  Vicar  of  St.  Mary 
Magdalene,  Bridgnorth,  Salop;  and  one 
daughter,  Mary  Isabella,  who  died  in  1856. 


Edwajld  Bentley,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Feb.  2,  1861.  At  St.  Thomas-square, 
Hackney,  aged  43,  Edward  Bentley,  Esq., 
M.D.,  eldest  sou  of  the  above  John 
Bentley,  Esq. 

He  was  born  Dec  31,  1817.  On  first 
entering  lite  he  became  an  operative 
chemist,  and  gained  credit  for  his  method 
of  obtaining  the  more  powerful  vegetable 
preparations  for  medical  use.  He  after- 
wards wished  to  enter  the  medical  pro- 
fession, and  he  prosecuted  his  studies  for 
that  object  with  success,  except  that  in 
doing  so  he  unfortunately  injured  his 
health,  and  after  some  years  of  trial  and 
suffering,  his  friend*  were  pained  to  find 
he  was  prevented  from  reaping  the  suc- 
cess which  his  acknowledged  ardour  and 
abilities  might  otherwise  have  secured. 
Latterly  he  was  paralysed,  but  he  bore 
his  sufferings  in  a  resigned  and  truly 
Christian  spirit,  still  pursuing  his  practice, 
under  great  bodily  disabilities,  with  con- 
siderable success. 

Dr.  Bentley,  having  received  his  profes- 
sional education  at  Guy's  Hospital,  passed 
his  examination  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  in  1845,  and  in  the  same  year 
received  his  degree  of  M.D.  from  the 
University  of  St.  Andrew's.    He  was  very 


instrumental  in  founding  the  Victoria 
Hospital  for  diseases  of  the  chest  in 
Bonner's- fields,  Victoria- park ;  and  for 
some  time  acted  as  its  Physician,  and  also 
as  Physician  to  the  City  and  Islington 
Dispensary.  He  was  at  his  death  Con- 
sulting Physician  to  the  Elizabeth  Fry 
Reformatory,  Honorary  Secretary  to  the 
Pathological  Society  of  London,  and  to 
the  Clinical  Society  of  Gay's  Hospital. 

Dr.  Bentley  married  in  1841,  Esther, 
youngest  daughter  of  John  Tucker.  Esq., 
of  Westmoreland-place,  by  whom  be  leaves 
a  family  of  three  sons  and  t*o  daughters, 
Edward  John,  Stanley  Alfred,  and  Henry; 
Esther  Mary,  and  Madelina  Isabella. 


F.  W.  R.  Ross,  Esq. 

Dec.  25, 1860.  At  Top  ham,  aged  68, 
F.  W.  R.  Ross,  Esq. 

Mr.  Ross  passed  his  early  life  as  an 
officer  in  the  British  navy.  But  for  many 
years  past  he  resided  at  Broad  a  ay -house, 
Topsham,  and  devoted  his  life  to  the  pur- 
suit of  different  branches  of  natural  his- 
tory and  kindred  sciences.  His  very  in- 
teresting and  extensive  museum,  kindly 
opened  to  the  public,  contained  many  rare 
and  valuable  specimens  in  ornithology, 
conchology,  geology,  and  other  branches 
of  natural  science,  as  well  as  a  rich  collec- 
tion of  archaeological  remains.  But  per- 
haps the  most  interesting  feature  of  the 
whole  was  the  splendid  illustrations  from 
his  own  pencil  of  objects  of  natural  his- 
tory, in  most  instances  painted  from  na- 
ture. His  skill  as  a  painter  of  birds,  in- 
sects, shels,  Ac.,  perhaps  stands  unri- 
valled ;  his  great  and  accurate  detail  and 
finish,  combined  with  a  fine  eye  for  colour, 
gave  him  the  power  of  combining  all  the 
requirements  of  scientific  accuracy  with 
artistic  effect,  and  made  his  works  really 
of  great  value  as  illustrations  of  natural 
science.  His  monographs  of  the  British 
Lavidffl  and  of  the  richly-pluinaged  Tro- 
chilidffi,  are  perhaps  his  most  complete 
works,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  he 
has  not  published  them.  But  Mr.  Ross 
was  a  gentleman  of  great  diffidence  in  his 
own  powers,  but  for  which  modesty  ho 
would  have  made  a  name  more  extendedly 
known  among  men  of  science.    He  inaui- 


1861.] 


Obituary. — William  Pennell,  Esq. 


311 


feited  great  urbanity  of  manners  and 
kindness  of  heart,  and  leaves  many  friends 
who  will  feel  deeply  the  loss  they  sustain 
in  his  death. — Exeter  Gazette. 


W.  Pennkll,  Esq. 

Dec.  29,  1860.  At  East  Moulsey,  Sur- 
rey, aged  95,  William  Pennell,  Esq.,  for- 
merly Consul-General  fur  the  Empire  of 
Brazil. 

Mr.  Pennell  was  Consul  at  Bordeaux  at 
that  interesting  period  of  European  history 
when  the  first  Bonaparte  made  his  escape 
from  the  island  of  Elba  in  1815.  On  this 
occasion  there  was  in  that  place  upwards 
of  £80,000  worth  of  property  belonging  to 
the  French  government,  which  had  been 
captured  by  the  British  army,  and  which 
was  in  danger  of  falling  into  Bonaparte's 
hands. 

This  property  Mr.  Pennell,  at  great 
personal  risk,  obtained  possession  of,  and 
paid  the  amount  into  the  British  Tr«  asury 
the  day  before  General  Clausel  with  the 
French  army  entered  Bordeaux,  and  to  his 
great  disappointment  found  the  treasure 
gone.  For  this  important  service  Mr. 
Pennell  never  received  any  salvage,  and 
.  was  only  allowed  the  paltry  reward  implied 
in  a  commission  of  2fc  per  cent,  from  the 
British  Government,  although  at  that  time 
no  salary  was  attached  to  the  office  of 
consul  and  the  fees  were  altogether  insig- 
nificant. His  services  were  highly  appre- 
ciated by  the  Royal  Family  of  France,  and 
the  Duchess  d'Angouleme  presented  him 
with  a  ring,  containing  a  single  diamond  of 
the  value  of  a  £1,000,  as  a  souvenir.  This 
ring  he  has  left  as  a  heir-loom,  in  the 
family. 

In  1817  Mr.  Pennell  was  appointed 
Consul  at  Bahia,  and  was  promoted  to  be 
Consul-General  at  the  court  of  Brazil  in 
1829,  which  office  he  continued  to  fill  till 
its  abolition.  On  many  occasions  during 
his  official  career  he  received  the  warm 
commendation  of  his  superior  officers,  and 
more  especially  the  strongest  expressions 
of  approbation  from  those  enlightened 
statesmen,  Mr.  Canning,  Lord  Aberdeen, 
and  Mr.  Gordon.  After  the  war  with  Brazil 
and  Buenos  Ayres  a  warm  dispute  arose 
between  England  and  Brazil  respecting 


British  vessels  captured  by  the  Brazilian 
men-of-war,  and  it  was  through  the  judi- 
cious suggestions  and  intervention  ot  the 
Consul-General  that  the  making  reprisals 
was  averted,  aud  the  consequent  injuries 
which  would  have  resulted  to  our  trade 
were  avoided.  During  his  residence  in 
Brazil,  through  a  time  of  great  political 
excitement,  revolution,  and  danger,  Mr. 
Pennell  had  the  good  fortune  to  command 
the  esteem  and  respect  of  all  parties :  and 
there  are  those  living  both  in  Portugal 
and  Brazil  who  still  entertain  a  grateful 
recollection  of  the  asylum  afforded  them 
under  his  roof  when  their  lives  were 
jeopardized  by  the  madness  of  opposing 
factions.  Of  Mr.  Pennell's  ho>pitality  it 
may  be  truly  said  it  was  that  of  the  "  tine 
old  English  gentleman,"  without  stint,  and 
given  with  unostentatious  liberality ;  once 
a  week  he  kept  open  house,  and  these  re- 
unions were  crowded  by  the  British,  French, 
and  other  foreign  naval  officers  on  the 
station,  as  well  as  by  the  British  and  dis- 
tinguished natives  and  foreigners  resident 
in  the  country.  Alas !  these  are  now  re- 
miniscences of  by  gone  da)  s.  Through  some 
mysterious  and  unknown  agency  the  cli- 
mate, which  was  formerly  one  of  the  most 
healthy  within  the  tropics,  has  of  late 
years  become  infected  with  fever  and  diar- 
rhoea, which  have  in  a  great  measure  put 
an  end  to  those  agreeable  and  happy  meet- 
ings, where  there  was  such  pleasurable  and 
exalted  interchange  of  sentiment  and  in- 
formation. 

It  is  a  curious  and  singular  fact  that 
during  the  long  career  of  Mr.  Pennell  as 
a  public  servant,  he  has  not  cost  the 
country  a  single  shilling,  as  the  interest 
of  the  money  saved  by  him  at  Bordeaux 
from  the  clutches  of  Bonaparte's  general 
would  more  than  doubly  pay  the  whole  of 
his  salary  and  retiring  pension  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death.  This  was  a  great  satis- 
faction to  him,  and  we  trust  his  country 
will  not  think  he  has  been  an  unprofitable 
servant. 

In  politics  Mr.  Pennell  was  of  the  Can- 
ning and  Huskisson  school.  He  was  a 
man  of  a  most  happy  disposition,  and  his 
great  pleasure  and  delight  through  life 
was  to  promote  the  happiness  and  con- 


342 


Obituary. — The  Dean  of  Exeter. 


[March* 


tribute  towards  tho  prosperity  of  others. 
With  the  exception  of  his  eyesight,  which 
rather  failed  towards  the  last,  he  retained 
his  fncul'  ies  to  the  end. 

Mr.  Pcnneli  was  sprung  from  a  very 
respectable  family  in  Devonshire.  He 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
James  Carrington,  Prebendary  of  Exeter, 
by  whom  (who  died  at  an  advanced  nge 
in  1854)  he  had  twenty-two  children, 
many  of  whom  survive  him ;  upwards  of 
a  hundred  lineal  descendants  are  now 
living  to  mourn  his  loss.  Of  his  daughters, 
tho  eldest  married,  in  1806,  the  Right 
Hon.  J.  W.  Croker;  another  married  Sir 
Anthony  Perrier,  for  many  years  English 
Consul  at  Brest ;  and  the  youngest  is  the 
wife  of  Sir  George  Barrow,  Bart. 


The  Dean  of  Exeter. 

Jan.  17.  At  the  Deanery,  aged  79,  the 
Very  Rev.  Thomas  Hill  Peregrine  Furye 
Lowe,  Dean  of  Exeter. 

The  deceased  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  Humphrey  Lowe,  Esq.,  of  Broms- 
grove,  by  Lucy,  eldest  daughter  and  co- 
heir of  Thomas  Hill,  Esq.,  of  Courtof-HM, 
Salop,  M.P.  for  Leominster,  and  grand- 
son of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Lowe,  Rector  of 
Chelsea,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  and  co- 
heir of  Col.  Furye,  of  Fernbam,  Berks, 
who  was  killed  at  Belleisle.  He  was  born 
at  his  father's  seat,  Dec  21,  1781,  and 
was  educated  at  Westminster,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford.  He  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  1808,  and  priest  in 
1810,  both  by  the  Bishop  of  Worcester. 
His  first  curacy  was  at  Shelsey  in  that 
.diocese.  In  1812  he  became  chaplain  to 
Viscount  Gage.  In  1820  he  was  preferred 
to  the  Vicarage  of  Grimley  with  Hallow. 
In  1832  he  was  nominated  Precentor  of 
Exeter  Cathedral,  and  immediately  after- 
wards elect* d  Canon  Residentiary  by  the 
Chapter;  thereupon  he  reliuquishtd  his 
preferment  in  the  diocese  of  Worcester. 
In  the  year  1837  he  became  Rector  of  the 
parish  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  Exeter. 
When  the  Deanery  became  vacant  in 
1839,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Landon,  Pre- 
centor Lowe  was  elected  to  that  dignity ; 
the  occasion  having  become  memorable  as 
that  of  the  last  free  election  of  a  Dean  by 


the  Chapter  of  an  English  Cathedral.  At 
the  time  there  was  a  contest  between  the 
Crown  and  the  Chapter  as  to  the  right  of 
appointment — the  Crown  nominating  the 
Rev.  Lord  Wriothesley  Russell,  half-bro- 
ther to  Lord  John  Russel,  and  the  Chapter 
appointing  Mr.  Lowe.  After  a  trial,  how- 
ever, the  cuit  terminated  in  favour  of  the 
Chapter,  and  the  deceased  was  duly  in- 
stalled. By  a  recent  Act  of  Parliament 
the  patronage  of  the  Deanery  is  now 
vested  in  the  Crown.  In  the  year  1810 
the  Dean  resigned  the  living  of  Trinity, 
and  became  Vicar  of  Littleham,  a  living 
of  small  value,  which  he  held  for  a  short 
time  only  with  his  Deanery.  Mr.  Lowe 
was  a  thorough  gentleman,  an  accomplished 
scholar,  and  a  well-read  and  thoughtful 
theologian.  His  principal  literary  works 
are  a  volume  of  sermons  published  in  1840, 
another  work  on  the  Absolving  Power  of 
the  Church,  and  several  tracts  and  essays 
in  literary  and  theological  reviews.  No 
one  could  be  personally  acquainted  with 
him  without  esteeming  ami  loving  him. 
His  unvarying  cheerfulness,  his  great 
fund  of  iuformation,  his  retentive  me- 
mory and  aptness  at  quotation,  above 
all,  his  large- heartedness  and  genial  tem- 
perament, made  him  a  delightful  com- 
panion at  all  times.  As  a  preacher,  he 
dwelt  chiefly  on  the  divine  love  as  mani- 
fested in  the  Incarnation  and  Atone- 
ment ;  and  in  some  of  his  later  discourses 
he  was  very  happy  in  replying  to  the  in- 
fidel and  pantheistic  sophistries  of  the  day. 
For  some  years  Dean  Lowe  had  been  pre- 
vented by  several  severe  accidents  from 
taking  any  share  in  the  public  duties  of 
the  cathedral ;  his  patience  under  suffering 
was  exemplary,  his  spirits  even,  and  indeed 
lively,  to  the  very  last.  An  acute  attack 
of  bronchitis  on  the  eve  of  his  eightieth 
birthday  proved  to  be  his  last  illness. 

Mr.  Lowe  married,  Feb.  25, 1808,  Ellen 
Lucy,  eldest  daughter  of  George  Pardee, 
Esq.,  of  Nash -court,  Shropshire,  by  whom 
he  had  issue  four  sons  and  five  daughters. 
Lucy,  the  eldest  daughter,  is  married  to 
her  cousin,  the  Rev.  T.  J.  Rocke,  now 
Vicar  of  Littleham  with  Exmouth.  The 
Dean's  brother,  Arthur  Charles,  of  Court- 
of-hill,  is  a  Colontl  in  the  army,  and  also 


1861.] 


Obituary. — A.  B,  Corner^  Esq. 


343 


Captain  of  the  Tenbury  Rifle  Volunteers. 
His  elder  sister,  Louisa  Elizabeth,  was 
married  in  1827,  to  Captaiu  Hastings, 
R.N.,  now  Admiral  Sir  Thomas  Hastings, 
of  Titley -court,  Herefordshire. 

The  family  of  Lowe,  anciently  Lawe,  is 
of  great  antiquity  in  Worcestershire.  Ac- 
cording to  Abingdon,  their  "  ancestor  whs 
one  of  the  Captaynes  who  fought  under 
William  Duke  of  Normandye,  in  the  con- 
quest of  England."  Stephanus  de  Lawe, 
at  a  very  early  date,  gave  lands  to  the 
priory  of  Worcester,  and  the  family  con- 
tinued for  a  long  series  of  years  resident 
at  the  Lowe,  in  the  parish  of  Lindridge. 
One  of  them,  John,  au  Augustine  monk, 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph  in 
1433.  The  estate  of  the  Lowe  eventually 
patsed  in  the  eighteenth  century  to  the 
Rev.  William  Cleiveland,  son  of  the  Rev. 
William  Cleiveland,  Rector  of  All  Saints, 
Worcester,  by  Elizabeth,  granddaughter 
and  eventually  sole  heiress  of  Arthur  Lowe, 
Esq.,  previous  to  which  a  branch  of  the 
family  had  become  seated  at  Bromsgrove, 
and  through  them  the  ancient  line  was 
continued. 


A.  B.  Cornkb,  Esq. 

Jan.  17.  In  Lee-road,  Blackheath, 
aged  57,  Arthur  Bloxham  Corner,  Esq., 
Her  Majesty's  Coroner  and  Attorney  in 
the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench. 

The  deceased  was  the  second  son  of  Mr. 
Richard  Comer,  a  solicitor  in  Southwark, 
(still  remembered  by  some  of  the  senior 
members  of  the  profession,)  by  his  wife 
Maria,  daughter  of  Mr.  James  Brierley; 
his  elder  brother  being  Mr.  G.  R.  Corner, 
F.S  A.,  solicitor,  and  vestry-clerk  of  St. 
Olive's,  Southwark,  in  which  parish  Mr. 
Arthur  Corner  was  born,  January  29, 
1803.  He  was  educated  at  Gordon-house, 
Kentish-town,  and  at  St.  Saviour's  Gram- 
mar-school, Southwark,  under  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Fancourt,  then  head-master  of  the 
latter  school.  In  the  year  1822  he  en- 
tered the  Crown-office,  in  the  Temple,  as 
a  junior  clerk,  where  his  assiduity  and  at- 
tention to  the  duties  of  the  office  rendered 
him  so  conversant  with  the  practice  on  the 
Crown  side  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench, 
that  when  the  Crown- office  was  remo- 


delled, pursuant  to  the  Act  6  Vict,  c  20, 
Mr.  Corner  became  chief  clerk ;  and  in 
May,  1847,  on  the  death  of  George  Barne 
Barlow,  Esq.,  assistant-master,  Mr. 
Corner's  "valuable  services,  his  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  business  of  the  office,  his 
great  probity,  kindliness  of  manners  and 
good  sens*;,"  recommended  him*  to  Lord 
Denman,  then  Chief  Justice,  who  *p- 
pointed  him  to  succeed  Mr.  Barlow  as 
assistant -master.  On  April  26,  1859,  on 
the  resignation  of  Charles  Francis  Robin- 
son, Esq.,  the  Queen's  Coroner  and  At- 
torney, followed  by  that  of  William  Samuel 
Jones,  Esq.,  Master  of  the  Crown- office, 
Mr.  Corner  was  appointed  by  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice,  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn, 
to  succeed  Mr.  Robinson  in  the  former 
important  office,  having  for  several  months 
previously  performed  the  duties  of  Queen's 
Coroner  and  Master  also. 

The  office  of  Queen's  Coroner  and  At- 
torney is  one  of  great  antiquity  and  con- 
siderable importance;  and  until  the  pass- 
ing of  the  Act  of  6  Vict.  c.  20  (which  gave 
the  appointment  to  the  Lord  Chief  Jus- 
tice), was  always  granted  by  the  royal 
letters  patent ;  )  et  the  Court  has  always 
been  most  careful  that  the  office  should 
be  filled  by  a  person  competent  to  its 
duties,  and  has  successfully  resisted  the 
appointment  by  the  Crown  of  an  incom- 
petent person,  of  which  a  singular  instance 
occurred  in  the  5th  Edward  IV.  (1465.) 

On  the  death  of  Thomas  Croxton,  the 
King's  Coroner  and  Attorney,  on  June  30 
in  that  year,  one  Thomas  Vinter  brought 
into  court  the  King's  letters  patent  grant- 
ing the  office  to  him  and  the  deceased 
Thomas  Croxton,  jointly,  and  prayed  to 
be  admitted  to  the  office  then  vacant  by 
Croxton's  death ;  but  the  Court,  "  because 
the  said  offices  are  of  great  burthen  and 
weight,  touching  as  well  the  crown  of  the 
King  as  his  advantage,  and  the  common- 
wealth, and  require  that  he  who  fills  them 
be  discreet,  learned,  and  expert  in  the  said 
offices,  and  it  is  not  possible  that  any  one 
should  sufficiently  occupy  and  exercise  the 
said  offices  unless  he  have  been  brought 
up  in  the  same  from  his  youth,  and  has 
had  long  and  great  experience  in  the 
same  ;  nor  had  it  ever  been  seen  that  any 


844 


Obituary. — John  Heathcoat,  Esq. 


[March, 


one  was  admitted  to  exercise  the  said 
offices,  unless  he  were  one  who  had  been 
brought  up  in  those  offices,  or  had  con- 
tinned  a  long  time  in  other  offices  in  the 
same  court ;  and  the  said  Thomas  Vinter 
was  neither  brought  up  in  those  offices 
nor  in  any  office  in  the  court,  by  reason  of 
which  thl  said  Thomas  Vinter  was  alto- 
gether uunt  to  occupy  and  exercise  the 
said  offices,  and  the  grant  thereof  made  to 
the  said  Thomas  Vinter,  and  the  King's 
letters  patent,  were  void  in  law."  The 
court  therefore  refused  to  admit  him,  and 
afterwards  being  commanded  to  attend 
the  King,  and  being  questioned  by  his 
Majesty  as  to  the  fitness  and  knowledge 
of  the  said  Thomas  Vinter  to  occupy  and 
exercise  the  said  offices,  the  justices  (Sir 
John  Markham  was  then  Chief)  said  that 
he  was  unfit  and  inexpert  in  knowledge 
and  exercise  to  occupy  those  offices,  for 
the  advantage  of  the  King  and  the  peo- 
ple, &c.  And  being  further  questioned  by 
the  King  who  there  was  that  might  be 
fit,  they  said  that  one  John  West  ex- 
celled others  in  the  daily  and  continued 
knowledge  and  training  in  those  offices; 
wherefore  the  King,  by  word  of  mouth, 
commanded  the  Chi^f  Justice  and  Sir  Wil- 
liam Yelverton,  Sir  Richard  Bingham,  and 
William  Laken,  justices,  that  they  should 
admit  West,  who  was  accordingly  admitted 
and  sworn  on  the  3rd  of  July  following ; 
and  the  King  afterwards  confirmed  the 
office  to  West  by  letters  patent  in  the 
seventh  year  of  his  reign  *. 

In  conjunction  with  his  younger  bro- 
ther, Richard  James  Corner,  Esq.,  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  now  Chief  Justice  of  her 
Majesty's  Settlements  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
the  gentleman  so  lately  deceased  was  au- 
thor of  "  Corner's  Crown  Practice,"  which 
was  published  in  1844,  and  has  long  been 
out  of  print. 

He  married,  March  25, 1826,  Miss  Mary 
Jenkins,  niece  of  William  Maddocks,  Esq., 
of  Carmarthen,  by  whom  ho  had  no  issue. 

For  several  years  past  Master  Corner 
had  been  in  failing  health,  but  he  was 
always  anxious  to  be  at  his  post,  and  not- 


withstanding the  late  severity  of  the  wea- 
ther, he  thought  himself  able  to  go  to 
Westminster  on  the  first  day  of  term,  and 
he  was  actually  in  court  during  part  of 
that  day,  but  he  went  home  to  his  lodg- 
ings, near  the  court,  very  unwell,  and, 
after  six  days'  illness,  expired  at  his  house 
in  Lee- road,  Blackheath,  on  the  17th  of 
January. 

He  was  buried  at  the  cemetery  of  the 
parish  of  Charlton,  adjoining  to  the  last 
resting-place  of  his  friend  and  neighbour, 
James  Bunce,  Esq.,  late  one  of  the  masters 
on  the  plea  side  of  the  Court  of  Queen's 
Bench,  of  which  they  were  both  valuable 
and  highly  esteemed  officers.  Indeed,  we 
havf  the  highest  authority  f»r  saying  that 
in  Mr.  Corner  "the  Court  of  Queen's 
Bench  has  lost  a  most  painstaking,  learned, 
and  meritorious  officer,  whoso  loss  will  he 
sensibly  felt  and  sincerely  regretted." — 
Law  Times. 


•  M.  5  Edward  IV.  2  Anders;  118.  Dyer  150 
b ;  and  ace  the  record  printed  at  length  in  Ser- 
jeant Manning'a  Servient  ad  legtm,  p.  237. 

13 


John  Heathcoat,  Esq. 

Jan.  18.  At  Tiverton,  aged  76,  John 
Houthcoat,  Esq.,  many  years  M.P.  for 
Tiverton. 

John  Heathcoat  was  the  son  of  a  small 
farmer  at  Long  Whatton,  in  Leicester- 
shire, where  he  was  born  in  1784.  He 
was  apprenticed  at  an  early  age  to  a 
frame-smith,  named  Samuel  Caldwell,  at 
Hathern,  a  neighbouring  village.  During 
his  apprenticeship  he-  acquired  a  complete 
practical  knowledge  of  the  business,  and 
of  all  the  mechanism  of  the  stocking  frame 
and  warp  machines.  Some  parts  of  the 
latter  he  improved  by  his  own  invention, 
when  yet  a  boy.  After  having  served  his 
term  of  apprenticeship,  Mr.  Heathcoat 
settled  in  Nottingham,  and  commenced 
business  on  his  own  accouut,  as  a  "  setter 
up"  of  hosiery  and  warp  frames,  in  the 
machine  shop  of  Mr.  Leonard  Elliott,  in 
Broad-street.  Elliott  was  a  man  of  supe- 
rior mind  and  skill,  and  through  him 
young  Heathcoat  became  acquainted  with 
the  sanguine  ideas  then  afloat  in  the  pro* 
verbially  ingenious  mind  of  Nottingham 
mechanics.  Among  these  was  how  Buck- 
ingham or  French  lace  could  be  mechani- 
nically  produced,  and  to  this  he  gave  un- 


1861.]       Obituary.— John  Heat  he  oat  t  Esq.— Mrs.  Gore.  845 


divided  attention.  His  great  object  was 
to  construct  a  machine  that  should  do  the 
work  of  the  pillow,  the  multitude  of  pins, 
the  threads  and  bobbins,  and  the  fingers, 
and  to  supersede  them  in  the  production 
of  lace,  as  the  stocking-loom  had  super- 
seded  the  knitting-needle.  This  he  at 
length  accomplished,  and  in  1808  he 
patented  his  invention,  but  he  improved 
upon  it  in  the  following  year,  and  the 
principle  of  both  patents  remains  em- 
bodied in  the  bobbin  net  machines  of  the 
present  day,  though  with  vast  improve- 
ments— some  effected  by  himself,  and  more 
by  others,  to  whom  he  was  ever  anxious  to 
accord  their  due  meed  of  praise  for  the 
employment  of  talents  only  second  to 
those  by  which  the  original  machine  was 
designed  and  executed. 

This  success  was  not  without  its  cost. 
It  was  gained  by  the  employment  of  self- 
directed  talents,  during  hours  of  bodily 
and  mental  toil,  added  to  the  necessary 
labours  of  the  day,  without  external  aid 
or  encouragement,  and  in  the  face  of  me- 
chanical difficulties  in  the  progress  of  the 
work  so  great  that  Mr.  Heathcoat  said, 
when  describing  in  1836  his  whole  proce- 
dure in  the  affair,  "The  single  difficulty 
of  getting  the  diagonal  threads  to  twist 
in  the  alotted  space  was  so  great,  that  if 
now  to  be  done  I  should  probably  not 
attempt  its  accomplishment."  Domestic 
straits,  and  no  ordinary  personal  self-denial 
were  cheerfully  encountered  during  this 
long  outlay  of  time  and  money.  But  at 
twenty-four  years  of  age  Mr.  Heathcoat 
stood  the  conscious  inventor  of  one  of  the 
most  intricate  pieces  of  machinery  ever 
produced.  And  the  solid  reward  of  his 
work  followed  quickly  on  his  success.  The 
first  square  yard  of  plain  net  was  cheaply 
sold  from  the  machine  at  £5 ;  for  twenty- 
five  years  the  average  price  has  been  five- 
pence.  During  the  like  period  the  average 
annual  returns  of  the  trade  have  been  at 
least  £4,000,000  sterling,  giving  employ- 
ment at  fair  wages  to  probably  150,000 
work-people. 

In  1816  the  factory  of  Loughborough, 

in  which  Mr.  Heathcoat's  business  was 

carried  on,  was  attacked  by  the  Luddites 

and  the  lace  frames  destroyed.  This  caused 

Gwrr.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


the  removal  of  the  manufacture  to  Tiver- 
ton, where  it  restored  the  prosperity  that 
had  been  lost  by  the  decay  of  the  woollen 
trade. 

Mr.  Heathcoat  was  one  of  the  very  few 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons  who 
had  held  an  uninterrupted  possession  of  a 
seat  in  that  assembly  for  thirty  years. 
He  was  first  returned  for  the  borough  of 
Tiverton  in  1831,  and  only  retired  from 
Parliament  at  the  dissolution  of  1859. 
For  many  years  he  was  the  colleague  of 
Lord  Palmerston.  Though  not  a  frequent 
speaker,  and  taking  no  very  prominent 
part  in  debate,  few  Parliamentary  names 
were  more  familiar  to  the  public  than  that 
of  Mr.  Heathcoat. 

The  establishment  of  Mr.  Heathcoat  and 
his  partner,  Mr.  Boden,  employs  about 
2,000  persons.  For  the  benefit  of  this 
population  schools  have  been  established, 
a  church  built,  and  their  welfare  promoted 
in  many  ways,  in  addition  to  the  great  ad- 
vantage of  profitable  employment. 

Mr.  Heathcoat's  only  son  died  in  youth  ; 
but  his  daughters  (Miss  Heathcoat  and 
Mrs.  Brewin)  survive  him,  and  they  have 
long  employed  their  large  property  and 
influence  in  carrying  out  their  father's 
benevolent  views.  Mr.  Heathcoat  Amory 
has  had  for  some  years  the  responsibility 
of  managing  the  extensive  business  affairs 
of  his  late  grandfather,  of  whom  he  is  the 
sole  male  representative.        , 


Mrs.  Gobb. 

Jan.  29.  At  Linwood,  Lyndhurst,  aged 
61,  Catherine  Frances,  relict  of  Captain 
C.  A.  Gore,  1st  Life  Guards. 

Few  particulars  are  known  of  the  per- 
sonal history  of  the  deceased,  though  as  a 
writer  her  name  has  been  long  before  the 
world,  and  she  was  generally  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  women  of  her 
time.  It  has  been  stated  that  her  maiden 
name  was  Nevinson,  and  that  she  was  born 
in  London,  in  the  year  1800.  Another  ac- 
count makes  her  to  have  been  the  daughter 
of  a  wine  merchant  of  the  name  of  Moody, 
who  carried  on  business  at  East  Retford. 
Be  this  as  it  may,  in  the  year  1823  she 
married  Capt.  Gore,  of  the  Life  Guards, 
and  very  soon  after  made  her  first  appear- 

u  u  • 


846 


Mrs.  Gore. — Clergy  Deceased. 


[March, 


anee  as  an  author.  She  lost  her  hus- 
band in  1846,  and  of  a  family  of  ten 
children  two  only  survive  her— Cecilia 
Anne  Mary,  married  to  Lord  Edward 
Thynne,  and  Capt.  Augustus  Wentworth 
Gore,  aide-de-camp  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  who  served  with  distinction  in 
the  recent  Indian  campaigns.  About  the 
year  1850  Mrs.  Gore  succeeded  to  con- 
siderable property  on  the  death  of  a  mem- 
ber of  her  mother's  family,  and  henceforth 
her  pen  was  less  active.  Latterly  she  was 
afflicted  by  loss  of  sight,  and  therefore 
lived  in  complete  retirement. 

The  "Times"  gives  a  very  eulogistic 
notice  of  the  deceased,  and  describes  her 
as  a  woman — 

"  Whose  talk  overflowed  with  epigram 
and  jest,  and  whose  most  commonplace  re- 
marks were  more  witty  than  the  best  wit 
of  others.    Her  literary  career  was  very 
successful,  although  her  descriptions  of 
fashionable  life  are  not  so  highly  estimated 
now  as  they  were  when  that  species  of 
novel  had  a  certain  amount  of  originality, 
nor  as    they  will    be    hereafter,   when, 
through  the  mere  lapse  of  time,  her  de- 
scriptions will  attain  somewhat  of  the  dig- 
nity of  historical  pictures.     For  the  mo- 
ment we  are  tired  of  fashionable  novels, 
and  inclined  perhaps   to  underrate  the 
great  mistress  of  the  art.     Her  various 
publications  followed  one  another  with  in- 
conceivable rapidity;   sometimes  at  the 
rate  of  a  volume  a  month ;  and  she  has 
written  from   sixty  to  seventy  different 
works,  extending  to  nearly  200  volumes. 
It  is  a  littTe  library  in  itself.    But  the 
most  remarkable  point  of  all  this  fertility 
is  that  in  the  200  volumes  there  is  scarcely 
to  be  found  one  dull  page.     Mrs.  Gore's 
wit  was  inexhaustible.  Whether  she  wrote 
a  poem  or  a  play,  a  novel  or  a  sketch,  the 
composition  was  always  above  mediocrity. 
And  then  for  the  matter — it  was  interest- 
ing while  it  was  new,  and  it  will  be  in- 
teresting again   when  it  is  old.     Every 
phase  of  it  which  it  was  possible  for  a 
woman  to  handle  she  has  depicted  with  a 
minute  fidelity  which  has  all  the  merit  of 
a  fiwt-rate  collection  of  photographs. 

"  Nothing  can  be  more  lifelike  and  true 
than  such  novels  as  'Cecil*  and  'The 
Hamilton*,'  in  which  she  displays  to  the 
height  all  her  happy  art  of  pourtrayiug 
character  and  describing  manners  ?  Such 
tales  as  these  will  always  find  readers; 
but,  though  they  may  be  mentioned  as 
among  her  masterpieces,  one  may  take  at 
random  any  of  her  works,  from  her  first, 


*  Theresa  Marchmont,'  published  in  1823, 
to  her  last,  which,  we  believe,  was  '  The 
Two  Aristocracies,'  with  the  certainty  of 
finding  in  them  clear-cut  portraiture,  the 
most  lively  narrative,  and  wit  in  profusion. 
It  has  been  objected  that  she  adopts  with 
too  much  sympathy  the  tone  of  the  society 
which  she  paints,  and  that  her  ideal  of  life 
is  not  lofty  enough.  This  is  but  a  dis- 
paraging method  of  staling  a  fact  which 
from  another  point  of  view  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  merit.  Most  women  are  apt 
to  take  the  high  poetical  view  of  things, 
and  to  measure  mankind  by  a  constant 
reference  to  this  standard,  so  that  their 
heroes  and  heroines  are  either  angels  or 
devils.  Their  aspirations  are  very  beauti- 
ful, but  they  are  also  very  deceptive ;  and 
Mrs.  Gore  avoided  them  in  order  to  teach 
the  homespun,  useful  lesson  of  content- 
ment. She  took  men  and  women  as  they 
are,  and  the  tenour  of  her  philosophy  is 
that  good  and  evil,  happiness  and  misery, 
are  very  evenly  distributed  in  this  world. 
It  is  a  world  of  compensations,  and  Mrs. 
Gore  had  the  good  sense  to  take  it  as  it  is, 
sympathising  with  high  life  as  other 
writers  have  sympathized  with  low  life. 
Whether  she  were  right  or  wrong,  how- 
ever, in  this,  the  general  effect  is  that  her 
pictures  are  all  the  more  faithful,  and  have 
thus  a  permanent  historical  value  over  and 
above  the  mere  pleasure  which  they  are 
capable  of  affording.  Her  works  will  often 
hereafter  be  referred  to  as  those  of  the 
best  novel  writer  of  her  class  and  the 
wittiest  woman  of  her  age.' 


»$ 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

Oct.  26,  1800.  At  Exton,  Tasmania,  aged  64, 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Martin,  M.A.,  eldest  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  8amuel  Martin,  Rector  of  Worksop, 
Nottingham. 

Nov.  13.  Aged  39,  the  Rev.  Char  let  Richard 
Pilling,  D.A.,  of  Cains  Coll.,  Cambridge,  Master 
of  Rochdale  Grammar-school,  and  formerly  an 
Engineer  student  in  the  University  of  Durham. 

Jan.  12,  1861.  Aged  59,  the  Rev.  John  Holt 
Simpson,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Kent-st.,  South wark. 

The  ReT.  William  rilliers,  Vicar  of  Rroms- 
grove,  and  Hon.  Canon  of  Worcester  Cathedral. 

Jan.  17.  Aged  65,  the  Rev.  Jo  met  Donne, 
B.D.,  Vicar  of  St.  Paul's,  Bedford,  and  Claptum, 
Beds. 

Jan.  18.  At  Winslow,  Bucks,  aged  34,  the 
Re?.  John  Clarke,  junior  Curate. 

Jan.  19.  Aged  60,  the  Rev.  John  Parmtter 
Bnck,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Toft-Tree*,  Norfolk. 

At  St.  Mary  Abbott's-terr.,  Kensington,  aged 
54,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Lotce,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of 
St.  Mary's,  Oldham. 


1861.] 


Clergy  Deceased. 


347 


At  Brighton,  aged  36,  the  Rev.  Raymond 
Brewster  Smythies,  M.A.,  of  Emmanuel  Coll., 
Cambridge,  and  Assistant  -  Master  of  Rugby 
School. 

Aged  84,  the  Rev.  James  Holman  Mason, 
M.A.,  Vicar  of  Widdecombe-in-the-Moor,  Devon. 
Jan.  21.  At  Oxford,  aged  70,  the  Rev.  Stephen 
Reay,  Laudian  Professor  of  Arable,  sub-Librarian 
of  the  Bodleian,  and  formerly  Vice-Principal  of 
St.  Edmund's-hall.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Wyndham 
Knatchbull  as  Laudian  Professor  in  1840. 

At  Wynstay-grove,  Fallowfleld,  aged  66,  the 
Rev.  Henry  Dunderdale,  B.A.,  late  Perpetual 
Curate  of  St.  James,  Over  Darwen. 

At  the  house  of  his  brother-in-law,  (William 
Bell,  esq.,  of  Gleadthorpe,  Notts,)  aged  29,  the 
Rev.  T.  R.  Lambe,  8.C.L.,  Oxon,  Incumbent  of 
Coddington,  Newark. 

Jan,  23.  Aged  70,  the  Rev.  William  Hickin, 
B.A.,  Perpetual  Curate  of  EUenhall,  Stafford- 
shire. 

Suddenly,  at  Brighton,  of  disease  of  the  heart, 
aged  45,  the  Rev.  St.  George  Kirke,  Rector  of 
Martin,  Lincolnshire. 

yon.  24.  The  Rev.  Henry  Tho$.  Cooper  Bine, 
M.A.,  Rector  of  Quarrington,  Sleaford,  Lincoln- 
shire. 

At  Sidcliffe,  Sidmouth,  after  a  short  illness, 
aged  54,  the  Rev.  William  John  Coney, 

At  Torquay,  aged  62,  the  Rev.  Henry  Taylor, 
Rector  of  Southpool  and  Vicar  of  Stokenham, 
Devon. 

Jan.  25.  At  Brighton,  aged  81,  the  Rev. 
Charles  Webb  Le  Bat,  M.A.,  Prebendary  of  Lin- 
coln. He  graduated  at  Trinity  Coll.,  Cambridge, 
in  1800,  when  he  was  fourth  wrangler  and  Craven 
scholar.  In  1812  Bishop  Tomline  nominated  Mr. 
Le  Bas  to  the  prebcndal  stall  of  Marston  St. 
Lawrence,  in  Lincoln  Cathedral,  which  he  held 
to  the  day  of  bis  death.  He  was  for  a  long  series 
of  years  Principal  of  Haileybury  College,  now 
abolished  in  consequence  of  the  changed  system 
of  Indian  government.  Mr.  Le  Bas  was  the 
author  of  several  works,  chiefly  geographical. 

Jan.  26.  At  his  residence,  New-inn,  Strand, 
aged  60,  the  Rev.  Joshua  Frederick  Denham, 
M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Rector  of  St.  Mary -le- Strand, 
and  Sunday  evening  lecturer  at  St.  Bride's, 
Fleet-et. 

Jan.  28.  At  Tostock  Rectory,  Suffolk,  aged  91, 
the  Rev.  James  Oakes,  Rector  of  Tostock  and 
Rattlesden,  and  Vicar  of  Thurston,  in  the  same 
county. 

Jam.  29.  At  Waldershare-park.  Kent,  aged  88, 
the  Rev.  Francis  North,  Earl  of  Guilford.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  Hon.  Brownlow  North,  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  by  Henrietta  Maria,  dau.  of  John 
Bannister,  esq.,  and  was  born  Deo.  17,  1772  ;  he 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  for  many  years  held 
the  livings  of  Alresford  and  St.  Mary,  South- 
ampton, as  well  as  the  mastership  of  the  Hos- 
pital of  St.  Cross,  Winchester,  but  the  possession 
of  the  latter  involved  him  in  lengthened  law 
proceedings,  and  he  resigned  it  some  years  ago. 
In  1827  he  became  Earl  of  Guilford,  in  succession 
to  his  cousin,  Frederick,  the  fifth  earl.  He  mar- 
ried, first,  Emma,  dau.  of  the  Rev.  John  Harrison, 

Gutt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


and  2ndly,  Harriet,  dau.  of  the  late  Lieut.-Gen. 
Sir  Henry  Warde,  G.C.B.,  of  Dean-house.  His 
eldest  son,  Dudley,  Lord  North,  died  in  January, 
1860,  and  the  earl  is  succeeded  in  his  titles  by 
his  grandson,  Dudley  Francis,  born  July  14, 
1851. 

Jan.  31.  After  a  short  illness,  aged  61,  the 
Rev.  John  Thomas  Fine  -  Coffin,  of  Portledge, 
Devon,  Rector  of  Alwington,  and  Prebendary  of 
Exeter  Cathedral.  The  rev.  gentleman  caught  a 
chill  whilst  attending  a  funeral  during  the  heavy 
snow-storm  which  occurred  in  the  first  week  in 
January,  but  no  dangerous  symptoms  presented 
themselves  until  a  week  previous  to  his  death, 
when  he  was  attacked  with  inflammation  of  the 
brain,  which  terminated  in  his  death.  The  de- 
ceased was  for  many  years  Curate  of  the  parish 
of  Alwington,  but  in  1837  be  was  appointed  to 
the  Rectory.  He  was  a  magistrate  of  the  county ; 
was  for  many  years  chairman  of  the  Bideford 
Board  of  Guardians;  and  was  one  of  the  trustees 
of  the  Bideford  Turnpikes,  all  which  offices  he 
filled  in  an  exemplary  manner. 

Feb.  1.  At  St.  Leonard's -on -Sea,  the  Rev. 
Augustus  Facte,  Rector  of  Walton-le- Wolds, 
Leicestershire. 

Feb.  4.  At  Pype  Hayes,  Birmingham,  aged 
84,  the  Rev.  Egerton  Arden  Bagot,  M.A.,  Christ 
Church,  Oxford. 

Feb.  5.  At  Hammoon,  Dorset,  aged  41,  the 
Rev.  Frederick  Bliss,  Rector  of  the  parish. 

Aged  77,  the  Rev.  William  Comins,  M.A., 
Rector  of  Rackenford,  Devon. 

Feb.  6.  At  Oxford,  aged  79,  the  Rev.  Bulktley 
Bandinel,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Haughton-le-Skerne, 
Durham,  and  late  Librarian  of  the  Bodleian. 

Feb.  8.  At  the  Warden' s-lodge.  aged  70,  the 
Rev.  Robert  Speccott  Barter,  Warden  of  Win- 
chester College. 

In  Blomfield-terraoe,  aged  63,  the  Rev.  John 
Philips  Potter,  M.A.,  of  Oriel  Coll.,  Oxford. 

In  Palestine-pl.,  Bethnal-green,  aged  63,  the 
Rev.  James  Boardman  Cartwright,  M.A.,  for 
thirty  years  Minister  of  the  Episcopal  Jews 
Chapel,  and  Chaplain  to  the  Society  for  Promot- 
ing Christianity  among  the  Jews. 

Suddenly,  aged  63,  the  Rev.  Frederick  Joseph 
Billiard,  Rector  of  Little  Wittenham,  Berks. 

At  the  Royal  York -cres.,  Clifton,  the  Rev. 
Richard  Herbert,  Rector  of  Chetton,  Shropshire, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Arthur  Herbert,  of 
Myross-wood,  co.  Cork,  and  grandson  of  the  late 
Thomas  Herbert,  esq.,  of  Mucross  Abbey,  Killar- 
ney,  co.  Kerry. 

Feb.  10.  After  four  weeks'  severe  illness,  at 
the  residence  of  his  mother,  21,  Craven -Mil, 
Hyde-park,  aged  49,  the  Rev.  John  William 
Donaldson,  D.D.,  M.A.,  formerly  Master  of  the 
Grammar-school,  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  and.  late 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

Feb.  15.  At  the  Round-wood,  Ipswich,  (the 
residence  of  Charles  8chreiber,  esq.,)  aged  35,  the 
Rev.  Spencer  WoodjUld  Maul,  Rector  of  Drink- 
stone,  Suffolk. 

At  the  Rectory,  Woodcburch,  aged  83,  the 
Rev.  Joshua  King,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Woodchurch, 
and  of  St.  Matthew,  Bethnal-green. 

u  u 


348 


Obituary. 


[March, 


DEATHS. 

ARRANGED  Dff  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER. 

Sept.  25,  1860.  At  rea,  on  his  voyage  from 
China  to  the  Cape,  aged  SO,  Capt.  Wm.  Edmund 
Cater,  3rd  Eegt.,  (Buffs.) 

Nov.  S.  At  Pietermaritzburg,  Annie  Maria, 
"Wife  of  Major  the  Hon.  David  Erskine,  Colonial 
Secretary  at  Natal. 

Nov.  17.  At  Tien-tain,  China,  aged  SI,  Lieut. 
Charles  Blackley  Turner,  H.M.'s  67th  Regt. 

Nov.  80.  In  8ussex  -  terrace,  Hyde -park, 
aged  82,  George  Burnell,  esq.,  second  son  of 
Thos.  Burnell,  esq.,  formerly  of  Hammersmith, 
who  died  May  18,  1824.  Mr.  Bnrnell  was  for 
many  years  mason  to  the  Honourable  Societies 
of  the  Temple,  and  a  member  of  the  Livery  of 
the  Stationers'  Company.  He  has  left  a  widow 
and  two  dans.,  the  younger  married  to  Henry 
Hansard,  esq.,  printer  to  the  House  of  Commons ; 
and  two  sons,  George  Burnell,  esq.,  F.S.A.,  Civil 
Engineer,  and  Edward  Burnell,  esq.,  who  has 
lately  served  the  offloe  of  Master  of  the  Skinners' 
Company. 

Dee.  2.  After  severe  protracted  illness,  at 
Quiton,  aged  22,  Lieut.  Julius  Moxon,  of  H.M.'s 
Madras  Engineers,  7th  son  of  Thos.  Moxon,  esq., 
of  Leyton,  Essex. 

Dec.  4.  At  sea,  returning  from  the  Chinese 
campaign,  where  he  had  volunteered  to  serve 
with  the  King's  Dragoon  Guards,  aged  19,  Wm. 
Taylor  Jay,  Cornet  in  H.M.'s  5th  Madras  Light 
Cavalry,  younger  son  of  James  Jsy,  esq.,  of 
Litley,  near  Hereford. 

Dec.  8.  At  Meean  Meer,  East  Indies,  aged  21, 
Lieut.  Chas.  W.  Grey,  of  the  3rd  European  Light 
Cavalry,  only  child  of  the  late  Chas.  Grey, 
esq.,  of  the  Bombay  Army,  and  grandson  of 
the  Hon.  Edw.  Grey,  D.D.,  formerly  Bishop  of 
Hereford. 

Dee.  16.  At  Jaeobabad,  Scinde,  Bombay,  aged 
88,  Capt  Charles  Edward  Boodle,  5th  N.L.I.,  and 
Commandant  of  the  2nd  Begt.  Jacob's  Rifles, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Richard  Boodle, 
Sector  of  Radstoek,  Somerset. 

At  Banda,  Bombay,  Michael  Agnew  Coxon, 
Judge  of  Dharwar,  eldest  son  of  the  late  John 
Stuart  Coxon,  esq.,  of  Flesk  Priory,  Killarney. 

Dee.  17.  At  Triohinopoly,  aged  21,  Louisa 
Mary,  wife  of  Lieut.  Cheek,  of  H.M.'s  13th  Begt. 
N.I.,  second  dau.  of  Oswald  Cheek,  esq.,  Town- 
Clerk  of  the  borough  of  Evesham,  and  sister  of 
the  "  youthful  martyr  of  Allahabad." 

Dee.  20.  At  Calcutta,  from  illness  caused  by 
over-exertion  during  the  Indian  campaign,  Capt. 
Wilbraham  Digby  Milman,  Royal  Artillery, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Lieut, -Gen.  Milman. 

Dec.  22.  At  Kingston,  Jamaica,  the  Hon.  Rich. 
O'Reilly,  Judge  of  H.M.'s  8upreme  Court  in  that 
island. 

Dee.  26.  At  Acton,  Maine,  aged  104,  Mr.  Ralph 
Farnham,  the  last  survivor  of  the  men  who  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  in  1775.  He 
was  in  Boston  when  the  Prince  of  Wales  was 
there,  and  had  some  conversation  with  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle. 
Dec  28.    At  Kustendjie,  Bulgaria,  of  typhus 


fever,  aged  25,  Henry,  third  son  of  the  late  Do- 
nough  O'Brien,  esq.,  of  Hastings. 

Jan.  4,  1861.  At  Abbeokuta,  West  Africa, 
after  sixteen  days'  illness,  aged  26,  Sophia  Mary, 
wife  of  the  Rev.  G.  F.  Buhler. 

Jan.  8.  At  Madras,  aged  55,  Major  Henry  Jas. 
Nicholls,  25th  Madras  N.I. ,  Assistant-Commisary- 
Gen.,  second  son  of  the  late  John  George  Nicholls, 
esq.,  of  West  Molesey,  8urrey. 

Jan.  9.  At  Sierra  Leone,  aged  34,  Arthur 
Geo.  FitzRoy,  Commander  of  H.M.8.  "  Falcon." 

Jan.  12.    At  Forgan  Manse,  aged  77,  Mr.  Ebe- 
nezer  Thomson,  a  scholar  of  great  and  varied 
attainments.    8oon  after  having  completed  his 
curriculum  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  he 
was  appointed  Classical  Master  in  Ayr  Academy ; 
and  one  or  two  who  were  his  pupils  there  now 
adorn  the  Scottish  Bench.    Mr.  Thomson  had 
pursued  the  study  of  philology  through  the  prin- 
cipal branches  of  the  Teutonic  language,  both 
ancient  and  modern;  and  he  was,  we  believe, 
the  first  to  introduce  the  study  of  Anglo-Saxon 
into  our  schools.  Besides  occasional  articles  in  lite- 
rary magazines,  Mr.  Thomson  published  several 
works :— An  edition  of  the  "  King's  Quair,"  with 
philological  notes ;  a  small  grammar  of  "  Ger- 
man-English Analogies ;"  "Select  Monuments  of 
the  Doctrine  and  Worship  of  the  Catholic  Church 
in    England  before  the   Norman   Conquest;" 
"Ancient  and  Modern  Versions  of  the  Hymn 
Te  Deum,"  Ac.  But  Mr.  Thomson,  in  his  modest 
merit,  was  ever  more  ready  to  help  forward  the 
researches  of  others  than  to  advance  his  own 
fame.    He  had  been  for  many  years  retired  from 
public  life,  and  used  to  occupy  his  leisure  by 
daily  attending  as  a  reader  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum, where  he  found  abundant  provision  for  his 
favourite  studies.     His  able  assistance  in  the 
reading  and  collecting  of  ancient  MS8.  has  been 
acknowledged  by  other  more  eminent  labourers 
In  the  field  of  philology.— Fifeshire  Herald. 

At  Maceio,  Brazil,  of  yellow  fever,  Henry  Ed- 
win Griesbach,  esq.,  British  Viee-Gonsul  at  that 
port,  and  for  many  years  partner  in  the  house  of 
Lutteroth  and  Co.,  Trieste. 

Jan.  15.  In  Prince's-street,  Lambeth,  aged 
70,  Mr.  John  Iliffe  Wilson,  son  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Wilson,  by  Mary,  dau.  of  Mr.  John  Iliffe,  of  an 
old  family  long  settled  at  Hinckley.  See  Nichols* 
"  History  of  Leicestershire,"  vol.  iv.  p.  738.  He 
was  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  and  was  ap- 
prenticed to  Messrs.  Nichols  and  Son,  printers, 
with  whom  he  was  for  some  years  an  assistant  as 
reader.  In  1820  he  published  a  brief  account  of 
Christ's  Hospital,  and  an  enlarged  edition  en- 
titled, "  The  History  of  Christ's  Hospital,  with 
Memoirs  of  Eminent  Men  Educated  there,"  &c, 
in  1821,  which  he  dedicated  to  his  early  patron, 
Mr.  John  Nichols.  (These  works  were  noticed 
In  Gxirr.  Mao.  1820,  i.  4S7;  1821,  i.  536.)  He 
afterwards  was  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  Bentleys, 
Fley,  and  Wilson,  of  Bangor-house,  Shoe-lane. 
On  the  dissolution  of  that  firm  he  set  up  a  busi- 
ness on  his  own  account,  but  was  unsuccessful, 
and  became  a  reader  in  Messrs.  Clowes'  offices. 

At  her  residence,  Blackburn-terr.,  Liverpool, 
aged  50,  Julia,  last  surviving  dau.  of  Chas.  Edw. 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


319 


Rawlins,  esq.,  of  Liverpool,  and  of  Brook-house, 
Lancashire,  and  last  female  relative  of  Jane,  late 
Dowager  Counfess  of  Hyndford,  and  of  John, 
Earl  of  Hyndford,  of  Carmichael -house,  Lanark- 
shire, Ambassador  to  the  Courts  of  St.  Petersburg 
and  Vienna  in  the  reign  of  George  II. 

Jan.  16.  Aged  85,  Mr.  Kinnebrook,  many 
years  a  proprietor  of  the  "  Norwich  Mercury." 

Jan.  17.  At  Henley-pk.,  Guildford,  aged  86, 
Gen.  Sir  George  8covell,  G.C.B.,  Col.  of  the  4th 
Light  Dragoons,  to  which  he  was  appointed  in 
1848.  The  deceased  was  born  In  London  in  1774, 
entered  the  army  in  1798,  and  received  the  rank 
of  General  in  1854.  The  Tenerable  General  had 
only  retired  from  the  active  duties  of  Governor  of 
the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  within 
the  last  four  years,  after  being  eonneeted  with 
that  institution  from  1829.  He  had  a  cross  and 
elasp  for  Peninsular  terries,  and  the  fourth  class 
of  St.  Wladimir  for  Waterloo. 

At  Bromley  College,  Kent,  aged  83,  Ann  Cathe- 
rine, relict  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Simpson,  Vicar  of 
Basford,  Nottingham. 

At  Caenby  Rectory,  Lincolnshire,  aged  66,  Lucy, 
only  dau.  of  the  late  Rot.  George  Cardale,  for- 
merly Rector  of  Millbrook,  and  Vicar  of  Flitwiek, 
Beds. 

At  his  house,  in  Lee-road,  Blaekheath,  aged  57, 
Arthur  Bloxham  Corner,  esq.,  Her  Majesty's 
Coroner  and  Attorney  in  the  Court  of  Queen's 
Bench.    See  Obituaey. 

At  New  York,  aged  42,  Mrs  Eliaa  Gilbert, 
commonly  known  as  Lola  Montes.  Very  con- 
tradictory accounts  have  been  published  as  to 
her  origin,  which  she  purposely  involved  in  mys- 
tery, calling  herself  sometimes  a  Spaniard,  at 
others  a  Creole.  We  believe  the  fact  to  be  that 
she  was  born  in  Ireland.  She  ran  away  fkym 
school,  near  Cork,  when  not  sixteen,  with  a  young 
officer  of  the  Bengal  Army,  named  Gilbert,  who 
married  her  and  took  her  to  India,  but  in  conse- 
quence of  her  bad  conduct  he  was  soon  obliged  to 
send  her  back  to  Europe.  She  first  tried  the 
stage  as  a  profession,  but  foiling  there,  she  openly 
adopted  a  life  of  infamy,  and  among  other  ad- 
mirers succeeded  in  captivating  Ludwig,  the  ex- 
king  of  Bavaria.  She  was  by  him  raised  to  the 
rank  of  Countess  of  Lansfelt,  but  interfering  in 
political  matters,  she  was  driven  from  the  country, 
and  her  royal  protector  thought  it  advisable  to 
abdicate  the  throne.  She  next  came  to  England, 
and  married  Mr.  Heald,  an  officer  of  dragoons, 
and  nephew  of  the  celebrated  Chancery  barrister, 
but  a  prosecution  for  bigamy  being  commenced 
against  her,  she  again  went  on  the  Continent. 
Next  she  passed  to  Australia,  thence  to  California, 
and  afterwards  to  New  York,  sometimes  appear- 
ing on  the  stage,  sometimes  delivering  lectures, 
and,  if  the  stories  told  were  true,  every  here  and 
thm  yheHirogifg  pwrtm«  who  flommwitad  on  her 
disorderly  life,  and  horsewhipping  them  when 
they  refused  to  give  her  •«  satisfaction."  Her 
course  of  proceeding  was  scandalous,  no  doubt, 
but  it  is  probable  that  her  doings  were  exag- 
gerated. A  abort  time  since  she  visited  Eng- 
land, but  she  soon  returned  to  New  York,  where 
In  November  last  she  had  a  paralytio  attack, 


from  which  she  never  recovered.  The  American 
papers  give  many  details  of  her  last  illness,  and 
represent  her  as  dying  a  sincere  penitent.  The 
"  New  York  Evening  Post"  says,  "  The  last  mo- 
ments of  Lola  Montes  offered  a  singular  contrast 
to  her  earlier  career.  For  some  time  she  has  been 
very  ill  at  Astoria,  and  professed  the  heartiest 
penitence  for  the  manner  in  which  her  life  had 
been  spent.  About  four  weeks  ago  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Hawks  was  requested  to  call  on  her,  and  did  so. 
He  found  her  with  her  Bible  open  to  the  story  of 
the  Magdalen,  and  she  expressed  to  her  visitor 
her  sincere  anxiety  in  regard  to  her  future  wel- 
fare. At  the  same  time  she  was  hopeful.  *  I 
can  forget  my  French,  my  German,  my  every- 
thing,' she  said,  'but  I  cannot  forget  Christ-' 
Before  she  died  she  purchased  the  little  plot  in 
Greenwood  where  she  is  now  buried.  On  her 
coffin  was  a  plate  with  the  simple  inscription— 
'  Mrs.  Eliza  Gilbert,  died  January  17, 1861,  aged 
42  years.'. . . .  Lola  Montes  did  not  die  in  a  state 
of  utter  dependence  on  friendly  hospitality,  at 
many  supposed.  She  had  some  money,  800  dol- 
lars of  which  she  left  to  the  Magdalen  Society ; 
the  remainder,  after  paying  off  her  just  debts,  is 
to  go  to  charitable  objects." 

Jan.  18.  At  Tiverton,  John  Heatheoat,  esq., 
late  M.P.  for  that  town.    See  Obituary. 

At  his  residence,  Westbourne-ter.,  Hyde-park, 
aged  67,  Charles  Chicheley  Hyde,  esq.,  late  of 
the  Bengal  Civil  Service. 

In  Lansdowne-circus,  South  Lambeth,  aged 
76,  Mr.  William  Taylor,  late  of  the  Home  Office, 
Whitehall. 

At  his  house  In  Waloot-place,  Lambeth,  Peter 
Deans,  esq.,  late  Assistant  -  Accountant  and 
Comptroller-General  of  Inland  Revenue. 

At  Haigh,  near  Wigan,  after  a  short  Illness, 
aged  50,  William  Peace,  F.C.8.,  for  upwards  of 
twenty-eight  years  agent  to  the  Right  Hon.  the 
Earl  of  Crawford  and  Balcarres. 

Aged  79,  John  Booth  Freer,  esq.,  M.D.,  of  New 
Brentford,  Middlesex,  formerly  of  8outh-fate-et., 
Leicester. 

At  Dairsey,  the  Rev.  George  Scott,  formerly 
editor  of  the  "Fifeshire  Journal,"  and  after- 
wards chaplain  to  Glasgow  prison. 

Jan.  19.  At  St.  Thomas' -terr.,  Chureh-etreet, 
Kent-road,  aged  78,  Peter  Wynne,  esq.,  eldest 
son  of  Mr.  Peter  Wynne,  formerly  an  eminent 
wholesale  bookseller  in  Paternoster-row,  who 
died  June  SO,  1806,  and  of  whom  a  high  character 
is  given  in  Nichols'  "Literary  Anecdotes,"  vol. 
iii.  p.  741.  Mr.  Wynne  was  formerly  of  Dulwioh 
and  Paternoster-row,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Court  of  the  Company  of  Stationers.  His  younger 
brother,  William  Wynne,  esq.,  of  Itchin  Abbas, 
Hants,  also  a  member  of  the  Court,  died  July  1, 
1856. 

At  8hrub-hill,  Dorking,  aged  61,  Lady  Elisa- 
beth Wathen.  This  estimable  lady  was  the  only 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Earl  of  Rothes,  and 
great-aunt  of  the  present  peeress,  Henrietta, 
fifteenth  Countess.  She  was  born  on  the  80th  of 
October,  1799,  and  married,  on  the  16th  of  De- 
cember, 18S6,  Major  Augustus  Wathen,  who 
died  in  1842. 


350 


Obituary. 


[March, 


At  Torquay,  Adelaide,  wife  of  Lt-Gen.  the 
Hon.  Thomas  Ashburnham,  C.B.  The  deceased, 
who  had  only  been  married  a  few  months,  was 
the  youngest  dan.  of  the  late,  and  sister  of  the 
present,  Lord  Foley,  and  was  born  on  the  10th 
of  March,  1822. 

George  Harvey,  son  of  Wm.  Smith  Nicholson, 
esq:,  of  Hoo-lodge,  near  Rochester. 

At  Brynsteddfod,  Conway,  aged  68,  Helen, 
wife  of  the  Yen.  H.  C.  Jones,  Archdeacon  of 
Essex,  eldest  dan.  of  the  late  John  Carstairs, 
esq.,  of  Stratford-green,  Essex,  and  Warboys, 
Hants. 

In  Westbourne-terr.  North,  aged  80,  Elisabeth, 
relict  of  Solomon  Treasure,  esq.,  formerly  Assist- 
ant-Secretary for  the  Affairs  of  Taxes,  Somerset 
House. 

At  Shslford,  Surrey,  Mary  Elisabeth,  wife  of 
O.  W.  C.  Lydiard,  esq.,  Capt.  R.N. 

At  Guernsey,  aged  62,-Lt-Ool.  De  Lancey. 

Jan,  SO.  In  Craven-hill  gardens,  aged  76, 
Margaret,  dan.  of  the  late  Rer.  Edmund  Barry, 
formerly  Rector  of  Sutton  St.  Nicholas,  Here- 
fordshire. 

At  Worcester,  suddenly,  Matilda,  relict  of 
Baron  Fredk.  De  Bretton,  of  the  Kingdom  o( 
Denmark. 

At  8toke  Damarel,  near  Devonport,  aged  81, 
Commander  Thomas  Shapcote,  R.N. 

At  Exmouth,  Devon,  aged  77,  Retired  Rear- 
Admiral  R.  W.  Parsons. 

At  Merleton-villa,  Wardie,  near  Edinburgh, 
aged  44,  John  Alexander  Ballantyne,  printer, 
Edinburgh. 

Jan.  21.  At  his  residence,  Thornbury,  co, 
Cork,  aged  55,  the  Hon.  Charles  Ludlow  Ber- 
nard, brother  to  the  member  for  Brandon. 

At  Leonard's,  8t  Andrew's,  Lieut-Coi.  Sir 
Hugh  Lyon  Playfsir,  LL.D.  &c,  Provost  of  St. 
Andrew's.    See  Obituary. 

At  bis  residence,  Lansdown-cresosnt,  Kensing- 
ton-park, aged  80,  Sir  John  Hall,  K.C.H.,  for- 
merly Secretary  to  the  St.  Katharine's  Dock 
Company.  He  was  appointed  in  1807  Consul 
and  Agent  for  the  Maritime  Seigniory  of  Pappen- 
burg,  in  East  Friesland.  In  1800  he  was  made 
Chairman  for  regulating  convoys,  and  for  the 
protection  of  British  commerce  and  navigation  to 
and  from  the  ports  between  the  Elbe  and  Calais. 
In  1816  he  was  appointed  Consul-General  for 
Hanover,  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  in  1817  he 
served  as  High-Sheriff  of  Essex. 

In  Clargcs-st,  Piccadilly,  aged  85,  Mrs.  Prances 
Hamilton. 

In  Charlwood-street  West,  Warwick-sq.,  aged 
68,  Rear-Admiral  Edward  Chappell. 

At  Elisabeth-ter.,  Westbourne-pk.,  aged  57, 
Lewis  Henry  Patterson,  late  Assistant-Librarian 
at  the  Colonial  Office. 

At  his  residence,  Notting-hill,  W.,  aged  76, 
Rear-Admiral  Samuel  Radford,  K.H. 
*  Jan.  22.  At  Uwn-y-brain,  the  Hon.  Georgians 
Marianna  G  wynne,  youngest  daughter  of  George, 
13th  Viscount  Hereford,  and  relict  of  T.  H. 
G wynne,  esq. 

At  St.  Leonard's-on-Sea,  aged  20,  Francis 
George  Eyre,  Scholar  of  New  College,  Oxford, 


only  son  of  the  Rev.  Francis  John  Eyre,  Rector 
of  Englefleld,  near  Reading. 

On  board  the  P.  and  O.  Company's  si  earner 
"  Nemesis,"  Isabel,  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Smith, 
Consular  Chaplain  at  Foo-chow-Foo. 

At  Portobello  Barracks,  Dublin,  sged  20,  James 
Edward  Bradshaw,  Lieut.  4th  Light  Dragoons, 
eldest  son  of  James  Edward  Bradshaw,  esq.,  of 
Fair  Oak-park,  Hants. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  68,  Elisabeth  Catherine, 
relict  of  Lieut-Gen.  Alexander  Cosby  Jackson. 

At  Newby-hall,  Ripon,  aged  85,  Henry  Vyner, 
esq.  The  deeessed  was  son  of  the  late  Mr.  Robert 
Vyner  and  Lady  Theodosia,  youngest  daughter  of 
John,  second  Earl  of  Ashburnham.  He  married, 
in  1832,  Lady  Mary  Gertrude,  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  Earl  de  Grey,  K.G.,  and  was  father  of 
the  Countess  de  Grey  and  Ripon,  the  Marchioness 
of  Northampton,  and  Mr.  Vyner,  the  new  mem- 
ber for  Ripon. 

After  a  short  and  painful  illness,  Anne,  *  ife  of 
the  Rev.  Richard  Waterneld,  B.D.,  Rector  of 
Thurcaston,  Leicestershire, 

After  a  few  days'  illness,  Richard  Thompson, 
late  Major  5th  Dragoon  Guards,  of  Muckamore 
Abbey,  co.  Antrim,  Ireland. 

Jan.  23.  Aged  67,  Thomas  Lindsay,  of  Dulas- 
oottsge,  Cusop,  Herefordshire,  upwards  of  thirty 
years  a  member  of  the  New  Water  Colour  So- 
ciety. 

At  Homefield-house,  Heavitree,  Kate  E.,  wife 
of  the  Rev.  W.  W.  Howard,  H.M.'s  Inspector 
of  8ehools,  and  daughter  of  the  Hon.  John 
■MoHutchin,  late  Clerk  of  the  Rolls,  Castle-town, 
Isle  of  Man. 

At  Paris,  aged  84,  Frederick  Arthur  St  John, 
late  Capt  60th  Rifles,  second  son  of  the  late 
Rgbert  William  St  John,  Agent  and  Consul- 
General  at  Algiers,  and  grandson  of  the  late 
Hon.  General  Frederick  St  John. 

At  Portobello,  near  Edinburgh,  aged  85,  Mary 
Turner,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Hon.  Patrick  Main- 
land, of  Freugh,  and  Jane,  Countess  of  Rothes. 

At  Doncaster,  aged  66,  Mr.  White,  whose 
writings  ss  "  Martingale"  have  become  familiar 
wherever  British  rural  sports  are  cherished. 
About  twelve  months  ago  a  cancer  formed  upon 
his  tongue,  which  was  operated  upon,  but  the 
disease  returned  and  caused  his  death,  after  live 
months  of  intense  suffering. 

At  sea,  Major  Duncan  Trevor  Grant,  youngest 
and  only  surviving  son  of  the  late  Dr.  W.  L. 
Grant,  of  the  Bengal  Medical  Service. 

Jam.  24.  At  Boulogne,  Charlotte,  wife  of  George 
Lawrie,  esq.,  and  youngest  dan.  of  the  late  Sir 
George  Nayler  (Garter). 

At  her  residence,  Lancaster,  aged  77,  Jane, 
widow  of  James  Clarke,  esq.,  Recorder  of  Liver- 
pool, and  Attorney-General  of  the  Isle  of  Man. 

At  Kensington,  after  a  painful  illness,  from 
disease  of  the  heart,  aged  87,  William  David 
Lewis,  esq.,  Q.C.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  G. 
W.  Lewis,  M.A.,  formerly  of  Ramsgate. 

At  Eltham,  Kent,  aged  26,  Augustus  Ayliffe, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  G.  J.  Wyatt, 
M.A.,  Vicar  of  Chalk,  Kent. 

In  Stanley-gardens,  Kensington-pk.,  aged  57, 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


351 


Mary  Steele,  widow  of  Charles  Carpenter  Bom- 
pas,  Serjeant-at-law. 

At  North  Parade,  Bath,  aged  86,  Ocn.  James 
Welsh,  of  the  Madras  Establishment. 

At  Atholl-cres.,  Edinburgh,  aged  87,  Mrs.  Jane 
Oliphant,  dau.  of  the  late  Sir  John  Wedderburn, 
hart,  of  Blackness  and  Balindean,  and  widow  of 
John  Hope  Oliphant,  esq.,  H.E.I.C.S.,  late  of 
Pcnang,  Prince  of  Wales  Island. 

At  the  Rectory,  Great  Haseley,  Albimia  Mary, 
youitest  dan.  of  the  late  Donald  Cameron  of 
Lochiel  and  of  Lady  Vere  Cameron. 

At  Leicester,  aged  58,  the  Rev.  George  Lejrge, 
LL.D.,  a  dissenting  preacher  of  much  eminence. 
The  Senate  of  the  Aberdeen  University  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1845,  at  the  same 
time  transmitting  a  similar  diploma  to  his  young- 
est brother,  the  Rev.  James  Legge,  Principal  of 
the  London  Missionary  Society's  Theological 
Seminary  at  Hongkong,  and  one  of  the  first 
Sinalogues  of  the  age. 

Jan.  25.  In  Cavendish-sq.,  of  apoplexy,  aged 
70,  George  Robert  Rowe,  M.D.  This  gentleman 
was  formerly  a  surgeon  in  the  army,  und  served 
in  the  Peninsular  war.  He  subsequently  resided 
at  Chigwell  in  Essex.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1812,  and  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1840.  Dr. 
Rowe  was  also  a  Fellow  of  the  London  Medical 
Society,  Honorary  Physician  to  the  Royal  Dra- 
matic College,  a  Director  of  the  Reliance  and 
East  of  England  Life  Assurance  Society,  and 
a  member  of  the  Society  of  Arts.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  treatise  "  On  Nervous  Diseases,  Liver 
and  Stomach  Complaints,"  of  which  there  have 
been  sixteen  editions;  and  of  another  work, 
"  On  some  Important  Diseases  of  Females,  with 
Cases."  The  "Lancet"  for  1843  contains  his 
observations  on  Cancer ;  and  the  same  periodical 
for  1849  his  Abernethian  Oration. 

After  a  lingering  illness,  aged  22,  Charlotte 
Mary,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  E.  N.  Braddon, 
St.  Mary's  Vicarage,  Sandwich. 

At  her  residence,  Rose-hill,  Pendleton,  near 
Manchester,  aged  78,  Martha,  widow  of  Joseph 
Brotherton,  esq.,  M.P.  for  Salford. 

At  Winchester,  of  pleurisy,  Sarah,  second  dau. 
of  the  late  CoL^  Jfames  Wemyss,  and  sister  of  the 
ate  Lieut. -Gen.  Wemyss,  C.B. 

In  Porchester-ter.,  sged  73,  Colonel  Thomas 
Chadwick,  of  the  late  H.E.I.C.  Bengal  Artillery. 

Jan.  26.  At  Brooke-house,  Ash-next-Sand- 
wich,  aged  71,  John  Godfrey,  esq.,  a  Magistrate 
and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the  county  of  Kent. 

In  HoUes-st.,  Cavendish-sq.,  aged  38,  Eliza 
Frances,  wife  of  the  Rev.  William  Charles  Fox, 
of  Frampton  Cotterell,  Gloucestershire,  and 
second  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  George  Hunt,  of 
Buckhurst,  Berks,  and  Wadenhoe-house,  North- 
amptonshire. 

At  Worcester,  aged  62,  Charles  Eustace  Beau- 
champ,  formerly  Lieut.  Royal  Artillery. 

Mary,  wife  of  Joseph  N.  Mourilyan,  esq.,  soli- 
citor, Sandwich,  Kent,  and  dau.  of  the  late  Wm. 
Bishop,  esq.,  of  Hastings,  Sussex. 

At  Torquay,  Augustus  Hunt,  late  Captain  3rd 
Dragoon  Guards. 


At  8t.  John's  Vicarage,  Cardiff,  aged  73,  Mary 
Ann,  wife  of  the  Rev.  T.  Stacey,  Precentor  of 
Llandaff  and  Rector  of  Gelliiraer,  and  youngest 
and  last  surviving  dau.  of  the  late  John  Richards, 
esq.,  of  Cardiff. 

Jan.  27.  In  Vork-st.,  Portman-sq.,  aged  61, 
W.  Dampier,  esq.,  late  of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service. 

At  Bath,  aged  68,  John  Samuel  Williams,  esq., 
formerly  of  the  3rd  Bengal  Cavalry,  and  late  of 
Herringstone-house,  Tunbridge  Wells. 

At  Paris,  aged  52,  M.  Caussididre,  a  noted 
Montagnard,  who  filled  during  the  rigimt  of  the 
French  Republic  of  1848  the  office  of  Prefect  of 
Police,  and  who,  since  then,  lived  for  many  years 
in  the  United  States,  and  for  some  years  in  Eng- 
land. He  had  but  very  recently  returned  to 
France. 

Mr.  Macgregor  Laird,  well  known  in  connec- 
tion with  African  exploration.  At  an  early  age 
Mr.  Laird  relinquished  his  interest  in  an  exten- 
sive engineering  establishment  in  Liverpool,  and 
was  associated  with  Richard  Lander  in  conduct- 
ing the  first  steam  expedition  up  the  river  Niger, 
with  a  view  to  open  up  the  commerce  of  the  in- 
terior. After  undergoing  great  hardships  he 
returned  to  England  in  1832,  with  the  few  of  bis 
companions  who  had  survived  the  effects  of  the 
climate.  He  next  turned  his  attention  to  trans- 
atlantic steam  navigation,  and  by  his  abilities 
and  enterprise  materially  contributed  to  the  ac- 
complishment of  that  object;  subsequently  he 
for  a  short  time  devoted  his  energies  in  further- 
ance of  the  great  works  in  progress  at  Birken- 
head. During  the  last  twelve  years  of  his  life 
Mr.  Laird  devoted  his  attention  exclusively  to 
the  development  of  the  trade  and  civilization  of 
Africa,  having  for  many  years  advocated  this  as 
the  only  means  of  extinguishing  the  slave  trade. 
With  these  views  he  obtained  a  contract  from 
the  Government,  and  established  the  African 
Steamship  Company,  which  maintains  a  monthly 
communication  with  the  coast,  and  in  1854  he 
fitted  out  a  trading  and  exploring  expedition  at 
his  own  expense,  but  with  Government  support, 
the  result  of  which  was  that  the  steamer  "  Pleiad" 
penetrated  150  miles  beyond  the  furthest  point 
th»t  had  previously  been  navigated ;  and  so  ad- 
mirable were  the  arrangements,  that  this  expe- 
dition was  distinguished  from  all  those  which 
preceded  it  by  the  fact  that  not  a  single  death 
occurred.  Encouraged  by  this  result,  and  with 
the*assistance  of  Her  Majesty's  Government,  as 
well  as  that  of  some  gentlemen  who  sympathized 
in  his  philanthropic  exertions,  Mr.  Laird  fitted 
out  another  steam  expedition  on  a  still  more  ex- 
tensive scale,  opened  up  communications  with 
the  interior,  and  established  trading  depots, 
which  still  exist  Unfortunately  for  the  cause 
of  African  civilisation,  be  has  been  cut  off  in 
the  midst  of  these  avocations,  though  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  others  will  profit  by  the  experience 
afforded  by  his  operations,  and  follow  in  the  path 
opened  up  by  his  enterprise. 

Jan.  28.  In  Montagu-pl.,  Montagu-sq.,  aged 
64,  Eliza,  widow  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Fardell, 
Canon  of  Ely,  and  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Dr. 
Sparke,  Bishop  of  Ely. 


852 


Obituary. 


[March, 


At  Fronderw,  Llanwrst,  aged  31,  Mary  Adelaide, 
wife  of  James  J.  Drabble,  esq.,  and  dan.  of  the 
Her.  D.  Nantes,  Rector  of  Powderham,  Devon. 

From  the  effects  of  an  accident  on  the  South- 
western Railway,  William  Baly,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
Physician  Extraordinary  to  the  Queen. 

Jan.  29.  At  Hastings,  aged  57,  Chaa.  Symons, 
esq.,  late  of  the  Inland  Revenue  Department, 
Somerset-house. 

At  Aberdeen,  aged  64,  Wm.  Brown,  esq.,  M.A., 
distributor  of  stamps  an<i  collector  of  taxes  for 
the  counties  of  Aberdeen  and  Kincardine. 

At  Linwood,  Lyndhurst,  aged  61,  Catherine 
Frances,  widow  of  Charles  Arthur  Gore,  esq., 
1st  Life  Guards.    8ee  Obituasy. 

At  Newport,  aged  91,  Henrietta  Jane,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  Francis  Worsley,  formerly  Rector 
of  Chale  and  St.  Lawrence,  Isle  of  Wight. 

In  South-crescent,  Bedford-square,  aged  85, 
Gen.  Alexander  Fair,  C.B.,  of  the  Madras  Army. 

Jan.  80.  At  his  residence,  Camden-road-villas, 
aged  69,  Robert  Burford,  esq.,  the  well-known 
artist  and  proprietor  of  the  Panorama,  Leicester- 
square.  The  reputation  gained  by  his  establish- 
ment through  a  long  series  of  years  made  his 
name  known  beyond  metropolitan  limits;  and 
the  exhibition  whioh  he  perfected  has  proved 
one  of  the  most  permanent  of  London  attrac- 
tions. In  conjunction  with  the  late  Mr.  Barker, 
the  deceased  originally  opened  the  Panorama  on 
the  site  of  what  it  now  the  Strand  Theatre,  and 
about  thirty-two  years  ago  transferred  it  to  the 
present  locality. 

At  his  residence,  Woodfleld-villa,  8t  John's, 
Sussex,  aged  86,  Major  Charles  Bayntun,  for- 
merly of  the  6th  Dragoon  Guards  and  54th 
Regt.,  and  for  40  years  Barrack  Master  at 
Brighton,  from  which  he  retired  a  few  years 
since  on  a  pension ;  he  was  also  a  Magistrate  for 
the  County  of  Sussex. 

At  Russell-place,  Fitzroy-sq.,  Jane  Catharine, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Richard  Prichard, 
senior  Vicar  of  Llandaff  Cathedral. 

At  Bath,  Lieut.  John  Green,  R.N.,  brother  of 
the  late  Vice-Adm.  8ir  Andrew  Green. 

Aged  71,  Sarah,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Francis  Lips- 
comb, Rector  of  Helbury,  Yorkshire. 

Jan.  81.  In  Grosvenor-sq.,  aged  84,  Elisabeth, 
Duchess  Dowager  of  Cleveland.  Her  Grace  was 
the  dau.  of  Mr.  Robert  Russell,  and  was  second 
wife  of  the  late  Duke  of  Cleveland,  whom  she 
married  in  1818,  and  who  died  in  1842. 

In  Lower  Berkeley-street,  aged  67,  Henry 
Bosanquet,  esq. 

At  Southsea,  aged  68,  Richard  Percival,  esq., 
Commander  R.N. 

In  8tamford-road,  Fulham,  aged  80,  Susanna, 
widow  of  Robert  Harding  Evans,  esq.,  formerly 
of  Pall-mall. 

At  Llanstephan,  Carmarthen,  aged  81,  Captain 
Wm.  Rickards,  64th  Foot. 

Lately.  At  Paris,  aged  86,  Madame  de  Bawr, 
a  lady  of  many  accomplishments  and  as  many 
reminiscences.  "  As  Mdlle.  de  Champgrand  she 
had  been  taught  her  minuet  by  Vestris;  had 
learned  music  at  the  feet  of  Gretry;  singing 
from  Carat ;  chess  with  Philidor.    Her  musical 


memory,  which  was  great,  remained  unimpaired 
to  the  last— the  eighty-seventh— -year  of  her  life. 
A  word  of  farewell  is  claimed  for  her  here,  more 
especially  on  the  grounds  of  her  dramatic  pro- 
ductions, which  were  various— as  widely  apart 
as  a  certain  forgotten  ferocious  melodrama,  Les 
Chevaliers  du  Lion,  which  ran  for  two  years  at 
the  Ambigu-Comique,  with  all  other  productions 
of  the  same  class,  published  anonymously — and 
certain  little  comedies  in  the  style  of  Malivaux, 
one  of  which,  La  8mte  fun  Bal  Masque,  will  not 
be  forgotten,  since  it  was  a  favourite  piece  with 
that  consummate  comedian,  Mdlle.  Mara.  Ma- 
dame de  Bawr  was  twice  married,  her  first  hus- 
band being  the  famous  Saint  Simon,  from  whom 
she  was  divorced.  The  marriage,  as  may  readily 
be  imagined,  was  not  happy,  the  sublimated  re- 
ligious dreaming*  and  chimeras  of  the  husband 
seeming  painfully  absurd  to  the  lively  wife. 
Madame  de  Bawr  afterwards  married  a  Rus- 
sian gentleman,  who  died  long  before  her."— 
Alhenaum. 

A  widow,  whose  name  figures  honourably  in 
the  military  annals  of  France,  died  recently  in 
the  Hospice  dee  Petits-Menages,  in  Paris,  at  the 
age  of  87.  Her  maiden  name  was  Thdrese  Fl- 
gueur ;  she  was  born  near  Dijon  in  1774,  and  she 
served  as  a  dragoon  in  the  15th  and  19th  Regi- 
ments from  1798  to  1812.  She  was  known  through- 
out the  army  by  the  name  of  Sans-G6ne,  and  was 
so  much  esteemed  by  her  officers  that  when  the 
Committee  of  Public  Safety  determined  on  ex- 
cluding all  women  from  the  army  an  exception 
was  made  in  her  favour.  The  history  of  her 
campaigns  was  published  from  her  own  dictation 
in  1842,  and  had  a  very  large  circulation.  She 
began  her  military  career  at  Toulon,  when  that 
port  was  besieged  by  the  English  in  1793.  She 
was  there  put  under  arrest  by  Commandant 
Bonaparte  for  a  delay  of  twenty-five  minutes  in 
executing  an  order.  Some  years  after,  when 
her  old  commander  had  become  First  Consul,  he 
sent  for  the  dragoon  Sans-Gene  to  St.  Cloud,  and 
afterwards  gave  her  a  good  service  pension  of 
200  francs.  8ans-G6ne  remained  in  active  ser- 
vice until  1812,  when  she  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  priest  Merino's  guerillas  in  Spain,  and  was 
taken  as  prisoner  of  war  to  England,  where  she 
remained  till  1814.  In  the  course  of  her  twenty 
campaigns  she  had  four  horses  killed  under  her, 
and  was  often  wounded,  the  first  time  being  at 
Toulon,  when  a  ball  struck  her  on  the  left  breast. 
She  entered  the  hospice  in  1840,  and  lived  upon 
her  pension  of  200f.  till  the  present  Emperor 
made  a  handsome  addition  to  her  means  from 
his  private  purse.— QalignanVt  Messenger. 

Feb.  1.  At  Sledmere,  Yorkshire,  aged  68,  Lady 
Sykes.  She  was  the  daughter  of  the  la  e  Sir 
William  Foulis,  bart.,  of  Ingleby  Greenhow,  and 
was  married  to  Sir  Tatton  8ykea,  bart.,  in  the 
year  1822. 

At  Addington-park,  near  Croydon,  Maria, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
and  wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Thomas,  Vicar  of  All- 
hallows  Barking. 

At  the  Marquis  of  Aileabury's  seat,  Totten- 
ham-park, near  Marlborough,  from  rheomatio 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


353 


fever,  O.  E.  Hareourt  Vernon,  esq.,  late  M.P. 
for  Newark.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Mr. 
Granville  Hareourt  Vernon,  son  of  the  late 
Arehbishop  of  York,  and  Chancellor  of  the 
ProTinee  of  York,  and  was  born  on  the  23rd 
of  November,  1816.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster School,  from  which  he  was  elected  a 
Student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  at  which  Uni- 
versity he  took  a  second-class  in  classics  in  1839, 
and  graduated  M.A.  in  1840.  From  1841  to 
January,  1849,  he  was  private  secretary  to  the 
Earl  of  St.  Germans,  then  Chief  Secretary  for 
Ireland,  and  officiated  in  the  same  capacity  to 
the  Earl  of  Lincoln  (now  Duke  of  Newcastle) 
when  Chief  Commissioner  of  Woods,  and  Chief 
Secretary  for  Ireland  from  April,  1845,  to  July, 
1846.  Mr.  Vernon  was  returned  to  the  House  of 
Commons  for  Newark  at  the  general  election  in 
1852  as  a  "  liberal-Conservative,"  being  favour- 
able to  the  policy  of  free  trade  and  a  moderate 
extension  of  the  suffrage,  but  was  opposed  to  the 
ballot  He  married  in  November,  1854,  Lady 
Belina  Catherine  Meade,  only  daughter  of  the 
Earl  of  Clan william. 

At  his  residence,  Broxbourne-house,  Herts., 
aged  83,  Thomas  Hoskins,  Commander  R.N. 
The  immediate  cause  of  his  death  was  the  break- 
ing out  of  a  wound  in  the  face,  received  in  action 
upwards  of  fifty  years  ago. 

At  her  house  in  Bolton-row,  aged  83,  Letltia, 
relict  of  Col.  James  Alexander  Stuart,  and  dan. 
of  the  late  Colonel  Irvine,  of  Castle  Irvine,  co. 
Fermanagh. 

At  Tiddington,  near  Oxford,  Caroline,  dau.  of 
the  late  Rev.  James  Edwards,  Vicar  of  Fairford, 
and  Rector  of  Ashelworth,  Gloucestershire. 

At  Cheam,  Surrey,  aged  96,  Mrs.  Bluton. 

At  Beaumaris,  aged  23,  Capt  R.  Bulkeley,  of 
the  7th  Hussars,  second  son  of  Sir  R.  B.  Williams- 
Bulkeley,  bart,  M.P.,  Baron-hill. 

Feb.  2.  At  Hackney,  aged  43,  Edw.  Bentley, 
esq.,  M.D.,  formerly  Physician  to  the  City  Dis- 
pensary, and  to  the  City  of  London  Hospital  for 
Diseases  of  the  Chest    See  Obituast. 

In  Curson-st,  Derby,  after  many  years  of  in- 
tense suffering,  aged  66,  Major  Edward  Appleton, 
Royal  Marines  (L.L) 

In  Great  Portland-et,  Major  Richard  George 
Grange,  5th  Royal  Blthorne  Light  Infantry. 

Jst.  8.  At  Strathtyrum-house,  8t  Andrews, 
aged  71,  Major-Gen.  Gairdner,  C.B. 

Aged  83,  Catherine,  relict  of  CoL  Geo.  Muttle- 
Dury,  C.B.,  K.W. 

Feb.  4.  At  the  Rectory-house,  Landlord,  Salis- 
bury, aged  71,  Elisabeth  Anne,  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  Girdlestone. 

At  Pontypool-park,  Charlotte  Gwen,  widow  of 
Thos.  B.  Rous,  esq.,  of  Courtyrala,  Glamorgansh., 
and  dau.  of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Salusbury,  bart, 
of  Llanwern,  Monmouthshire. 

At  the  Parsonage,  Stoney  Middleton,  Bakewell, 
aged  46,  Charlotte,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Urban 
Smith,  M.A. 

Feb.  5.  At  Brighton,  aged  83,  the  Hon.  Archi- 
bald Macdonald,  son  of  the  first  Baron  Mao- 
donald,  and  uncle  of  the  present  lord. 

In  Craven-bill-gardens,  aged  79,  Gen.  Peter 


De  la  Motte,  C.B.,  of  the  3rd  Regt  Bombay  Light 
Cavalry. 

At  Lyme  Regis,  Dorset,  aged  68,  Win.  Pomroy 
Daniel,  esq. 

At  Hollowsy,  Sarah,  wife  of  Gapt  Justinian 
Barrell,  R.N. 

At  Kingsbury,  aged  62,  Mr.  F.  Mattam,  of 
Aldridge's,  St  Martin's-lane. 

At  Anehorfleld,  near  Edinburgh,  Alexander 
Cushnie  Morison,  late  Surgeon  in  H.M.*s  Bengal 
N.I.,  son  of  Sir  Alexander  Morison,  M.D. 

At  Pau,  aged  50,  Marshal  Bosquet  He  was 
born  at  Mont-de-Marsan  (Landes),  on  the  8th  of 
Nov.,  1810,  and  was  admitted  into  the  Polytechnic 
School  in  1829.  Twp  years  after  he  entered  at 
sub-lieutenant  the  Artillery  School  at  Mets,  and 
left  it  In  1833.  In  1384  he  was  made  seeond- 
Ueutenant,  and  embarked  in  June  in  that  year 
for  Algeria,  where  he  served  until  1853.  In  1848 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  sub* 
division  of  Orleansville ;  he  rendered  himself 
conspicuous  in  1851  as  general  of  brigade,  in  the 
campaign  of  Great  Kabylia,  and  being  in  1853 
raised  to  the  rank  of  general  of  division,  he  re- 
turned to  France,  after  having  made  twenty 
campaigns  in  Africa.  When  the  Crimean  war 
broke  out  he  was  placed  on  the  staff  of  Marshal 
St  Arnaud's  army.  The  Marshal  placed  great 
confidence  in  Bosquet,  and  at  the  Alma  appointed 
him  to  effect  a  flank  movement  on  the  left  wing 
of  the  Russians  and  turn  their  batteries  before 
the  action  became  general.  When  at  length  the 
decisive  blow  was  struck,  on  the  8th  of  Sept, 
1855,  General  Bosquet  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
capture  of  the  Malakhoff,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded  by  the  bursting  of  a  shell,  and  was 
compelled  to  return  to  France.  In  1856  be  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  senator,  and  in  the  same 
year  was  named  Marshal.  An  apoplectic  attack 
struck  him  some  years  back,  and  he  sought  at 
Pau  the  benefit  arising  from  native  air.  His 
constitution  could  not,  however,  resist  the  effect 
of  his  wound,  and  he  expired,  the  youngest  of  all 
the  marshals  of  France. 

Fd>.%.  At  Taynton-house,  Gloucestershire,  aged 
84,  Sir  John  Owen,  bart,  M.P .,  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  the  county  of  Pembroke. 

At  Leamington,  aged  64,  Capt  George  Baker, 
R.N.,  second  son  of  the  late  Sir  Root  Baker. 

At  Laura-place,  Bath,  aged  67,  Captain  John 
Talbot  Warren,  R.N. 

Feb.  7.  At  Plymouth,  aged  28,  Willoughby 
Wintle  Howell,  Lieut  R.N.,  son  .of  the  late 
Thomas  John  Howell,  esq. 

At  Bury,  near  Gosport,  aged  26,  Augusta 
Elisabeth,  wife  of  Capt  Matthew  Connolly,  R.N. 

In  Lansdowne-circus,  South  Lambeth,  aged  76, 
Mary,  relict  of  Mr.  William  Taylor,  late  of  the 
Home  Office,  Whitehall,  having  survived  her 
husband  only  twenty  days. 

At  Canonbury,  aged  74,  the  Rev.  Jacob  Kirk- 
man  Foster,  formerly  President  of  the  Countess 
of  Huntingdon's  College,  at  Cheshunt 

At  his  residence,  8ealeby-lodge,  Camden-road, 
aged  63,  John  Brown,  esq.,  F.R.G.8.,  F.R.8.N.A. 

At  Ashford,  Kent,  aged  73,  Benjamin  Best, 
esq.,  many  years  of  Doctors'-oommons. 


854 


OfilTUAAY. 


[March, 


At  Campden  -  grove,  Kensington,  aged  66, 
Sophia  Hutching,  second  dan.  of  the  late  Dr 
Callcott. 

Feb.  8.  In  Bryanston-sq.,  of  bronchitis,  Jo- 
sette,  wif*»  of  Lieut-Gen.  Sir  de  Lacy  Evans, 
M.P.,  G.C.B.  She  was  the  dan.  of  the  late  Col. 
K.  Arbuthnot,  and  relict  of  P.  Hughes,  esq.,  of  the 
Hon.  East  India  Company's  service. 

At  Oldham,  aged  27,  Annie  Amelia,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Arthur  Keene,  Incumbent  of  St.  John's, 
Oldham,  and  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Canon 
Stowell. 

In  Cavendish-sq.,  Miss  Talbot,  dau.  of  the  late 
T.  Talbot,  esq.,  of  Margam-park,  Glamorgan- 
shire. 

Aged  95,  William  Goodson,  esq.,  Surgeon 
R.N. 

Feb.  9.  At  Thorington-hall,  Suffolk,  aged  73, 
Colonel  Henry  Benoe  Bence. 

In  Grosvenor-street  West,  aged  83,  Adm.  Sir 
George  Mundy,  K.C.B.  He  was  born  at  Shipley- 
hall,  Derbyshire,  in  1777,  his  father,  E.  M.  Mundy, 
esq.,  being  for  many  years  M.P.  for  that  county. 
In  July,  1789,  he  entered  the  Royal  Naval  Aca- 
demy, and  he  embarked  in  October,  1792,  as 
midshipman  on  board  the  "Blanche"  frigate. 
lie  subsequently  served  on  board  the  "  Perseus," 
"Victory,"  and  "Juno,"  and  was  in  the  latter 
Vessel  when  she  made  a  remarkable  escape  from 
the  inner  roads  of  Toulon,  into  which  she  had 
entered  in  ignorance  of  the  evacuation  of  the 
place  by  the  British.  After  assisting  in  the  cap- 
ture of  many  vessels  and  in  the  reduction  of  St. 
Fiorenzo,  Mr.  Mundy  followed  Capt.  Hood  into 
L'Aigle,  36,  and  was  employed  with  the  force  at 
the  taking  of  Bastia  and  Calvi.  He  was  present 
at  the  battles  of  St.  Vincent  and  the  Nile,  and 
soon  after  the  latter  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  "  Transfer,"  a  14-gun  brig,  in 
which  he  was  employed  off  Cadiz.  In  the  war 
of  1803  Capt.  Mundy  was  very  active,  and  in 
command  of  the  "  CarysfbiV  the  ••  Hydra,"  and 
other  frigates,  he  made  numerous  captures,  and 
rendered  essential  service  to  the  Spanish  patriots 
on  the  ooast  of  Catalonia.  In  June,  1815,  he  was 
nominated  a  C.B. ;  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Rear-Admiral  when  in  command  of  the  "  Royal 
George"  yacht,  in  1830 ;  was  created  a  K.C.B.  in 
February,  1837 ;  became  Vice-Admiral  Novem- 
ber 23,  1841,  and  Admiral  December  24, 1849. 

At  Shell-house,  Exmouth,  aged  68,  Francis 
Danby,  esq.,  A.R.A. 

At  Torquay,  aged  36,  Edmund  Lewis  Clutter- 
buck,  esq.,  of  Hardenhuish-park,  Chippenham, 
magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  Wilts. 

Feb.  10.  In  Mansfield-street,  the  Dowager 
Lady  Petre.    See  Obituary. 

At  West  End,  Hampstead,  aged  88,  Charlotte, 
widow  of  Lieut. -Gen.  Sir  Thoe.  Browne,  K.C.H., 
and  dau.  of  Sir  Wm.  Wolseley,  hart. 

At  Albrighton,  aged  72,  George  Bate,  esq.,  for 
many  years  an  active  magistrate  for  the  counties 
of  Worcester  and  Stafford. 

At  Victoria-road,  Old  Charlton,  Lucinda  Toler, 
Wife  of  Major-Gen.  Clarke. 


Feb.  II.  In  Berkcley-sq.,  aged  80,  the  Dowager 
Countess  of  Haddington.  Her  ladyship,  who  was 
the  only  surviving  child  of  George,  fourth  earl 
of  Macclesfield,  was  born  June  21,  1780,  and 
married  (Nov.  13,  1802,)  Thomas,  ninth  earl  of 
Haddington,  who  died  in  1858. 

At  the  Marquis  of  Bristol's,  Kemptown,  aged 
16,  Eliza  Augusta  Caroline,  second  dau.  of  the 
Rev.  Lord  and  Lady  Arthur  Hervey. 

At  Westerham,  Kent,  Charlotte,  dau.  of  the 
late  Rev.  Matthew  Thompson,  Rector  of  Mintley- 
eum-Manningtree,  and  Vicar  of  Bradfield,  Essex. 

In  Florence-road,  New-cross,  aged  68,  Mr.  Jos. 
Marshall,  for  many  years  in  the  house  of  Messrs. 
W.  Tegg  and  Co.,  publishers. 

Feb.  12.  At  Brighton,  aged  70,  Lieut. -Gen. 
John  Leslie,  K.H.,  Colonel  of  H.M.'b  35th  Regt. 

At  the  Priory,  Monk  Sherborne,  Hants,  aged 
71,  John  Green  Bishop,  M.D. 

At  Torquay,  aged  26,  Caroline  Keble,  only 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  James  Edwards,  Rector  of 
Newington,  Oxfordshire. 

Feb.  13.  At  Edinburgh,  aged  56,  Kenneth 
Mackenzie  Mackinnon,  M.D.,  late  Apothecary- 
General  H.E.I.  Co.'s  Service,  Bengal. 

At  Vienna,  the  Right  Rev.  Ernest  Pauer,  Su- 
perintendent of  the  Lutheran  Church  of  Austria, 
Councillor  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Court  of  the 
Municipality,  and  first  minister  of  the  Lutheran 
Church  in  Vienna,  decorated  with  the  order  of 
Francis  Joseph,  &c. 

At  Sidmouth,  aged  80,  Gilbert  Harvey  West, 
esq.,  late  of  the  Treasury. 

At  the  Lower  Ward,  Windsor  Castle,  Captain 
Andrew  Heartley,  Military  Knight  of  Windsor, 
formerly  of  the  Royal  Horse  Guards  (Blue),  and 
for  twenty-five  years  Captain  and  Adjutant  of 
the  East  Kent  Regiment  of  Yeomanry  Cavalry. 

Feb.  14.  At  Cambridge,  aged  52,  Adeluide, 
wife  of  Capt.  Digby  Marsh,  R.N. 

At  Squerryes-ct.,  Westerham,  aged  74,  Chas. 
Warde,  esq. 

Feb.  15.  At  Campden-grove,  Kensington, 
suddenly,  from  disease  of  the  heart,  aged  61, 
Arabella  Hutchins,  dau.  of  the  late  Dr.  Callcott, 
being  eight  days  after  the  death  of  her  sister. 

At  Croyde,  Georgeham,  Devonshire,  aged  82, 
William  Prole,  esq.,  Captain-Commandant  of  the 
Georgeham  Volunteers  in  the  reign  of  George  III. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Beverley,  Frances,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  B.  Brander,  and  second  dau.  of  the  late  Rev. 
John  Liptrott,  Rector  of  Broughton,  Leicestenh. 

At  Newborough  villas,  St.  Paul's-roud,  High- 
bury-park, aged  102,  Mr.  John  Jones. 

Feb.  16.  At  Chichester,  aged  82,  Sir  William 
Burnett,  M.D.,  K.C.B.,  &c,  late  Director-Gen. 
of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Navy. 

In  Albert-st.,  Regent's-park,  aged  46,  Louisa, 
widow  of  Captain  Thomas  Bourmaster  Bro*n, 
R.N. 

Feb.  18.  At  Hillingdon,  aged  66,  Mary  Pene- 
lope, widow  of  Major-Gen.  James  Grant,  C.B. 

At  the  Heath,  Salop,  aged  67,  Lieut.-Col.  Sir 
William  Henry  Clerke,  bart.,  of  Mertyn,  Flint- 
shire, and  late  of  the  62nd  Light  Infantry. 


13 


1861.] 


355 


TABLE  OP  MORTALITY  AND  BIRTHS  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OP  LONDON. 

(From  the  Return*  issued  by  the  Registrar- General.) 
DEATHS  REGISTERED. 


BUPEEINTEjrDENT 

BBGISTBARS* 

DISTRICTS. 


Mean  Temperature 


London 


'  Deaths  in  Districts,  &c.,  in  the  Week 
ending  Saturday, 


1-6.  West  Districts    . 

7-11.  North  Districts  . 

1219.  Central  Districts 

2025.  East  Districts     . 

26-36.  South  Districts  . 


78029 


10786 

13533 

1938 

6230 

45512 


2362236 


376127 
490396 
393256 
485522 
616635 


Jan. 

Feh. 

26, 

2, 

1861. 

1861. 

o 

o 

41-0 

423 

1783 

1544 

269 

257 

384 

335 

275 

248 

392 

306 

463 

898 

Feb. 

,   Feb. 

9, 

16, 

1861. 

1861. 

42*9 

o 

37-6 

1459 

1328 

230 

213 

231 

292 

232 

187 

291 

259 

372 

377 

Deaths  Registered 

1. 

Births  Registered. 

Week  ending 

*  5  «j 

"8* 

3  b 

and 
r80. 

and 
ards. 

i 

8 

i 

*3 

i 

Saturday, 

CM  2 

<*> 

P 

8| 

si 

& 

(3 

3 

a 

Jan.      26     . 

770 

201 

311 

417 

1783 

1031 

944 

1978 

Feb.        2     . 

728 

185 

256 

290 

76 

1514 

1019 

1001 

2050 

»»          9     . 

690 

186 

242 

276 

65 

1159 

1067 

999 

2066 

„        16     . 

651 

178 

208 

229 

62 

1328 

889. 

903 

1792 

PRICE  OF  CORN. 


Average  "\    Wheat, 
of  Six     V    9.     d. 
Weeks.  J    54    9 

Week  ending  \  55  1Q 
Feb.  16.      J 

Barley. 

9.    d. 
38  11 

|    40    6     | 

Oats. 
s.    d. 
23    0 

22  11      | 

Rye. 
s.     d. 
35    7 

35    2     | 

Beans. 

9.    d. 

40  0 

41  5      | 

Peas. 
9.    d. 

44    7 

43    3 

PRICE  OF  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELD,  Fib.  21. 
Hay,  2/.  0*.  to  SI.  Of.  —  Straw,  1/.  10*.  to  1/.  18*.  —  Clover,  3f.  0*.  to  5/.  10*. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 
To  sink  the  Offal — per  stone  of  81bs. 


Beef 4*.  6d.  to  6*.  2d. 

Mutton 5*.  Od.  to  6*.  2d. 

Veal 4*.  Sd.  to  5*.  Sd. 

Pork 4*.  6d.  to  5*.  2d. 

Lamb 0*.  Od.  to  0*.  Od. 


Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  Feb.  21. 

Beasts 760 

Sheep  3,620 

Calves 147 

Pigs 340 


COAL-MARKET,  Feb.  20. 
Best  WalUend,  per  ton,  17*.  6c*.  to  19*.  (yd.    Other  sorts,  14*.  Od.  to  17*.  64. 


METEOROLOGICAL  DIARY,  by  H.  GOULD,  1st*  W.  CARY,  181,  Stbaitd. 
From  January  24  to  February  23,  inclusive. 


DAILY  PRICE  OP  STOCKS. 


81*  i 

91*  I 

an  i 

m  i 

91*  * 

911  i 

91!  1 

91}  2 


'JH  2 
911  i 
91}  2 

91}  2 
91}  2 
91}  2 
91)  2 
91i  2* 
91|  2 
9'i  } 
91}  i 


Ex.  mill. 

fil.ooo. 

India 

In  din 
jBI.wjo'. 

5.    ldis. 

218* 

12  dis. 
15  ilia. 

6.  ldis. 
6.11s. 

7.  3  dis. 
7.    3  dis. 

216* 
218 
216  18 
218 

17  dia. 

20  dis. 

8.    5  dli. 
8.    4  dis. 
7.    9  dis. 
*6.    3  dis. 
7.    3  dis. 

6  (lis.  par. 
S  dis.  par. 

20.  lBdia. 

218* 
217* 
21Bk  19 

20  dis. 

217* 19 
218  20 
221 

26  dia. 

23  dia. 

8  ilia.  2  pm. 

6.    2  dis. 

8  dia. 
4.    3  dis. 

220  22 

221  2* 
223 
223  24 
223*26 
223*25 

16  dis. 
25  dis. 

7.  2  dis. 

8.  3  dis. 
6.    2  dia. 

100J  , 

100*  * 

100*  i 

100*  i 


99}  100* 

99*  100 

j 


ALFRED  WHITMORE, 


19,  Change  Alley,  London,  E.C. 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 

APRIL,  1861. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 
MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE.-Alleged  Portrait  by Holbein.— Chronicles  and  Memorials 

of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.— Arrays  in  East  Kent 358 

On  Some  Discoveries  in  Connection  with  the  Ancient  Treasury  of  Westminster  359 

A  Novel  Solution  in  Geometry  863 

Architecture  in  Normandy  364 

Archaeology;  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages 375 

Monumental  Brasses    383 

The  Siege  of  Cirencester :  A  Royalist  Rhyme  391 

The  Central  Tower  of  Durham   398 

Annals  of  the  Coal  Trade 399 

ANTIQUARIAN  AND  LITERARY  INTELLIGENCER.— Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London, 
404 ;  The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society,  414 ;  British  Archaeological 
Association,  419;  Archaeological  Institute,  430;  Institute  of  British  Architects,  422 ; 
Ethnological  Society,  424  ;  Numismatic  Society— London  and  Middlesex  and  Surrey 
Archaeological  Societies,  426 ;  Cambridge  Architectural  Society— Kilkenny  and  South- 
East  of  Ireland  Archaeological  Society,  429 ;  8ociety  of  Antiquaries,  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  431 ;  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  432 ;  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society         434 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANUS  URBAN.— Flint  Implements  in  the  Drift,  436 ;  The 
Discoveries  at  Abbeville  and  Amiens— Oxford,  437 ;  Quarry  in  Window  of  Chapel, 
East  Hendred  House,  Berks— Grants  of  Arms— the  Thackwells,  439 ;  The  Cucking- 
stool  440 

THE  NOTE-BOOK  OF  8YLVANUS  URBAN  443 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS.— Encyclopaedia  Britannioa,  Vol.  XXI.. 
447  ;  Reasons  for  an  Inquiry  into  the  Position  of  the  Executive  Officers  of  the  Royal 
Navy— Thoughts  on  Eton,  by  an  Etonian — Lodge's  Peerage  and  Baronetage— Dod's 
Peerage,  Baronetage.  Knightage.  &c,  448 ;  Stubbs'  "  De  Inventione  Sancto  Crucis  "— 
The  Abb*  Malais'  Calendrier  Normand,  449;  The  East  Anglian,  No.  9-Maskell's 
Notes  on  Sepulchral  Brasses  in  Allhallows  Barking— Abbott's  Brief  Attempt  to  Ac- 
count for  Ecclesiastical  Surnames—  Moberly's  Sermons  on  the  Beatitudes.  450 ;  Boys* 
God  and  Man  considered  in  Relation  to  Eternity  Past,  Time  that  is,  Eternity  Future- 
Kennedy's  Works  of  Virgil— Bernard  on  the  Principle  of  N on-Intervention     45 1 

APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS   452 

BIRTHS  463 

MARRIAGES 454 

OBITUARY.— II.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Kent,  456 ;  The  Duke  of  Sutherland,  K.G.— Sir  John 
Owen,  Bart.,  458 ;  Gen.  Sir  Archibald  Maclaine,  K.C.B.— F.  H.  Northen,  Esq.,  M.D., 
459;  Randle  Wilbraham,  Esq.,  460;  The  Rev.  J.  B.  P.  Dennis,  B.A.,  F.G.S.,  462; 
Professor  Stephen  Reay,  463 ;  Rev.  Dr.  Bandinel,  465  ;  Rev.  Dr.  Donaldson— Rev.  Dr. 
William  Collier  Smithers,  466;  Ldwaru  Penrhyn,  Esq 467 

CLERGY  DECEASED    467 

DEATHS  ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER    468 

Registrar -General's  Return  of  Mortality  and  Births  in  the  Metropolis— Markets,  475; 

Meteorological  Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks   476 


By  SYLVANUS  UBBAN,  Gent. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


Notice. — Sylyaitus  Urban  requests  his  Friends  to  observe  that  Reports,  Corre- 
spondence, Books  for  Review,  announcements  of  Births,  Marriages,  and  Deaths,  tifc, 
received  after  the  20th  instant  cannot  be  attended  to  until  the  following  Month. 


ALLEGED  PORTRAIT  BY  HOLBEIN. 

Mr.  Urban, — In  the  memoir  of  the  late 
Henry  Butterworth,  Esq.,  P.S.A.,  pub- 
lished in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
February,  it  is  stated  that  that  gentleman 
has  bequeathed  to  the  Grammar-school  at 
Coventry,  where  he  received  his  early  edu- 
cation, "  a  fine  original,  by  Hans  Holbein," 
of  John  Hales,  the  founder  of  that  school; 
and  the  reader  is  referred  to  several  com- 
munications upon  this  picture  made  to  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine  in  June,  July, 
and  August,  1854.  On  referring  to  the 
Magazine  for  that  year,  I  find  that  the 
portrait  was  then  purchased  by  Mr.  But- 
terworth from  the  collection  of  George 
Arnold,  F.S.A.,  and  it  is  thus  described : 
"  The  picture  is  on  panel,  and  bears  the 
date  1554,  the  very  year  in  which  Hol- 
bein died  in  London ;  it  must  be  regarded, 
therefore,  as  one  of  his  latest  works." — 
(p.  562.) 

It  is  remarkable  that  Mr.  Butterworth's 
death  has  occurred  almost  concurrently 
with  the  discovery,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Black, 
of  Hans  Holbein's  will,  in  the  registry  of 
the  see  of  London;  and  as  the  artist  is 
thereby  proved  to  have  died  in  the  year 
1543,  it  must  be  an  error  to  ascribe  to 
him  a  portrait  that  is  dated  1554. 

I  also  observe,  in  a  letter  from  Mr. 
Joshua  W.  Butterworth,  (in  the  Magazine 
for  July,  1854,  p.  43,)  that  the  picture 
in  question  "differs  in  every  particular 
from  the  St.  Mary's  Hall  portrait "  of 
John  Hales,  "  which  (he  ventures  to  state) 
is  at  best  but  a  fancy  portrait  of  the 
Founder,  of  a  later  date,  and  indifferently 
executed."  s 

But  in  the  following  Magazine  (p.  156), 
it  will  be  found  that  Mr.  William  Reader 
(the  son  of  a  former  historian  of  Coventry, 
and  the  possessor  of  his  father's  MS.  col- 
lections,) defends  the  authenticity  of  the 
portrait  in  St.  Mary's  Hall,  and  shews 
that  it  is  probably  the  same  which  for- 


merly hung  in  the  Grammar-school,  in- 
scribed u  D.  D.  Anna  D'na  Hales,  relict* 
D'ni  Joh'is  Hales  Baronetti,  Fundatoris 
abnepta,"  having  been  presented  by  Dame 
Anne  Hales  in  1704,  and  which  had  been 
seen  by  Dugdale  in  the  possession  of  John 
Hales,  Esq.,  at  Coventry  in  the  year  1650. 
From  these  testimonies  it  appears  to  be 
certain  that  Mr.  Butterworth's  picture  is 
not  a  work  of  Holbein,  and  to  be  also 
very  doubtful  whether  it  is  actually  a  por- 
trait of  John  Hales. — I  am,  Ac. 

COYENTRIENSIS. 

CHRONICLES  AND  MEMORIALS  OF 
GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 
Mr.  Urban, — When  you  reproduce  your 
list  of  the  "  Chronicles  and  Memorials"  it 
would  be  well  to  add  a  note  to  No.  13, 
Chronica  Johannis  de  Oxenedes,  stating 
that  it  cannot  be  procured.  It  was,  I  be- 
lieve, issued  in  Oct.,  1859,— October  22  is 
the  date  of  my  receipt  of  a  copy, — but  on 
application  being  made  for  another  copy 
a  short  time  afterwards, — an  application 
which  has  been  subsequently  repeated, — no 
copy  could  be  supplied ;  and  yet  from  that 
time  to  the  date  of  the  last  volume,  OiraU 
dus  Cambrensis,  Feb.  1861,  it  has  con- 
tinued to  figure  in  the  list  of  works  pub- 
lished under  the  direction  of  the  Master 
of  the  Rolls,  which  may  be  had  of  Messrs. 
Longman  and  Co. ! — I  am,  &c, 
March  2, 1861.  M. 

ARRAYS  IN  EAST  KENT. 

Mr.  Urban, — May  I  inquire  whether 
any  of  your  correspondents  could  direct 
me  to  any  MS.  Muster  Rolls  or  other 
papers  relating  to  Arrays  in  East  Kent, 
A.D.  1590— 1600.— I  am,  Ac., 

Perbgrintjb. 


The  letters  of  Aubrey,  spoken  of  at 
p.  363,  are  unavoidably  postponed,  as  well 
as  many  other  articles  in  type. 


THE 


6  en  f  lent  an  Y,   W%$MtM 


AJTD 

HISTORICAL   REVIEW. 


ON  SOME  DISCOVERIES  IN  CONNECTION  WITH  THE 
ANCIENT  TREASURY  OF  WESTMINSTER  ». 

This  discovery  was  made  by  Mr.  Scott  when  prosecuting  his  ex- 
amination of  the  remains  of  the  Confessor's  building.  It  was  first 
brought  to  my  notice  upwards  of  eleven  years  ago,  when  I  was 
desired  by  that  gentleman  to  assist  him  in  examining  what  seemed 
a  heap  of  rubbish,  but  which,  when  trodden  on,  was  more  "  springy" 
than  its  external  appearance  justified.  It  was  in  a  kind  of  cellar 
close  to  the  cloister  door  of  the  Chapter-house  underneath  this 
chamber1*,  into  which  no  daylight  could  enter,  and  in  a  part  of  the 
chamber  which  consisted  only  of  a  narrow  wallcd-up  passage.  Our 
examination  was  then  only  a  slight  one;  but  I  saw  enough  to 
enable  me  to  see  that  the  bulk  of  this  mass  of  "  rubbish"  appeared 
to  consist  of  documents  of  a  public  nature  that  had  probably  by 
some  accident  been  separated  from  the  contents  of  the  ancient 
treasury,  which  once  occupied  the  adjoining  chamber. 

I  have  said  that  the  mass  to  which  my  attention  was  drawn  by 
Mr.  Scott  was  at  once  seen  to  contain  public  documents.  The 
requisite  steps  were  taken  in  the  matter,  and  I  have  made  an 
official  report  upon  the  collection,  of  which  a  specimen  is  before 
you. 

In  continuing  his  description  of  this  portion  of  the  building, 
Mr.  Scott  says : — 

"  I  presume,  therefore,  that  this,  too,  was  a  treasury ;  and  I  have  a  strong  idea  that 
it  then  formed  a  part  of,  and  that  its  door  was  the  entrance  to,  the  pyx  chamber ;  and  it 
is  possible  that,  alter  the  robbery  of  the  chamber  before  alluded  to,  the  king,  finding 
the  terror  of  human  skins  offered  no  security,  remodelled  the  chamber." 

It  is  with  reference  to  this  great  robbery  of  the  royal  treasury 
that  I  have  to  present  to  you  a  few  particulars,  which  will,  I  trust, 
be  of  some  interest.  I  cannot  claim  for  them  any  great  novelty, 
as  they  are  nearly  all  in  print,  but  in  such  print  that  their  read- 
ability (to  the  uninitiated)  is  not  much  improved.     The  detailed 

■  A  paper  by  Joseph  Burtt,  Esq.,  read  at  the  Meeting  of  the  London  and  Middlesex 
Archaeological  Society,  Oct.  25, 1860.    See  Gent.  Mao.,  Jan.  1861,  p.  69. 

*  See  Mr. Scott's  paper,  "Gleanings  from  Westminster  Abbey/'  printed  in  Gnrr. 
Mao,,  Feb.— June,  1860,  for  the  precise  locality. 

Gurr.  Mag.  Vox.  CCX.  x  x 


860  The  Ancient  Treasury  at  Westminster.  [April, 

account  of  the  judicial  investigations  into  this  most  daring  and 
important  robbery,  (a  robbery  of  two  millions  of  money,)  which 
has  been  printed  in  one  of  the  Record  publications,  has  not, 
I  believe,  been  turned  to  any  further  account.  It  will  be  found, 
however,  to  be  full  of  illustrations  of  the  manners  and  state  of 
society  of  the  times;  and  considering  that  we  are  now  over  the 
very  chamber  from  which  the  treasure  was  taken,  and  that  the 
whole  of  the  immediate  locality  was  the  scene  of  the  various  cir- 
cumstances which  are  most  distinctly  and  minutely  referred  to  in 
the  account,  I  thought  some  of  those  details  might  be  acceptable 
to  you,  as  they  bear  closely  upon  the  subject  in  hand,  and  the 
event  itself  perhaps  accounts  completely  for  the  discovery  now 
brought  to  your  notice. 

I  shall  make  no  attempt  to  trace  the  history  of  the  ancient 
treasury.  From  the  earliest  times,  and  in  many  countries,  the 
royal  treasury  has  been  associated  with  a  place  of  worship.  The 
exchequer  was  held  in  a  portion  of  the  royal  palace ;  the  king  and 
the  abbot  were  generally  much  associated  together;  the  palace  and 
the  monastery  were  contiguous;  a  strongly  built  vault  was  at  the 
king's  service  as  a  store-room  for  his  jewels  not  in  general  use,  his 
plate  and  the  cash  that  might  not  be  wanted  but  for  some  great 
occasion.  At  later  periods  we  have  complete  inventories  of  every 
article  in  the  treasury,  and  most  interesting  they  are,  but  there  is 
none  at  this  date.  Such  was  the  state  of  things  in  the  year  1303, 
when  Edward  I.  was  preparing  to  take  summary  vengeance  upon 
the  Scotch  for  their  so-called  rebellion  against  his  power.  He 
probably  anticipated  a  stubborn  resistance,  for  he  had  consigned 
to  the  safe  keeping  of  his  treasury  a  large  sum  of  money  for  the 
purpose  of  this  war,  and  yet  no  subsidy  had  been  granted  since 
that  two  years  previously.  On  the  14th  of  March  he  left  West- 
minster; he  lingered  about  the  neighbourhood  of  London  for 
a  short  time,  and  then  advanced  slowly  northwards,  reaching  New- 
castle on  the  6th  of  May. 

About  the  first  of  that  month,  or  late  in  the  preceding,  for  the 
accounts  vary  a  little,  the  treasury  was  broken  into,  and  the  trea- 
sure carried  off.  From  Linlithgow,  on  the  10th  of  June,  the  King 
issued  his  first  writ  directing  the  investigations  into  the  matter. 
There  is  little  reason  to  doubt  that  a  large  quantity  of  the  treasure 
— that  consisting  of  the  plate  and  jewels — was  recovered.  One 
of  the  principal  thieves,  Richard  de  Podelicote,  was  found  with 
£2,200  worth  in  his  possession.  This  man  himself  subsequently 
confessed  the  whole  matter,  as  did  another.  Their  accounts  are  not 
quite  consistent,  which  is  usually  the  case.  Podelicote  is  always 
spoken  of  as  the  great  culprit,  and  in  his  confession  he  takes  the 
whole  blame  of  the  matter,  as  well  as  of  a  previous  robbery  of  the 
conventual  plate  from  the  refectory.  I  will  read  a  small  portion 
of  his  story : — 

"  He  was  a  travelling  merchant  for  wool,  cheese,  and  butter,  and  was  arrested  in 
Flanders  for  the  King's  debts  in  Bruges,  and  there  were  taken  from  him  £14  17s.,  for 


1861.]  The  Ancient  Treasury  at  Westminster.  361 

which  he  sued  in  the  King's  Court  at  Westminster  at  the  beginning  of  August  in  the 
thirty-first  year,  and  then  he  saw  the  condition  of  the  refectory  of  the  Abbey,  and  saw 
the  servants  bringing  in  and  out  silver  cups  and  spoons,  and  mazers.  So  he  thought 
how  he  might  obtain  some  of  those  goods,  as  he  was  so  poor  on  account  of  his  loss  in 
Flanders,  and  so  he  spied  about  all  the  parts  of  the  Abbey.  And  en  the  day  when  the 
King  left  the  place  for  Barnes,  on  the  following  night,  as  he  had  spied  out,  he  found 
a  ladder  at  a  house  which  was  near  the  gate  of  the  Palace  towards  the  Abbey,  and  put 
that  ladder  to  a  window  of  the  chapter-house,  which  he  opened  and  closed  by  a  cord ; 
and  he  entered  by  this  cord,  and  thence  he  went  to  the  door  of  the  refectory,  and  found 
it  closed  with  a  lock,  and  he  opened  it  with  his  knife  and  entered,  and  there  he  found 
six  silver  hanaps  in  an  ambry  behind  the  door,  and  more  than  thirty  silver  spoons  in 
another  ambry,  and  the  mazer  hanaps  under  a  bench  near  together ;  and  he  carried 
them  all  away,  and  closed  the  door  after  him  without  shutting  the  lock.  And  having 
spent  the  proceeds  by  Christmas  he  thought  how  he  could  rob  the  King's  treasury. 
And  as  he  knew  the  ways  of  the  Abbey,  and  where  the  treasury  was,  and  how  he  could 
get  there,  he  began  to  set  about  the  robbery  eight  days  before  Christmas  with  the 
tools  which  he  provided  for  it,  viz.,  two  '  tarrers,'  great  and  small  knives  and  other 
small ( engines'  of  iron,  and  so  was  about  the  breaking  open  during  the  night  hours 
of  eight  days  before  Christmas  to  the  quinzain  of  Easter,  when  he  first  had  entry 
on  the  night  of  a  Wednesday,  the  eve  of  St.  Mark  (April  24) ;  and  all  the  day  of 
St  Mark  he  stayed  in  there  and  arranged  what  he  would  carry  away,  which  he  did 
the  night  after,  and  the  night  after  that,  and  the  remainder  he  carried  away  with 
bim  out  of  the  gate  behind  the  church  of  St.  Margaret,  and  put  it  at  the  foot  of  the 
wall  beyond  the  gate,  covering  it  with  earth,  and  there  were  there  pitchers,  cups  with 
feet  and  covers.  And  also  he  put  a  great  pitcher  with  stones  and  a  cup  in  a  certain 
tomb.  Besides  he  put  three  pouches  full  of  jewels  and  vessels,  of  which  one  was 
'  hanaps'  entire  and  in  pieces.  In  another  a  great  crucifix  and  jewels,  a  case  of  silver 
with  gold  spoons.  In  the  third,  '  hanaps,'  nine  dishes  and  saucers,  and  an  image  of 
our  Lady  in  silver-gilt,  and  two  little  pitchers  of  silver.  Besides  he  took  to  the  ditch 
by  the  mews  a  pot  and  a  cup  of  silver.  Also  he  took  with  him  spoons,  saucers,  spice 
dishes  of  silver,  a  cup,  rings,  brooches,  stones,  crowns,  girdles,  and  other  jewels  which 
were  afterwards  found  with  him.  And  he  says  that  what  he  took  out  of  the  treasury 
he  took  at  once  out  of  the  gate  near  St  Margaret's  Church,  and  left  nothing  behind 
within  it." 

The  other  robber  who  confessed  speaks  of  a  number  of  persons 
—two  monks,  two  foresters,  two  knights,  and  about  eight  others 
— being  present  at  the  "  debrusure."  His  account,  too,  makes  it 
a  week  later  than  the  other. 

The  affair  was  evidently  got  up  between  the  sacrist  of  West- 
minster, Richard  de  Podehcote,  and  the  keeper  of  the  Palace,  with 
the  aid  of  their  immediate  servants  and  friends.  Doubtless  they 
speculated  upon  comparative  impunity,  while  the  King  was  so  far 
away  and  occupied  on  such  important  matters,  and  they  arranged 
accordingly.  An  extraordinary  instance  of  the  amount  of  cunning 
and  foresight  exercised  by  the  robbers  is  shewn  by  the  circum- 
stance of  the  cemetery — the  green  plot  enclosed  by  the  cloisters — 
being  soum  with  hemp  early  in  the  spring,  "  so  that  the  said  hemp 
should  grow  high  enough  by  the  time  of  the  robbery  that  they 
might  hide  the  treasure  there,  and  the  misdeed  be  unknown/' 
This,  if  true,  shews  that  the  plot  was  deeply  laid  and  the  crime 
long  prepared  for. 

But  the  King  acted  with  his  usual  vigour  in  the  matter.  Writ 
after  writ  was  addressed  to  the  magistrates  of  London,  Middlesex, 
and  Surrey ;  they  knew  him  too  well  not  to  act  vigorously  upon 
them,  and  terror  was  struck  into  the  hearts  of  the  robbers.  Jurors 
were  summoned  from  every  district  in  which  any  portion  of  the 


362  The  Ancient  Treasury  at  Westminster.  [April, 

crime  appeared  to  have  been  perpetrated,  and  we  have  (as  I  have 
already  said)  a  tolerably  complete  account  of  all  that  took  place. 
It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  office  of  jurors  was  then  to  col- 
lect evidence,  and  give  it  and  support  it  in  every  way.  They 
were  summoned,  not  as  now  from  their  ignorance,  but  for  their 
knowledge,  of  the  facts.  In  every  ward  in  the  city,  in  numerous 
hundred  courts  of  the  contiguous  counties,  evidence  was  given 
upon  the  subject.  Many  persons,  especially  goldsmiths  and  dealers, 
appear  to  have  been  implicated  through  the  agency  of  the  three 
persons  named.  Just  before  the  robbery  some  friends  of  William 
de  Palais  "  met  in  a  certain  house  within  the  close  of  the  prison  of 
the  Fleet,  together  with  a  knight  and  four  ribald  persons  unknown, 
and  there  staid  two  nights  eating  and  drinking,  and  in  the  middle 
of  the  third  night  they  went  armed  towards  Westminster  and 
returned  in  the  morning.  This  they  did  for  two  nights,  and  then 
came  no  more.  And  as  the  treasury  was  broken  into  about  that 
time — say  the  jurors — they  were  suspected  of  the  felony."  Much 
of  the  treasure  seems  to  have  been  hid  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  Abbey,  to  be  carried  off  at  the  convenience  of  the 
thieves.  A  linen-draper  at  St.  Giles  had  a -large  pannier  full  of 
broken  vessels  of  gold  and  silver  sent  to  him,  about  which  he 
became  so  alarmed  when  the  royal  proclamation  was  published, 
that  he  gave  it  to  a  shepherd-boy  to  hide  in  Kentish-town,  where 
it  was  found.  Some  of  the  treasure  found  its  way  across  the  water, 
but  was  not  traced,  although  the  boatmen  of  the  river  from  Lam- 
beth to  Kingston  were  examined.  The  case  against  the  sacrist 
and  the  monks  appears  to  be  that  the  robbery  could  not  have 
occurred  without  their  knowledge,  the  gates  of  the  Close  must  have 
been  opened  to  admit  some  of  the  thieves,  and  they  had  the  keys 
of  them,  while  they  refused  admittance  to  a  man  who  had  bought 
the  herbage  of  the  cemetery,  as  they  knew  what  was  hid  there,  and 
that  afterwards  much  treasure  was  known  to  have  been  taken  to 
the  sacrist's  house,  and  claimed  by  him.  I  am  sorry  tor  say,  too, 
that  even  their  antecedents  were  brought  forward  to  strengthen 
the  case  against  them,  for  it  is  said  there  was  "  a  great  suspicion 
against  the  monks  because  four  years  ago  an  attempt  was  made  to 
break  open  the  treasury  in  the  cloister,  which  was  enquired  into, 
and  the  abbot  made  peace  with  the  King  respecting  it." 

Doubtless  the  criminals  had  their  deserts,  though  the  record  does 
not  give  the  sentences  passed  upon  them. 

But  it  is  high  time  that  we  returned  to  the  collection  before  us, 
and  I  will  now  attempt  to  shew  how  it  is  connected  with  the  tale 
we  have  heard. 

In  some  further  portions  of  his  lecture  Mr.  Scott  describes  the 
low  vault  which  is  outside  the  pyx  chamber,  and  how  by  scientific 
induction  he  had  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  this  exceedingly 
enigmatical  portion  of  the  structure  had  once  been  a  part  of  the 
treasury, .and  bad  been  perhaps  separated  from  it  in  consequence 


1861.]  The  Ancient  Treasury  at  Westminster.  863 

of  the  great  robbery.     1  think  this  conclusion,  arrived  at  induc- 
tively, is  fiilly  borne  out  by  the  documentary  evidence. 

In  a  part  of  the  records  of  the  proceedings  on  account  of  the 
robbery  is  a  notice  of  an  indenture,  shewing  that  the  keeper  of  the 
royal  wardrobe  in  the  Tower  had  all  the. recovered  treasure  and 
jewels  handed  over  to  him  to  be  there  kept.  It  was  doubtless  then 
decided  to  make  alterations  in  the  chamber  for  the  purpose  of 
ensuring  the  safety  of  its  future  contents,  as  the  structure  itself  had 
been  attacked  by  the  robbers,  and  injured.  When  it  was  first  re- 
occupied  does  not  appear,  but  there  is  evidence  that  it  was  so  in 
the  year  1327,  as  there  is  an  indenture  in  existence  specifying  the 
delivery  of  the  contents  of  that  treasury  from  an  outgoing  treasurer. 
The  alterations  made  consist  of  the  building  of  the  wall  across  the 
northern  side  from  east  to  west,  at  the  intersection  of  one  of  the 
central  columns,  shutting  out  a  window  in  the  east  wall,  the  door- 
way in  the  Chapter-house  vestibule,  and  the  steps  which  gave 
access  to  the  dormitory.  It  was  the  southern  portion  only  (now  the 
pyx  chamber)  which  was  subsequently  used  as  the  treasury,  though 
probably  the  occupation  of  both  continued  in  the  royal  officers. 
The  collection,  then,  was  found  in  what  was  the  northern  portion  of 
the  ancient  treasury  chamber. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  wish  to  draw  attention  to  a  few  of  the* 
pieces  of  iron-work  now  exhibited,  which  appear  to  me  to  have 
belonged  to  some  large  leather  bag,  or  "  forcer"  as  it  was  called. 
One  of  these  bags,  characteristically  ornamented,  is  still  in  the  pyx 
chamber.  There  are  notices  of  tneir  being  used  for  the  convey- 
ance of  the  stolen  treasure,  and  they  are  referred  to  as  regular 
places  of  deposit  in  Bishop  Stapleton's  Calendar, 


A  NOVEL  SOLUTION  IN  GEOMETRY. 

r-  Amoug  the  letters  of  Aubrey  to  Wood,  referred  to  on  another  page*,  are  many 
quaint  allusions  and  old  college  jokes,  but  neither  so  good  nor  so  bad  as  to  de- 
serve preservation.  Perhaps  the  following,  which  occurs  in  a  letter  from  London 
of  January  23,  1674,  may  form  an  exception,  on  the  latter,  if  not  on  the  former 
•core:— 

"  D*  Kettle  would  shew  how  to  make  a  Triangle  in  a  quadrangle.  Bring  a  pig 
into  the  Coll.  Quadrangle,  then  sett  the  Colledge  dog  on  the  pig,  to  fowle  him  by 
the  eare ;  whiles  the  Dog  holds  the  pig  by  the  eare,  take  the  taile  of  the  pig  in 
one  hand,  and  the  taile  of  the  Dog  in  t'other,  then  is  there  a  Triangle  in  a 
quadrangle." 


Gbst.  Mao.,  April,  1861,  p.  404. 


864 


[April, 


AKCHITECTURE  IN  NOEMANDY*. 

To  the  architect  and  archaeologist  the  name  of  Caen  must  he  one  of 
extreme  interest ;  the  quarries  of  Allemagne  and  La  Malarderie  have  fur- 
nished for  centuries  the  stone  employed  in  the  noblest  churches  of  England, 
while  the  abbeys  of  St.  Etienne  and  La  Trinite*  at  Caen  have  supplied  the 
model  of  the  earliest  Norman  buildings.  Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury,  presided  over  the  Abbey  aux  Hommes.  In  the  two  works  quoted  in 
the  note  to  this  paper,  every  matter  relative  to  an  accurate  knowledge  of 
the  history  and  antiquities  of  the  former  capital  of  La  Basse  Normandie, 
has  been  fully  detailed ;  and  it  will  no  doubt  be  agreeable  to  our  readers 
to  form  an  acquaintance  with  the  rich  information  they  contain,  in  a  brief 
form,  and  learn  the  actual  condition  of  the  buildings  and  the  churches  of 
Caen ;  their  repairs,  restorations,  and,  alas !  mutilations  now  in  progress. 

The  vandalisms  now  perpetrated  by  the     in  the  "Domestic  Architecture")  as  one 


municipality  and,  we  regret  to  add,  those 
sanctioned  by  the  clergy,  are  of  the  most 
flagrant  kind.  The  grand  church  of  St. 
Nicholas  is  occupied  as  a  granary  by  the 
cavalry  of  the  Remonte,  as  we  know  to 
our  cost,  when  recently  stumbling  over 
trusses  of  hay  and  straw,  groping  up  dark 
staircases,  and  brought  to  a  stand-still  by 
huge  partitions  and  lofts  formed  so  as  to 
bisect  the  building  longitudinally.  The 
church  of  St.  Sauveur  serves  as  the  corn- 
market  ;  the  tower  having  been  previously 
curtailed  of  a  fine  spire.  St  Etienne  le 
Vienx  is  a  work-shop,  and  the  rich  bench- 
ends,  aumbries,  and  portions  of  stall- work 
we  saw  laid  in  heaps  in  the  outer  court, 
destined  to  be  burned  this  winter  to  warm 
the  school- rooms  of  the  Bons  Freres.  The 
church  itself,  as  well  as  that  of  St.  Gilles,  is 
threatened  with  demolition.  The  curious 
frescoes  on  the  south  wall  of  St.  Pierre 
have  been  obliterated  with  white  paint; 
and  a  jeweller  in  the  Rue  St.  Jean,  who 
occupies  a  house  which  was  pointed  out 
to  us  by  M.  Bouet  (the  artist  who  drew 
many  of  the  beautiful  woodcuts  engraved 


of  the  most  interesting  remains  of  the 
period  of  the  Renaissance,  assured  us,  with 
a  well- satisfied  smile,  that  he  intended 
next  year  to  scrape  down  the  front.  The 
timbered  houses,  with  carved  barge-boards 
and  sculptured  fronts,  will  probably  be 
supplanted  by  modern  buildings  according 
to  the  taste  of  their  present  occupants,  or 
removed  in  the  course  of  the  alterations 
in  the  streets,  which  are  being  widened 
and  provided  with  trottoirs.  In  a  few 
years,  at  most,  probably  many  of  the 
buildings  which  we  may  have  occasion  to 
pass  under  notice  will  be  things  of  the 
past. 

St  Nicholas  dee  Champs  is  a  cruciform 
church,  founded  in  1083,  with  a  saddle- 
backed,  central  tower,  and  a  south-west 
tower  of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  cen- 
turies, as  far  as  the  nave-parapet,  where 
it  is  corbelled  out  to  receive  a  superstruc- 
ture with  two  long  windows  in  each  face, 
of  the  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  century. 
Its  saddle-backed  roof  is  crowned  by  a 
graceful  pinnacle.  A  north-west  tower 
was  commenced,  but  apparently  was  never 


•  Caen.  Pricis  de  son  Histoire  et  ses  Monuments,  Par  Q.  S.  Tbebutikh,  Conser- 
vateur-adjoint  de  la  Bibliotheque.    (1855.) 

Statistique  Monumental*  du  Calvados.  Par  M.  DE  GlUXOXT,  Fondateur  des  Con- 
gre*  Scientifiques  de  France. 


1861.] 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


365 


completed.  The  nave,  of  Dine  bays,  has  a 
clerestory  of  single  round-headed  lights, 
divided  by  flat  pilasters.  An  arcade  is 
continued  under  the  windows  round  the 
pentagonal  apse  of  the  chancel,  which  is 
covered  by  a  conical  stone  roof,  resembling 
those  of  the  apsidal  chapels  of  the  transept. 
The  old  roof  was  of  less  elevation,  and 
marks  of  it  remain  on  the  east  wall  of  the 
central  tower.  The  arcade  of  the  nave 
has  round  arches;  the  pillars  are  arranged 
with  four  engaged  shafts  crosswise;  the 
capitals  are  composed  of  two  volutes  with 
a  plain  slab  of  stone  in  the  centre,  which 
was  left  by  the  builders  to  be  sculptured 
or  painted  by  their  successors.  In  tho 
transept  the  capitals  have  foliage  of  the 
fifteenth  or  sixteenth  century.  It  is  ob- 
servable that  not  any  two  of  the  churches 
of  Caen  point  in  the  same  direction  (east- 
ward), some  have  even  a  marked  southerly 
inclination.  We  commend  the  fact  for 
consideration  to  those  who  entertain  the 
theory  of  orientation.  Some  very  inter- 
esting frescoes  remain  on  the  east  wall  of 
the  north  transept. 

The  church  of  St.  Ouen-sur-Odon,  near 
the  gardens  of  the  Bon  Sauveur,  is  cruci- 
form, with  a  central  tower;  the  earliest 
portions  do  not  date  earlier  than  the  close 
of  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  church  of  St.  Etienne  le  Vieux  is 
cruciform,  and  composed  of  a  long  nave 
with  aisles,  central  tower  and  lantern, 
transepts,  and  chancel  with  lateral  chapels, 
that  on  the  south  forming  a  double  aisle 
set  at  right  angles.  The  nave  is  of  five 
bays,  with  a  clerestory  and  trifurium  gal- 
lery. The  vaulting  is  quadripartite  and 
enriched  with  bosses.  The  architecture  is 
mainly  of  the  third  stage  of  the  medieval 
period,  with  parts  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
Considerable  injury  was  done  to  the  build- 
ing in  1417,  aud  reconstructions  com- 
menced in  1427.  The  flying  buttresses 
of  the  chevet  are  of  the  sixteenth; 
the  capitals,  lower  part  of  the  transept, 
and  choir,  are  of  the  fourteenth  ;  the 
west  end  is  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The 
north  porch  is  one  of  the  richest  in  Caen, 
retaining  a  fine  range  of  statues  and  ca- 
nopied niches  in  the  interior ;  a  sculpture 
representing  the  stoning  of  St.  Stephen, 


and  canopied  niches,  on  the  outer  side. 
Upon  the  gable  of  the  south  transept  is 
a  statue  of  St.  Denis,  with  a  lion  of  later 
date  at  his  feet ;  and  on  the  wall  of  the 
apse  is  an  equestrian  figure  of  the  twelfth 
century,  said  to  represent  William  I.;  the 
equipments  and  dress  offer  several  very 
interesting  details. 

The  church  of  St  Sauveur  is  now  used 
as  a  corn-market.    The  fine  west  portal 
of  the  fifteenth  century  has  been  barba- 
rously blocked  up  by  a  huge  modern  front. 
The  tower,  of  tho  thirteenth  century,  is 
lighted  by  two  pointed  windows  on  each 
face,  having  saw-tooth  mouldings.    The 
municipality  have  destroyed  the  spire,  al- 
though the  expense  of  repairing  it  would 
have  amounted  to  less  than  the  cost  of  its 
destruction.  Under  the  tower  are  Norman 
pillars  and  arches,  and  at  the  south-west 
angle  there  is  a  large  internal  stair-turret. 
The  nave,  of  four  bays,  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  has  a  superb  triforium  gallery 
with  a  cor  nice- tabl  e  having  a  vignette 
pattern,  circular  pillars,  and  the  inner- 
most order  of  the  arches  resting  on  cor- 
bels, while  the  outer  form  a  diagonal  cross 
interlacing  at  the  apex.    The  stone  groin- 
ing retains  its  sculptured  bosses.     The 
south  aisle  retains  two  windows  which 
have  preserved  their  tracery.    The  tran- 
septs are  each  of  one  bay ;  in  the  wall  of 
the  south  wing  there  is  a  portion  of  a 
trefoiled  water-drain.    The  choir,  of  three 
bays,  terminates  in  a  trigonal  chevet ;  the 
triforium  gallery  has  a  wall  passage,  and 
under  the  gallery  is  a  pretty  trifoliated 
stringcourse.      The    aisles    retain    their 
stone  vaults ;  that  of  the  central  lantern 
is  peculiarly  rich;    eight  ribs  unite  in  a 
central  boss,  which  is  surrounded  by  a 
large  foliated  circle.    The  choir  is  of  the 
period  of  the    Renaissance,  c  1530-46. 
The  flying  buttresses  are  of  the  sixteenth 
century ;  on  one  of  the  tower-piers  is  a 
curious  carving  of  a  mendicant  crawling 
on  his  knees. 

St.  Jullien,  held  by  the  Templars  and 
Knights  of  St.  John  successively,  has  a 
trigonal  chevet,  and  a  rather  rich  portal  of 
the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  church  of  the  Cordeliers,  formerly 
belonging   to  the   Benedictines,   retains 


866 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


[April, 


three  lancets  in  tho  west  front  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  A  door  with  battle- 
mented  mouldings  remains  in  the  side  wall 
of  the  modern  St.  Sepulchre. 

St.  George  in  the  Castle  was  almost 
entirely  rebuilt  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  but  retains  a  wall  with  a  sculp- 
tured corbel-table,  and  the  semicircular 
chancel-arch  resting  on  capitals  of  the  be- 
ginning of  the  twelfth  century.  There  is 
also  in  the  chateau  the  Exchequer-hall, 
a  large  building  of  the  eleventh  century, 
used  as  the  ducal  Court  of  Justice. 

St.Gilles  was  built  on  the  site  of  the 
cemetery- chapel  of  the  poor  founded  by 
William  I.  and  Queen  Matilda.  The  nave 
of  nine  bays,  remarkable  for  the  extreme 
lowness  of  its  arches,  is  of  the  latter  part 
of  the  twelfth  century ;  the  choir  is  of  the 
fifteenth.  The  rich  south  portal  was  added 
c.  1510 — 1620.  The  nave-aisles  have  stone 
vaultings,  which,  like  the  parapet  and 
pinnacled  buttresses,  are  of  the  sixteenth 
or  end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The 
whole  building  is  in  a  miserable  state, 
the  pavement  rough  and  uneven,  and  the 
walls  green  with  damp  and  mildew.  The 
tower,  which  is  crowned  with  a  spire,  is 
attached  on  the  north  side,  at  the  junction 
of  the  choir  and  nave. 

St.  Michael  Vaucelles  has  a  south  tower 
and  spire  of  the  eleventh  or  twelfth  cen- 
tury, attached  at  the  junction  of  the  nave 
and  choir,  and  retaining  a  Norman  arch 
in  the  interior.  The  nave  and  aisles  are 
of  the  sixteenth  century ;  the  north  porch, 
of  the  same  period,  which  is  very  rich,  has 
been  engraved  by  Pugin,  and  was  for- 
merly approached  from  the  street  by  a 
broad  flight  of  forty  steps.  The  choir  and 
chapels  are  of  the  fifteenth  century.  At 
the  north  side  is  a  curious  chapel,  open  to 
the  day,  and  forming  a  substructure  of  the 
choir.  Behind  the  altar  is  a  small  oblong 
-  recess,  probably  used  in  the  ceremonial  of 
Good  Friday  tor  the  reservation  of  the 
crucifix. 

St.  Martin  do  Toussaints  is  now  used  as 
part  of  a  gas  factory.  It  was  bnilt  in 
1061,  in  memory  of  a  council  held  to  esta- 
blish la  trSve  de  Dieu,  and  retains  its 
apsidtl  chancel  and  arcaded  walls;  the 
capitals  have  very  curious  sculptures.    It 

1 


has  been  desecrated  since  1793.  Near  it 
is  the  ruin  of  a  second  church,  also  of  the 
Norman  period,  dedicated  to  St  Paix,  or 
Notre  Dame  de  la  Fontaine. 

St.  Etienne,  or  Abbaye  aux  Hommee, 
864  feet  in  length  and  98  feet  in  height, 
was  founded  by  William  I.,  who  was  buried 
in  the  chancel,  and  was  consecrated  in 
1077  by  John  d'Avranches,  archbishop  of 
Rouen.  The  front  is  heavy  and  severe, 
and  its  masonry  is  as  solid  as  on  the  day 
it  was  built.  The  portal  is  unornamented, 
and,  with  the  simple  round-headed  windows 
above  it,  contributes  to  the  meagre  appear- 
ance of  the  lower  portion  of  the  facade. 
The  towers  to  the  roof,  the  nave  and  tran- 
septs, which  terminate  in  apses,  are  partly 
of  the  eleventh  century.  The  fine  octa- 
gonal spires  of  the  fourteenth  century 
were  built  after  I860,  when  the  church 
received  considerable  injury  from  Charles 
the  Bad,  King  of  Navarre.  In  1417  the 
gunners  of  Henry  V.  were  posted  in 
the  central  tower,  and  the  spire,  879  feet 
high,  was  destroyed  by  the  Calvinists  in 
1662.  On  the  north-west  side  of  the 
nave  is  a  large  chapel  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  the  date  of  the  vaulting  of  the 
aisles  and  the  quatrefbiled  gallery  of  the 
nave.  The  vaulting-shafts  of  the  nave- 
roof  are  arranged  alternately  singly  and 
in  triplets ;  the  capitals  are  simply  cham- 
fered. The  sacristy  in  the  south  transept 
(which  is  parted  off  by  an  internal  pillar 
supporting  the  round-headed  arches,  as 
at  Winchester,)  has  a  beautiful  Pointed 
arcade.  The  choir,  of  the  twelfth  or  begin- 
ning of  the  thirteenth  century,  is  lighted 
by  lancets;  the  triforium  has  two  lancets 
under  a  round-headed  comprising  arch  in 
each  bay.  The  triforium  of  the  nave  is 
very  large,  like  that  of  Norwich.  The 
apse  of  the  choir  has  an  arcade  of  inter- 
lacing arches  in  the  exterior :  a  fine  wheel- 
window  fills  the  east  end;  the  flying  but- 
tresses on  the  exterior  are  plain  and  few, 
without  pinnacles,  except  the  four  which 
flank  the  curve  of  the  apse.  The  double 
aumbries  and  credences  in  the  radiating 
chapels  are  of  the  last  period  of  the  Gothic 
style,  consisting  of  two  round-headed 
arches  with  square  apertures.  The  singular 
openings  in  the  west  towers  for  the  ©leva- 


1861.] 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


867 


tion  of  the  bells,  and  the  curious  arrange- 
ment of  the  clerestory  triplets,  owing  to 
the  hexapartite  construction  of  the  vault, 
deserve  especial  notice. 

In  the  Rue  Bicoqnet  the  Almonry  gate 
remains.  The  sides  of  the  outer  gate  of 
the  enceinte  and  those  of  the  great  abbey 
gate  are  still  to  be  seen.  A  two-storied 
building,  forming  the  court-house  and 
prison,  with  trefoiled  windows  and  turrets 
covering  the  staircases,  is  on  the  north  side 
of  the  court ;  and  on  the  west  is  a  long 
range  of  a  two-storied  building  of  the 
thirteenth  or  beginning  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  distinguished  by  a  pointed  ar- 
cade, and  a  projecting  portion  in  the 
centre  of  the  front;  this,  which  is  now 
the  Normal  School,  was  probably  the 
Abbey  Guest-house.  The  outer  walls  of 
hewn  stone,  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
may  be  traced  on  the  south  towards  the 
Prairie  and  Bon  Sauveur. 

The  magnificent  Salle  des  Gardes  re- 
mains; it  is  160  feet  long  by  90  feet,  but 
bears  too  evident  marks  of  the  mutilations 
effected  by  Caffkrelli,  the  preYet  of  Cal* 
vados.  The  southern  gable  is  crocketed 
and  flanked  by  two  turrets,  that  on  the 
east  containing  a  staircase;  below  it  are 
three  lancets,  of  which  the  central  was 
filled  with  foliated  circles  in  the  head; 
the  octagonal  turrets  terminate  in  pin- 
nacles, below  which  are  trefoiled  lancets, 
with  quatrefoils  in  the  spandrils.  In  the 
north  gable  there  is  a  noble  rose- window, 
above  two-light  windows  with  trefoiled 
lights  and  a  quatrefoil  in  the  head.  Two 
arches  opened  into  the  ground  story  on 
the  south.  The  sides  of  the  hall  were 
lighted  by  lancets.  The  architecture  is  of 
the  fourteenth  or  the  close  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  Some  encaustic  tiles  and  colour  on 
the  roof  with  armorial  blazonings  remain. 

The  Abbey  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  or  Aux 
Dames,  is  now  in  course  of  restoration. 
The  choir  is  restricted  to  the  use  of  the 
Augustinian  canonesses  who  occupy  the 
Hotel  Dieu.  The  church  is  smaller  and 
less  elevated  than  that  of  St.  Stephen,  but 
is  much  richer  in  mouldings;  the  capitals 
have  various  kinds  of  foliage,  and  the 
arches  of  the  lower  arcade  of  eight  bays 
in  the  nave  have  battlemented  mould- 
Gsvt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


ings.  In  each  bay  of  the  triforium  are  six 
narrow  round-headed  arches.  The  clere- 
story is  composed  of  triplets.  The  choir 
has  a  semicircular  apse,  and  the  triforium 
is  provided  with  a  gallery  and  a  wall 
passage,  wanting  in  the  nave.  The  east 
chapel  of  the  south  transept  is  very  beau- 
tiful, and  reminds  the  English  visitor  of 
the  eastern  chapel  of  Salisbury.  That  in 
the  north  wing  has  been  destroyed.  The 
crypt  roof  is  supported  by  thirty -four 
pillars.  The  three  fine  western  portals 
have  chevron  mouldings.  The  central 
tower  is  of  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  The  western  spires  were  de- 
stroyed by  du  Guesclin  during  the  war 
with  Charles,  king  of  Navarre. 

Notre  Dame,  now  called  St.  Sauveur, 
contains  several  interesting  features :  the 
apse  of  St.  Eustache,  c.  1520,  and  another 
apse  of  the  second  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  both  richly  sculptured  on  the 
exterior,  and  connected  within  by  an  arch 
of  enormous  span ;  a  fine  tower  and  octa- 
gonal spire  of  the  fourteenth  century;  a 
south  wall  and  door  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  with  good  wood  panels,  which 
have  been  engraved  by  Pugin ;  and  a  six- 
teenth-century fresco  of  a  bishop  on  the 
wall  of  one  of  the  recesses  on  the  north, 
formerly  the  chapel  of  Etienue  de  Mon- 
drainville.  There  is  a  small  staircase 
embedded  in  the  wall,  with  rich  tracery, 
and  a  groined  niche  behind ;  the  steps  are 
indicated  by  the  upward  slope  of  the  lines. 

St.  Pierre,  although  not  the  largest,  is 
beyond  doubt  the  most  picturesque  among 
the  churches  of  Caen.  Its  superb  line  of 
clerestory  windows,  its  grand  portals,  aud 
richly  carved  apse  and  radiating  chapels, 
combine  in  one  imposing  structure,  to 
which  a  pyramidal  effect  is  given  by  its 
soaring  tower,  relieved  by  long,  well-pro- 
portioned belfry-windows,  and  crowned 
by  a  noble  spire,  rising  out  of  a  group  of 
four  open-work  turrets  at  the  angles,  and 
pierced  by  forty -eight  foliated  circles, 
which  give  a  wonderful  richness  to  the 
entire  composition.  There  are  four  spire- 
lights  at  the  base.  The  nave  is  of  four 
bays,  the  choir  of  six  bays,  but  one  of  the 
latter  is  thrown  into  the  nave.  The  clere- 
story is  composed  of  four-light  windows 


868 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


[April, 


throughout  the  church.  The  triforium  in 
the  nave  consists  of  a  round  arch,  which 
is  wanting  in  the  choir ;  a  wall-passage  is 
continued  along  the  story,  fronted  by  a 
gallery  pierced  with  quatrefoils  in  the 
nave,  hut  filled  with  Flamboyant  tracery 
in  the  choir.  The  nave  has  plain  vaulting, 
with  diagonal  ribs,  and  bosses  at  the  inter- 
section ;  that  of  the  choir  is  enriched  with 
fan-tracery  and  pendants.  The  apse  is 
four-sided,  with  canopied  arches,  and  carved 
work  between  the  string-course  and  the 
sill  of  the  windows.  Statues  of  saints  are 
introduced  in  the  hollows  of  the  shaft- 
mouldings  in  the  four  chapels  of  the 
chevet.  On  the  sides  of  the  Lady-chapel 
there  are  bas-reliefs;  and  in  the  chapel 
of  St.  John  Baptist,  on  the  north-west,  a 
rich  but  mutilated  reredos  remains.  Re- 
cesses for  altars  are  ranged  along  the 
aisles  of  the  nave  and  choir.  The  choir 
and  nave  may  be  referred  to  the  closerof 
the  thirteenth  or  beginning  of  the  four- 
teenth century ;  the  apse  built  upon  piles* 
and  the  choir-vaulting,  were  added  by 
Hector  Sohier  about  1521;  the  tower, 
220  feet  in  height,  was  added  between 
1306-17  by  N.  Langlois,  the  treasurer, 
the  architect  being  M.  Huet.  The  great 
north  porch  is  mentioned  as  "the  new 
portal"  in  1384,  but  the  sculptures  illus- 
trative of  the  life  of  St.  Peter,  added  in 
1608,  have  long  disappeared.  The  north 
aisle  was  built  about  1410,  the  south  aisle 
being  added  some  time  later.  On  the 
capitals  of  the  pillars  on  the  north  side  of 
the  nave,  towards  the  west  door,  are  some 
curious  sculptures ;  they  represent  Sir  Ga- 
wain  seated  on  a  lion;  Aristotle  on  all 
fours  carrying  a  lady  to  the  palace  of  Alex- 
ander; Tristran  crossing  the  sea  on  his 
sword  to  his  mistress,  who  is  seen  accom- 
panied by  her  dog  upon  the  opposite  shore ; 
Virgil  in  a  basket  suspended  from  a  wall ; 
a  huntsman  in  chase  of  an  unicorn,  which 
takes  refuge  in  a  girl's  lap ;  a  pelican  in 
piety  i  and  Sir  Lancelot  in  a  cart  in  quest 
of  Queen  Guenevra  passing  through  the 
streets  of  Rome. 

St.  Jean  is  remarkable  for  its  leaning 
west  tower  and  central  lantern,  which  has 
been  left  unfinished  owing  to  the  marshy 
nature  of  the  site.    Some  portions  of  the 


noble  nave  are  of  the  fourteenth  century 
the  date  of  the  west  tower.  In  1434  the 
upper  portion,  with  its  lofty  lancet  win- 
dows, was  in  course  of  construction;  the 
choir  is  of  the  fifteenth  century ;  the  central 
tower  of  the  sixteenth  century ;  and  part 
of  the  transept  is  later  than  1464.  The 
church  suffered  greatly  in  1417.  The  ori- 
ginal Lady- chapel  is  occupied  by  a  miser- 
able stucco  representation  of  the  Resur- 
rection, in  the  worst  taste.  The  choir  is 
paved  with  M  in  ton's  tiles;  and  the  clere- 
story was  filled  with  stained  glass  by 
Thevenot  of  Clermont  in  1854.  The  large 
window  of  the  south  transept  has  glass 
stained  by  the  Carmelites  of  Hans ;  that 
of  the  north  wing  is  filled  with  stained 
glass  by  De  Nozan  of  Caen ;  but  it  is  in- 
ferior to  English  manufacture.  In  the 
north  aisle  of  the  nave  there  are  remains 
of  old  glazing,  and  an  ancient  reredos  in 
the  chapel  of  St.  John  wretchedly  muti- 
lated. On  the  crest  of  the  choir- roof  there 
is  an  original  leaden  cross  of  exquisite 
design.  White  paint  in  1854  effectually 
obliterated  remains  of  gilding  and  colour 
on  the  nave-roof.  On  the  vault  in  the 
chapel  of  St.  Honore*  there  are  curious 
carvings  of  bakers'  instruments,  as  it  was 
frequented  by  their  guild. 

The  Public  Library  occupies  the  ancient 
church  of  the  Eudistes,  and  considerable 
conventual  remains  near  the  quay  are  now 
tenanted  by  the  gendarmes,  or  divided 
into  store-rooms;  the  octagonal  tower 
offers  a  good  landmark  to  the  stranger. 

We  will  now  turn  to  the  rich  specimens 
of  domestic  architecture  to  be  met  with 
everywhere  in  Caen. 

Hotel  de  M.  Vautier,  Depute*  du  De- 
partment de  Calvados ;  known  also  by  the 
name  of  the  Hotel  du  Than.  The  front 
of  the  house,  dated  1577,  bears  over 
the  more  modern  porch-door  two  shields 
charged  with  lions  rampant.  The  river 
front  is  peculiarly  fine,  with  sharply-pointed 
pediments,  flanked  by  little  pinnacles  com- 
mon in  the  style  of  the  period ;  and 
the  contents  of  the  interior  demand  a 
somewhat  lengthened  notice.  The  first 
room  contains  two  cabinets,  one  a  superb 
Cinque- Cento  cabinet,  richly  carved  with 
n-relievi  of  the  story  of  (Edipus,  with 


1861.] 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


869 


tritons  and  sea-  nymphs  on  the  fronts  of 
tho  drawers,  Palissy  ware,  Tuscan  ware, 
and  specimens  of  the  work  of  Faenza. 
The  ceilings,  like  those  of  the  other  rooms, 
are  panelled  with  portraits,  and  the  walls 
are  hung  with  pictures  by  various  masters. 
The  door  is  of  Flamboyant  work.    The 
dining-room  contains  a  magnificent  clock, 
taken  from  the  bedroom  of  Mde.  du  Barri, 
the  mistress  of  Louis  XV.,  beautiful  ma- 
jolica,  china,  and   a  tea -equipage   used 
by  the  Empress  Josephine;  windows  of 
Flemish  manufacture,  with  the  inscription 
"Hans  Gheel  en  Chaelken  sijn  huyizdn, 
ano.  1619/'  and  representing  the  Cruci- 
fixion, St.  Katharine,  and  the  departure 
of  Tobias ;  St.  Jerome,  the  Annunciation, 
the  Expulsion  from  the  Temple,  and  a 
man,  holding  a  pair  of  shears  and  a  death's 
head  and  cross-bones,  riding  on  a  cow 
which  treads  upon  a  prostrate  woman. 
There  is  a  richly- enamelled  Moorish  hang- 
ing lamp.    An  ivory  horn  of  large  di- 
mensions is  very  observable.    At  the  back 
of  the  entrance-door  of  the  next  room, 
which  is  carved  on  the  outside,  are  paint- 
ings of  the  Nativity  of  the  Saviour  and 
St  John  Baptist.     On  two  stained  win- 
dows opening  towards  the  court  are  to  be 
seen  the  Presentation,  the  Annnnciation, 
the  Arraignment  before  Caiaphas;   and 
two  curious  portraitures,  of  Sobriety  and 
Drunkenness,  probably,  of  the  time  of 
Louis  XIL    In  the  windows  of  another 
room  are  several  coats  of  arms,  St.  Michael 
weighing  souls,  by  Herr  Joachim  Mertz- 
den  of  Stettin,  with  the  date  1657,  scrip- 
tural subjects,  saints,  St.  Francis,  <fcc.,  and 
one  with  a  pitcher  and  bread,  looking  to- 
wards a  ship.      There   are  some   large 
Chinese  jars.     In  a  third  room  is  a  beau- 
tifully  inlaid  ivory  and  ebony  cabinet, 
probably  of  the  time  of  Francis  I. ;  the 
bedroom  contains  Venetian  glass,  and  a 
carved  fireplace  in  wood;   the  bed  and 
wall- board  are  most  richly  carved  with 
four  figures  standing  at  the  four  corners, 
and  arabesques  between  the  legs.    The 
windows  represent  the  Saviour,  St.  Mary, 
St.  Martin,  and   other   saints.      In   the 
dressing-room  are  windows  representing 
St.  Giles,  and  various  subjects,  one  forming 
an  illustration  of  a  Litany  of  the  Virgin, 
Gnrr.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


1646 ;  a  crozier*  staff  in  wood,  carved  with 
event 8  of  our  Lord's  life,  with  an  infinite 
number  of  small  figures,  three  triptychs, 
a  fine  Pieta,   and  a  Descent  from   the 
Cross  by  Urbino.    The  collection  of  pic- 
tures was  made  by  M.  Vautier  from  the 
gallery  of  Didot-S.  Marc  at   Paris;    it 
comprises  St  John  by  Raphael,  St.  John 
and  the  Infant  Christ  by  Murillo,  DaVid 
by  Rembrandt,  the  Daughter  of  Herodias 
with  the  Baptist's  Head  by  Rubens,  Leda 
and  the  Swan  by  Murillo,  St.  Mary  by 
Guercino,  a  Madonna  by  Vandyke,  a  third 
by  Rubens,  the  Doubt  of  St.  Thomas  by 
Domenichino,  St.  Peter  and  the  Angel 
by  Sebastian  del  Piombo,  a  Man  Eating 
Mussels  by  Jordaens.   A  rich  collection  of 
diamonds,  brilliants,  and  jewelled  orna- 
ments ;  a  superb  Chinese  box  for  counters, 
once  belonging  to  the  Duchess  de  Bern ;  a 
ceiling  of  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.,  painted 
by  Mignard ;  medals,  autograph  letters  of 
Charlotte    Corday,   German  and  Italian 
enamels    of    great    rarity,    manuscripts, 
birds,  shells,  and  natural  curiosities,  are 
among  the  other  remarkable  objects  of 
this  museum,  which  we  believe  has  not 
hitherto  been  described. 

In  the  Rue  St.  Jean  are  several  other 
interesting  houses.  No.  94,  a  four-storied 
timber-house,  of  which  the  stories  project 
one  above  the  other,  the  uppermost  re- 
tains its  carved  barge-boards.  No.  100, 
Hotel  d'Aubigny,  belonged  to  the  family 
of  Novince,  or  D'Aubigny.  Catharine  de 
Navarre,  sister  of  Henry  IV.,  lodged  here 
on  her  visit  to  Caen  in  1593.  There  are 
some  slight  remains  of  the  house  visible 
in  the  back  court.  Hotel  de  Beuvron, 
No.  214,  is  of  the  latter  portion  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  was  a  college  at- 
tached to  the  Abbey  of  Barbery,  until  it 
became  the  property  of  Pierre  d'Har- 
court,  Marquis  de  Beuvron.  It  is  now 
used  as  the  Hotel  Central  d'OctroL  No. 
158,  of  the  seventeenth  century,  a  two- 
storied  house,  has  a  gable,  with  a  finial 
towards  the  street,  which  was,  before  the 
Revolution,  the  mark  of  a  gentleman's 
house.  No.  37,  approached  through  a 
passage,  is  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the 
only  fine  remaining  specimen  in  Caen. 
No.  13  is  a  house  of  stone  and  timber  of 


870 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


[April, 


the  fifteenth  century :  and  at  the  corner 
of  the  Rue  St.  Jean  and  Rue  des  Quais  1b 
a  flue  timber- house  with  arabesque  me- 
dallions and  statuettes  of  saints.  On  the 
opposite  corner  is  a  stone  house,  with  rich 
carving,  like  those  in  No.  37 ;  it  is  about 
to  be  destroyed. 

L'Hotel  de  Mondrainville,  in  the  Cour 
de  l'Ancienne  Halle,  was  built  by  an  emi- 
nent Caen  merchant,  Etienne  Duval, 
Seigneur  de  Mondrainville,  who  died  in 
1578,  and  is  now  occupied  as  a  printing 
press.  On  the  lower  story  are  three  arches 
divided  by  four  Corinthian  columns;  on 
the  bases  are  mutilated  sculptures  of  the 
Four  Horsemen  of  the  Revelation.  On 
the  first  floor  are  three  round-headed 
windows,  in  the  centre,  flanked  on  either 
side  by  two  pedimeuted  windows.  In  the 
front  of  the  tall  roof  is  a  large  pedimeuted 
dormer  window.  The  upper  story  is 
reached  by  a  stair-turret  crowned  with 
a  domed  lantern.  On  the  frieze  of  the 
building  is  this  inscription:  "De  Sudore 
quies  et  de  moerore  voluptas,  Ne  vitam 
■ilentio  pretereant  quid  optes  aut  quid 
fugias."  The  Hotel  des  Monnaies  was  a 
dependence  of  the  former  building,  and  is 
extremely  picturesque,  having  two  round 
turrets,  one  resting  on  an  encorblement 
and  pier,  and  enriched  with  medallions. 
This  bears  the  motto,  "  Cesium  non  solum." 
The  door,  dated  1534,  leading  from  the 
Rue  St.  Pierre,  bears  the  arms  of  de  Mon- 
drainville, Arg.,  an  unicorn's  head,  gules ; 
on  a  chief  azure,  three  crosses  or. 

In  the  Hue  Geole  is  the  house  of  the 
Frferes  de  la  Doctrine  Chre'tienne,  formerly 
the  Hotel  de  Loraille  Baillie  of  Caen,  in 
1468,  and  afterwards  a  Benedictine  con- 
vent. A  tower  of  the  fifteenth  century  is 
•till  standing.  No.  81  is  a  remarkably 
fine  timber  house  and  octagonal  stone 
tower,  which  belonged  in  1S80  to  John 
Quatrans,  notary,  of  Caen.  No.  17  is  a 
•tone  house,  with  medallions,  of  the  six- 
teenth century. 

Opposite  the  church  of  St.  Etienne  le 
Vieux  are  remains  of  the  College  du  Mont 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  which  resemble 
a  college  front  in  Oxford.  In  the  Rue  des 
Captions,  No.  42,  a  portion  of  a  manor- 
house   of  the   sixteenth    century,  with 


dormer-windows,  having  crocketed  fronts; 
in  the  Rue  Ecuyere,  No.  42,  a  stone 
house  of  the  fifteenth  century,  with  a  large 
door  enriched  with  foliage ;  two  timbered 
houses,  Nob.  10  and  12,  of  the  timo  of 
Francis  I. ;  in  the  Rue  du  Montoir  Pois- 
sonerie,  the  Hotel  Colomby,  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIII.,  with  a  square  tower  boldly 
corbelled  out ;  No.  6,  Rue  des  Cordeliers, 
a  fragment  of  an  old  court  of  the  sixteenth 
century ;  No.  9,  Rue  St.  Gilles,  and  re- 
mains of  a  large  house  in  the  Rue  St. 
Malo ;  a  stone  house,  No.  83,  Rue  Froide, 
and  a  tower  corbelled  out  Rue  des  Cha- 
noines ;  and,  lastly,  a  portion  of  the  old 
palace  of  the  Bishops  of  Bayeux,  No.  50, 
Rue  Neuve  St.  Jean,  of  the  close  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  still  remain  to  interest 
the  visitor. 

The  Rue  St.  Pierre  is  peculiarly  rich  in 
houses  of  interest.  No*.  52  and  54,  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  with  statuettes  and 
finely  carved  beams ;  No.  78,  of  the  same 
date,  and  two  timber  houses,  Nos.  18  and 
20,  with  a  scale-work  pattern  on  the 
wood-work.  The  Hotel  de  Nolleot,  a 
gentleman's  "  Folly"  of  the  time  of  Louis 
XII.,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the 
town,  is  chiefly  interesting  as  having  bat- 
tlements with  stone  bowmen  placed  behind 
them,  as  in  some  instances  of  English  cas- 
tles along  the  Border.  The  finest  building 
of  the  period  in  Caen  is  the  present  Ex- 
change, Place  St.  Pierre,  built  in  1538,  as 
the  Hotel  le  Valois.  It  is  also  commonly 
known  as  the  Hotel  du  Grand  Cheval, 
from  a  sculpture  of  the  Horsemen  of  the 
Revelation.  In  the  court  are  large  sta- 
tues of  David  and  Judith,  medallions  and 
rich  bas-reliefs  over  the  doors.  It  has  the 
appearance  of  having  been  built  by  Italian 
architects.  Dormer-windows,  lantern-tur- 
rets, arcades,  columns,  and  entablements 
are  lavishly  employed  to  contribute  to  its 
grandeur. 

The  famous  quarries  of  Caen  stone  lie 
on  the  sides  of  the  green  hills  of  Haut- 
Allemagne,  which  rise  steeply  from  the 
river  Orne.  They  consist  of  huge,  deep 
caverns ;  one  which  we  entered  was  low- 
browed, with  its  natural  roof  upheld  by 
pillars  of  limestone  left  by  the  first  exca- 
vators for  purposes  of  safety :  it  was  of 


1861.] 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


371 


very  considerable  length,  and  a  torch  car- 
ried by  one  of  the  workmen  dwindled  to 
the  size  of  a  spark  of  fire  when  seen  at 
a  distance  of  nearly  half-a-mile  from  the 
mouth  of  the  cave.  A  broad  road  broken 
into  deep  ruts  served  for  the  passage  of 
the  rough  carts  employed,  which  travel 
upon  wheels  eight  feet  in  height.  The 
block,  often  ten  feet  and  upwards  in 
length,  is  quarried  out  by  a  gang  of  about 
thirty-five  men  at  either  end,  then  under- 
mined, and  finally  dragged  into  the  cart 
by  means  of  a  windlass  attached  to  the 
dray  front  and  stout  chains  of  iron.  A 
team  of  twenty  hardy  Norman  horses  at 
length  brings  it  to  daylight. 

The  paving -stone  for  the  streets  is 
brought  from  Feugnolles,  some  miles  to 
the  south  of  Caen.  Under  the  plain 
which  lines  the  road  to  Cherbourg  are 
many  quarries,  pits  with  a  depth  of  fifty 
feet  below  the  soil.  At  their  mouths  are 
huge  tread-wheels,  about  sixty  feet  round, 
and  worked  by  men  who  move  along  pro- 
jecting pieces  of  wood  set  at  intervals  of 
one  foot  upon  the  tire,  after  the  manner 
of  the  turnspit  dog  or  a  convict  on  a 
tread-mill.  The  wheel  moves  on  a  stout 
axle-pole  of  oak,  strengthened  with  iron 
rods,  and  provided  with  coils  of  a  chain 
which  is  attached  by  a  hook  to  the  block 
in  the  quarries.  The  block  is  moved  along 
the  galleries  upon  rollers  under  the  open- 
ing of  the  pit,  and  then  having  been 
hoisted  up,  is  transferred  to  a  dray  for 
transport  to  the  town  b. 

The  roads  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Caen 
are  excellent,  and  they  afford  a  welcome 

b  At  a  remote  period  the  stone  quarries  In  use 
were  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Orne,  between 
Caen  and  the  sea;  but  these  were  exhausted, 
and  new  quarries  were  opened  higher  up  the 
river.  Those  now  in  use  are  a  few  miles  above 
Caen,  and  the  navigation  of  the  river  being  im- 
peded by  mills,  the  stone  has  to  be  carried  to 
Gaen  in  carts.  The  stone  varies  very  much  in 
quality,  and  consequently  in  price  on  the  spot, 
where  the  quality  of  the  stone  from  different 
quarries  is  well  known.  English  builders  are 
often  grossly  cheated,  and  very  inferior  stone  is 
sent  to  England  at  the  price  of  the  best,  and  as 
it  is  all  called  Caen  stone,  its  well -deserved 
reputation  has  been  much  injured  of  la'e  years 
from  this  cause :  the  stone  from  the  inferior 
quarries  does  not  stand  the  weather  so  well  as 
Bath  stone,  which  is  of  very  similar  quality. 


relief  to  the  foot  passenger  wearied  with 
the  rough  stone-paving  of  the  streets  in 
the  town.  The  suburb  of  La  Grande 
Malardrerie  takes  its  name  from  the  an- 
cient Lazar-hnuse  of  Beaulieu,  so  called 
from  a  park  of  a  Duke  of  Normandy  here, 
founded  in  1162  by  Henry  II.,  which  was 
destroyed  recently  for  the  purpose  of 
building  a  Central  House  of  Detention  on 
the  site.  On  the  left-hand  side  of  the  road 
is  a  small  aisle -less  church  of  the  second 
half  of  the  twelfth  century,  called  Nom- 
brie  Dieu,  or  Trinity  Church,  now  used 
as  a  barn.  It  retains  stone  groining  in 
the  choir,  and  a  timber  roof  in  the  nave. 
The  double  belfry  at  the  junction  of  the 
nave  and  choir  would  serve  as  a  good 
model  for  a  similar  addition  to  an  English 
village  church. 

The  Abbey  of  Ardennes,  three  miles  from 
Caen,  near  the  Cherbourg  and  Bayeux 
road.  The  remains  of  the  Premonstra- 
tensian  Abbey,  founded  at  Ardaines  by 
Aiulph  de  Marcha  and  his  wife  Asceline 
about  the  year  1121,  are  of  considerable 
interest,  shewing  the  transition  from 
Early  English  to  Decorated.  They  com- 
prise the  nave  of  the  church,  the  gate- 
house, the  great  court  with  a  large  but- 
tressed grange  on  the  north*  east  angle, 
stables,  and  other  portions  of  the  con- 
ventual buildings,  in  good  preservation. 
The  gatehouse  has  an  upper  story  above 
a  large  round-headed  arch,  with  billet- 
mouldings,  flanked  by  a  lancet-headed 
arch.  The  doorways  of  the  porter's  lodge 
remain  on  the  inside.  The  niche  for  a 
lamp  at  night  is  observable  on  the  exterior, 
near  the  gateway.  The  buildings  on  the 
north-east  and  west  sides  of  the  court 
are  of  two  stories,  those  on  the  north 
being  strengthened  by  buttresses,  and  on 
tho  south-west  side  are  two  large  arches 
opening  into  a  substructure.  The  grange- 
barn  is  divided  into  three  alleys  by  a  range 
of  round  pillars  supporting  pointed  arches, 
and  retains  its  plain  raftered  roof  and 
hammer-beams.  The  nave  of  the  church 
is  of  eight  bays,  and  consists  of  a  central 
alley  and  lateral  aisles;  the  groining  is 
simple,  the  pillars  are  massive  and  circular, 
with  attached  shafts;  there  is  no  trifo- 
rium,  but  in  front  of  the  clerestory,  com- 


872 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


[April, 


poeed  of  two  foliated  lancet-arches,  with 
a  quatrefoil  in  the  head  under  the  com- 
prising arch,  runs  a  gallery  with  panels  of 
geometrical  tracery.  The  choir-arch  has 
been  walled  up,  and  three  lancets  remain 
embedded  in  the  masonry,  with  traces  of 
frescoes,  one  representing  an  archangel 
holding  a  cross-flag.  At  the  north  side  of 
the  church  there  are  traces  of  a  very  large 
porch.  At  the  angles  of  the  nave  on  the 
exterior  are  four  octagonal  turrets,  rising 
slightly  above  the  gable,  which  is  de- 
pressed, and  at  the  west  end  masked  by 
an  arcade,  like  the  rose-window  below  it, 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  or  Flamboyant 
period.  The  west  door  is  deeply  recessed, 
and  round-headed,  with  an  arcade  of  lan- 
cets on  the  flanks,  and  detached  shafts 
standing  out  boldly  in  front.  The  aisle- 
doors  are  also  lancet-shaped  and  recessed, 
of  three  orders.  There  is  an  old  tradition 
that  the  site  was  occupied  by  the  temple 
of  Ardrusia,  a  heathen  goddess  mentioned 
by  Tacitus.  Charles  VII.  took  up  his  re- 
sidence here  during  the  siege  of  Caen,  and 
left  the  abbey  to  make  his  solemn  entry 
into  that  city,  July  6,  1460.  Ccrar-de- 
Lion  and  John  Lackland  are  mentioned 
among  the  benefactors  of  the  abbey. 

Bernieres-sur-mer.  The  church  is  com- 
posed of  a  west  tower  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  crowned  with  a  spire,  and  faced 
with  a  good  porch;  a  nave  with  the 
western  portion  of  the  close  of  the  twelfth 
century,  the  eastern  part  older;  a  north 
porch ;  and  a  choir  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. The  nave  consists  of  six  bays,  with 
round  arches  resting  upon  massive  pillars, 
which  are  divided  on  the  side  towards  the 
body  of  the  church  by  flat  pilasters  from 
which  the  ribs  spring ;  some  of  the  pillars 
are  round  and  others  are  composed  of 
attached  shafts ;  the  clerestory  is  com- 
posed of  round-headed  lights,  deeply  re- 
cessed and  splayed.  The  choir  is  of  two 
bays,  formed  by  pointed  arches;  the 
clerestory  is  composed  of  three-light  win- 
dows under  a  comprising  arch.  The  roof 
of  stone  rests  on  vaulting-shafts  which 
rise  from  the  ground.  In  the  presbytery, 
also  of  two  bays,  there  is  a  trefoiled  ar- 
cade, under  a  line  of  quatrefoils,  below  the 
clerestory.    The  vaulting-shafts  rest  on 


corbels  below  the  stringcourse.  The  east 
wall  is  pierced  with  three  two-light, 
acutely-pointed  windows,  with  six-foiled 
circles  in  the  head  below  a  small  trian- 
gular abutment.  There  is  a  stone  vault- 
ing throughout  the  church,  which  is  en- 
riched with  bosses  in  the  choir.  The  nave 
and  choir  only  have  aisles.  The  capitals 
in  the  choir  have  a  stiff  foliage;  in  the 
nave  they  are  fluted.  In  the  south  choir- 
aisle  there  is  a  double  (Early  English) 
piscina  with  a  slab.  The  chancel-arch  is 
round.  In  the  north  choir-aisle,  on  the 
walls,  are  inscribed  texts  of  Holy  Scrip- 
ture,— Rev.  xiv.  13,  Is.  lfli.  6,  and  St. 
Luke  xxiv.  48.  The  tower,  according  to 
a  plate  on  the  wall,  is  184  feet  in  height; 
•M.  Trebutien  says  900  feet.  On  the 
exterior,  at  the  north  side  in  the  nave- 
aisle  and  clerestory,  the  walls  are  arcaded 
under  a  corbel-table;  towards  the  west 
the  arches  are  pointed,  those  to  the 
east  are  round-headed.  The  flying  but- 
tresses of  the  choir  terminate  in  spire- 
lets.  On  the  south  side  of  the  choir  the 
aisles  are  lighted  by  single  broad  lancets. 
The  clerestory  consists  of  three  trefoiled 
lights  under  three  quatrefoils  in  the  pres- 
bytery. The  north  side  of  the  choir  is 
pierced  with  two-light  pointed  windows, 
and  in  the  nave  with  round-headed  lights. 
The  tower  has  angle-turrets,  and  spire- 
lights  to  the  octagonal  spire;  it  is  of  four 
stories,  and  arcaded,  with  two-light  tran- 
somed  windows  in  the  upper  story,  and 
two  narrow  lights  in  the  second  story, 
on  each  face ;  the  aisles  are  continuous  to 
the  west  front,  thus  forming  an  interior 
chapel. 

Langrune.  The  church  of  St.  Martin 
stands  at  some  distance  from  the  shore 
and  modern  watering-place,  which  extends 
to  Luc  It  is  cruciform,  and  possesses 
a  noble  central  tower;  its  sixe  and  the 
character  of  its  architecture  render  it 
worthy  of  observation.  The  nave,  of  eight 
bays,  is  of  the  earlier  part  of  the  thir- 
teenth century:  the  body  is  separated 
from  the  aisles  by  round  pillars,  which 
support  pointed  or  round  arches;  the  tri- 
forium  arcade  consists  of  five  lancets  in 
each  bay;  the  clerestory  is  composed  of 
plain  lancet- lights,  separated  by  flying 


1861.] 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


878 


buttresses.  The  three  westernmost  bays 
are  the  earliest.  The  tower,  as  far  as  the 
top  of  the  first  story  above  the  roofs  of 
the  church,  is  of  the  thirteenth  century ; 
the  upper  stage,  an  arcade  of  four  lancets, 
and  the  spire,  are  of  the  succeeding  age. 
The  central  two-light  windows,  mullioned 
and  transomed,  of  the  former  story,  form 
an  internal  lantern.  The  mouldings  of 
the  windows,  and  leaf-patterns  along  the 
cornices,  are  very  beautiful.  The  spire- 
lights  and  open  angle-turrets  have  been 
destroyed,  and  the  spire,  which  was  struck 
by  lightning  in  the  last  century,  has  been 
capped  by  a  hideous  piece  of  stonework, 
which  gives  it  a  truncated  appearance. 
There  is  a  deeply  recessed  northern  porch, 
with  a  tall  pediment,  before  the  north 
transept :  there  are  traces  of  a  statue  of 
St.  Martin  on  horseback.  The  choir,  of  the 
close  of  the  thirteenth  century,  ends  in 
a  pentagonal  apse,  and  contains  some  ex- 
quisite foliage  on  the  capitals  of  the  pil- 
lars. The  whole  church  is  in  course  of 
restoration.  There  is  an  indented  corbel- 
table  round  the  nave,  which  is  changed 
for.  a  crenellated  moulding  in  the  choir. 
In  the  nave  the  capitals  of  the  pillars  are 
either  fluted  or  have  a  leaf-pattern;  one 
on  the  south  side  curiously  combines  both 
ornaments.  In  the  three  western  bays 
there  are  large  brackets,  which  end  in 
well-cut  foliage.  The  vaulting-shafts  are 
arranged  by  threes  together.  There  is  an 
arcade  of  lancets  over  the  west  porch,  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  which  is  vaulted 
with  stone.  There  is  a  double  piscina  in 
the  north  transept,  a  pointed  arch  under 
a  round  trefoiled  arch,  with  foliage  in  the 
cusps  and  spandrils.  The  spire  is  covered 
with  a  fish-scale  moulding,  and  lighted  by 
foliated  circles. 

Douvres,  St.  Bemy.  The  name  of  the 
hamlet,  like  that  of  the  neighbouring  vil- 
lage of  Byves,  bears  with  it  vestiges  of  Eng- 
lish occupation ;  Langrune  is  also  said  to 
be  a  corruption  of  Long  Reach.  The  church 
consists  of  a  nave  and  choir  and  transepts. 
Four  round-headed  arches  opened  into 
the  south  aisle,  which  has  been  destroyed. 
The  tower,  of  the  twelfth  century,  occupies 
the  place  of  a  north  transept,  opening  on 
the  nave  by  a  magnificent  arch,  with  lo- 


lenge,  zigzag,  and  other  mouldings.  An 
east  arch,  with  lozenge-mouldings,  com* 
municatee  with  the  lateral  chapel  on  the 
north  side  of  the  choir :  there  is  a  similar 
chapel  on  the  south.  The  choir  is  of  the 
close  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  upper 
stage  of  the  tower  has  two  pointed  win- 
dows, of  three  orders,  with  an  indented 
moulding  and  flat  masks  on  the  outer 
arch;  in  the  second  story  there  is  an 
arcade  of  five  very  long  round-headed 
arches;  and  in  the  base  tier  is  an  arcade 
of  three  round-headed  arches  with  an  in- 
dented moulding :  there  is  a  door  in  the 
north-east  angle  of  the  nave  and  tower. 
The  octagonal  spire  rises  well  from  the 
tower;  the  spire-lights  remain,  but  the 
four  angle-turrets,  as  at  Langrune,  are 
wanting.  In  the  choir  there  are  two  bays, 
with  pointed  arches  resting  on  octagonal 
pillars  and  capitals.  The  north  transept 
retains  its  stone  vaulting.  The  nave  on 
the  north  side  has  flat  pilasters  and  round- 
headed  windows.  The  pillars  of  the  Nor- 
man nave  have  a  cruciform  plan;  and 
some  have  a  leaf  or  foliage  pattern  on  the 
capitals.  The  bishops  of  Bayeux  had  a 
manor-house  here,  portions  of  which  re- 
main. 

Do  la  Delivrande.  The  chapel  of  N6tre 
Dame,  according  to  tradition  founded  by 
St.  Begnobert  in  the  seventh  century,  and 
destroyed  in  the  ninth  by  the  Northmen, 
was  rebuilt  in  1060  by  Baldwin  de  Bed- 
vers.  The  Huguenots,  in  1562,  inflicted 
great  injury  upon  it.  Louis  XI.,  in  August 
1473,  made  a  pilgrimage  to  the  famous 
shrine  of  the  Virgin.  On  the  Feast  of 
the  Assumption  the  neighbouring  clergy 
and  parishioners,  with  banners  and  chant- 
ing, visit  the  church,  and  the  men  place 
bouquets  of  artificial  flowers  in  their  hats 
and  women  in  their  corsets.  Some  por- 
tions of  the  church  are  of  the  twelfth 
century  ;  the  south  transepts!  chapel  was 
built  in  1523,  that  on  the  north  was  of 
the  following  century.  The  choir  has 
stone  groining,  and  an  apse  with  three 
round-headed  windows.  The  chancel-arch 
is  pointed;  the  capitals  have  a  peculiar 
leaf-moulding.  The  missionaries  of  the 
diocese  have  a  large  college  here;  and 
a  convent  of  nuns  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 


374 


Architecture  in  Normandy. 


[April, 


long  established  here  has  also  a  cell  at 
Norwood. 

The  church' of  St.  Quentin  at  Lac  has 
a  nave  and  tower  of  the  twelfth  century. 
The  tower  is  remarkable  from  the  addition 
of  battlements  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Oistreham.  The  church  has  an  apsidal 
choir,  square  tower,  and  a  nave  of  six 
bays,  transitional  Norman.  The  west 
front  is  very  lofty,  and  has  three  fine 
arcades  and  a  good  door. 

Than.  The  church  of  St.  Mauvieux,  now 
deserted,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
examples  of  the  first  half  of  the  eleventh 
century. 

Rosel,  six  miles  from  Caen.  The  church 
has  a  nave,  of  the  close  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  choir,  and  attached  south  tower, 
the  latter  of  peculiar  interest  as  belonging 
to  the  type  adopted  in  the  twelfth  century 
for  the  Norman  towers  in  Calvados. 

Norrey,  thirteen  miles  from  Caen.  A 
fine  cruciform  Early  English  church,  with 
a  beautiful  spire.  The  capitals,  with  ex- 
quisitely carved  foliage,  in  a  chapel  on  the 
north-east,  are  deserving  of  particular  re- 
gard. The  spire  of  Bretteville,  one  mile 
from  Norrey,  is  also  fine. 

Mathieu  has  a  Norman  nave,  of  the 
close  of  the  eleventh  or  beginning  of  the 
following  century ;  a  choir,  mainly  of  the 
latter  period,  with  a  foliated  door  of  the 
thirteenth,  and  a  chevet  of  the  fifteenth 
century. 

Lion-sur-Mer,  twelve  miles  from  Caen, 
has  a  lofty  Norman  tower,  a  nave  of  the 
eleventh,  and  choir  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. 

Le  Fresne  Camille  has  a  fine  Norman 
church,  with  additions  in  the  thirteenth 
century. 

Notre  Dame,  Fontaine  Henri,  has  a 
Norman  choir,  and  rich  south  door,  drawn 
by  Cotman,  who  has  also  drawn  the  Nor- 
man nave  and  choir  of  Crecelles. 

Ifs,  three  miles  from  Caen.  The  church 


possesses  a  Norman  nave,  a  tower  of  the 
same  date  for  half  its  height,  and  thence 
upwards,  with  its  exquisite  spire,  of  the 
thirteenth  century  :  the  choir  is  of  the 
latter  date.  Over  the  chancel -arch  is 
written  "Silence,  Jesus  est  ici."  The 
building  is  in  a  melancholy  state  of  neg- 
lect. 

Heronville  St.  Clair  has  a  nave  and 
a  portion  of  the  choir  of  the  latter  half 
of  the  eleventh  century. 

At  St.  Martin's,  Haut  Allemagne,  there 
is  a  tower,  with  an  intersecting  arcade 
and  good  arch,  which  has  been  drawn  by 
Cotman  and  Turner. 

The  antiquary  will  find  Roman  roads 
near  Caen,  and  traces  of  their  fortifications 
near  Bernie'res.  The  student  of  military 
and  civil  architecture  may  visit  the  cha- 
teaux of  Lion,  of  the  first  half  of  the 
sixteenth  century ;  Lasson,  of  the  time  of 
Francis  I.;  Fontaine  Henri  and  Etoupo- 
port,  and  the  castle  of  Cruelly,  partly  of 
the  twelfth  century ;  and  the  round  tower 
of  Falaiae,  the  birthplace  of  Duke  Wil- 
liam. 

Such  are  the  chief  architectural  monu- 
ments of  Caen  and  its  vicinity ;  and  we 
have  left  ourselves  no  space  to  dilate  on  its 
fine  river,  the  noble  avenues  of  the  Cours, 
and  the  rich  plains  covered  with  various 
crops  and  colza ;  we  can  only  mention  that 
Caen  is  associated  with  the  names  of  Lan- 
franc,  Malherbe,  Huet,  Segrais,  Decaen, 
Auber,  Boileau,  and  Charlotte  Corday, 
and  is  still  the  residence  of  De  Caumont, 
Trebutien,  and  Bouet,  archaeologist*  known 
far  beyond  this  country  of  castles  and 
churches;  and,  as  creature  comforts  are 
not  to  be  despised  by  the  most  ardent 
archaeologist,  we  will  conclude  with  re- 
commending to  him,  after  six  weeks'  expe- 
rience of  it,  as  the  most  comfortable  of  the 
inns  of  Caen,  the.  Hotel  Humby,  kept  by 
a  worthy  Englishman. 

M.  E.  C.  W. 


t 


875 


ABCH^EOLOGY ;  AND  LITERATUEE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES*. 

The  popular  form  which  the  study  of  antiquities  has  of  late  years 
assumed  is  entirely  owing  to  the  movement  made,  some  fifteen  or  sixteen 
years  since,  by  Fellows  of  the  old-established  Society  of  Antiquaries,  who, 
impatient  of  the  restrictions  which  seem  inseparable  from  this  respectable 
institution,  and  unable  to  endure  the  state  of  inactivity  to  which  their 
membership  chained  them,  sought  to  engage  their  energies  in  a  wider 
field,  and  to  work  independently  with  more  zealous  and  active  colleagues 
whose  abilities  remained  unsolicited  and  unrecognised  by  the  parent  Society. 
It  was  considered,  moreover,  that  such  a  movement  would  naturally  rouse 
the  Government  to  afford,  if  not  a  parliamentary  commission,  at  least  some 
measure  calculated  to  protect  the  national  antiquities  which  are  yearly 
diminishing,  and  which  can  only  be  effectually  guarded  from  utter  destruc- 
tion by  the  strong  arm  of  an  enlightened  Government.  The  projectors  of 
the  enterprise  may  now  cast  a  retrospective  glance  upon  their  labours; 
and  if  they  have  been  unable  hitherto  to  excite  the  sympathy  of  the  rulers 
of  the  land,  they  can  point  to  a  very  considerable  amount  of  work  done, 
in  the  numerous  volumes  published  by  the  metropolitan  and  provincial 
societies. 

It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  the  essays  and  communications  which 
compose  this  large  collection  of  books  would  be  equal  in  merit;  and  it 
was  perhaps  difficult  to  guard  against  the  insertion  of  much  that  is 
trivial  and  void  of  novelty;  and  thus  the  archaeological  student,  who 
naturally  includes  these  publications  in  his  course  of  study,  is  somewhat 
perplexed  how  to  discriminate,  and  how  best  to  prosecute  the  various 
subjects  of  his  study.  He  cannot  possibly  avoid  heavy  labour ;  and  un- 
less he  should  come  to  his  task  with  considerable  rudimentary  information, 
he  will  often  be  puzzled  to  know  what  to  select  and  what  to  refuse.  It  is 
not,  moreover,  convenient  to  all  to  purchase  some  forty  or  fifty  volumes ; 
and  libraries  of  reference  are  not  always  accessible.  It  is  therefore  a  great 
advantage  to  the  student,  whenever  a  writer  of  established  reputation  col- 
lects, revises,  and  re-edits  his  papers,  presenting  in  a  tangible  and  con- 
venient shape  a  large  mass  of  scattered  information,  the  value  of  which 
it  was  previously  difficult  fully  to  appreciate.  The  volumes  to  which  we 
are  called  upon  to  direct  attention  are  a  striking  proof  of  the  importance 
of  this  concentration ;  and  waiving  their  claims  as  well-considered  essays 
on  a  special  science,  moulded  as  they  now  appear,  they  form  attractive  and 

*  "  Essays  on  Archaeological  Subjects,  and  on  Various  Questions  connected  with  the 
History  of  Art,  Science,  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages.  By  Thomas  Wright,  Esq., 
1LA.,  Ac"    2  vols,  8vo.    (London :  J.  Russell  Smith.) 


876       Archeology  ;  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages.      [April, 

readable  volumes  which  any  educated  person  may  sit  down  to  and  peruse 
with  pleasure  and  profit.  We  shall  here  endeavour,  so  far  as  our  limits 
will  permit,  to  give  a  general  notion  of  these  Essays,  which  are  arranged 
chronologically,  commencing  with  the  more  obscure  primeval  epoch,  and 
concluding  with  subjects,  many  of  singular  curiosity,  appertaining  to  the 
middle  ages. 

The  system  of  dividing  primeval  antiquities  into  periods  called  stone, 
bronze,  and  iron,  was  perhaps  to  be  defended  on  the  score  of  convenience, 
when  previously  there  had  been  no  system  at  all.  To  a  certain  extent, 
also,  it  was  useful ;  but  it  is  obvious  that  if  the  arrangements  of  museums 
are  to  be  made  upon  this  principle,  the  ethnological  characteristics,  which 
are  all  important,  will  often  be  confounded  or  lost  sight  of.  As  Mr.  Wright 
remarks  in  his  Essay  on  the  Remains  of  a  Primitive  People  in  the  South- 
east of  Yorkshire, — 

"  Relics  of  antiquity  should  be  classed  according  to  the  peoples  and  tribes  to  whom 
they  are  known  or  believed  to  have  belonged,  and  to  the  localities  in  which  they  are 
found;  and  then  only  have  they  any  intelligible  meaning.  Bat  people  have  been 
adopting  a  practice  of  placing  flint  implements  with  flint  implements,  bronze  with 
bronze,  and  iron  with  iron,  until,  forgetting  entirely  the  real  elements  which  give 
them  an  individual  meaning,  they  begin  to  look  at  them  just  as  if  they  were  so  many 
fossils  belonging  to  such  and  such  geological  strata,  and  thus  form  systems  which  are 
pretty  and  attractive  to  look  at,  bat  which  in  truth  belong  only  to  the  imagination." 

The  instances  given  in  favour  of  an  ethnological  classification  are  striking, 
and  they  could  easily  be  multiplied.  A  paper  in  the  same  division,  on  the 
Ethnology  of  South  Britain  at  the  Extinction  of  the  Roman  Government, 
affords  abundance  of  historical  and  monumental  evidence  to  shew  that 
Britain  was  tenanted  by  mixed  races,  and  the  consequent  difficulty  in  de- 
termining from  mere  craniological  peculiarities  the  origin  and  nature  of 
sepulchral  interments ;  and  also  the  uncertainty  in  deciding  from  the  ob- 
jects found  in  graves  the  race  to  which  the  tenant  of  the  tomb  belonged. 
The  arguments  advanced  are  not  calculated  to  discourage  the  science  of 
craniology,  but  merely  to  enforce  caution. 

The  student  of  the  early  history  of  our  country  would  do  well,  before  he 
receives  as  truth  all  that  is  supplied  by  the  chroniclers,  to  test  the  validity 
of  their  statements  by  the  evidence  afforded  by  monumental  remains  of 
various  kinds,  the  investigation  of  which  has  hitherto  been  too  much  con- 
fined to  professed  antiquaries.  In  Essays  on  the  Ethnology  of  the  South  of 
Britain,  and  on  the  Origin  of  the  Welsh,  Mr.  Wright  has  advanced  many 
arguments  and  suggestions  which  are  calculated  to  rectify  the  errors 
arising  from  unrestricted  confidence  in  writers  who  narrated  occurrences 
long  antecedent  to  their  own  times.  Gildas,  for  instance,  states  that  when 
the  Roman  legions  left  the  island  they  made  a  wall  from  sea  to  sea,  to  de- 
fend the  Britons  against  the  Picts  and  Scots ;  but  that,  as  this  wall  was 
only  made  of  turf,  the  northern  barbarians  broke  through  it :  that  then  the 
legions  returned  and  built  a  stone  wall.  It  must  be  believed  that  any 
2 


1861.]     Archceology ;  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages.        377 

person  living  at  this  period  or  close  upon  it,  and  qualified  to  write  its 
history,  would  have  known  that  this  wall  had  been  standing  for  centuries, 
and  that  it  could  not  have  been  built  as  stated  by  Gildas.  We  naturally 
infer,  then,  that  the  writer  lived  at  a  much  later  period : — 

"  But  it  is  a  point/'  as  Mr.  Wright  observes,  "  of  still  greater  importance,  that 
Gildas  is  made  to  describe  the  population  of  Britain  at  the  time  of  the  departure  of 
the  Romans  as  being  entirely  Christianized ;  and,  in  lamenting  over  the  ruin  causecl 
by  the  Picts  and  Scots,  he  particularly  mentions  the  overthrow  of  the  sacred  altars, 
{sacra  alt  aria).  Now  I  need  not  say  that  the  numerous  towns,  and  stations,  and 
villas,  which  have  been  excavated  by  antiquaries,  are  found  just  in  the  state  in  which 
thej  were  left  after  their  ruin  by  the  barbarian  invaders,  and  it  is  true  that  the  altars 
are  found  overthrown  and  scattered  about ;  but  what  are  those  altars  ?  All  absolutely 
heathen :  Roman  paganism  and  the  paganism  of  the  Roman  auxiliaries ;  and  among, 
I  believe  I  may  say,  hundreds  of  altars  which  have  been  brought  to  light,  not  the 
slightest  trace  of  Christianity  has  yet  been  discovered.  The  same  is  the  case  with  the 
equally  numerous  sepulchral  monuments  which  have  been  found  in  various  parts  of 
Britain,  the  inscriptions  on  which  are  all  unmistakeably  pagan." 

The  author  himself  is  at  the  present  moment  directing  researches  which, 
it  may  be  expected,  will  afford  confirmation  to  his  assertion,  which,  in  point 
of  fact,  has  never  yet  been  disproved.  The  excavations  at  Wroxeter  will 
also,  if  fully  prosecuted,  correct  the  notions  of  some  who  have  considered 
the  Roman  towns  in  the  west  of  Britain  inferior  in  extent  and  importance 
to  those  in  the  central  and  eastern  parts. 

As  antiquities  often  aid  the  historian,  so,  on  the  other  hand,  historical 
evidence  frequently  serves  to  assist  in  the  appropriation  of  remains  of 
doubtful  origin.  The  advantages  which  have  arisen  from  the  twofold  study 
have  been  nowhere  rendered  more  apparent  than  in  the  pages  of  our  Maga- 
zine, devoted  to  ecclesiastical  architecture  and  to  reviews  and  notices  of  emi- 
nent living  writers  on  the  subject.  A  fresh  source  of  unnoticed  information 
as  regards  Anglo-Saxon  architecture  was  opened  a  few  years  since  by  Mr. 
Wright,  in  illuminated  manuscripts,  of  which  Strutt  had  so  largely  availed 
himself  for  costume,  customs,  and  manners.  These  manuscripts  abound  in 
architectural  sketches,  often  unartistic,  but  usually  so  marked  in  character 
and  with  such  an  obvious  attention  to  details  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  their 
being  generally  drawn  from  objects  familiar  to  the  draughtsman  and  before 
his  eyes.  The  dates  of  the  manuscripts,  then,  being  ascertained,  those 
of  the  buildings  represented  are  also  determined,  at  least  approximately. 
Some  of  the  manuscripts  being  copies,  many  contain  drawings  sketched 
from  much  earlier  originals  ;  and  thus  the  two  distinct  styles  of  buildings 
which  occur  may  be  accounted  for,  namely,  the  Byzantine  and  the  late 
Anglo-Saxon. 

The  arcades,  the  baluster  columns,  and  the  triangular- headed  doorways 
of  the  manuscripts  are  very  analogous  to  some  yet  in  existence  in  churches 
considered  as  Saxon  by  our  best  architectural  writers.  In  juxtaposition 
with  the  illuminations  Mr.  Wright  gives  representations  of  similar  details 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  z  z 


378        Archeology;  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages.      [April, 

in  our  most  ancient  churches ;  and  having  pointed  out  other  striking  co- 
incidences, he  concludes  this  section  of  the  Essays  by  observing  that — 

"  We  have,  then,  in  the  manuscripts  under  consideration  a  series  of  architectural 
drawings  which  are  purely  Saxon,  and  of  the  date  of  which  there  can  be  no  doubt. 
They  present  a  number  of  characteristics  which  are  sufficient  to  distinguish  a  peculiar 
style,  which  probably  was  the  general  style  of  Anglo-Saxon  buildings.  It  is  certain 
that  the  old  artists  produced  little  on  parchment  which  was  not  modelled  on  what 
really  existed  before  their  eyes.  I  would  add,  that  although  illuminated  manuscripts 
become  more  numerous  after  the  Conquest,  I  never  met  with  one  of  a  later  date  ex- 
hibiting any  of  the  peculiar  characters  mentioned  above.  We  find  a  similar  st}  le  on 
parts  of  existing  buildings  which  are  evidently  of  a  very  early  date,  and  which  there- 
fore, as  it  appears  to  me,  we  are  justified  in  attributing  to  the  same  age  as  the  manu- 
scripts, in  the  same  way  that  we  should  ascribe  an  unknown  effigy  to  the  age  in  which 
its  costume  is  found  to  prevail  in  similar  illuminations.  It  remains  for  further  ex- 
aminations to  shew  how  far  we  ought  to  refer  every  example  of  this  style  to  the  same 
age  of  the  Saxon  period.  The  dates  of  early  buildings  appear  to  have  been  often  fixed 
too  arbitrarily." 

The  architectural  antiquities  of  the  middle  ages  as  illustrated  by  illu- 
minated manuscripts  are  also  treated  on  by  the  author,  and  he  has  like- 
wise a  word  to  say  on  medieval  bridge- builders.  Passing  over,  from 
necessity,  a  well-illustrated  dissertation  on  Anglo-Saxon  antiquities,  based 
on  the  Faussett  collection,  papers  on  some  of  the  early  English  biogra- 
phers and  historians  and  others,  all  evincing  a  wide  range  of  study,  keen 
perception,  and  sound  judgment,  we  turn  to  an  essay  which  we  do  not 
remember  to  have  read  before,  in  any  form,  and  therefore  infer  it  is  now 
printed  for  the  first  time.  It  is  on  the  origin  of  Rhymes  in  Medieval 
Poetry,  and  its  bearing  on  the  authenticity  of  the  early  Welsh  poems. 

The  author  traces  with  much  care  the  history  of  rhyming  verse  from 
the  classical  times  downwards,  and  shews  how,  by  slow  degrees,  the 
rhymes  came  into  use  in  the  south  of  Europe ;  how  they  remained  a  long 
time,  rough  and  unpolished ;  and  how,  by  degrees,  they  grew  in  the  West 
into  their  more  complete  and  finished  state  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  cen- 
turies ;  and  how  in  the  vernacular  French  it  was  still  further  perfected  in 
the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries.  Having  shewn  consecutive  examples, 
and  traced  the  slow  progress  of  rhyming  verse  to  this  comparatively  late 
period,  Mr.  Wright  remarks  that — 

"  There  is,  however,  apparently  one  very  extraordinary  exception  to  this  rule.  The 
Welsh  lay  claim  to  a  series  of  vernacular  poets,  under  such  names  as  Aneurin,  Taliesin, 
and  Merlin,  who  arc  asserted  to  have  lived  in  the  sixth  century,  and  others  belonging 
to  ages  immediately  succeeding;  and  they  shew  us  what  are  asserted  to  be  their 
genuine  compositions,  and  which  present,  strangely  enough,  a  system  of  perfect  rhymes, 
and  of  the  different  forms  of  versification,  exactly  like  those  which,  after  a  long  and 
laborious  course  of  formation,  are  only  first  found  in  French  poetry  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. This  is,  certainly,  a  very  startling  circumstance,  and  one  which  may  well  lead  us 
to  hesitate  in  accepting  these  Welsh  poems  as  authentic  We  have  no  evidence  what- 
ever of  the  use  of  rhyme  among  the  ancient  Cults,  either  in  Britain  or  in  Gaul;  and 
surely  it  is  utterly  inexplicable  how,  if  this  perfect  system  of  rhyme  ha  1  existed  so 
generally  and  publicly  among  them,  the  whole  Latin  Church  should  have  remained 


1861.]     Archaeology ;  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages.        379 

totally  ignorant  of  it,  and  should  have  been  striving  through  two  or  three  centuries  to 
invent  and  improve  rhyme,  when  it  waa  all  the  while  to  he  found  close  beside  them  in 
a  perfect  state  of  development! — The  system  of  rhyme  of  tbe  primitive  Welsh  hards, 
such  as  Taliesin,  and  Anenrin,  and  Llywarch  H£n,  does  not  resemble  that  which  we 
find  scattered  sparingly  over  the  Latin  metrical  compositions  of  the  sixth  and  seventh 
centuries ;  bat  it  is  an  evident  imitation  of  the  more  perfect  rhyme  of  the  French 
versification  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries,  as  much  so  as  the  vernacular 
English  poetry  of  the  same  period.  Any  one  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  compare 
the  Gododin  attributed  to  Anenrin,  and  most  of  what  appear  to  be  the  oldest  Of 
the  poems  ascribed  to  Taliesin,  with  the  old  French  romans  de  gette,  cannot  fid! 
to  be  convinced  that,  in  their  metres  and  rhymes,  the  former  are  imitated  from  the 
latter." 

Sharon  Turner,  in  his  "  Vindication  of  the  Genuineness  of  the  Ancient' 
British  Poems/'  shews  the  use  of  rhyme  between  the  fourth  and  ninth 
centuries ;  but  it  is  the  peculiar  and  sparing  employment  of  rhyming  verse, 
and  its  imperfect  form  in  the  early  versifiers,  that,  in  Mr.  Wright's  opinion, 
contrast  so  strongly  with  the  matured  system  exhibited  in  the  Welsh 
poems,  and  tell  against  their  coeval  antiquity.  Sharon  Turner's  would 
have  weight  were  the  Welsh  poetry  as  rude  as  that  of  the  Latin  poems  he 
cites.  Mr.  Nash  in  his  dissertation  on  Taliesin  and  the  Bards  and  Druids 
of  Britain,  published  a  short  time  since,  lays  stress  on  frequent  allusions 
in  the  poems  of  Taliesin  which,  he  considers,  decide  the  date  of  many 
of  them  to  be  not  older  than  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries.  The 
greatest  service  is  conferred  on  the  national  literature  by  discussions 
such  as  these ;  and  we  have  no  doubt  they  will  be  treated  in  a  similar 
truth -seeking  spirit  by  the  eminent  scholars  who  have  hitherto  appeared 
as  champions  on  the  side  of  the  genuineness  of  the  poetry  attributed  to 
the  early  Welsh  bards.  The  philologist  will  find  many  suggestions  and 
explanations  to  excite  his  attention  in  the  paper  on  the  History  of  the 
English  Language,  which  forms  an  excellent  accompaniment  to  the  volume 
of  Vocabularies  edited  for  Mr.  Mayer,  reviewed  in  our  Magazine  in  1858. 
We  join  in  the  expression  of  regret,  which  closes  the  Essay,  that  our 
grammarians  and  lexicographers  have,  during  the  last  two  centuries,  been 
labouring  in  their  ignorance  to  reject  from  the  English  language  some 
of  its  purest  and  best  phraseology. 

The  Essays  on  Comic  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages,  and  on  the  Satirical 
Literature  of  the  Reformation,  are  among  those  which  especially  claim 
attention,  but  of  which  we  can  here  only  give  the  titles.  The  "  History 
of  the  Drama  in  the  Middle  Ages  "  is  a  subject  so  curious,  that  we  hope 
the  author  will  be  induced  to  recur  to  it.  The  sacred  plays  called  Mys- 
teries and  Moralities,  and  the  origin  of  the  Farce  and  Interlude,  are  treated 
on  down  to  the  time  of  Elizabeth.  The  precise  condition  of  the  drama 
immediately  anterior  to  the  productions  of  Shakespeare  would  form  an 
interesting  theme  for  a  continuation  of  the  subject ;  for  we  are  better  ac- 
quainted with  it  subsequently  to  the  time  of  our  great  dramatist.  When  we 
read  Mr.  Wright's  account  of  the  coarse  buffoonery  of  the  exhibitions  upon 


880        Archeology ;  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages.     [April, 

the  stage  which  suited  through  so  long  a  period  the  popular  taste,  the 
genius  of  Shakespeare  is  the  more  conspicuous  and  remarkable,  creating 
as  it  did,  suddenly,  the  national  drama,  in  a  state  of  perfected  development, 
a  standard  and  model  for  all  time. 

It  is  somewhat  paradoxical  that  in  Protestant  England  any  persons 
should  be  found,  at  the  present  day,  engaged  in  republishing  and  seriously 
investing  with  the  sanctity  of  religious  faith  those  wild  legends  of  the 
darkest  days  of  the  middle  ages  which  in  France,  a  Roman  Catholic 
country,  are  examined  and  discussed  like  other  literary  remains,  candidly 
and  philosophically.  But  so  it  is:  our  reason,  by  a  certain  Protestant 
party,  is  called  upon  to  subscribe  to  an  enormous  mass  of  curious  but 
absurd  stories  which  the  more  enlightened  and  liberal  Roman  Catholics 
do  not  accept  as  of  the  slightest  historical  value.  This  is  very  remark- 
able. In  the  Lives  of  Saints  and  in  their  Miracles  is  a  vast  amount  of 
most  valuable  matter  when  subjected  to  the  critical  examination  of  the 
scholar  and  historian,  who  gladly  accepts  myths  and  traditions,  provided 
he  is  not  compelled  to  regard  them  as  something  which,  in  their  very 
essence,  they  cannot  possibly  be.  The  sincere  searcher  after  truth  seeks 
only  to  learn  the  state  of  the  public  mind  from  age  to  age  from  facts  as 
they  are  presented  to  him  in  the  beliefs  which  prevailed,  and  the  errors 
and  superstitions  of  multitudes  are  as  necessary  in  estimating  properly  the 
various  phases  of  society  at  particular  times,  as  the  most  indisputable 
discoveries  of  the  greatest  philosophers.  It  is  only  when  they  are  thrust 
upon  us  by  the  bigot  to  be  accepted  as  he  himself  receives  them,  apart 
from  historical  testimony  and  opposed  to  common  sense,  that  we  reject 
them  and  their  advocates'  illogical  doctrines. 

In  the  chapter  devoted  to  this  subject,  Mr.  Wright  observes  that — 

"  The  Lives  of  Saints  may  be  arranged  in  several  classes.  Some  were  mere  forgeries, 
inventions  to  serve  the  purposes  of  those  who  first  compiled  them:  others,  equally 
lives  of  persons  who  never  existed,  had  their  foundation  in  nothing  but  popular  fables, 
and  even  in  mistaken  allegories :  in  other  instances,  they  are  the  mere  legends  which 
during  ages  had  gathered  round  the  memory  of  some  personage  known  only  by  name, 
and  committed  to  writing  long  after  the  period  at  which  he  lived ;  while  in  many 
cases  we  have  the  life  of  an  individual  written  by  his  contemporary,  sometimes  a  friend, 
almost  always  a  prejudiced  chronicler,  intentionally  or  unwittingly  inserting  much 
which  it  would  have  been  very  difficult  indeed  to  have  ever  authenticated  or  ascer- 
tained. The  saints  of  this  latter  class  (the  only  one  which  has  much  historical  im- 
portance) are  of  two  races.  They  gained  a  place  in  the  calendar,  either  by  the  part 
they  took  in  supporting  the  usurpations  of  the  Church  upon  the  civil  power,  during 
the  long  struggle  in  which  the  former  was  not  over-delicate  in  the  choice  of  its 
weapons,  or  by  their  activity  as  missionaries  in  converting  the  heretics  or  the  heathen 
to  the  Church  of  Rome.  In  general,  the  more  authentic  the  lives,  the  fewer  the 
miracles ;  and,  in  like  manner,  the  earlier  lives  of  the  same  saint  contain  much  fewer 
miracles  than  the  later  ones.  The  mass  of  the  medieval  miracles  appears  to  have 
originated  in  the  mixture  of  ideas  produced  by  the  conversion  of  the  pagan  tribes  by 
men  who,  though  Christians,  were  as  superstitious  and  credulous  as  themselves." 

M.  Alfred  Maury,  one  of  the  most  eminent  French  writers  on  the 


1861.]      Archaeology  ;  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages.        881 

legends  of  the  middle  ages,  divides  the  medieval  miracles  into  three  classes : 
1.  Miracles  imitated  from  the  Gospels  and  from  the  Old  Testament; 
3.  Legends  formed  by  confounding  the  figurative  meaning  with  the  literal, 
in  consequence  of  the  tendency  of  uncultivated  minds  to  refer  anything  to 
material  life;  and  3.  Miracles  or  legends  invented  to  explain  figured 
symbols  or  emblematical  images,  the  real  meaning  of  which  had  been  for- 
gotten. He  cites  imitations  of  the  Annunciation  in  the  lives  of  no  fewer 
than  fourteen  different  saints:  twenty-nine  imitations  of  the  miraculous 
multiplication  of  food,  and  of  the  changing  of  water  into  wine ;  and  every 
miracle  in  the  Old  and  New  Testament  has  been  more  or  less  copied.  The 
Franciscans  asserted  that  for  the  single  transformation  of  the  Saviour, 
St.  Francis  had  exhibited  twenty ;  had  changed  water  into  wine  thrice ; 
had  restored  more  than  a  thousand  blind  to  their  sight,  more  than  a  thou- 
sand lame  to  the  use  of  their  legs,  and  had  raised  more  than  a  thousand 
dead  to  life ;  but  numerous  as  were  the  miracles  wrought  by  saints  when 
alive,  they  were  insignificant  when  compared  with  those  worked  by  their 
bones  long  after  their  death.  Mr.  Wright,  however,  shews  whence  these 
materials  were  in  many  instances  derived,  and  upon  what  very  insignificant 
occasions  the  relics,  after  long  inactivity,  began  to  display  their  miraculous 
powers.  When  in  this  country  attempts  are  being  made  to  revive  popular 
belief  in  such  matters,  it  is  wholesome  to  display  some  of  the  evidence 
upon  which  our  forefathers  of  the  time  of  the  Reformation  formed  their 
judgment.  It  is  humiliating  for  human  reason ;  but  full  of  instruction  to 
those  who  in  the  failings  and  errors  of  our  nature  gather  warning  for  the 
future,  and  who  study  as  a  safe  guide  the  accumulated  experience  and 
wisdom  of  the  past. 


HAINES'   MONUMENTAL  BRASSES.    PLATE  I. 


Sir  John  da  C»ks  and  Lady,  o.lSSS,  Wentley  WtMilaM,  Cunbs. 


888 


MONUMENTAL  BRASSES*. 

We  have  before  us  two  recently  published  works  on  Monumental  Brasses, 
which  treat  their  subject  with  much  ability,  and  to  each  of  which  we  can 
afford  hearty  commendation.     One  attempts  a  full  description  and  com- 
plete catalogue  of  such  monuments  still  existing  in  the  British  Isles,  while 
the  other  confines  itself  to  a  single  county ;  and  each  is  well  done.    Monu- 
mental brasses  are  now,  whatever  may  formerly  have  been  the  case,  much 
more  numerous  in  this  than  in  any  other  country,  and  accordingly  they 
have  received  a  very  considerable  share  of  attention  from  the  time  of  (rough 
downward,  and  their  value  as  a  source  of  information  as  to  history  and 
genealogy,  the  foundation  of  churches,  but  more  particularly*  as  studies  of 
costume,  has  been  freely  acknowledged.     The  Cambridge  Camden  and  the 
Oxford  and  Exeter  Architectural  Societies  have  laboured  in  this  field  with 
vigour  and  success,  and,  to  name  a  few  only,  Messrs.  Waller,  Boutell,  and 
Manning  have  ably  seconded  them  by  works  that  treat  of  brasses  in  general ; 
while  Fisher,  Cotman,  and  Hudson  have  confined  themselves  to  those  of 
particular  districts.     In  the  year  1848   the  Rev.  Herbert   Haines  pub- 
lished, under  the  auspices  of  the  Oxford  Society,  a  Descriptive  Catalogue 
of  some  450  rubbings  which  form  a  part  of  their  treasures,  and  he  appears 
to  have  devoted  himself  ever  since  to  enlarging  and  perfecting  his  work, 
which  has  thus  grown  to  more  than  double  its  original  size,  while  the 
illustrations  are  nearly  four  times  as  numerous  as  before,  and,  as  will  be 
seen  by  some  specimens  that  we  are  able  to  add  to  this  nptice,  executed  in 
a  style  of  art  that  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired.     It  is  not,  however,  in 
mere  added  bulk  that  the  difference  between  the  first  and  the  second  issue 
of  Mr.  Haines'  labours  consists.     His  materials  have  been  arranged  in  an 
improved  mode,  and  his  work  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  new  one. 

The  number  of  Monumental  Brasses  now  existing  in  this  country  has 
been  somewhat  vaguely  estimated  at  6,000  b,  and  as  this  is  the  first  time 
that  anything  professing  to  be  a  complete  catalogue  of  them  has  been 

•  "A  Manual  of  Monumental  Brasses:  comprising  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
these  Memorials  and  a  List  of  those  remaining  in  the  British  Isles.  With  Two  Hun- 
dred  Illustrations.  By  the  Rev.  Herbert  Haines,  M.A.,  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford; 
Second  Master  of  the  College  School,  and  Chaplain  of  the  County  Asylum,  Gloucester." 
(Oxford  and  London :  J.  H.  and  Jas.  Parker.     1861.) 

"  The  Monumental  Brasses  of  Wiltshire :  a  Series  of  Examples  of  these  Memorials, 
ranging  from  the  Thirteenth  to  the  Seventeenth  Centuries;  accompanied  with  Notices 
descriptive  of  Ancient  Costume,  and  generally  illustrative  of  the  History  of  the  County 
during  this  Period.  By  Edward  Kite,  Assistant-Secretary  to  the  Wilts.  Archaeological 
Society."  (Printed  for  the  Author,  and  sold  by  J.  H.  and  Jas.  Parker,  London  and 
Oxford.    1860.) 

*  Kite,  Monumental  Brasses  of  Wiltshire,  p.  2. 


884  •  Monumental  Brunei.  [April, 


attempted,  our  readers  will  probably  agree  with  us  that  Mr.  Haines  may 
be  fairly  congratulated  on  his  success  in  having  furnished  us  with  detailed 
descriptions  of  upwards  of  3,200  brasses  with  figures,  and  1,200  inscrip- 
tions and  fragments.  He,  however,  solicits  corrections  and  additions,  and 
having  worked  so  hard  as  he  manifestly  must  have  done  in  producing  his 
book,  we  trust  that  he  will  meet  not  only  with  a  remunerative  sale  for  his 
labours,  but  such  friendly  co-operation  as  may  enable  him  to  give  at  a 
future  day  an  equally  good  account  of  those  which  for  the  present  have 
eluded  his  search. 

Mr.  Kite,  who  is  the  Assistant  Secretary  to  the  Wilts.  Archaeological 
Society,  has  confined  himself  to  the  Brasses  of  Wiltshire.  He  has  en- 
graved and  described  a  series  of  about  sixty  of  these  memorials,  which 
range  from  the  thirteenth  to  the  seventeenth  century,  and  he  has  manifestly 
spared  no  pains  in  properly  illustrating  them.  In  his  address  issued  from 
Devizes,  Jan.  1,  1859,  after  speaking  of  the  choice  brasses  that  had  been 
figured  and  described,  he  very  truly  remarked  that  there  remained — 

"a  large  number  of  theie  memorials  scattered  throughout  the  various  counties,  less 
worthy,  perhaps,  of  notice  when  regarded  merely  as  specimens  of  art,  or  examples  of 
medieval  costume,  hot  still  presenting  a  variety  of  interesting  and  remarkable  features ; 
recordings  in  some  cases,  the  founder  of  a  chantry,  or  benefactor  to  a  church ;  and  in 
many  others  tending  to  throw  light  on  the  descent  of  property,  the  pedigrees  of  ancient 
families,  and  their  armorial  bearings,  thus  furnishing  much  information  otherwise  un- 
attainable, and  rendering  them  of  the  greatest  value  to  the  genealogist,  the  topo- 
grapher, and  the  antiquary." 

What  he  proposed  to  do  was  thus  set  forth  :— 

*  The  county  of  Wilts,  possesses  more  than  sixty  examples,  of  these  memorials  scat- 
tered throughout  its. various  churches,  the  whole  of  which  it  will  be  the  object  of  this 
volume  to  collect  into  one  point,  as  well  as  to  preserve,  on  the  authority  of  Aubrey 
and  others,  a  record  of  such  as  may  have  been  lost  or  defaced;  and  also  to  notice  a  few 
of  the  more  remarkable  matrices  which  yet  remain,  and  from  some  particular  feature 
are  capable  of  being  identified  with  the  individuals  they  were  intended  to  com- 
memorate." 

The  pledge  thus  given  has  been  amply  redeemed.  We  mark  with  plea- 
sure numerous  citations  of  records  and  wills,  several  pedigrees,  and  much 
information  not  only  as  to  costume,  but  also  on  the  general  history  of  the 
country,  and,  a  feature  that  the  more  general  work  of  Mr.  Haines  does  not 
admit  of,  satisfactory  biographies  of  many  of  the  persons  represented  on 
the  brasses.  Mr.  Kite's  book  is  furnished  with  thirty-two  lithographs  be- 
side some  woodcuts,  mostly  from  his  own  drawings;  he  apologizes  for 
these  as  the  productions  of  an  amateur,  and  it  must  be  allowed  that  in 
artistic  effect  they  are  not  equal  to  those  of  Mr.  Haines,  but  still  they 
appear  to  be  correct,  and  may  therefore  very  well  pass  muster : — 

"The  series  includes  the  brasses  of  Robert  Wyvil  (1375),  and  Edmund  Geste  (1578), 

Bishops  of  Salisbury ;  also  the  ecclesiastical  brasses  of  Erton,  at  Long  Newnton ;  Rede, 

at  Fovant;  Frekylton,  at  Aldbourne;  with  a  demi-fignre  at  Upton  Lovell,  and  several 

Inscriptions.    Of  effigies  in  armour — Quintin,  at  Clyffe  Pypard;  Cerne,  at  Draycote; 

3 


1861.]  Monumental  Brasses.  385 

Bettesthorne  (the  founder  of  a  chantry),  at  Mere,  and  a  broken  figure  of  Berkeley 
from  the  same  church;  Barnard,  at  Laoock;  Danvers,  at  Dantsey;  Baynton,  at 
Bromham;  Danntesay,  at  West  Lavington;  and  Powlett,  at  Minety.  Of  civilians — 
the  demi-figares  of  Polton,  at  Wanborongh;  and  Bayley,  at  Berwick  Basset;  the 
effigies  of  Stokys,  at  Seead;  Darell,  at  Collingbourne ;  Seymour,  at  Great  Bedwyns 
Goddard,  at  Ogbourne;  Barley,  at  Preshnte;  Chancey,  at  Charlton;  Horton,  at  Brad- 
ford (the  two  latter  being  founders  of  chantries);  Webb,  at  Salisbury;  Coffer,  at 
Wilton;  Hyde,  at  Tisbury ;  Rutland,  at  Chiseldon ;  Erington,  at  Woodford;  Poticary, 
at  Stockton;  Bennet,  at  Westbury;  Tounge,  at  Great  Durnford;  Button,  at  Alton; 
Longe,  at  Broughton  Gifford;  and  Kent,  at  Devizes.  Of  ladies — St.Amand,  at 
Bromham;  Walker,  at  Barford  St. Martin;  and  Longe,  at  Bradford.  Of  children—- 
Seymour,  at  Collingbourne ;  and  Evelyn,  at  West  Dean.  In  addition  to  these  there 
are  inscriptions  to  the  Wiltshire  families  of  Bonham,  Ernie,  Aunoall»  Weare  alias 
Browne,  Matyn,  and  others." 

We  have  said  that  Mr.  Kite  has  not  spared  pains  in  seeking  illustrations 
from  all  available  sources.  As  examples  of  this,  we  may  mention  that  the 
description  of  the  brass  of  Bishop  Wyvil  contains  some  hitherto  on* 
published  documents  relating  to  the  recovery  of  Sherborne  Castle  by  that 
prelate,  a.d.  1355;  and  that  of  Bishop  Geste,  a  series  of  documents  re- 
lating to  the  church  of  Draycot  Foliat,  with  his  order  for  its  demolition, 
a.d.  1571  ;  and,  with  a  view  to  the  completeness  of  his  work,  he  has  added 
a  notice  of  the  brasses  of  John  de  Waltham  (1395),  and  Robert  Hallum 
(1416),  Bishops  of  Salisbury,  from  Westminster  Abbey  and  Constance 
Cathedral. 

Mr.  Kite's  book  has  been  issued  by  subscription,  and  we  are  glad  to 
observe  a  fair  number  of  the  nobility,  clergy,  and  gentry  of  the  county 
in  the  list. 

If  the  brasses  of  a  single  county  properly  occupy  a  volume  to  them- 
selves, it  would  seem  almost  impossible  to  deal  satisfactorily  with  those 
of  the  whole  country  in  any  reasonable  limits,  but  Mr.  Haines  has  solved 
the  problem,  no  doubt  at  the  cost  of  immense  labour  to  himself.  His  work 
consists  of  two  parts :  (1.)  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Monumental 
Brasses,  of  263  pages,  illustrated  by  (on  the  average)  an  engraving  to  nearly 
every  page ;  and  (2.)  A  List  of  the  Monumental  Brasses  in  the  British 
Isles,  extending  with  Appendix  and  Indexes  to  286,  which  is  the  most 
remarkable  specimen  of  the  condensation  of  information  that  it  has  been 
our  lot  for  a  long  time  to  see,  and  which  represents  an  amount  of  labour 
really  fearful  to  contemplate.  All  the  English  counties  are  arranged 
alphabetically,  with  a  like  sub-arrangement  of  places;  and  there  is  an 
Index  of  full  3,000  names,  so  that  every  possible  facility  is  afforded  for 
consulting  the  work.  Beside  employing  abbreviations  wherever  possible, 
Mr.  Haines  assumes  a  great  number  of  particulars,  which  he  thus  explains 
at  the  commencement  of  his  list : — 

"  Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  following  particnlars  are  to  be  taken  for  granted  :— 
moral  brasses  have  the  figures  kneeling  and  of  small  size ;  Ecclesiastics  are  in  encha- 
ristical  vestments;  Knights,  Esquires,  and  Gentlemen  before  1560  are  represented  in 
Gxvt;  Mag.  Vol.  CCX.  8  A 


386  Monumental  Brasses.  [April, 

armour,  after  that  date  in  civil  costume;  and  canopies  have  as  many  pediments  as 
there  are  principal  figures  beneath  them. 

"  Words  or  dates  enclosed  in  rectangular  brackets  contain  information  which  cannot 
be  ascertained  from  the  present  state  of  the  brass.  When  the  inscription,  Ac,  is 
described  as  lost,  the  brackets  are  omitted. 

"  The  dates  in  Clarendon  type  are  those  of  the  engraving  of  the  brasses,  usually 
the  date  of  decease. 

"  figures  less  than  eighteen  inches  in  length  are  described  as  small,  above  three 
feet  and  a  half  as  large. 

"The  author  has  examined  rubbings  of  those  brasses  which  have  not  the  marks*  f 
attached  to  them.  An  asterisk  prefixed  to  a  notice  of  a  brass,  or  to  the  name  of 
a  church  containing  one  or  more  brasses,  indicates  that  the  description  has  been 
obtained  from  recent  communications  or  publications,  and  is  most  probably  correct. 
The  mark  f,  placed  before  a  few  notices  of  brasses,  implies  that  their  present  existence 
or  the  accuracy  of  their  description  is  uncertain.  Notices  of  Inscriptions  of  slight 
interest  or  unauthenticated  are  generally  omitted. 

"  The  reference  to  pages  of  the  Introduction  is  placed  at  the  end  of  the  description 
of  the  brasses.  The  titles  of  works  in  which  engravings  of  brasses  are  to  be  found 
are  printed  in  italics. 

It  will  readily  be  conceived  that  these  assumptions  save  an  enormous 
quantity  of  space,  but  it  may  perhaps  be  feared  that  they  render  the  List 
dry,  and  altogether  unintelligible.  We  certainly  cannot  commend  it  to 
those  who  read  for  entertainment,  and  we  conceive  that  its  laborious  author 
did  not  much  consider  them  while  toiling  over  it ;  but  whether  it  is  intelli- 
gible we  will  enable  our  readers  to  judge  for  themselves  by  submitting 
to  them  the  first  dozen  entries : — 

"Vrtfortsfeire. 

"AlfPTHiLL.  I.  Wm.  Hicchecok,  wolman,  mcht.,  and  'locum  tenens'  of  the  Staple 
of  Calais,  mutil.,  1450,  and  widow,  'domina'  Agnes.  II.  John  Lodyngton,  junr., 
eff.  lost,  1485,  and  w.  Margt.,  sm.,  worn.  III.  John  Barnard,  chapman,  1506,  and 
w.  Ellen,  sm. ;  inscr.,  4  sons  and  3  dans.  lost.  Fisher's  Lithograph,  No.  32.  IV. 
Sir  Nich.  Harve,  in  arm.,  1532,  with  marg.  inscr.,  once  on  A.T.,  now  under  moveable 
floor,  N.A.  Fisher's  Lith.,  No.  2.  Inscr.  V.  Seven  Eng.  vv.,  Hy.  Trin.  seated  on 
a  rainbow  lost,  p.  223.  Fisher's  Lith.,  No.  31.  All  these  brasses,  except  No.  IV.,  were 
loose  in  the  parvise,  April,  1857. 

"Abpi.ey  Guise.  I.  *A  Priest,  in  cassock,  knir.,  and  St.  John  Bapt.  standing, 
a  cross  between  them  and  marg.  inscr.  gone,  c.  1410,  p.  77.    Fisher's  Collections  for 

Bedfordshire,  pi.  6.        II.  Guise,  Esq.,  c  1490,  inscr.  lost,  p.  116.    Fisher's 

Beds.,  pi.  5.    Both  brasses  are  under  seats. 

"Babfobd,  Great.  A  Man,  in  arm.,  and  w.,  c.  1525,  lately  loose,  now  lost? 
pp.  232,  260. 

"Babeoed,  Little.  Thos.  Perys,  1535,  and  w.  Agnes,  pecul.,  sm.,  N.,  p.  244. 
Fisher's  Lith.,  No.  3. 

"  Babton-in-the-Clay.  I.  Rich.  Brey,  rector,  hf.  eff.,  c.  1370.  Anonymous. 
II.  A  Civilian,  c.1490,  sm.         Inscb.  III.  Philip  de  Lee,  rector,  c.  1360. 

"•Bedpobd,  St.Maby'b.  I.  Kobt.  Hawse,  Gent.,  thrice  mayor,  1627,  at.  52. 
Fisher's  Beds.,  pi.  12.  II.  Mary,  dau.  of  Dr.  Giles  Thorne,  1663,  and  three 
daus..  mur. 

"Bedpobd,  St.  Paul's.  Sir  Wm.  Harper,  lord  mayor  of  London  [1561],  founder 
of  Bedford  Grammar-school  [and  Almshouses],  1573,  o?t.  77,  and  w.  Margt.,  rel.,  A.T., 
B.C.,  p.  91.    Fisher's  Beds.,  pL  11.        Simon  do  Beauchainp,  1208,  lost,  p.  43. 


$9 


861.]  Monumental  Brasses.  887 

•Biddekham.  I.  Wm.  Faldo  and  w.  Agnes,  below  John  Faldo,  c.1490,  smn  8.C. 
Fishers  Bed*.,  pL  16.  II.  Helen,  dan.  of  Geo.  Nodes,  of  Shephall,  Esq.,  and  w.  of 
Wm.  Boteler,  Esq.,  1689,  qd.  pi.,  with  bust,  mnr.,  N.C.  Inscbs.  III.  John  Aylyff, 
rector,  N.C. :  6  Lat.  vv.  to  the  same,  mur. 

"  BIOGLE8WADB.  I.  Wm.  Halsted,  head  lost,  1449,  and  ws.  Isabella  (lost)  and  Alice, 
N.f  p.  83.  II.  John  Rndyng,  prebendary  [of  Lincoln],  archdeacon  of  Bedford, 
rector  of  St.  Michael's,  Gloucester,  [dec  1481,  rebnilder  of  C,  c.  1467] ;  eff.  and  canopy 
with  SS.  John  Bapt,  Anna,  Elizth.,  and  Mary  of  Egypt,  lost;  figures  of  death,  angels, 
Ac.,  inscr.  in  16  Lat.  vv.,  and  mutiL  marg.  inscr.  in  10  Lat.  w.  left,  slab  very  large 
and  powdered  with  crescents  and  escallops,  all  lost  but  2,  C,  pp.  106, 112.  Qough, 
voL  ii.  pL  102,  p.  272. 

"  Blunham.    Rich.  Manlaye,  mercer,  1606,  and  w.  Alice,  C. 

"Bboxhav.  [Sir  John  Dyve],  1686,  and  mother  Elizth.,  h.  of  Thos.  Wilde,  Esq. 
[1407],  and  w.  Isabella,  h.  of  Sir  Ralph  Hastings,  with  fine  canopy,  and  mutil.  marg. 
inscr.  in  Lat.  vv.,  large.  Palimpsest,  originally  commemorating  Thos.  Wideville,  Esq., 
I486,  and  ws.  Elizth.  and  Alice,  C,  pp.  60, 189,  262.  Lytoni  Mag.  Brit.,  vol.  X 
p.  168. 

"  CiDDiNGTOir.  I.  John  Hawll  (or  Hawtt),  alias  Cryscyan,  1606,  and  w.  Elizth., 
with  4  sons  and  4  dans.,  N.  II.  Edw.  jDormer,  yeoman,  1618,  and  ws.  Joan  (with 
7  sons  and  7  dans.)  and  Elizth.,  N.C." — (pp.  8,  4.) 

There  is  of  course  an  ample  table  of  abbreviations,  from  which  we 
borrow  as  much  as  appears  necessary  to  the  easy  comprehension  of  the 
above  extract.  Beside  the  ordinary  contractions  of  "  w."  for  wife,  "  dau. 
for  daughter,  and  "  vv."  for  verses,  "  A.T."  stands  for  altar  tomb ;  "  N.A. 
and  "  S.A."  for  north  aisle  and  south  aisle;  " C."  for  choir ;  "N.C."  and 
"S.C."  for  north  chantry  and  south  chantry;  "kng."  for  kneeling; 
"mur."  for  mural — against  the  wall;  "pecul."  for  peculiar — generally 
used  of  a  brass  engraved  by  a  provincial  artist;  and  "qd.  pi."  for  quad- 
rangular plate. 

Thus  much  for  the  List,  except  that  we  must  call  attention  to  its  Ap- 
pendixes, which  are  four  in  number,  and  all  of  high  interest.  A.  is  a  list 
of  some  modem  brasses,  which  shews  that  this  ancient  and  seemly  mode  of 
commemorating  the  departed  is  again  coming  into  use,  and  that  examples 
are  to  be  found  in  almost  every  county.  B.  is  an  exceedingly  curious 
selection  of  inscriptions  from  monumental  brasses,  arranged  chronologically, 
and  extending  from  the  year  1330  to  1648.  We  quote  two  brief  specimens. 
The  first  commemorates  the  parents  of  John  de  Wheathampstead,  abbot  of 
St.  Albans,  and  is  presumed  to  be  of  his  composition,  as  he  was  famous  as 
an  epitaph  writer ;  and  the  second  is  for  the  eminent  printer,  John  Daye, 
whose  name  served  for  a  pun  during  his  life  as  well  as  after  his  death : — 

wc.  1460.  Whxathampstkad,  Hbbts. 

"Vt  pattr  fcCc  mater  .  soror  ftlt  Cacet .  ftu  qttocr?  (rater 
$astorts  pecorttm  ^rotf)omarttrfs  angligtnarum 
Vostok  feugo  patri .  ittacrn  margarrta  q?  matri 
ilomen  erat .  simile  genttas  trafeit  a  genttore 
^inc  qnt  perttansis  .  rogo  femtna  bir  pner  an  sis 

9  Ft  nacttei  rtcttbaiu .  in  pact  pit  care  qwicsaat"— (p.  246.) 


HAINES'  MONUMENTAL  BRASSES.    PLATE  II. 


1861.]  Monumental  Brasses.  889 

"1584.  LittlbBbadlet,  Stjpfolk. 

"  1$ere  lies  tf>t  Daye  t(at  Darants  couto  not  blnnlr 
to(en  popisf)  fogges  (aft  outr  cast  4c  funne 
®(is  Daye  t(e  mull  ntg(t  tiCtr  leaue  bcfantr, 
&o  bieto  antt  s(cto  to(at  blontoi  Actes  totart  fconne 
(e  set  a  Fox  to  b>rig(t  (oto  Martyrs  runne 
30?  tcaty  to  Infe :  Fox  bentnrtr  pannes  U  T)caltf> : 
£o  glut  tfpem  lig(t  Daye  spent  in  print  f>la  totaltfj. 

"IBut  <3Jotf  tuirb  gapn  retornti  (is  toealrb  agapnt 
fcnto  gane  to  (pm :  as  be  gaut  to  t(e  poore, 
tltoo  tonnes  (e  (an  pertains  of  (is  panne 
fcls  toas  tbt  last  encreaser  of  (is  stoore, 
to(o  mourning  long  for  being  Uft  alone 
Sett  bpp  t(is  toombe,  (er  self  tarn*  to  a  Stone  V— (p.  251.) 

Appendix  G.  contains  a  list  of  brasses  of  founders  of  churches,  chantries, 
&c,  and  thus  assists  to  fix  the  date  of  nearly  100  edifices,  regarding  many 
of  which  other  evidence  is  not  readily  producible.  Appendix  D.  gives 
a  list  of  the  various  titles  found  on  brasses,  which  shews  at  a  glance  that 
these  memorials  were  erected  for  almost  every  rank  in  society.  We  find 
them  in  memory  of  nurses,  valets,  butlers,  cooks,  and  carvers,  as  well  as  of 
bishops,  barons,  earls,  knights,  justiciaries,  ladies  of  manors  and  maids 
of  honour;  carpenters,  smiths,  and  tanners;  barons  of  the  exchequer, 
physicians,  sheriffs,  and  yeomen  of  the  guard. 

We  have  reserved  to  the  last  the  Introduction,  which  is  the  "  readable" 
part  of  Mr.  Haines's  book,  as  we  are  sure  that  all  who  feel  an  interest  in 
the  subject  will  at  all  events  go  carefully  through  that,  and  therefore  we 
may  accommodate  our  diminishing  space  by  being  brief.  We  know  that 
we  have  no  occasion,  with  the  class  to  which  we  address  ourselves,  to 
enlarge  on  the  interest  and  usefulness  of  the  study  of  brasses — their  origin 
and  manufacture — the  tests  of  English  or  foreign  origin — the  criteria  of 
date — their  subjects  and  classification — their  emblems  and  devices— or  to 
point  out  the  modes  of  taking  rubbings  or  fixing  loose  brasses.  All  needful 
information  on  these  and  other  points  is  supplied  by  Mr.  Haines,  but  in 
a  way  that  would  suffer  by  abridgment,  and  instead  of  attempting  to  do 
badly  what  he  has  done  well,  we  will  close  our  notice  with  a  brief  descrip- 
tion of  the  plates  that  accompany  it. 

Plate  I.  represents  the  fine  brass  of  Sir  John  de  Creke  and  his  wife  Alyne 
(Clopton  or  Chamberleyn).  The  canopy  and  marginal  inscription  are  lost, 
but  the  figures  afford  very  valuable  illustrations  of  the  costume  of  the  time 
of  Edward  II.  That  of  the  knight  shews  the  gradual  addition  of  plate 
armour  to  the  mail  formerly  in  use ;  and  that  of  the  lady,  the  garment 
termed  surcote  overte,  a  sideless  dress  which  Mr.  Haines  conjectures  gave 
rise  to  the  flanches  of  heraldry. 

Plate  II.  is  a  splendid  example  of  the  floriated  cross.     It  is  in  memory 


•  <« 


Alice  Day  probably  remarried  a  person  of  the  name  of  Stone." 


890  Monumental  Brastct.  [April, 

of  John  Lumbarde,  rector  of  Stone,  in  Kent,  1408,  and  exhibits  the  de- 
ceased clad  in  the  eucharistic  vestments.     Figures  of  ecclesiastics  in  each 
variety  of  garment,  (which  Mr.  Haines  for  convenience  classes  as  (1) 
euchariatical,  (2)  processional,  and  (3)  aca- 
demical,) are  abundant,  but  we  must  content 
ourselves  with  giving  the  one  in  the  margin, 
as  an  example  of  the  cope,  with  its  orphreys 
enriched  with  monograms,  jewels,  &c,  and 
its  superb  morse,  or  brooch.    It  represents 
Bobert  Thurbern,  Warden  of  Winchester, 
1460. 

The  figures  at  foot  exhibit  specimens  of 
official  and  ornamental  costume,  of  the  fif- 
teenth and  sixteenth  centuries.  No.  1,  is  a 
Judge  of  the  King's  Bench,  Sir  Hugh  de 
Holes,  1415,  from  Watford,  Herts.;  and 
No.  2,  is  a  lady,  whose  heraldic  mantle  is 
one  of  the  latest  examples  of  the  kind.     She  naminHm  n». 

is  Elisabeth  Knevet,  1518,  from  Eastington, 

Gloucestershire,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Knevet,  of  thwt  place,  and  the  arms 
displayed  are,  Quarterly  of  six :  1.  Knevet;  2.  Cromwell;  3.  Tatei shall ; 
4.  Cayley  (or  Clifton  quartering  Cay  ley  ?) ;  6.  and  6.  Unknown. 


1861.]  391 


THE  SIEGE  OF  CIRENCESTER:  A  ROYALIST  RHYME. 

The  following  metrical  version  of  the  siege  of  Cirencester  in  1642-3  is 
taken,  as  far  as  facts  are  concerned,  from  two  documents  of  the  period ;  the 
one,  "  A  Particular  Relation  of  the  Action  before  Cirencester  (or  Cycester) 
in  Gloucestershire,  Taken  on  Candlemas-day,  1642,  by  part  of  His  Majesty's 
army,  under  the  conduct  of  His  Highness  Prince  Rupert,  Prince  Palatine 
of  the  Rhine,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  &c,  and  General  of  His  Majesty's  Cavalry 
in  the  present  Expedition ;  written  by  an  Eye- Witness ;" — the  other,  "  A 
Relation  of  the  Taking  of  Ciceter,  in  the  County  of  Gloucester,  on  Thursday, 
February  2,  1642,  by  Seven  Thousand  of  the  Cavaliers,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Prince  Rupert,  &c,  &c,  &c,  sent  to  a  friend  in  London  by  one 
who  was  present  at  it,  and  some  days  after  the  Taking  of  it." 

The  former  is  written  by  a  zealous  Cavalier,  the  latter  by  an  ardent 
Roundhead,  and  both,  of  course,  give  a  colouring  to  their  respective  sides 
of  the  question,  though  they  agree  in  main  facts.  The  author  of  the  fol- 
lowing production  has  endeavoured  to  produce  such  a  metrical  version  of 
the  fight  as  might  have  been  written  by  some  ardent  Royalist  who  was  pre- 
sent at  the  battle. 

The  detachment  of  the  Royal  army  sent  to  Cirencester  started  from 
Oxford  on  January  21,  1642.  After  a  march  through  Northamptonshire, 
Warwickshire,  and  Gloucestershire,  it  arrived  before  Cirencester  on  Feb  1. 
By  one  of  the  stratagems  of  war  the  Royalists  had  turned  the  attention  of 
the  Roundheads  to  Sudely  Castle,  fourteen  miles  off,  and  consequently  the 
best  part  of  the  garrison  of  Cirencester  had  taken  it  without  firing  a  shot. 
The  Prince  passed  by  this  fortalice,  knowing  that  if  he  possessed  Cirencester 
all  the  neighbouring  country  would  be  at  his  command.  On  February  2 
he  drew  up  his  troops  round  the  town,  which  had  been  previously  sum- 
moned to  surrender,  and  without  parley  threw  his  forces  at  once  upon  it. 
The  main  point  of  attack  was  the  Barton,  a  large  house  at  the  entrance, 
where  a  stout  resistance  was  kept  up ;  but  without  avail,  for  in  less  than  two 
hours,  by  one  of  those  daring  assaults  for  which  the  Prince  was  so  famous, 
the  batteries  were  silenced,  and  the  town  in  the  possession  of  the  Royal 
troops,  the  streets  scoured  by-  parties  of  cavalry,  twelve  hundred  of  the 
Roundheads  prisoners  in  the  church  and  elsewhere,  and  the  rest  in  scattered 
retreat,  with  the  Cavaliers  in  hot  pursuit.  After  the  first  barricade  had 
been  destroyed,  it  is  said  that  eight  horsemen  only  drove  the  enemy  before 
them  through  the  town.  Had  similar  energy  been  shewn  by  the  Royalists 
at  the  siege  of  Gloucester,  who  can  tell  what  might  have  been  the  result 
of  the  Great  Rebellion  ? 


392  The  Siege  of  Cirencester :  [April, 

Rebellion,  howsoe'er  begun,  in  force,  or  fraud,  or  guile, 
Is  surely,  in  its  origin,  successful  for  a  while ; 
For  conquest  at  the  first  is  made,  when  faction  doth  begin, 
The  conquest  of  the  conscience  by  soul-enslaving  sin. 

The  rebels  in  our  civil  war,  which  late  disturbed  the  land, 
Were  stealthily  debauched  away  by  wiles  in  secret  planned 
By  wicked  men,  of  subtle  speech,  who  treason  foul  designed, 
And  sought,  by  mien  of  sanctity,  their  countrymen  to  blind. 

And  so,  by  fraud  and  falsehood  foul,  and  wicked  whispers  too, 
They  gained  the  disaffected  hearts,  and  people  not  a  few 
Of  temper  easy,  morals  loose,  who  first  some  scruples  made, 
But  lost  at  last,  to  sense  of  right  no  fear  of  wrong  betrayed. 

And  sure  such  disaffected  deeds  rank  witchcraft  may  be  styled, 
Such  as  in  Endows  haunted  cave  the  Jewish  king  beguiled. 
It  promiseth  all  fair  and  smooth  to  its  deluded  slaves, 
Then  sheweth  them  the  downward  path  walled  in  by  early  graves. 

So  hard  and  fast  Rebellion's  chain  doth  bind  its  votary's  heart, 
That  seldom  from  the  wicked  path  he  can  again  depart. 
A  second  conquest  of  the  will  by  might  of  loyal  steel 
Can  only  make  a  traitor  wight  respect  his  country's  weal. 

The  sharpened  sabre's  gleaming  flash,  the  musquet's  deadly  ball, 
The  roaring  cannon's  fearful  din,  the  fell  granadoe's  fall, 
Will  undeceive  such  recreant  knaves  and  crush  their  treason  down, 
As  happened  not  long  ago  at  Cirencester  town. 

On  January  twenty-first,  in  Sixteen  forty-two, 
Prince  Rupert  led  a  puissant  band  of  horse  and  footmen  too : 
Five  regiments  of  cavalry,  his  own  brave  troop  as  well, 
The  rest  were  footmen  and  dragoons  who  did  in  fight  excel. 

And  through  the  streets  of  Oxford  town  full  gallantly  they  ride, 
With  carabine,  and  pike,  and  spear,  and  good  sword  by  their  side. 
Four  field-pieces  they  also  had,  with  shot  and  shell  to  spare, — 
And  of  the  gallant  Cavaliers  the  better  part  was  there. 

And  next  through  fair  Northamptonshire  their  warlike  course  they  wend, 
To  Ashby's  towers  in  Leicestershire,  to  aid  a  trusty  friend, 
Brave  Hastings  *,  who  was  there  besieged,  and  eke  surrounded  lay, 
By  trainband  troops  of  Roundhead  scum  led  on  by  Viscount  Gray. 

But  hearing  that  brave  Hastings,  by  deeds  of  daring  might, 
Had  forced  his  foes  to  quit  the  field  and  save  themselves  by  flight, 


•  "The  designe  was  to  relieve  Coloneil  Hastings,  besieged  at  his  own  house  at 
Aahby-de-la-Zouch  in  Leicestershire.  For  this  purpose  the  march  was  directed  through 
Northamptonshire ;  but  hearing  by  the  way  how  the  valiant  coloneil  had  made  Lord 
Gray  to  forsake  the  siege,  the  Prince  then  altogether  diverted  his  thoughts  and  marched 
towards  Cirencester."— Account  of  the  Action  before  Cjyrencester,  Lond.,  1642. 

4 


1861.]  A  Royalist  Rhyme.  893 

To  Cirencester's  rebel  town  the  Prince  resolved  to  go, 
And  there  to  humble  in  the  dust  the  pride  of  every  foe. 

Now  having  to  His  Majesty  for  further  help  applied, 
Through  Warwickshire  to  Gloucestershire  he  made  a  circuit  wide, 
And  passing  Sudcly's  conquered  keep  by  recreant  Roundheads  won, 
To  Cirencester  made  his  course,  and  camped  ere  set  of  sun. 

Oh,  terror  for  the  loutish  loons,  within  those  distant  walls 

Betrayed  by  Roundhead  rascals b,  as  the  cannon's  booming  falls 

Upon  their  frightened  hearing  through  the  watches  of  the  night, 

And  they  climb  their  ramparts  and  behold  our  watch- fires  gleaming  bright. 

What,  though  the  blind  have  led  the  blind  within  Rebellion's  toils, 
Their  hearts  are  sadly  quaking  as  they  view  their  cherished  spoils  ; 
Their  soldiers  talk  in  whispers ;  each  face  is  pale  with  sorrow, 
And  they  watch  the  dreary  dawning  of  the  coming  dark  to-morrow. 

Throughout  the  town  the  rebel  chiefs  are  cheering  up  their  men, 
And  jeering  at  the  royal  troops  encamped  within  their  ken. 
"  The  King,"  they  say,  "  has  only  got  a  ragged  force  at  most, 
And  ere  to-morrow's  setting  sun  his  battle  will  be  lost." 

Two  ministers,  false  shepherds  of  a  flock  of  sable  hue, 

Are  preaching  in  the  market-place  amongst  the  frightened  few 

Assembled  there— one  Stanfield  is  girded  with  a  sword, 

And  Greg'ry  says  that  for  the  town,  he'd  begged  it  of  the  Lord e. 

* 

But  'mid  the  Royal  army,  throughout  the  live-long  night* 

Was  mirth,  and  song,  and  jollity  with  soldier  and  with  knight : . 

Expectant  of  the  victory  the  coming  day  would  bring,' 

They  filled  their  cups,  and  filled  them  high,  and  cried  "  God  save  the  King." 

The  snow  that  night  fell  thick  and  fast,  but  never  seemed  to  chill 
The  ardour  of  those  gallant  men,  so  potent  was  their  will. 
"  This  is  a  snowy  couch,  my  boys,  but  soft  as  bed  of  down, 
We'll  warmer  lie  to-morrow  night  in  Cirencester  town." 

But  when  upon  the*  Cotswold  hills  the  sun  in  beauty  rose, 
See  a  warlike  band  approaching,—"  8ay  are  ye  friends  or  foes  ?'* 
"  We're  loyal  Cavaliers,  my  boys,  we  bring  you  guns  and  balls, 
Granadoes,  demi-culverins,  for  yon  rebellious  walls d." 


b  The  Republican  chronicler  attributes  the  fall  of  Cirencester  to  the  neglect  of  the 
garrison  at  Sudely,  who,  he  says,  must  have  known  of  the  approach  of  the  Cavalier 
army. 

c  "  There  were  taken,  among  the  rest,  two  ministers,  one,  Mr.  Stanfield,  armed  back 
and  breast  with  sword  and  pistols;  the  other,  Mr.  Gregory  of  Cyrencester,  who  lately 
assured  his  people  that  he  had  begged  that  town  of  the  Lord." — Account,  $c. 

d  "  On  Thursday  morning,  Feb.  2nd,  came  in  more  dragooners,  with  another  regiment 
of  horse  under  Col.  Slater,  as  also  two  demi-canons  for  battery,  shooting  eighteen- 
pound  bullet,  and  a  mortar  piece  to  shoot  granadoes." — Account,  fo. 
G**t.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  8  B 


894  The  Siege  of  Cirencester :  [April, 

Dragoons  they  were,  swift  followed  by  a  noble  band  of  hone, 
Old  England's  warriors,  all  well  armed,  a  truly  loyal  force. 
Their  heavy  guns  and  mortar-piece  came  lumbering  in  the  rear, 
A  sight  to  make  the  crop-eared  curs  beside  themselves  for  fear. 

So  dawned  that  memorable  morn  of  Sixteen  forty-two ; — 
Six  thousand  valiant  Cavaliers,  a  noble  sight  to  view, 
Encompassing  the  rebel  town  appeared  on  every  side, 
While  to  and  fro  the  aides-de-camp  on  fleetest  chargers  ride. 

The  loyal  troops  are  under  arms,  and  on  the  northern  side 
Of  Cirencester's  doomed  town  are  spread  in  order  wide. 
Lunsford,  a  soldier  of  renown,  commanded  the  dragoons, 
Who  havoc  shortly,  swiftly  made  among  the  rebel  loons. 

His  second  was  the  cavalry  of  old  Carnarvon's  lord, 
Bight  daring  fellows  in  the  charge,  and  handy  with  the  sword. 
A  mortar-piece  was  planted,  too,  against  the  Spittle-gate, 
Which  gallant  Monsieur  De  la  Roche  did  fix  and  elevate0. 

And  now  the  Prince,  with  easy  pace,  along  the  lines  doth  ride 
To  view  the  ramparts  and  the  gates,  surveying  every  side; 
Though  shots  of  cannon  from  the  walls  were  falling  thick  and  fast, 
In  confidence  of  sure  success  he  well  and  safely  passed. 

And  then  from  all  the  Royal  force  ascends  the  voice  of  prayer, 
To  Him,  the  God  of  battles,  whose  home  is  everywhere. 
"  0  Lord  of  justice,  King  of  kings,  the  rightful  rule  restore, 
And  grant  that  these  detested  feuds  henceforth  may  be  no  more.'* 

And  now  the  firm  battalions  approach  the  Barton-field ; 
Upon  the  western  side  the  walls'  afford  an  ample  shield 
To  all  the  crop-eared  curs  within,  and  serve  as  breastworks  too, 
And,  granted  the  defenders  brave,  would  but  require  a  few. 

The  streets  with  loaded  wagons,  and  harrows  sharp,  and  chains, 
Were  well  secured  to  keep  us  out ;  but  far  the  greatest  pains 
Were  taken  at  the  turnpikes,  secured  with  strong  slaght1  booms, 
Between  the  which  and  up  the  streets  a  bristling  battery  looms. 

And  on  the  south-west  corner,  upon  a  garden  mount 
Belonging  to  a  Master  Poole,  the  Cavaliers  did  count 
Two  sakera,  and  an  iron  piece  upon  the  Cricklade  road, 
And  a  brazen  piece  where  Masters  had  fixed  liis  fair  abode h. 


e  Who  this  Monsieur  De  la  Roche  was  does  not  appear,  but  as  the  French  were 
then  further  advanced  in  the  science  of  gunnery  than  the  English,  it  is  not  sur- 
prising to  find  French  gunners  employed  by  the  Royal  army. 

f  We  are  informed  that  Cirencester  possessed  fortifications  both  permanent  and  tem- 
porary, but  in  this  verse  the  allusion  is  made  to  the  stone  walls  which,  in  the  Cotswold 
district  and  other  parts  of  Gloucestershire,  supply  the  place  of  hedges,  and  would  afford 
admirablo  cover  for  musqueteers  (or  riflemen). 

*  Apparently  a  local  term,  employed  by  our  authorities. 
'  •  *  This  house  was  on  the  site  of  the  famous  monastery  of  Cirencester.    According  to 
Atkyns,  it  was  granted  to  Richard  Masters  in  6  Eliz. 


1861.]  A  Royalist  Rhyme.  305 

And  in  the  ample  market-place  another  gun  they  bore, 
The  sakers  shot  good  six-pound  ball,  the  minion  but  four : 
And  these  oommanded  all  the  field  in  which  our  forces  lay. 
But  little  execution  did  on  that  eventful  day. 

A  Roundhead  squire,  John  Fettiplace,  commanded  in  the  town, 
But  Carre,  his  Scotch  lieutenant,  was  the  man  of  moat  renown, 
"Who  had  assured  the  citizens  again  and  eke  again, 
He'd  keep  their  old  and  handsome  town  'gainst  twenty  thousand  men. 

And  now  in  serried  order  the  Royal  troops  appear, 

All  waiting  for  the  signal-word,  without  a  thought  of  fear; 

On  the  left  wing  His  Highness  rode,  Lord  Wentworth  on  the  right, 

The  battleward  to  Wilinot,  who  well  maintained  the  fight. 

And  many  a  valiant  officer  was  there  that  bloody  day, 
All  longing  for  the  coming  fight,  rejoicing  in  the  fray: 
Among  the  most  distinguished,  the  gallant  Colonel  Kirk, 
Who,  in  the  battle's  fiercest  din,  led  on  the  hottest  work. 

And  Captain  Sir  John  Byron  oommanded  in  the  rear, 
To  guard  the  force  and  send  patrols,  or  check  a  sudden  fear. 
And  thus  the  order  of  the  fight  was  fixed  and  managed  all, 
Whereby  the  town  of  Ciceter  received  its  sudden  falL 

The  Fight. 
As  beagles  on  the  baser  game  with  sudden  speed  run  down, 
So  came  the  advancing  Cavaliers  upon  the  rebel  town. 
The  watchword  was  "Queen  Mary1,"  passed  round  from  rank  to  rank, 
Received  with  joyful  gladness  in  front,  and  rear,  and  flank. 

The  foremost  in  the  deadly  fight  of  all  the  Cavaliers 
Was  brave  Lieutenant  St.  John,  with  thirty  musqueteere. 
Lieutenant-General  Wilmot  commanded  in  this  work, 
And  Captain  Min  with  sixty  more  came  up  with  Colonel  Kirk. 

There  was  a  spacious  homestead,  which  men  the  Barton  name, 
Where  first  a  dropping  fire  commenced  when  up  our  soldiers  eame. 
The  hedges  and  the  garden  walls  were  by  the  rebels  held, 
Who  soon,  though  sorely  loth  to  leave,  were  speedily  expelled. 

And  at  the  hedge  and  garden-wall  the  skirmishing  began; 
It  was  a  steady  conflict — gun  to  gun  and  man  to  man. 
And  there  our  gallant  St.  John,  who  led  the  fight  so  well, 
Was  wounded— "On  boys !  on  boys !"  he  shouted  as  he  fellk. 

We  drove  them  from  the  quick-set  hedge,  we  drove  them  to  the  wall, 
We  drove  them  to  the  outhouses,  we  drove  them  through  the  halL 
We  made  them  quit  their  hiding-holes,  and  run  like  recreants  down 
To  gain  the  outer  turnpike,  right  dose  upon  the  town. 

1  Most  likely  in  oorapliment  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria. 
k  He  was  shot  in  the  leg  with  a  slug  bullet. 


896  The  Siege  of  Cirencester :  [Apri  I, 

Brave  Kirk  and  Colonel  Usser,  too,  with  all  tbeir  valiant  men, 

Came  down  upon  the  Roundhead  guard  and  drove  them  from  their  den ; 

For  Usser  with  a  lighted  brand  had  entered  at  the  back, 

And  soon  began  to  burn  away  house,  rick,  and  crackling  stack. 

Twas  like  when  in  the  summer  time  the  noxious  wasps  we  slay ; 
For,  frightened  by  the  flame  and  fire,  they  ran  with  speed  away ; 
They  faint,  they  fall,  they  stumble  on,  scarce  able  to  respire, 
And  through  the  flaming  farm-yard  we  follow  in  our  ire. 

They  halt  behind  the  turnpike  and  make  a  desperate  stand, 
And  strive  to  hold  that  post  awhile ;  but  soon  a  gallant  band 
With  Wentworth,  Kirk,  and  Morrison,  and  others  of  renown, 
Drive  on  the  flying,  frightened  loons,  and  force  them  to  the  town. 

Crash  goes  the  gate,  and  in  we  come : — the  horsemen  do  not  wait, 
But  clearing  fence,  and  wall,  and  ditch,  come  pouring  through  the  gate : 
But  still  from  wall  and  window  high,  and  parapet  and  shed, 
Came  whistling  balls  and  bursting  shells,  and  some  brave  men  lay  dead. 

Prince  Rupert  'midst  the  foremost,  through  showers  of  leaden  hail, 
With  that  undaunted  bravery  which  ne'er  was  known  to  fail, 
On  horse,  on  foot,  was  everywhere,  his  gallant  troops  to  cheer, 
And  lead  to  daring  deeds  of  arms  each  valiant  Cavalier. 

"Oh,  courage,  let  us  bravely  do1,  for  here's  the  Prince,"  they  cry ; 
"  He  does  it  like  himself,"  they  say,  "  so  let  us  do  or  die." 
Where'er  he  rode  the  battle  raged  with  tenfold  fury  there, 
And  of  the  glory  of  the  day  he  had  the  greater  share. 

Now  five-and-twenty  of  the  guards  are  ordered  up  the  street,— 
Oh  !  woe  betide  the  crop-eared  curs  whom  they  perchance  may  meet. 
They  dash  through  street  and  narrow  lane,  in  spite  of  sword  and  gun, 
The  troop  is  quickly  on  their  heels — the  rebel  town  is  won. 

And  yet  so  great  the  ardour,  so  little  show  of  fear 

Exhibited  that  glorious  day  by  each  brave  Cavalier, 

That  for  their  tardy  comrades  some  could  not  choose  to  wait, 

But  scoured  the  streets  and  cleared  the  town,  in  number  only  eight"1 ! 

Three  hundred  in  the  market-place  full  speedily  retired, 
And  fled  like  flocks  of  silly  sheep  by  sudden  fear  inspired. 
While  others,  from  the  windows,  who  could  not  'scape  by  flight, 
Discharged  their  pieces  o'er  our  heads  with  unavailing  spite. 


1  IptUtima  verba. 

m  "  But  the  time  not  suffering  to  draw  them  out  orderly,  about  eight  gentlemen 
only  of  the  former  ranks,  with  Colonel  ScrimHour,  General  Adjutant  of  the  horse,  ad- 
vancing foremost,  pursued  some  of  the  enemy  through  the  streets  and  bye-lanes. .... 
There  were  some  three  hundred  foot  discovered,  and  at  a  corner  about  forty  or  fifty 
horse;  these  fled  upon  the  spur,  and  the  foot,  getting  into  the  houses,  shot  out  of  the 
windows." — Account,  <Sfc. 


1861.]  A  Royalist  Rhyme.  897 

In  other  quarters  of  the  town,  and  at  the-Spittle-gate, 
A  desperate  stand  was  made  awhile,  hut  with  an  adverse  fate ; 
Some  officers  there  met  their  doom,  by  hidden  foes  shot  down ; 
But  still  the  advancing  Cavaliers  pressed  onward  through  the  town. 

"Press  on,  press  on,  brave  Cavaliers,  the  fight  will  soon  be  done; 
Fire  low,  and  on  them  with  the  pikes — the  victory  is  won. 
Another  volley !  Charge,  my  boys,  the  rebel  rascals  fly, 
Now  spur  your  steeds,  and  wield  your  blades,  and  seal  the  victory." 

Across  the  open  country,  with  all  the  speed  they  might, 
The  rebels  ran,  a  scattered  rout,  to  save  themselves  by  flight : 
Brave  Byron  and  Prince  Maurice  led  on  the  flying  chase, 
And  after  came  the  infantry  with  swift  and  eager  pace. 

But  see  the  wearied  miscreants  halt,  for  mercy  loudly  bawl, 

And  dropping  sword,  and  pike,  and  gun,  for  "Quarter!  quarter !"  call. 

And  so  the  trumpeter  was  bid  to  call  the  troopers  back, 

To  stay  the  rapid  slaughter  among  the  flying  pack. 

Then,  like  a  forest  lion  among  ignoble  game, 
Prince  Maurice  spares  the  pale-faced  loons,  for  sure  it  were  a  shame 
To  strike  and  smite  a  prostrate  foe,  however  mean  and  base : 
And  so  their  rebel  lives  were  spared  by  our  kind  Prince's  grace. 

And  now  the  town  was  wholly  ours ;  twelve  hundred  prisoners  too ; 
The  dead  and  wounded  block  the  streets,  a  sorry  sight  to  view. 
Three  hundred  of  the  rebels  lay  all  prostrate  in  their  gore, 
But  of  the  gallant  Cavaliers  we  only  lost  a  score. 

And  in  their  latest  agony  the  dying  Roundheads  cried, 
That  through  their  lying  preachers  they  took  the  wrongful  side". 
By  lies,  and  promises,  and  threats  they  had  been  dragged  to  fight 
Against  their  country's  peace  and  law,  against  their  Sovereign's  right 

And  now  the  bloody  fight  is  o'er,  the  victory  is  won, 
And  yet  two  hours  have  scarcely  passed  since  first  the  fray  begun. 
Our  rebel  foes  are  in  the  dust,  we  hold  their  conquered  wall, — 
Oh  God,  that  all  rebellious  towns  as  speedily  may  fall ! 

Behold  from  wall  and  window  high,  where  rebel  musqueteers 
Late  showed  their  grimy  visages,  a  better  sight  appears, — 
A  goodly  show  of  demoiselles,  from  Roundhead  thrall  set  free, 
In  flowing  hair  and  silken  robes,  and  female  bravery. 


n   <«' 


Three  things  would  not  be  forgotten :  one,  how  the  dying  men  in  the  very  fight 
cried  out  that  Sir  Robert  Cook,  Mr.  Stevens,  Mr.  George,  and  their  preachers  had 

undone  them Some  of  the  prisoners  confessed,  (and  others  have  made  it  good,) 

how  that  the  gentlemen  and  clothiers  threatened  they  should  have  no  work ;  others 
that  they  should  be  plundered;  others  were  violently  fetched  from  their  houses  by  the 
dragoniers  and  made  get  up  behind  them ;  others  were  dragged  from  their  ploughs,  and 
others  coming  into  the  town  about  business  were  there  detained,  and  threatened  to  be 
shot  if  they  got  out.    This  is  the  liberty  of  the  subject."— Account,  $c. 


398  The  Siege  of  Cirencester.  [April, 

The  Cavaliers  now  proudly  ride,  their  chargers  rear  and  prance, — 
"  To-night  for  song,  and  mirth,  and  glee,  the  bowl,  the  joyous  dance." 
Their  lore-locks  tremble  in  the  wind,  their  banners  proudly  wave,— 
Hurrah  for  England's  Cavaliers,  the  gallant  and  the  brave. 

Now  to  the  only  God  of  wars  the  victory  be  due, 
And  blessings  on  the  Power  that  made  our  soldiers  strong  and  true. 
Our  foes  are  prostrate  in  the  dust,  our  paeans  let  us  sing, 
And  while  we  praise  the  King  of  kings,  we'll  cry  "  God  save  the  King !" 

J.  R.  Clarke. 


THE  CENTRAL  TOWER  OF  DURHAM. 

In  our  notice  of  the  Progress  of  Architecture  in  1800,  we  spoke,  quoting  from 
the  British  Almanac,  of  the  central  tower  of  Durham  as  M about  to  be  rebuilt »." 
It  would  have  been  more  accurate  to  have  said  that  the  works  (restoration,  not 
rebuilding),  were  in  active  progress,  and  we  are  glad  to  be  able  to  state  that 
they  are  now  completed.  In  October,  1858,  it  was  found  necessary  to  remove 
the  top  parapet  on  account  of  its  loose  and  insecure  condition ;  after  which  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  resolved  to  restore  the  tower ;  and,  after  consulting  Mr.  G.  G. 
Scott,  architect,  instructed  Messrs.  Walton  and  Robson,  architects,  on  the  22nd 
of  January,  1859,  to  prepare  the  necessary  drawings  and  specifications.  The 
works  were  soon  afterwards  let  to  Mr.  Thomas  Winter,  of  Durham,  who  has 
executed  them.  The  entire  upper  stage  has  been  faced  with  Prudham  and 
Dunhouse  stone.  The  beds  of  the  courses  follow  those  of  the  old  work,  and  the 
stones  extend  from  10  to  18  in.  into  the  wall,  being  wedged  with  slate  where 
practicable,  and  Bonded  firmly  to  the  old  work,  while  at  intervals  are  large 
copper  cramps  passing  through  the  wall.  The  work  is  set  and  grouted  with 
Portland  cement.  In  addition  to  the  facing  of  the  upper  stage,  ail  the  but- 
tresses, on  account  of  their  loose  condition,  have  been  rebuilt  some  distance  lower ; 
one  has  been  so  done  from  the  very  roof.  The  great  lantern  window  on  the  east 
side  has  been  restored ;  the  old  figures  of  which  the  tower  was  denuded  long  ago, 
and  which  used  to  be  ranged  along  the  walls  of  the  Chapel  of  Nine  Altars,  as  if 
keeping  guard  over  the  tomb  of  St.  Cuthbert,  have  been  re-instated  (the  precau- 
tion of  first  coating  them  with  a  solution  of  shell-lac  for  preservation  having  been 
taken)  ;  the  requisite  new  figures  have  been  added ;  and  the  joints  of  the  old  un- 
restored  masonry  have  been  raked  out  and  pointed  with  cement.  Of  the  figures, 
the  whole  of  the  ten  on  the  east  side  are  new,  and  are  from  the  chisel  of  Mr. 
Beall,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  sculptor.  The  entire  number  of  old  figures  replaced 
is  twenty-seven,  and  that  of  new  ones  added,  thirteen.  A  patent  octagonal 
lightning-conductor  of  copper  has  been  fixed  at  the  south-east  angle  of  the  tower, 
with  a  tractor  carried  up  at  each  of  the  four  corners.  During  the  progress  of  the 
restoration  a  theory  was  started  that  the  original  intention  had  been  to  finish  the 
tower  with  a  crown  imperial,  as  at  Newcastle.  This  arose  from  the  discovery  of 
certain  marks  on  the  inner  angles  of  the  solid  masses  of  stone  at  the  four  corners ; 
and  is  a  subject  to  which  we  may  probably  return. 


•  Gent.  Mag.,  Feb.  1861,  p.  158. 


\  k 


1861.]  399 


A1STNALS  OF  THE  COAL  TRADE. 

We  know  who  planted  the  first  potatoe  in  England,  and  who  made  the 
first  cup  of  coffee ;  but  who  can  tell  the  name  or  nation  of  the  speculative 
individual  who  first  threw  on  to  a  fire  a  lump  of  the  black,  shining  sub- 
stance we  call  coal  ?  Was  he  a  Phoenician  on  a  commercial  coast-tour 
seeking  tin ;  or  a  Roman  who  had  disforested  the  vicinity  of  his  camp ;  or 
a  Saxon  monk  bent  on  forging  some  exquisite  metal-work  for  the  cover  of 
a  priceless  missal ;  or  was  he  a  Norman  armourer,  envious  of  Damascene 
reputation,  and  thinking  that  with  a  stronger  and  clearer  heat  his  work* 
man  ship  might  rival  that  of  Eastern  smithies  r  Was  this  act,  so  trivial  in 
itself  but  so  important  in  its  ultimate  consequences,  the  result  of  thought- 
ful experiment,  or  was  it  simply  a  lucky  hit  ?  These  and  many  similar 
questions  must  have  arisen  in  the  minds  of  thousands  of  persons  who  have 
stood  on  the  High  Level-bridge,  Newcastle,  and  seen  the  countless  colliers 
lying  in  the  Tyne,  or  have  leant  over  the  parapet  of  London-bridge,  and 
looked  down  upon  the  still  more  numerous  barges  floating  breast-deep 
upon  the  Thames.  The  enormous  trade  to  which  our  consumption  of 
fossilised  fuel  has  given  rise  is  almost  of  gourd-like  growth  ;  for  although 
existing  for  several  centuries,  and  having  been  of  some  extent  in  the  days 
of  the  Protectorate  and  Restoration,  it  may  be  said  to  have  come  in  with 
the  house  of  Hanover.  The  dictionary  compiled  in  Stuart  times,  to  which 
Evelyn,  Isaak  Walton,  Dugdale,  Boyle,  Elias  Ashmole,  and  nearly  fifty 
more  celebrities  contributed,  makes  no  mention  of  either  coal  or  collieries. 
This  omission  is  the  more  remarkable  as  we  are  sure  that  sea  coal  was  the 
subject  of  legislative  enactments  in  their  time,  and  can  only  be  accounted 
for  on  the  score  of  the  dislike  in  which  the  new  fuel  was  generally 
held. 

The  interests  of  the  coal  trade  are  likely  to  be  brought,  at  an  early  date, 
prominently  before  the  public ;  for  a  project  has  recently  been  started  by 
several  northern  coal  owners  to  incorporate  a  company  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  pumping  stations  at  the  numerous  collieries  now  under  water.  Of 
these  the  Wall's-end,  Jarrow,  Hepburn,  Friar1  s- goose,  and  Howden 
collieries  are  the  most  considerable.  Seeing  that  every  London  house- 
keeper of  discernment  prides  herself  upon  the  selection  and  consumption  of 
Wall's-end  coal,  it  is  rather  startling  to  find  that  in  point  of  fact  the 
Wall's-end  colliery  has  been  closed  for  several  years, — not  because  it  is  ex- 
hausted, but  because  it  has  filled  with  water. 

The  archaeology  of  the  coal  trade  has  been  recently  investigated  by 
a  learned  authority,  T.  J.  Taylor,  Esq.,  and  the  information  amassed  by 
him  has  been  printed,  for  private  distribution,  by  the  direction  of  his  Grace 
the  Duke  of  Northumberland.     In  this  privileged  source  we  find  a  collec- 


400  Annals  of  the  Coal  Trade.  [April, 

tion  of  historical  facts  of  unexpected  interest,  whence  we  purpose  gleaning ; 
premising  that,  black  as  the  subject  may  appear  in  some  of  its  aspects, 
it  must  be  allowed,  in  others,  to  be  the  most  cheerful  companionship  we 
can  sit  down  to  in  wintry  weather. 

The  question  so  long  pending  among  antiquaries  as  to  whether  or  not 
the  Romans  burnt  coal  in  Britain,  has  been  set  at  rest  by  Mr.  Wright,  who 
has  concluded,  from  the  numerous  instances  in  which  coal  cinders  have 
been  found  in  Roman  debris,  that  they  were  acquainted  with  its  use,  and 
availed  themselves  of  it.  On  the  other  hand,  large  surface  seams  of  coal 
are  still  to  be  seen  untouched  close  to  Roman  stations,  a  circumstance  that 
leads  us  to  suppose  that  where  wood  and  peat  were  plentiful  they  sufficed 
for  the  requirements  of  the  Roman  matrons.  In  Dr.  Bruce's  account  of 
the  recent  explorations  of  the  important  station  at  Bremenium,  in  Northum- 
berland, he  makes  no  mention  of  any  traces  of  the  use  of  coal,  although 
the  spade  of  the  excavator  turned  up  many  more  perishable  articles,— 
fragments  of  deer's  horns,  soles  of  sandals,  glass  vessels,  &c. 

The  only  Saxon  mention  of  coal  as  fuel  occurs  in  the  records  of  the 
Abbey  of  Peterborough,  where  it  is  set  forth  that  Wulfrid  of  Sempringham 
paid  12  loads  of  pit-coal.  The  Norman  Bolden  Book  makes  occasional 
mention  of  coal  in  connexion  with  smith's  work  :  at  Counden,  a  grant  of 
a  toft  and  a  croft  is  made  to  a  collier  for  providing  coal  for  the  smithy 
there ;  at  Bishop wearmouth,  the  smith  has  twelve  acres  allotted  him  for 
making  the  ironwork  of  the  carts  and  finding  his  own  coal ;  and  at  Sedge- 
wick,  the  smith  was  furnished  with  an  ox-gang  for  the  performance  of  the 
same  services.  But  the  coal- trade  cannot  be  considered  to  have  legiti- 
mately commenced  till  1239,  when  Henry  III.  licensed  the  burgesses  of 
Newcastle  to  dig  for  coal.  King  John  had  previously  granted  a  charter  to 
the  town  at  a  fee  farm  rent  of  £100  per  annum,  and  it  was  to  assist  the 
burgesses  to  make  this  payment  that  his  successor  gave  them  permission 
to  dig  coal. 

Like  other  innovations,  the  combustion  of  coal  met  with  great  opposition, 
which  ultimately  culminated  in  an  appeal  to  the  King  to  prohibit  its  fur- 
ther use,  on  the  grounds  that  the  smoke  arising  from  coal  fires  rendered 
the  surrounding  atmosphere  poisonous.  In  answer  to  this  petition,  his 
Majesty  issued  a  commission  empowering  his  officers  to  destroy  the  fur* 
naces  and  kilns  of  those  persons  who  would  not  desist  from  the  offending 
practice.  In  contrast  to  this  edict,  we  find  our  late  sovereign  lady  "  of 
blessed  memory,"  Queen  Elizabeth,  passed  an  Act  of  Parliament  forbidding 
the  unnecessary  consumption  of  wood,  which  by  reason  of  its  scarcity  was 
beginning  to  be  sold  by  the  pound  in  some  districts.  Nevertheless,  the 
oppositionists  handed  down  their  dislike  through  this  and  succeeding 
reigns.  Among  the  scientific  pursuits  of  Evelyn  was  an  attempt  to  manu- 
facture a  substitute  for  coal.  "My  Lord  Brereton  and  others  dined  at 
my  house,  where  I  shewed  them  proof  of  my  new  fuell,  which  was  very 
5 


1861.]  AnnaU  of  the  Coal  Trade.  401 

glowing  and  without  smoke  or  ill  smell."  He  also  records  the  successful 
trial  of  "honillies" — a  mixture  of  charcoal,  dust,  and  loam — at  Gresham 
College,  which  was  witnessed  by  large  concourses  of  people.  But  despite 
this  good  man's  abhorrence  of  "  the  dismal  and  hellish  cloude-engender- 
ing"  sea  coal,  the  consumption  became  greater  and  greater.  From  being 
confined  to  halls  and  kitchens,  it  was  eventually  introduced  into  "  my  lady's 
parlour," — when  there  remained  but  a  few  branches  of  particular  trades  to 
which  it  was  still  thought  inapplicable.  Brewing,  dyeing,  glass-making, 
and  iron-smelting  were  the  principal  arts  that  rejected  the  possibility  of 
being  able  to  make  use  of  the  new  fuel ;  a  fact  which,  when  we  consider 
that  the  annual  consumption  of  coal  in  the  present  day  for  the  exclusive 
purpose  of  iron  smelting  exceeds  twelve  millions  of  tons,  is  curious  enough. 
It  says  much  for  the  scientific  enlightenment  as  well  as  commercial  enter- 
prise of  Oliver  Cromwell,  to  find  him  a  partner  in  an  undertaking  to  smelt 
iron  with  pit  coal ;  and  looking  at  the  great  Staunch-heart  from  Mr.  Car- 
lyle's  point  of  view,  we  cannot  but  regret  that  his  pioneer  efforts  were 
unsuccessful. 

Opposition  is  a  very  good  thing  in  its  way,  it  appears  always  to  awaken 
an  undying  vitality  in  the  object  opposed.  But  for  the  impediments  thrown 
in  the  way  of  the  coal- trade,  it  might  have  become  effete  in  the  lifetime  of 
its  founders ;  as  it  was,  the  Newcastle  burgesses  seemed  to  dig  up  energy 
as  well  as  coals.  In  1351  they  obtained  a  license  to  enlarge  the  scale  of 
their  operations,  and  to  open  pits  without  the  town  walls.  The  Church, 
too,  about  this  time  availed  herself  of  the  new  source  of  wealth, — the  Prior 
of  Tynemouth  letting  two  new  collieries.  The  trifling  rent  of  these  serves 
as  an  index  to  the  extent  of  business  transacted ;  which,  perhaps,  is  most 
readily  realized  when  we  bear  in  mind  that  a  load  of  coal  then  meant  only 
so  much  as  a  packhorse  could  carry  on  his  back.  In  very  remote  districts 
where  there  is  no  opposition — as  if  to  shew  how  slow  the  general  progress 
would  have  been  without  any — this  old  measurement  still  prevails. 

Another  feature  of  these  "  old,  old,  very  old"  times  is  not  so  picturesque 
to  think  of — the  employment  of  female  labour  in  collieries.  A  long  string 
of  packhorses  tended  by  lithe-limbed  Northumbrians,  wrapped  in  the  woollen 
scarves  still  peculiar  to  the  county,  must  have  been  as  pleasant  a  sight  as 
a  Spanish  mule  train  is  to  this  day ;  but  there  is  no  favourable  light  in 
which  we  can  picture  a  troop  of  women  at  work  in  a  coalpit.  When  we  see 
half-a-dozen  red-faced,  doubled-up  females  trudging  one  behind  the  other, 
each  carrying  a  sack  of  coals  on  her  poor  bent  back,  as  we  still  occasion- 
ally do  in  north  country  towns,  we  see  the  fairest  aspect  of  such  drudgery. 
In  pits,  where  the  cuttings  seldom  admit  of  the  workers  standing  upright, 
where  light  is  a  dear  commodity,  and  the  air  offensively  close,  the  poor 
women  must  have  had  a  sorry  time  of  it.  It  was  not  till  Queen  Victoria 
ascended  the  throne  that  a  legislative  enactment  was  passed  which  ab- 
solved her  sex  from  underground  labour. 

Gnrr.  Mag.  Vox.  CCX.  8o 


402  AnnaU  of  the  Coal  Trade.  [April 

The  contemplation  of  this  slavery  brings  us  to  another  enormity.  Even 
down  to  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  George  III.  the  workers  upon  a 
coal  estate  were  considered  part  and  parcel  thereof;  and,  when  it  changed 
hands,  were  sold  with  the  rest  of  the  property.  Let  us  hope  that  the 
knowledge  that  he  had  banished  such  a  grievous  wrong  as  this  survived 
to  comfort  him  in  old  age  and  blindness. 

The  taxation  of  coal  has  always  been  a  fruitful  source  of  revenue.  With* 
out  wishing  to  detract  from  the  praiseworthiness  of  Queen  Elizabeth's 
desire  to  spare  the  relics  of  the  noble  forests  of  the  country,  we  must 
ascribe  her  patronage  of  the  coal  trade  to  its  true  source — her  need  of  the 
revenue  raised  by  her  tax  upon  it.  The  first  duty  was,  however,  imposed 
long  before  her  time.  It  was  levied  by  Richard  II.  in  the  form  of  a  tax 
of  6d.  per  ton  upon  ships  coming  from  Newcastle  laden  with  coal,  "  for 
the  defence  of  Scardebourg  against  the  French."  This  tax  seems  to  have 
been  made  upon  the  ships,  the  next  was  upon  the  coal  itself.  In  1421 
a  duty  of  2d.  per  chaldron  was  levied  by  the  Crown  on  all  coal  sold  to 
persons  who  were  not  franchised  in  the  port  of  Newcastle;  for  some 
reasons  which  do  not  appear  this  had  fallen  into  arrear ;  and  on  Elizabeth's 
accession  had  accumulated  into  a  large  debt.  It  then  became  a  question 
how  payment  was  to  be  enforced ;  when  it  was  arranged  that  in  consider- 
ation of  the  renunciation  of  this  claim,  the  Crown  should  enjoy  a  duty  of 
a  shilling  per  chaldron  for  ever  afterwards. 

This  shilling  duty  was  by  no  means  the  only  one  levied  at  this  period. 
It  was  regarded  by  Elizabeth  merely  in  the  light  of  a  back-payment ;  and 
she  hastened  to  make  an  additional  exaction  more  suited  to  her  wants,  of 
5s.  per  chaldron  upon  all  coals  sent  over  the  sea.  James  I.  increased  this 
net  tax  to  8s.  4d.  per  chaldron ;  adding  another  Is.  8d.  per  chaldron  to 
coal  sent  out  in  ships  belonging  to  aliens.  Nor  did  the  levies  upon  this 
ill-used  trade  terminate  here.  After  the  great  fire  of  London,  Charles  II. 
authorized  the  Lord  Mayor  to  gather  a  fund  for  the  rebuilding  of  the  city 
by  the  imposition  of  a  tax,  first  of  Is.,  then  of  3s.  per  chaldron  upon  all 
coal  delivered  in  London.  When  Sir  Christopher  Wren's  fifty-two  churches 
were  built,  the  necessary  means  were  drawn  from  a  coal  tax ;  and  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral  is  indebted  to  the  same  humble  source  for  much  of  the 
splendour  it  possesses.  In  the  days  within  the  memory  of  some  of  us, 
when  affrighted  children  slept  in  fitful  snatches,  when  alarm-fires  studded 
the  coast  and  were  watched  all  through  the  long,  long  nights  by  older 
people,  all  for  fear  of  "  Boney"  landing  unawares,  in  other  words,  during 
"  the  War'9  the  duty  on  coal  ran  up  to  9s.  4d.  per  London  chaldron. 

The  annals  of  the  coal  trade  are  studded  with  brilliant  names,  which  sparkle 
on  their  pages  like  the  gems  on  the  cover  of  a  missal.  Marco  Polo,  whose 
early  travels  in  China  have  brought  him,  just  now,  into  fashionable  repute 
after  a  repose  of  many  centuries  in  quiet  libraries,  affords  us  testimony  that 
coal  was  in  use  among  the  Chinese  in  the  thirteenth  century.    The  ad- 


1861.}  Annals  of  the  Coal  Trade.  408 

venturous  JEneas  Sylvius  (Pope  Pius  II.)  deposes  to  seeing  lumps  of  black 
stone  given  for  alms  at  the  Scottish  convent  gates  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
Bishop  Pudsey,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the  Bolden  Book,  is  fre- 
quently cited.  We  come,  too,  upon  Cardinal  Wolsey,  in  his  capacity  of 
bishop  of  Durham,  arranging  the  business  of  the  collieries  and  mines  within 
his  demesne  lands  and  appointing  a  superintendent.  We  have  already 
seen  how  much  Queen  Elizabeth  affected  the  interests  of  the  trade:  we 
meet  with  her  over  and  over  again ;  now  granting  leases  of  the  Gateshead 
and  Whickham  coal  mines  ;  then  leasing  Stella  to  Sir  Nicholas  Tempest ; 
afterwards  incorporating  the  powerful  Society  of  Hoastmen.  We  have 
seen,  too,  how  Cromwell  experimented ;  how  Evelyn  opposed.  Charles  II. 
turned  the  coal  trade  to  account  after  his  own  peculiar  fashion.  He  settled 
the  sum  annually  raised  by  the  shilling  tax  upon  his  natural  son,  Charles, 
Duke  of  Richmond  and  Lenox,  and,  failing  him,  upon  Louise,  Duchess  of 
Portsmouth.  Who  would  expect  to  find  one  of  Lely's  court  beauties — all 
jewels,  satin,  and  point-lace — in  such  a  place  ?  In  less  remote  days  we 
meet  with  greater  giants:  the  sea-king,  Dundonald,  taking  out  a  patent 
for  extracting  coal-tar  from  coal ;  Sir  Humphrey  Davy  creating  a  new  era 
of  comparative  safety  in  mines  with  his  wonderful  lamp ;  and  plain  George 
Stephenson  revolutionizing  the  laws  that  relate  to  distance,  time,  and 
steam-power. 

The  mention  of  the  safety-lamp  suggests  a  wonderment  that  the  light- 
ing of  collieries  has  not  developed  in  the  same  proportion  that  other 
arts  created  by  the  coal  trade  have  done.  The  Davy  emits  but  a  feeble 
gleam.  Four  lamps  are  required  to  produce  the  light  yielded  by  a  tallow 
candle  of  the  size  of  thirty  to  the  pound.  This  is  of  course  an  improve* 
ment  upon  the  phosphorescence  from  dried  fish,  one  of  the  old  resources 
of  miners ;  but  we  run  no  risk  of  proving  a  false  prophet  if  we  assert  that 
the  true  Aladdin  has  yet  to  come.  We  may  even  venture  to  predict  that 
his  name  will  be — Gas. 

We  have  confined  ourselves  to  an  historical  sketch  of  the  coal  trade;  on 
its  social  importance  we  have  not  touched.  But  how  can  this  be  over- 
rated ?  Consider  the  great  advantages  its  development  has  brought  us— 
the  steam -packet  service,  with  its  overland  contingencies;  the  railroad 
system ;  the  lighting  of  our  streets  and  houses  by  gas ;  to  say  nothing  of 
the  everyday  enjoyment  of  a  comfortable  fire-side.  Sidney  Smith,  in  one 
of  his  witty  essays,  lays  great  stress  upon  the  useful  effects  of  a  large  fire 
in  being  highly  conducive  to  the  attainment  of  cheerfulness.  "  1  think," 
said  he,  "  what  makes  a  fire  so  pleasant  is,  that  it  is  a  live  thing  in  a  dead 
room."  If  our  continental  neighbours  possessed  this  blessing  they  would, 
probably,  not  be  given  to  congregate  so  much  in  cafes,  to  the  furtherance 
of  revolutionary  schemes.  Who  knows  how  much  of  John  Bull's  placid 
contentment  is  due  to  the  satisfactory  influence  the  coal  trade  diffuses  from 
bis  hearth  ? 


404  [April, 


antiquarian  airti  fcfterarg  fottentgntrer. 


[Correspondents  are  requested  to  append  their  Addressee,  not,  unless  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentlehah's  Magazuts  containing 
their  Communications  may  be  forwarded  to  them.'] 

SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  LONDON. 

Feb.  14.    Johit  Bruce,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 

The  ballot  was  taken  on  the  Rev.  Samuel  Lysons,  who  was  declared 
duly  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society.  The  Chairman  expressed  a  hope 
that  all  of  the  same  name  and  descent  might  ever  be  elected  with  the 
same  unanimity. 

The  Rev.  E.  G.  Jabyis  exhibited  a  lady's  ring  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
which  had  been  discovered  near  Eisleben. 

Ma  job  C.  K.  Macdonald,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  two  flint  implements  and 
a  bronze  one  of  an  arrow-head  character. 

B.  B.  Woodward,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited,  by  permission  of  Mr.  Col- 
naghi,  a  very  curious  little  volume  of  what  may  probably  be  called  histo- 
rical caricatures,  painted  on  vellum.  One  of  the  dates  in  the  fly-leaf, 
written  by  a  former  possessor  (one  Bacon),  is  1681.  The  subject  of  these 
drawings  is  an  historical  puzzle,  the  solution  of  which  might  be  of  interest 
as  a  clue  to  feelings  prevalent  in  some  quarters  at  the  period  illustrated,  or 
we  should  rather  say,  caricatured.  That  in  this  instance  the  artist's  sym- 
pathies with  Papacy  were  of  a  lukewarm  character,  may  probably  be  in- 
ferred from  the  fact  of  the  Pope  being  represented  as  uncommonly  drunk. 
"Among  the  devices  figure  crowned  boars  and  bears,  double-headed  eagles, 
and  other  animals.  The  pomegranate  seems  also  to  figure  in  one  of  the 
drawings.  If  this  be  heraldic,  it  may  possibly  be  taken  as  an  indication 
that  the  execution  of  the  volume  is  posterior  to  the  year  1492,  when 
Granada  was  captured. 

Charles  Faulkner,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  fragment  of  a  cullender, 
a  knife,  a  cultrum,  and  a  coin,  found  at  King's  Sutton,  Northamptonshire : 
three  arrow-heads,  of  which  one  was  found  in  the  churchyard  of  Over- 
worton,  Oxon,  and  another  at  Rainsborough  Camp,  near  Charlton. 

J.  J.  Howard,  Esq.,  F.S.  A.,  exhibited  a  very  interesting  collection  of  rub- 
bings of  royal  arms  impressed  upon  bookbindings.  One  of  these  was  taken 
off  a  volume  entitled  Whitintoni  Opera  Varia,  and  represented — what  is 
very  rare,  if  not  absolutely  unique  as  a  book-stamp — the  arms  of  Queen 
Anne  Boleyn. 

In  illustration  of  the  same  subject,  Felix  Slade,  Esq.,  exhibited  three 
volumes,  of  which  the  binding  was  in  beautiful  preservation,  and  which 


1861.]  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  405 

bore  the  arms  of  Edward  VI.  and  Charles  I.  The  Secretary  also  exhi- 
bited a  folio  volume  bearing  the  arms  of  Edward  VI.  In  the  decoration 
of  these  bookbindings,  bookbinders9  marks,  e.g.  initials,  were  observable. 
The  Chairman  expressed  a  hope  that  any  Fellow  of  the  Society  who  hap- 
pened to  have  in  his  possession  royal  bindings  would  kindly  communicate 
rubbings  of  them  to  Mr.  Howard. 

Mb.  Eoffwat  exhibited  a  portrait  (unknown)  of  a  man  on  whose  dress 
were  seen,  as  far  as  could  be  conjectured,  five  brooches  of  a  star-shaped 
character. 

John  Beent,  jun.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  some  highly  interesting 
remarks  on  antiquities  discovered  at  or  near  Canterbury.  The  antiquities 
consisted  of  the  following  objects,  which  we  arrange  according  to  the 
localities  where  they  were  found.  1.  (Drainage  works):  nine  fragments 
of  pottery,  some  charred  wheat,  a  pick,  a  sandstone  spear-head,  a  patera, 
a  tusk ;  drawings  of  some  keys  which  were  found  in  the  same  place.  2.  (St. 
Sepulchre's,  Roman  cemetery) :  a  patera,  two  vases.  3.  (St  Dunstan's) : 
a  statuette  in  white  clay.  4.  (Whitehall  Marshes) :  coloured  Anglo-Saxon 
bead.  5.  (The  Dane  John):  a  celt.  6.  (Little  Barton):  a  skinning- 
knife.  7.  (Railway-station,  Dane  John) :  nails,  hollow  from  the  point 
to  the  head,  an  ivory  pin,  a  twisted  bronze  armilla,  two  ditto  plain,  circular 
pieces  of  bone  incised,  horses'  teeth.  The  whole  of  these  came  from  one 
grave.  Mr.  Brent  also  exhibited  a  drawing  of  a  cruciform  fibula,  already 
mentioned  in  our  summary  of  the  ordinary  meeting  of  this  Society,  Jan.  10, 
and  one  of  a  gold  torque  found  at  Little  Barton.  The  statuette  here  men- 
tioned bore,  as  Mr.  Brent  remarked,  a  great  resemblance  to  one  figured  in 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  December,  in  a  notice  of  M.  Tudot's  work 
on  G-aulo-Roman  pottery.  We  do  not  believe  they  have  anything  to 
to  with  the  "  Roman  goddess "  Fecunditae,  simply  because  such  a  god- 
dess never  existed.  The  attribute  of  fecundity  is  assigned  by  way  of  com- 
pliment to  Faustina,  and  is  often  symbolised  on  her  coins  by  a  figure 
holding  two  children  in  her  arms.  The  only  goddess  who  answered  to 
such  attributes  in  the  Roman  mythology  was  Mdtuta.  We  suspect,  how- 
ever, that  these  figures  have  little  to  do  with  anything  Roman  whatsoever. 
They  belong  to  a  period  when  Christianity  was  casting  a  backward  glance 
at  paganism,  when  the  transition  to  new  modes  of  thought  and  faith  was 
only  partially  effected,  and  when  pagan  symbolism  lay  ready  at  hand  to 
give  shape  and  substance  to  ideas  which  as  yet  were  but  in  embryo  in 
Christian  society.  How  fatal  and  how  dangerous  an  ally  she  ultimately 
proved  is  written  in  broad  characters  in  the  history  of  Christendom. 

W.  H.  Black,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  to  the  Society  the  highly 
important  discovery  of  the  will  of  "  John  Holbeine,  servaunte  to  the  Kynges 
Majestye."  The  importance  of  the  discovery  must  be  estimated  by  the  fact 
that  the  entries  appended  to  it  in  the  book  "  Beverley,"  an  uncalendared 
and  unindexed  volume  preserved  in  the  Record-room  of  St.  Paul's,  prove 


406  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [April, 

that  Holbein  died  in  the  year  1543,  instead  of  the  year  1554,  as  universally 
stated.  Of  course  the  only  doubt  that  could  be  thrown  on  the  matter 
would  originate  in  the  suspicion  that  "  John  Holbeine  "  might  not,  after 
all,  be  the  same  individual  as  Hans  Holbein  the  artist,  for  to  the  exercise 
of  his  craft  the  will  contains  no  allusion  whatever.  Again,  the  discre- 
pancies between  the  will  itself  and  the  act  of  administration  thereunto 
appended  are  great  and  perplexing.  Substantially,  however,  the  fact  of 
this  "John  Holbeine"  having  died  in  November,  1543,  a  few  weeks  after 
he  made  his  will,  remains  unshaken.  Accordingly,  if  we  admit  the  identity 
of  the  testator  and  the  painter,  several  pages  in  the  history  of  art  in  Eng- 
land will  have  to  be  re-written.  It  is  not  enough  to  say  that  the  Bridewell 
picture,  for  example,  not  to  mention  many  others,  were  not  painted  by 
Holbein  :  the  question  yet  remains  who  did  paint  them.  Meanwhile,  the 
whole  affair  is  only  one  more  proof  of  the  parrot-like  fashion  in  which 
loose  statements  are  repeated  from  mouth  to  mouth,  and  transmitted  from 
pen  to  pen.  Whether  the  statement  of  Vertue,  as  given  in  Walpole,  to 
the  effect  that  "  Holbein  died  of  the  plague  in  1554,"  was  copied  from 
Mander,  or  from  some  earlier  or  other  source,  is  a  point  on  which  we  can 
offer  no  opinion.  Perhaps  a  search  among  Vertue 's  note-books  might  re- 
pay the  trouble.  But  meanwhile  the  error  has  been  thus  carelessly  repeated, 
and  it  is  a  great  satisfaction  to  think  that  some  substratum  of  fact  will  now 
be  substituted  in  its  stead.  Mr.  Nichols  had  remarked  on  the  singular 
dearth  of  written  evidence  as  to  Holbein  posterior  to  the  year  1543,  in 
his  valuable  chapter  on  the  portraits  of  King  Edward  the  Sixth,  and 
judges  held  to  be  competent  had  expressed  doubts  as  to  the  Bridewell 
picture  being  Holbein's :  and  this  caution  on  the  one  hand,  and  artistic 
discernment  on  the  other,  now  find  their  reward  in  the  refutation  of  the 
popular  story  which  has  obtained  elsewhere  such  general  acceptance.  Of 
course  we  have  here  been  assuming  that  subsequent  inquiry  shall  leave 
no  reasonable  doubt  of  the  identity  of  the  testator  and  the  artist  We 
only  hope  that  the  inquiry  will  be  made,  and  we  here  invite  all  who  are 
able  to  throw  any  light,  direct  or  indirect,  on  the  subject  to  lose  no  time  in 
communicating  with  the  Society. 

Feb.  21.     Earl  Stanhope,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Thomas  Close,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  collection  of  bronze  implements 
found  on  the  5th  of  October,  1860,  three  and  a-half  feet  below  the  surface 
of  grass  land  which  the  extension  of  building  operations  has  now  converted 
into  a  portion  of  the  city  of  Nottingham.  The  collection  was  stated  to 
consist  of  the  following  objects  : — sixteen  celts,  one  palstave,  four  spear- 
heads, six  fragments  of  swords,  one  fragment  of  a  square  tube,  one  long 
tube,  one  knife,  one  fragment  of  a  spear,  one  circular  ornament.  The 
Director  called  attention  to  the  importance  of  having  discovered  in  one 
and  the  B&xaejind,  the  palstave  form  along  with  the  ordinary  form  of  celt 


1861.}  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  407 

Anything  which  proved,  or  tended  to  prove,  that  different  forms  were  in 
use  at  the  same  time  was  of  importance  as  a  safeguard  against  too  hasty 
assumptions  in  assigning  different  eeras  to  distinct  forms.  The  long  tube, 
too,  he  considered  to  be  an  object  of  great  interest  and  rarity.  Cuts  of  the 
more  remarkable  types  in  this  collection  will  appear,  we  believe,  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Society. 

John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  communicated  some  interesting  biographical 
notes  on  L.  C.  J.  Heath  (temp.  Charles  I.),  a-propos  of  a  portrait  of  Heath 
exhibited  by  William  Tayler,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Along  with  these  notes  Mr. 
Bruce  furnished  transcripts  of  two  papers  of  the  Lord  Chief  Justice,  pre- 
served along  with  many  from  the  same  hand  in  the  State  Paper  Office. 
"Why  was  Heath  dismissed  from  his  Chief  Justiceship  of  the  Common  Pleas 
is  one  of  the  mysteries  in  legal  biography  which  has  yet  to  be  solved.  Heath 
himself  in  his  autobiography  asserts  that  "no  cause  was  then  or  at  any 
time  shewn  for  his  removal."  Anthony  &  Wood  speaks  of  an  accusation  of 
bribery,  and  Lord  Campbell  adds  that  the  "  charge  was  strongly  supported 
by  evidence/' — which  is  more  than  can  be  said  of  Lord  Campbell's  state- 
ment. Mr.  Bruce  seemed  to  believe  that  the  most  probable  cause  was  one 
rather  insinuated  than  asserted  by  Bishop  Hacket,  viz.  his  not  having  been 
sufficiently  zealous  in  the  support  of  Archbishop  Laud's  prosecutions  of 
Williams.  The  two  papers  of  which  transcripts  were  submitted  to  the 
Society  by  Mr.  Bruce  had  both  of  them  a  bearing  more  or  less  direct  on 
Heath*s  dismissal.  The  one  was  a  petition  addressed  to  the  King  upon 
hearing  that  his  Majesty  intended  to  dismiss  him,  and  is  full  of  the  most 
abject,  cringing  supplications  for  pardon,  which  scarcely  warrant  the  suppo- 
sition that  Heath  could  honestly  boast  of  the  nil  conscirc  sibi.  The  other 
transcript  shews  that  Heath  could  give  a  slap  in  the  face  with  better  grace 
and  less  loss  of  dignity  than  when  he  clasped  a  knee.  The  object  of  his 
courteous  rebukes  in  the  present  case  is  Richard  Montagu,  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester, and  the  document  is  well  worthy  of  being  printed,  not  merely  as 
a  monument  of  masculine  English  prose,  but  as  containing  advice  which 
might  be  followed  with  advantage  in  the  present  day.  Heath  when  At- 
torney-General had  been  ordered  by  the  King  (who  was  anxious  to  protect 
Montagu  against  the  charges  and  complaints  instituted  by  the  House  of 
Commons)  to  prepare  a  general  pardon  as  a  bar  against  future  proceedings. 
It  is  in  writing  to  explain  the  delay  in  the  transmission  of  this  general 
pardon  that  Heath  takes  the  opportunity  of  giving  the  Bishop  the  reproof 
contained  in  the  paper  laid  before  the  Society  by  Mr.  Bruce. 

The  great  exhibition  of  the  evening,  however,  consisted  of  some  portraits 
from  Windsor  Castle,  Hampton  Court,  and  Wilton  House,  which  were  laid 
before  the  Society  by  the  gracious  permission  of  the  Queen,  and  by  the  courtesy 
of  Lord  Herbert  of  Lea.  In  illustration  of  these  pictures,  George  Schaef, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Secretary  to  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  read  a  paper  of 
the  very  greatest  interest*    It  is  a  satisfaction  to  feel  that  sagacity  and 


408  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [April, 

research  of  so  high  an  order  as  that  displayed  in  Mr.  Scharfs  remarks  are 
placed  at  the  service  of  the  nation  in  the  task  of  forming  a  collection  of  band 
fide  portraits  of  the  nation's  worthies.  In  the  present  instance,  two  if  not 
three  of  the  portraits  exhibited  will  return  to  their  destination  with  names 
different  from  those  which  they  have  hitherto  borne.  Indeed,  one  of  the 
number  bore  no  name  at  all.  After  speaking  of  the  great  advantages 
which  he  had  enjoyed  by  having  thrown  open  to  him  the  treasures  of 
Windsor  Castle  and  of  Hampton  Court,  Mr.  Scharf  reminded  the  Society 
of  the  valuable  aid  afforded  in  the  identification  of  the  portraits  found  in 
these  truly  royal  collections  by  the  Catalogue  of  the  pictures  of  Charles  I., 
which  is  still  in  existence,  and  by  an  appraised  inventory  of  the  works  of 
art  belonging  to  that  king.  Most  of  the  important  pictures  can  thus  be 
traced,  and  a  large  series  of  royal  portraits  which  formerly  hung  together 
at  Whitehall,  escaped  the  great  fire  of  1698,  and  are  now  arranged  in 
a  private  room  (known  as  the  Waiting-room)  at  Windsor  Castle. 

It  was  here  that  Mr.  Scharfs  attention  was  arrested  by  one  of  the  portraits 
laid  before  the  Society  this  evening.  It  was  that  of  a  young  man,  wearing 
a  collar  which  recalled  indeed  the  Order  of  the  Garter,  but  of  which  the 
leading  peculiarity  proved,  on  inspection,  to  be  a  collar  of  red  and  white 
roses.  In  the  Catalogue  already  referred  to  of  Charles  the  First's  pictures, 
mention  is  made  of  a  portrait  which,  from  the  description,  might  be  the  one 
before  us,  and  which  is  there  designated  Henry  VIII.  From  considerations, 
however,  connected  with  the  history  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter,  and  from 
the  character  of  the  features,  Mr.  Scharf  inferred  that  this  attribution  was 
incorrect.  He  therefore  turned  to  a  still  older  Catalogue,  that  of  Henry 
the  Eighth's  pictures,  and  under  entry  98  he  found  what  was  more  satis- 
factory : — "  Item,  a  table  with  the  picture  of  Prince  Arthur  wearing  like 
a  red  cap  with  a  brooch  upon  it  and  a  collar  of  red  and  white  roses."  Mr. 
Scharf  is  therefore  of  opinion  that  the  picture  catalogued  by  Charles  I.  as 
Henry  VIII.  when  young,  is  in  reality  the  portrait  of  Prince  Arthur. 

It  would  obviously  be  important  to  compare  with  this  portrait  of  Prince 
Arthur  other  portraits,  real  or  reputed,  of  that  prince.  Whatever  light  Mr. 
Scharf  may  hereafter  be  enabled  to  throw  upon  the  subject  by  such  a  com- 
parison, he  contented  himself  on  the  present  occasion  with  laying  before 
the  Society,  under  the  gracious  auspices  of  their  illustrious  Patroness,  the 
Queen,  the  picture  attributed  to  Mabuse,  (and  known  by  the  name  which 
Vertue  gave  to  it,  of  the  Three  Children  of  Henry  VII.),  together  with  a 
replica  from  Wilton  House,  for  which  the  Society  was  indebted  to  Lord 
Herbert  of  Lea.  This  picture  figures  in  both  the  Catalogues  of  Charles's 
pictures,  but  without  any  designation.  In  that  of  King  James's  it  is 
not  mentioned,  but  on  turning  to  the  old  Catalogue  of  Henry  VIII., 
Mr.  Scharf  found  the  following  entry : — "  Ditto.  The  three  children  of  the 
King  of  Denmark."  It  was  not  contended  that  we  should  at  once  jump 
to  the  identity  of  the  picture  exhibited  with  the  picture  so  catalogued,  but 
6 


1861*]  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  409 

Mr.  Scharf  pointed  out  that  in  the  history  of  the  relations  which  existed 
about  that  time  between  the  Courts  of  Denmark  and  of  England  there  was 
nothing  which  would  militate  against  the  hypothesis — for  it  was  nothing 
more — which  he  submitted  to  the  consideration  of  the  Society  with  a 
view  to  elicit  the  truth.  The  weak  side  of  this  hypothesis  is  that,  whereas 
four  copies  of  these  "  three  children"  are  known  to  exist  in  England,  Mr. 
Scharf  was  unable  to  ascertain  that  any  copy  of  it  was  to  be  met  with 
abroad. 

The  remaining  picture,  also  contributed  by  the  Queen  from  Windsor 
Castle,  was  a  portrait,  known  indeed  hitherto  by  the  name  of  Charles  VIII. 
of  France,  but  which  Mr.  Scharf  discovered  to  be  that  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.,  partly  on  account  of  the  features,  which  at  once  suggested  that 
monarch,  and  chiefly  on  account  of  the  following  entry  in  King  Henry  the 
Eighth's  Catalogue,  which  agrees  exactly  with  the  picture,  down  to  the 
sprig  of  rosemary : — "  Item,  a  Table  with  the  picture  of  the  Emperour,  his 
doublet  being  cut  (i.e.  slashed),  and  a  rosemarye  branch  in  his  hand." 

At  the  conclusion  of  this  most  interesting  paper,  the  President  invited 
the  attention  of  the  Society  to  the  very  flattering  mark  of  interest  in  their 
proceedings  which  had  this  evening  been  manifested  by  their  august 
Patroness  the  Queen. 

The  Director  laid  upon  the  table  an  Index  to  the  First  Series  of  the 
Proceedings,  prepared  by  himself.  A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  awarded 
to  him  for  this  fresh  instance  of  his  indefatigable  zeal  on  behalf  of  the 
Society.  When  we  state  that  this  Index  occupies  some  fifty  pages,  and 
registers  contents  of  four  volumes,  which  from  their  very  nature  involve 
an  endless  multiplicity  of  minute  details,  we  are  at  no  loss  to  perceive  how 
richly  this  vote  of  thanks  was  deserved,  or  how  unanimously  it  was  granted. 

Feb.  28.    John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

Thomas  Close,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  a  tracing  of  a 
marble  slab  behind  the  high  altar  in  the  church  of  Santa  Maria  del  Car- 
mine, Naples,  on  which  is  an  inscription  in  memory  of  the  unhappy  Con- 
radino  and  of  Frederic,  who  were  murdered  (for  it  was  murder)  by  the 
Duke  d'Anjou  in  1269.  To  judge  from  the  style  of  the  letters,  the  date 
of  the  inscription  seemed  to  be  greatly  posterior  to  that  of  the  event  com* 
memorated,  and  the  terms  of  it  involved  sundry  genealogical  difficulties  not 
easily  to  be  accounted  for.  The  mother  of  Conradino  is  called  the  Em- 
press Margaret,  and  "  Federico  d'Asburgh"  is  styled  "  ultimo  de  dachi 
d'Au8tria."  (sic.) 

George  Chapman,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  silver  ecclesiastical  seal  of 
the  thirteenth  century.  It  was  probably  a  secretutn,  not  the  seal  of  any 
religious  house. 

By  permission  of  the  Dean  and  Canons  of  Windsor,  B.  B.  Woodward, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.*  exhibited  a  very  curious  manuscript  volume  containing  some 

Gxbt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX.  8  d 


410  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [April, 

opuscules  of  William  of  Hampole,  a  life  of  Our  Lady,  and  some  poetry  in 
English  and  Latin  distichs  alternately,  which  seemed  to  belong  to  the 
sixteenth  century.  The  English  portions  of  this  volume  seemed  to  us 
worthy  of  being  printed ;  the  phraseology  being  peculiar,  and  the  subject 
not  devoid  of  interest,  abounding  as  it  does  with  a  freedom  of  thought 
scarcely  to  be  expected  at  that  period. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Hugo,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  two  rings  of  the  thirteenth 
and  fourteenth  centuries,  and  rubbings  of  incised  slabs  found  on  the  site  of 
the  priory  of  Mynchin  Buckland.  Mr.  Hugo  gave  some  interesting  par- 
ticulars respecting  this  priory,  which  he  stated  to  have  been  ultimately  the 
only  house  in  this  country  belonging  to  the  Sisters  of  the  Knights  of 
St.  John. 

The  Worshipful  Company  of  Ironmongers  exhibited,  by  the  hands  of 
J.  J.  Howabd,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  the  so-called  Lane  cup.  The  arms  of  the 
Lanes  thereon  incised,  bore  a  very  strange  heraldic,  or,  as  we  should  rather 
call  it,  unheraldic  device.  An  arm  issues  from  the  top  of  a  shield  bearing 
the  Parr  arms,  and  is  holding  a  coronet  over  a  shield  bearing  the  arms  of 
Lane.  Octavius  Morgan,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  shewed  how  the  device  was  to  be 
explained,  from  the  fact  of  Maud,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Lord  Parr  of 
Horton,  having  brought  the  blood  of  a  peer  into  the  Lane  family  by 
marriage  with  Sir  Ralph  Lane.  Mr.  King,  York  Herald,  communicated 
some  notes  on  the  quarterings  on  this  cup,  and  Mr.  Howard  exhibited 
a  copy  of  the  arms  struck  off  from  the  cup  in  printers*  ink. 

Mr.  Howard  also  exhibited  a  rubbing  of  an  undescribed  brass,  preserved 
in  the  muniment -room  at  Baddesley  Clinton,  the  seat  of  M.  E.  Ferrers, 
Esq.  It  represented  a  female  wearing  an  heraldic  mantle,  on  which  were 
the  arms  of  Brome  and  Arundel  quarterly;  viz.,  1  and  4,  sable,  on  a 
chevron  argent,  3  slips  of  broom  pp.,  2  and  3,  sable,  six  swallows,  3,  2, 
and  1,  argent.  The  lady  was  Constance,  a  daughter  of  Nicholas  Brome 
of  Baddesley.  She  married  in  1497  Sir  Edward  Ferrers,  Knt.,  and  died 
in  1551. 

Spencer  Hall,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  remarks  "On  the  occur- 
rence of  Flemish  Brasses  in  England,  and  on  their  importation  during  the 
sixteenth  century,  consequent  upon  the  war  for  Independence  in  the  Nether- 
lands." It  would  be  difficult  to  give  any  resume  of  the  picturesque  account 
given  by  Mr.  Hall  of  the  religious  wars  of  the  Netherlands,  or  to  compress 
into  a  few  words  the  varied  and  philosophical  reflections  on  art  and  history 
with  which  this  account  was  intercalated.  In  the  absence  of  any  direct 
evidence,  we  are  unable  to  say  how  far  the  result  aimed  at  by  Mr.  Hall 
should  commend  itself  to  our  acceptance.  We  should,  however,  be 
equally  unable  to  offer  any  conjecture  in  its  stead  which  would  have 
so  many  plausible  arguments  in  its  favour.  To  the  inquiry,  by  whom 
were  brasses,  the  evidence  of  church  plunder,  introduced  into  this  country 
from  Flanders  ?  Mr.  Hall  points  in  reply  to  the  very  men  by  whom  the 


1861 .  J  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  41 1 

plunder  had  been  effected ;  to  the  Beggars  of  the  Sea,  the  captors  of 
Brill,  the  founders  of  the  Dutch  Republic.  The  first  act  of  these  men, 
upon  the  capture  of  any  place  to  which  their  cruisers  were  attracted  by 
covetousness  or  revenge,  was  the  plunder  of  the  churches  it  contained. 
"What  more  natural  than  that  they  should  endeavour  to  turn  to  commercial 
purposes  the  brasses  which  thus  came  into  their  possession  ?  In  fact,  the 
more  closely  we  examine  the  mystery,  the  less  mysterious  does  it  appear, 
and  instead  of  asking  ourselves  how  it  came  to  pass  that  brasses  were  im- 
ported into  England,  we  should  rather  be  surprised  if  they  had  not  been 
imported, — so  much  does  it  seem  to  be  a  matter  of  course.  For  this, 
however,  we  must  remember  that  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Hall's  elaborate 
researches  clothed  in  not  less  elaborate  language. 

March  7.  John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

Captain  Windtts,  F.S.A.,  laid  before  the  Society  a  curious  account  of  an 
ancient  galley  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  built  at  Nice  in  or  about  1534, 
and  sheathed  with  lead :  to  say  nothing  of  other  appliances  which  have 
been  held  to  be  due  to  the  ingenuity  of  recent  years.  This  account  is  to 
be  found  at  p.  150  of  the  "  Parte  Terza"  of  Giacomo  Bosio's  Istoria  delta 
religione  e  militia  di  S.Giovanni  Gerosolimitano.  Soma.  1594 — 1602. 
In  the  present  day,  when  the  battle  between  wood  and  iron  is  carried  on 
with  such  ardour,  it  cannot  but  be  interesting  to  find  how-  the  problem  was 
practically  solved  in  favour  of  metal  three  hundred  years  ago.  Along 
with  these  remarks,  and  in  illustration  of  them,  Captain  Windus  exhibited 
six  paintings  of  galleys  belonging  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  and  the 
portrait  of  a  "  Captain  of  Galleys.1'  For  this  exhibition  the  Society  was 
indebted  to  Sir  G.  Bowyer,  M.P. 

Richard  Major,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  of  the  British  Museum,  came  before  the 
Society  to  announce,  for  the  first  time,  a  highly  important  discovery  which 
he  had  made"  a  few  days  previously  in  the  great  national  collection.  Mr. 
Major,  it  will  be  recollected,  edited  for  the  Hakluyt  Society  the  Early 
Voyages  to  Terra  Australia,  and  the  erudition  displayed  in  the  intro- 
duction to  that  volume  affords  evidence  that  he  is  second  to  none  in  this 
country,  both  from  advantages  of  position  and  sagacity  of  mind,  as  an 
authority  in  the  history  of  maritime  discovery.  With  regard  to  Aus- 
tralia, however,  a  riddle  of  more  than  ordinary  perplexity  has  hitherto 
baffled  all  attempts  at  solution.  From  indications  to  be  found  on  cer- 
tain French  maps,  there  are  reasonable  grounds  for  believing  that  Terra 
Australia  had  been  discovered  by  a  people  who  would  appear  to  have  been 
Portuguese,  some  seventy  years  before  the  first  authenticated  discovery— 
that  is,  a  discovery  with  a  name  of  the  navigator  and  an  assignable  date- 
by  the  Dutch  in  1606.  For  it  was  this  discovery  which,  up  to  this  even- 
ing, received,  at  all  hands,  the  honour  of  priority.  In  the  paper  read  to 
the  Society,  however,  on  the  present  occasion,  Mr.  Major  proved  to  the. 


412  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [April, 

satisfaction  of  every  one,  that  this  priority  must  now  be  transferred  from  the 
Dutch  to  the  Portuguese,  and  from  1606  to  1601.  A  step  is  thus  gained, 
on  sure  ground,  in  the  direction  to  which  the  vague  indications,  already 
named,  so  perplexingly  point ;  and  we  trust  that  the  energy  which  Mr. 
Major  has  displayed  in  carrying  on  his  investigations  on  this  subject  may 
one  day  be  rewarded  by  discoveries  of  even  greater  importance  than  that 
which  he  announced  to  the  Society  this  evening.  We  should  add,  that  it 
was  founded  on  a  manuscript  Mappemondc,  a  tracing  of  which  was  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Major.  All  curiosity,  however,  on  the  details  of  this  dis- 
covery will  very  shortly  be  gratified ;  for  both  the  paper  and  a  portion  of 
the  map  will  be  published  in  the  forthcoming  volume  of  the  Arcfosologia. 

March  14.    Eael  Stanhope,  President,  in  the  chair. 

The  ballot  was  taken  on  Francis  Morgan  Nichols,  Esq.,  who  was  de- 
clared duly  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society. 

B.  B.  Woodward,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  six  proclama- 
tions and  broadsides. 

Richard  Meeson,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  old  parish  register  of 
Grays  Thorrock,  commencing  at  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Here  and  there  were  to  be  found  the  record  of  stray  facts  of  some 
little  interest  —  such  as  the  wreck  of  two  boats  on  the  shores  of  the 
Thames.  Mr.  Meeson  took  this  opportunity  of  inviting  the  attention  of 
archaeologists  to  the  district  to  which  this  register  belongs.  He  believed 
it  to  be  rich  in  ancient  remains.  We  annex  one  or  two  entries  from  this 
register  which  seem  to  us  to  be  noteworthy : — 

"  A  stranger,  being  an  old  man  called  by  the  name  of  Thomas  Sanders,  was  buried 
without  either  woolen  or  linen  or  anything  else  about  him.  Buried  the  27th  day 
of  Octobour  in  1679." 

"  On  the  third  of  February  this  year,  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  ninety  {, 
the  tilt  boat  was  cast  away  about  the  mouth  of  the  breach  of  West  Thurrock,  in 
which  perished  about  fifty-six  passengers.  Likewise  a  day  or  two  before  the  said 
casting  away  of  the  tilt-boat,  there  was  a  wherry  cast  away  between  this  town  and 
the  upper  wharf.  This  year  being  memorable  for  great  winds,  which  continued 
from  the  end  of  December  to  the  latter  end  of  March." 

Under  the  year  1748  we  read,  inter  alia, — "Samuel  Milton  an  infant 
was  buried  October  18."  "John  Milton,  a  stranger,  was  buried  No- 
vember 12;"  and  in  the  year  following  (1749)  we  find,  "Mrs.  Mary 
Powell  was  buried  June  13."  In  1767  we  read,  "  Sarah  Milton  an  infant 
was  buried  April  the  4th :"  and  in  1768,  "  George  Milton  was  buried  Jan. 
13th  ;"  and  in  1769,  "  Thomas  Milton  (drowned)  was  buried  by  warrant  of 
coroner  8th  March.91  The  venerated  name  of  Roper  is  also  of  frequent 
occurrence. 

J.  J.  Howabd,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  book-cover  (which  some  barbarian  had 
gutted)  bearing  the  arms  of  Heinrich  Rantzou,  Stadtholder,  and  the  date 
1572.    The  Rantzous  were  a  Holatein  family.    The  arms  are  found  em* 


1861.]    •  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  413 

blazoned  in  their  proper  colours  in  the  Liber  Amicorum  of  John  Pape, 
dated  1621,  which  Mr.  Howard  also  laid  before  the  Society. 

Mrs.  Gordon  Canning  exhibited,  by  the  hands  of  Edmund  Waterton, 
Esq.,  F.8.A.,  an  exceedingly  beautiful  jewelled  reliquary  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  on  which  the  Director  made  some  remarks. 

Spenceb  Hall,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  some  remarks  on  drawings 
of  tiles  from  Sandhurst  Church,  exhibited  by  W.  J.  Lightfoot,  Esq.  These 
tiles  were  partly  armorial,  partly  ornamental.  Of  the  armorial,  the  most 
interesting  were  those  which  bore  the  Etchingham  arms.  Mr.  Hall  traced, 
at  some  length,  the  connection  of  this  family  with  the  spot  where  these 
tiles  are  found,  and  then  threw  out  a  suggestion,  of  considerable  interest, 
respecting  one  of  the  ornamented  tiles  which  bore  the  representation  of  the 
Cock  and  the  Fox.  Had  this  design,  asked  Mr.  Hall,  any  connection  with 
the  famous  apologue  of  Reynard  the  Fox  ? 

W.  H.  Black,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  illuminated  copy,  on  vellum, 
of  the  Statutes  of  the  Garter,  as  reformed  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1522.  Also 
a  Bible,  printed  by  Bill  and  Barker  in  1629 — 1631,  with  the  royaj  arms. 
The  Statutes  of  the  Garter  were  stamped  with  the  arms  of  Edward,  Earl 
of  Hertford,  who  was  elected  a  K.G.  in  1541-2. 

The  Bev.  E.  E.  Estcourt,  F.S.A.,  communicated  to  the  Society  an 
*  Account  of  a  Deed  of  Acquittance  in  two  parts  by  King  Henry  VII. 
(whose  sign  manual  it  bore),  and  Richard  Gardyner,  Alderman  of  London, 
for  a  loan  of  money  to  King  Richard  III.  on  a  piece  of  plate  pledged." 
The  piece  of  plate  is  thus  described  in  the  Indenture : — "  A  salte  of  golde 
with  a  cover  stondyng  upon  a  morenn  garnysshed  with  perles  and  pretious 
stones.'1  While  Mr.  Estcourt  was  reading  his  remarks  the  Director 
hunted  up  this  identical  salt  in  the  Inventories  of  the  Exchequer.  Mr. 
Estcourt  laid  several  other  deeds  before  the  Society  in  illustration  of  the 
life  of  this  Richard  Gardyner. 

John  Hopkins,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  some  notes  on  the  seals'of 
Great  Grimsby.  This,  however,  is  a  subject  on  which  our  readers  will  not 
need  any  further  information. 

The  President  gave  notice  that  two  special  exhibitions  would  be  held  at 
the  ordinary  meetings  of  this  Society  on  May  2,  and  June  6,  next  ensuing. 
That  on  May  2  would  consist  of  matrices  and  original  impressions  of  seals ; 
that  on  June  6  would  be  devoted  to  illuminated  manuscripts. 

We  cannot  conclude  without  inviting  the  attention  of  the  reader  to  the  very 
important  communications  which,  in  the  course  of  one  short  month,  have 
been  laid  before  this  Society.  The  discovery  of  Holbein's  will,  the  exhi- 
bitions of  pictures  of  such  great  interest  from  the  Royal  collections,  the 
establishment  of  an  epochal  fact  in  the  early  records  of  a  country  like 
Australia,  (in  which  no  Englishman  can  be  otherwise  than  deeply  interested,) 
are  all  of  them  topics  which  amply  sustain  the  character  and  reputation 
which  this  venerable  Society  has  for  so  long  a  period  enjoyed. 


414  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [April, 

THE  OXFOBD  ARCHITECTTJKAL  AITD  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 

March  5.  The  third  meeting  of  the  term  was  held  (by  permission  of  the 
Keeper)  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  the  Rev.  the  Pbikcipal  of  New  Imk 
Hall,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  members  of  the  Society : — 

J.  O.  Westwood,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Hope  Professor  of  Zoology. 

C.  Fanlkner,  Esq.,  F.E.S.,  F.S.A.,  Deddington. 

J.  S.  Cartwright,  Esq.,  Balliol  College. 

M.  Argles,  Esq.,  Merton  College. 

J.  F.  Langford;  Esq.,  Balliol  College. 

C.  H.  O.  Daniel,  Esq.,  Worcester  College. 

O.  S.  Dundas,  Esq.,  Exeter  College. 

E.  Langdon,  Esq.,  New  College. 

It  was  announced  that,  in  accordance  with  the  notice  laid  before  the 

Society  at  the  last  meeting,  the  Committee  had  decided 

That,  in  the  case  of  New  Member*  joining  the  Society  who  were  not  residents  in 
Oxford,  they  would  be  expected  to  pay  10*.  their  first  year,  at  if  residents,  and  5s.  each 
year,  afterwards. 

It  was  stated  that  this  was  'no  new  Rule,  but  only  an  interpretation,  to 
meet  exceptional  cases,  of  Rule  XXVI.  as  it  now  stands. 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Rev.  G.  E.  C.  Styles  respecting  Thomas 
&  Kempis,  who  he  found  had  been  an  inmate  of  the  priory  at  Daventry  for 
about  seventy  years,  and  probably  died  and  was  buried  there. 

A  letter  also  from  the  Rev.  W.  J.  E.  Bennett,  stating  that  a  short  time 

ago,  close  to  Frome,  an  urn  containing  a  great  number  of  British  coins 

was  broken  through  by  the  plough;  the  treasure  was  scattered,  but  the 

churchwarden,  a  silversmith  in  the  town,  supplied  all  the  facts  that  could  be 

gleaned  respecting  it.     He  describes  his  researches  as  follows : — 

"  Upon  making  every  possible  inquiry  pence,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  of  dark 

many  times,  it  appears  the  coins  were  coarse  clay,  not  much  burnt, 

first  seen  by  James  Gunning  the  carter,  "After  Hilliar,   another  man   named 

on  Monday,  October  15, 1860.    He  found  William  Gunning,  a  cousin  of  the  first 

several  gold  coins  while  working  on  the  finder,  searched  deeper,  and  he  found  the 

ground,  the    plough  having    been  used  piece  of  the  bottom  of  tbe  urn,  with  the 

deeper  than  ever  before.    It  seems  most  gold  and  silver  coins  which  1  purchased- of 

likely  that  the  urn  containing  the  coins  him.    The  soil  is  here  very  shallow,  and 

was  then  turned  up  and  broken  all  to  not  a  foot  deep,  some  of  the  coins  being 

pieces.    Gunning  thought  nothing  of  the  down  on  the  rock.    From  tbe  shallowness 

coins,  yet  marked  the  spot  with  a  bough,  of  the  soil  it  is  rather  difficult  to  say 

and  gave  most  of  his  coins  to  Hilliar.  which  of  the  coins  were  above  or  under. 

The  next  day  Hilliar  went  and  searched  The  farm  on  which  the  coins  were  found 

more  carefully,  and  he  found  about  200  of  is  called  '  West  Down  Farm/  the  field 

the  silver  ones,  all  in  a  little  heap  together,  is  called  '  Twelve  Acres,'  although  not  so 

without  any  gold  coins,  and  only  British  large  as  that  measure,  and  is  the  second 

coins.   He  says  there  were  only  some  little  field  from  the  house,  westwards,  and  about 

bits  of  the  urn,  and  more  like  black  earth  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  turnpike  to- 

than  an  urn.    There  was  only  one  small  wards  the  village  of  Leighton.   The  exact 

piece  attached  to  a  part  of  the  bottom  to  spot  is  exactly  the  highest  part  of  the 

shew  it  had  been  a  vessel.  The  only  piece  land  about  there,  and  the  crown  of  the 

I  could  get  was  about  the  size  of  a  six-  spot.    About  fifteen  feet  from  it,  an  old 


1861 .]      The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.       41 5 


yew-tree  was  lately  cat  down,  and  of 
which  there  are  still  traces  from  another 
tree  growing  np.  Hoi  1  well  is  a  hamlet 
situated  in  a  sort  of  gorge  between  some 
fine  rocks,  and  is  partly  in  the  parish  of 
Cloford,  and  partly  in  Nunney  parish; 
the  land  on  which  the  coins  were  found 
being  in  Nnnney  parish.  As  to  the  num- 
ber of  the  coins,  there  were  of  the  British 
silver  coins : — Collected  by  Walker,  173 ; 
collected  myself,  22;  collected  by  Mr. 
Glencross,  7;  found  by  Capt.  Murchis- 
son,  8;  I  know  besides  of  others,  8. 
Total,  218. 

«  Of  British  gold  coins :— Sold  to  Walker 
by  Hard,  2 ;  collected  myself,  4 ;  'Toop'bad 
two  from  Gunning,  (of  these  one  went  to 
Bath,  and  the  other  to  Taunton,)  2  ;  Her- 


ridge  had  one  (since  gone  to  Bath),  1. 
Total,  9. 

"  Of  silver  Roman  coins : — 1  have  seen 
in  the  possession  of  Gunning,  1 ;  in  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Drew,  1;  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  Herridge,  1.   Total,  3. 

"Of  Roman  copper: — In  the  hands  of 
Hard,  1 ;  had  of  Gunning,  1.    Total,  2. 

"  These  numbers  may  not  be  quite  cor- 
rect, but  are  only  so  far  as  I  have  seen 
myself. 

"  The  finding  of  British  coins  is  of  very 
rare  occurrence;  with  few  exceptions  they 
have  mostly  been  found  in  this  part  of  the 
country,  and  I  believe  a  'treasure'  has 
never  before  been  discovered. .... 

"  John  W.  Singee." 


Mr.  James  Parker  then  read  a  Paper  on  "  Walter  de  Merton,  as  Chan- 
cellor, Founder,  and  Architect."     He  said : — 

College  must  always  stand  as  a  monument 
to  a  great  man's  genius  and  invention.  It 
was  not  so  great  a  step  in  advance  beyond 
Merton  as  Merton  was  upon  what  went 
before;  still  it  was  a  great  stride.  And, 
.  again,  although  Magdalen,  for  complete- 
ness in  arrangement,  for  extent  of  terri- 
tory, or  for  wealth  as  to  endowment,  may 
be  far  behind  what  Christ  Church  would 
have  been  had  its  founder  been  enabled  to 
complete  what  he  had  begun,  still,  com- 
paring the  two  as  they  now  remain  to  us, 
and  taking  into  account  the  priority  of 
date,  William  of  Waynflete  may  well  be 
compared  in  this  respect  to  the  Cardinal. 

"  And  thirdly,  as  architects.  If  Walter 
de  Merton's  plan  was  not  so  perfect  as 
that  adopted  by  Wykeham,  Waynflete,  or 
Wolsey,  we  must  remember  that  he  was 
the  first  in  the  field.  And  if  Wolsey's  was 
the  more  glorious  of  the  four,  we  must 
not  forget  that  he  had  Magdalen  before 
him  as  a  model,  which  was  copied  to  some 
extent  from  New  College.  And  if  we  owe 
probably  the  earliest  introduction  of  the 
Decorated  style  of  architecture  to  Walter 
de  Merton,  we  are,  according  to  the  theory 
of  many  antiquaries,  equally  indebted  to 
William  of  Wykeham  for  the  Perpendicu- 
lar style,  a  style  which  Waynflete  may  be 
said  to  have  developed  to  perfection  in 
Magdalen  tower,  (and  its  design  is  gene- 
rally attributed  to  him,)  and  which,  in  its 
declining  years,  would  still  have  had  a 
monument  to  boast  of  worthy  of  its  pris- 
tine vigour  had  Wolsey  been  able  to  carry 
out  the  design  which  he  had  conceived. 

"  Thus  in  the  history  of  each  of  the  four 
chancellors  it  is  the  same.  To  whatever 
they  turned  their  mind,  in  that  they 
seemed  to  excel." 


"  Oxford  may  be  said  to  owe  its  chief 
glories  to  four  Chancellors  of  the  realm. 

"  It  was  Chancellor  Merton  who  intro- 
duced the  collegiate  system,  Chancellor 
Wykeham  who  perfected  it,  and  no  two 
names  can  be  found  associated  with  its 
extension  to  be  compared  with  Chancellor 
Waynflete  and  Chancellor  Wolsey. 

"  Nor  is  it  to  these  four  chancellors  that 
Oxford  owes  only  the  foundation,  perfec- 
tion, and  extension  of  a  system  which 
placed  her  University  in  the  foremost  rank 
amongst  similar  institutions  in  Europe, — 
to  these  four  she  owes  also  her  finest  ar- 
chitectural monuments. 

"  Deprive  Oxford  of  Merton,  New  Col- 
lege, Magdalen,  and  Christ  Church,  and 
yon  would  take  away  from  her  her  chief 
attractions  as  a  city  of  colleges. 

"  She  owes  those  colleges,  too,  to  their 
founders,  not  only  as  the  results  of  their 
munificence,  but  in  three  out  of  the  four 
cases  in  part,  if  not  entirely,  she  owes 
them  to  their  skill  in  architectural  design 
also 

"  Hence,  if  we  would  judge  them  rightly, 
if  we  would  wish  to  gain  a  conception  of 
their  wonderful  energies,  their  unbounded 
talents,  their  appreciation  of  what  was 
light,  and  just,  and  good,  and  great  around 
them,  we  must  regard  them  not  only  as 
chancellors,  ,but  also  as  founders  of  col- 
leges, and  as  architects  in  the  true  sense 
of  the  word. 

"  Scarcely  second  to  Walter  de  Merton 
as  chancellors  were  William  of  Wykeham 
and  William  of  Waynflete,  scarcely  his 
superior  in  talent  was  Cardinal  Wolsey. 

"  Regarding  them  as  founders,  —  al- 
though second  in  point  of  date,  and  having 
the  advantage  of  Merton  as  a  model,  New 


416 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[April, 


He  then  proceeded  to  trace  the  various 
incidents  of  Walter  de  Merton's  life,  which 
touched  upon  his  high  fame  in  the  three 
characters  of  chancellor,  founder,  and  ar- 
chitect. He  divided  his  life  into  four 
eras: — 

"The  1st.  From  his  birth  to  his  ap- 
pointment as  deputy  to  the  chancellor. 

"  The  2nd.  From  his  acting  as  deputy 
to  the  end  of  his  first  chancellorship. 

"  The  3rd.  The  interval  between  his  first 
chancellorship  and  his  second. 

"  The  4th.  His  second  chancellorship  to 
his  death. 

"  Of  his  life  previous  to  his  first  chan- 
cellorship we  know  very  little.  Of  his 
birth  and  boyhood  we  know  nothing. 
Were  it  not  for  a  chance  entry  amongst 
the  Close  Bolls,  relating  to  an  inquisition 
concerning  some  lands  which  he  held,  we 
should  not  have  known  who  were  his 
father  and  mother.  They  seem,  however, 
to  have  been  moderately  wealthy  folk, 
living  at  Basingstoke,  in  Hampshire,  but 
of  no  personal  or  family  distinction,  the 
whole  of  their  history  that  has  come  to 
our  knowledge  being  comprised  in  the 
few  legal  statements  in  that  document." 

He  then  noticed  the  passages  in  several 
documents  which  could  throw  any  light 
upon  the  history  of  his  early  years.  He 
considered  that  the  word  clericus  in  a  deed 
of  1238  did  not  necessarily  imply  he  was 
in  holy  orders  at  so  early  a  date,  though 
he  must  have  been  sq  previously  to  1248, 
as  he  received  preferment  from  Bishop 
Nicolas  of  Durham.  As  to  his  profession 
at  that  early  date  producing  sufficient  for 
him  to  purchase  the  lands,  he  thought 
that  it  was  more  probable  the  means  for 
this  were  derived  from  the  personal  pro- 
perty left  to  him  by  his  parents,  who  died 
about  this  time. 

He  next  referred  to  tho  letter  of  intro- 
duction written  by  Adam  de  Marisco, 
which,  although  it  did  not  tend  to  fix  any 
date,  shewed  that  Walter  was  intimate 
with  the  leading  men  among  the  Fran- 
ciscans in  Oxford,  amongst  whom  were 
several  men  of  distinction,  whom  he  enu- 
merated. 

He  then  commented  on  the  use  of  the 
term  clericus  notter,  which  is  used  in 
a  document  as  early  as  12-19,  and  again  in 
1256,  at  which  latter  date  Walter  was 
known  to  hold  the  office  of  deputy  to  the 
7 


chancellor,  but  he  would  not  hazard  any 
conclusions  from  the  coincidence. 

He  summed  up  the  early  life  of  the 
chancellor  thus : — 

"  We  know  that  his  father  and  mother 
lived  at  Basingstoke. 

"  We  infer  he  was  born  there. 

"  We  infer  that  he  was  educated  in  his 
early  years  at  Merton  in  Surrey. 

"  We  infer  that  he  came  to  Oxford  and 
mixed  with  learned  men.  So  much  so, 
1  might  add  that,  according  to  Dr.  Ingram, 
tradition  even  points  out  the  place  of  his 
residence  as  Mauger  Hall,  the  site  of  which 
is  now  occupied  by  the  'Cross  Inn*  in 
Corn  market-street. 

"  We  know  he  took  priest's  orders  and 
held  preferment. 

"We  infer  that  he  practised  in  law 
courts,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
legal  profession. 

"  We  know  he  founded  a  hospital  at 
Basingstoke  in  memory  of  his  father  and 
mother,  who  died  and  were  buried  there. 

"We  know  that  he  purchased  large 
estates  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Merton 
in  Surrey,  shewing  that  he  had  a  predilec- 
tion for  that  place,  whether  it  had  been 
the  scene  of  his  school-days  or  not.1' 


»» 


Referring  to  the  second  era  in  Walter 
de  Merton's  life,  he  described  the  political 
state  of  the  kingdom  at  the  time  that 
Walter  was  acting  as  deputy  to  the  chan- 
cellor. He  made  a  few  remarks  also  on 
a  copy  of  the  proclamation  which  was  pre- 
served amongst  the  archives  of  the  city 
of  Oxford,  enjoining  the  king's  loyal  sub- 
jects to  submit  to  the  authority  constituted 
by  the  celebrated  "  Provisions  of  Oxford." 

In  1260,  at  a  very  critical  juncture  of 
affairs,  he  shewed  that  after  the  king  had 
summoned  his  parliament  at  Winchester 
and  deprived  the  chancellor  elected  by  the 
barons  of  his  seals  of  office,  and  had  to  find 
another  chancellor,  there  was  no  one  able 
to  quell  the  storm  but  Walter  de  Merton, 
who  was  at  once  installed  in  that  high 
position.  The  year  after  he  accepted  the 
office  the  king  went  abroad,  and  amidst 
all  the  troubles  and  dangers  of  that  period 
Walter  was  left  the  responsible  person  in 
the  kingdom,  as  chancellor. 

He  then  touched  slightly  upon  the  poli- 
tical events  which  preceded  Walter's  re- 
tirement from  the  chancellorship.  The 
scene  then  changed.    From  the  noise  and 


1861.]      The  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society.        417 


continual  broils  of  parties  at  court  we 
turned  to  the  quiet,  peaceful  Tillage  of 
Maiden.  It  was  now  that  the  third  era 
in  Walter  de  Merton's  life  commenced. 

He  then  noticed  in  detail  the  passages 
from  the  earliest  charter  which  seemed  to 
throw  any  light  upon  the  founder's  object, 
and  especially  snch  in  the  successive  charters 
as  would  shew  the  gradual  growth  of  the 
idea  of  a  college  in  the  founder's  mind. 

The  In  schoUt  degentee,  which  occurs 
in  the  deed  of  gift,  he  contended,  meant 
the  "  schools"  at  some  University,  and  he 
thought  that  Oxford  no  doubt  was  the 
place  to  which  the  scholars  from  Maiden 
came. 

He  said  there  were  probably  many  in- 
stances of  manors  at  this  time  left  for  the 
purpose  of  maintaining  students  at  Oxford, 
but  the  idea  of  providing  a  resident  warden 
and  chaplains,  introducing  thus  as  acces- 
sory a  measure  derived  from  the  monastic 
system,  was  entirely  due  to  Walter  de 
Morton.  The  resident  warden  with  his 
chaplains  would  have  the  care  of  the 
manor,  and  at  the  same  time  exercise  an 
indirect  control  over  the  scholars  although 
they  were  living  far  away.  He  had  them 
from  the  first  called  scholars  of  Merton, 
and  thus  a  unity  was  promoted  amongst 
them.  They  would  have  an  interest  in 
inciting  each  other  to  study,  and  each  one 
would  be  responsible  to  the  whole  body 
for  his  progress  in  learning  and  proper 
behaviour,  so  as  to  bring  no  discredit  upon 
the  institution :  — 

"  We  can  easily  understand  how  Walter 
de  Merton  during  the  few  years  of  rest 
from  official  labour  watched  the  working 
of  tliis  system,  how  his  active  mind  saw 
that  there  was  one  tiling  wanting  to  the 
perfection  of  his  plan,  and  that  one  thing 
was  transferring  Maiden  to  Oxford,  that 
in  Oxford  itself  his  scholars  should  have  a 
'  home.' 

"I  have  said  there  was  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  they  had  already  a  hall  to 
themselves  in  Oxford,  but  a  hall  then,  as 
it  was  culled,  was  synonymous  to  a  lodg- 
ing, and  even  if  a  whole  house,  possibly 
one  with  only  two  rooms  in  it,  an  upper  and 
a  lower,  of  which  I  have  no  doubt  many 
of  the  so-called  halls  at  this  early  date 
consisted.  But  what  Walter  de  Merton 
saw  was  wanted  was  more  than  this.  A 
building  which  they  could  call  their  own, 

Gext.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


a  chapel  within  their  own  premises,  their 
chaplains  with  them;  above  all,  their 
warden  to  advise,  counsel,  and  direct  them, 
and,  as  need  might  occur,  rule,  restrain,  or 
punish  them. 

"He  saw  this  long  before  he  could 
remedy  it,  and  be  had,  I  think,  as  can  be 
clearly  shewn,  devised  a  plan  long  before 
he  could  bring  it  to  bear." 

He  then  spoke  of  the  several  acquisi- 
tions of  land  on  the  spot  now  occupied 
by  Merton  college,  describing  their  posi- 
tion :  "And  the  purchase  of  this  land,  and 
the  preparation  for  building  a  college  in 
Oxford,  complete,"  he  said, "  the  third  era 
of  his  life." 

The  last  part  of  Walter's  career  opened 
with  his  being  appointed  chancellor  by  the 
barons,  during  the  absence  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward, who,  however,  in  a  letter  extant, 
cordially  approved  their  choice : — 


u 


For  two  years  he  fulfilled  the  duties 
of  chancellor — during  the  absence  of  the 
sovereign— and  it  is  probably  not  too  much 
to  say,  as  in  his  former  chancellorship, 
during  this  time  he  ruled  the  kingdom. 

*'  It  is  singular,  however,  that  on  the 
return  and  coronation  of  the  prince  in 
1274,  Walter  de  Merton  retires  from  the 
chancellorship.  He  accepts  the  see  of 
Rochester,  but  his  mind  seems  to  be  still 
in  his  work  at  Oxford. 

"  For  it  is  at  this  date  that  the  ratifica- 
tion by  the  founder  and  by  King  Edward 
the  First  is  issued,  the  statutes  being  again 
revised. 

"  But  in  this  there  is  a  great  and  im- 
portant addition;  namely,  he  bequeaths 
also  'locum  sibi  habirationis  et  domum 
Ozonise  ubi  Universitas  viget  studentiom.* 

"  No  longer  is  Maiden  the  only  habita- 
tion the  students  cau  call  their  own,  but 
they  have  now  a  home  in  Oxford." 

After  referring  to  the  last  body  of  sta- 
tutes, the  lecturer  pointed  out  the  claim 
of  Walter  de  Merton  to  be  called  an 
architect.  He  shewed  how  Merton  Chapel 
was  in  advance  of  its  age.    He  said, — 

"I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  it  is  any 
very  decided  advance  upon  the  usual  cha- 
racter of  the  architecture  at  the  time,  be- 
cause a  sudden  step  occurs  in  no  single 
instance  in  the  history  of  architecture. 
But  what  I  do  assert  is,  that  you  cannot 
find  any  instance,  either  in  England  or 
abroad,  of  thU  character  ascertained  to  be 
of  a  previous  date. 

"  It  amounts  then  to  this,  that  at  a 

3l 


418 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[April, 


very  critical  point  in  the  history  of  archi- 
tecture, Merton  Chapel  is  an  instance  of 
a  step  in  advance ;  it  probably  did  much 
to  direct  the  style  in  the  coarse  which  it 
afterwards  followed." 

He  compared  it  to  Cologne  Cathedral, 
which  was  building  at  this  time.  He 
shewed  that  the  one  did  not  copy  from 
the  other;  the  designs  were  quite  dif- 
ferent. Those  of  Merton  College  were 
thoroughly  English ;  those  of  Cologne 
were  essentially  German.  But  there  was 
this  connection,  they  were  both  one  step 
in  advance  of  the  style  prevalent  at  that 
age  in  their  respective  countries.  He  ad- 
verted briefly  to  Walter's  friendship  with 
Richard  King  of  the  Romans,  which  en- 
abled him  to  keep  au  courant  with  the 
development  of  architecture,  as  naturally 
the  attention  of  all  European  architects 
was  then  bestowed  npon  the  great  cathe- 
dral of  Cologne.  To  continue  the  narra- 
tive, he  said, — 

"  Walter  had  by  this  time,  as  we  have 
seen,  i.e.  1274,  brought  his  students  to 
Oxford.  Though  resident  in  Rochester, 
to  which  see  he  had  been  preferred,  his 
heart  must  have  been  in  Oxford,  planning 
and  rearing  his  college,  watching  no  doubt 
anxiously  the  workmen,  looking  forward 
no  doubt  with  fear,  probably  with  hope, 
to  the  future.  It  was  no  slight  task  he 
had  undertaken.  It  may  seem  easy  to  us, 
with  so  many  examples  around  us,  to  de- 
sign a  college;  but  then  it  was  not  so. 
The  experience  of  six  centuries  which  we 
have  was  wanting  to  him,  and  yet  how 
little,  if  we  take  all  into  account,  havo 
those  six  centuries  improved  upon  the  con- 
ception of  that  one  mind. 

"  He  was  permitted,  then,  by  the  pro- 
vidence of  God,  to  see  his  great  work  being 
accomplished ;  the  technical  and  legal  diffi- 
culties had  all  been  surmounted,  the 
ground  purchased,  the  buildings  rising, 
and,  above  all,  his  chapel  in  a  sufficiently 
forward  state  to  have  its  high  altar  dedi- 
cated. 

"But  the  life  of  the  great  man  was 
drawing  to  a  close. 

"  Whether  he  felt  it  himself,  whether 
for  this  reason  he  had  already  executed 
his  will,  or  whether  the  accident  which  he 
met  with  in  crossing  a  river,  when  he  was 
thrown  from  his  horse,  cut  him  off  in  the 


vigour  of  life,  certain  it  is  that  his  days 
were  now  numbered. 

"On  Oct.  26, 1277,  he  added  a  short 
codicil  to  his  will,  leaving  the  residue  of 
his  property  to  his  college.  The  day,  or 
the  day  but  one  following,  he  expired, — we 
know  not  in  what  year  of  his  age. 

"The  place,  too,  of  his  death  is  not 
exactly  known.  He  was  buried,  according 
to  his  will,  in  his  cathedral  of  Rochester." 

His  tomb,  executed  at  Limoges,  was 
briefly  adverted  to ;  but  the  buildings  of 
the  college,  as  they  now  stood,  the  lec- 
turer would  leave  for  some  other  time. 

Mr.  Shirley,  in  reference  to  the  chan- 
cellorship of  Walter  de  Merton,  observed 
that  Bishop  Hobhouse  considered  de  Mer- 
ton to  have  been  twice  made  chancellor  in 
Henry  the  Third's  reign.  His  first  ap- 
pointment was  in  May,  1258,  and  the  dis- 
turbances of  the  barons  htid  commenced 
in  April  of  the  same  year.  Their  demand 
to  elect  the  chancellor  bad  been  first  made 
on  the  2nd  of  May,  and  de  Merton  was 
appointed  on  the  6th  of  May.  This  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  de  Merton  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  influence  of  the  barons. 
These  were  divided  into  two  parties ;  first, 
the  extreme  party,  at  the  head  of  which 
was  Simon  de  Montford ;  and  second,  the 
moderate  party,  to  which  de  Merton 
seemed  to  belong,  for  when  in  1259  Mont- 
ford was  again  in  favour  at  court,  de 
Merton  vacated  the  chancellorship.  In 
1261  he  again  took  office,  and  it  is  sup- 
posed that  it  was  to  his  offices  that  a  tem- 
porary lull  took  place  in  the  disputes  be- 
tween the  king  and  the  barons.  During 
this  both  the  king  and  the  more  moderate 
of  the  barons  seemed  disposed  to  make 
concessions.  The  peace,  however,  was  but 
hollow,  and  in  1263  hostilities  again  broke 
out,  whereupon  de  Merton  again  vacated 
office.  This  would  indicate  that  de  Merton 
owed  his  tenure  of  office  to  the  influence  of 
the  moderate  baronial  party,  and  that  he 
was  not  an  extreme  partisan  either  of  the 
king  or  of  the  barons. 

The  Chairman  returned  the  thanks  of 
the  meeting  to  Mr.  James  Parker  fur 
his  interesting  paper.  The  meeting  then 
adjourned. 


1861.] 


419 


BRITISH  AECK^OLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


JM.  13.  Dr.  Johh  Lbe,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
V.- P.,  in  the  chair. 

James  Morton,  Esq.,  of  Silverdale; 
*  George  Robert  Stephenson,  Esq.,  of  Glou- 
cester-square ;  George  Faith,  Esq.,  of  Up- 
per Tube -hill;  and  Matthew  Harpley, 
Esq.,  Royal  Horse  Guards  Bine,  were  elect- 
ed Associates. 

Mr.  Boyson  exhibited  two  ancient  Bri- 
tish coins  in  red  gold  found  in  Essex. 
They  belong  to  the  first  century  of  tho 
Christian  era,  one  weighing  86  grains, 
the  other  87  grains.  On  tho  former  we 
read  dvbnovajiv,  the  remaining  letters 
being  off  the  field.  It  is  referred  to 
Dubnovcllaunos.  The  reverse  of  the  coin 
presents  suns  and  crescents,  emblems  of 
Beli  and  Keridwen.  The  latter  coin  reads 
addiid  (Addedomaros),  a  prince  concern- 
ing whom  history  is  silent,  but  the  name 
occurs  nt  a  remote  period  in  the  Triads 
under  the  form  of  JEdd-inawr,  or  JEdd 
the  Great. 

Mr.  Edward  Roberts,  F.S.A.,  exhibited 
a  group  of  two  figures  sculptured  in  white 
marble,  15  inches  high,  representing  a 
female  clasping  her  hands  in  agony,  whilst 
Death  clutches  her  with  his  right  hand, 
and  with  the  left  is  warding  off  a  serpent 
which  twines  round  his  arm.  Other  ser- 
pents are  about  this  figure,  which  alto- 
gether bears  resemblance  to  one  of  the 
representations  of  the  Dance  of  Death. 

Mr.  Hollo  way  sent  the  bottom  of  a 
large  bottle  dug  up  at  Silchester,  8  feet 
below  the  surface,  along  with  some  Roman 
relics  near  to  the  site  of  the  amphitheatre. 
The  bottle  is  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
of  Dutch  manufacture. 

Mr.  Jennings  of  Southampton  exhibited 
three  fragments  of  Roman  glass,  also  fouud 
at  Silchester.  One  was  a  portion  of  a 
bead  of  a  blue  colour,  another  an  emerald 
green,  and  the  third  white. 

Mr.  Cramer  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  sent 
for  exhibition  some  fine  specimens  of  glass 
dug  up  at  Rome.  They  had  been  made 
to  form  ornaments. 

The  Rev.  E.  Kell,  F.S.A.,  produced  fur- 
ther  specimens  of  glass  procured  from  the 
factory  discovered  at  Brig®.    They  were 


of  the  same  character  and  time  as  those 
previously  exhibited. 

Mr.  Charles  Faulkner,  F.S.A.,  exhibited 
the  lower  portion  of  an  olla,  forming  a 
colander  or  drainer,  of  grey  Upchurch 
pottery,  discovered  near  King's  Sutton 
Northamptonshire.  Mr.  F.  also  exhibited 
an  iron  chopper  found  at  Astrop,  measuring 
9  inches,  and  an  iron  knife  or  spatula  6fc 
inches  in  length,  found  with  a  Roman  de- 
narius of  Vespasian. 

Mr.  George  Wentworth  exhibited  a 
variety  of  MSS.  and  printed  papers  from 
his  collection  at  Woolley-park,  near  Wake- 
field, among  which  may  be  specified : — 

A  Charter  of  Henry  III.  (1268)  grant- 
ing free  warren  in  his  demesne  to  Geoffrey 
de  Notton,  at  Notton,  Silkeston,  &c. 

An  Inquisition  post  mort.  of  William 
Heron,  who  held  the  manor  of  Notton 
25  Edw.  I.  (1297). 

Inquisition  post  mort.  of  John  Darey, 
21  Edw.  III.  (1347-8). 

Copy  of  Ingagement  and  Resolution  of 
the  principal  Gentlemen  of  the  County  of 
Salop  for  raising  forces  for  the  defence 
of  His  Majesty,  &c.  Signed  by  numerous 
knights,  clergy,  and  other  inhabitants  of 
Shropshire. 

A  contemporary  translation  of  a  State 
Paper  presented  to  His  Majestie  by  the 
Governor  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands, 
1689. 

A  quarto  MS.  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
containing  a  rhyming  poem  entitled  Ver- 
sus Beati  Sancti  Bernardi  de  Instabili 
Felicitate  hujus  mundi.  A  larger  poem, 
entitled  Visio  lamentabilis  devoti  cujus- 
dam  Heremite  super  lugubradonem  Anime 
contra  suum  Corpus,  a  sort  of  religious 
drama  in  curious  rhyming  verses,  in  Latin 
and  English  intermixed. 

The  Chairman  announced  that  a  joint 
meeting  of  the  Association  and  the  Eth- 
nological Society,  to  discuss  the  question 
relating  to  the  discovery  of  flint  imple- 
ments in  drift,  would  be  held  on  the  19th 
at  the  rooms  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Literature,  and  that  the  Congress  of  the 
Association  would  this  year  be  held  at 
Exeter  in  the  month  of  August. 


420 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[April, 


Feb.  27.  T.  J.  Pbttigbbw,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

Charles  White,  Esq.,  of  Gloucester- 
gardens,  E.  S.  Fulcl.er,  Esq.,  of  Vincent- 
street,  Ovington-square,  and  Mrs,  Gibbs, 
of  Stratford-house,  West-lull,  were  elected 
Associates.  Various  presents  to  the  library 
were  announced. 

The  Chairman  reported  the  results  of 
the  meeting  held  in  conjunction  with  the 
Ethnological  Society  to  inquire  into  the 
discovery  of  flint  implements  in  undis- 
turbed beds  of  gravel,  &c 

Professor  Buclcinau  sent  for  exhibition 
a  flint  arrow-head  and  a  flint  knife  re- 
ceived from  India.  Also  some  flint  chip- 
pings,  &c  obtained  at  Cirencester  in  shal- 
low holes  found  in  gravel  along  with 
human  skeletons.  The  Professor  remarked 
that  it  was  on  the  gravel  bed  the  flints 
were  found,  not  in  the  gravel,  which  had 
not  been  disturbed  sinee  the  time  of  its 
deposition,  except  in  the  shallow  trenches 
mentioned.  The  soil  at  the  top  of  the 
gravel  was  full  of  flints  and  bits  of  broken 
black  pottery.  The  dint  cbippings  were 
conjectured  to  have  been  obtained  from 
a  manufactory  on  this  site,  which  had  also 
been  a  Roman  burial-ground,  as  the  skulls 
were  found  to  belong  to  that  people. 

Mr.  Faulkner,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  cres- 
cent-shaped knife  or  scraper  wrought  in 
grauwacke,  found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

Mr.  Cuming  exhibited  a  Pech's  knife  of 
the  same  material,  found  in  Shetland. 

Mr.  Forman  produced  a  remarkable  axe 
hammer  weighing  4  lbs.  6  oz.,  of  hard 
stone,  found  in  the  plain  of  Olympia, 
in  Elis.  lie  also  exhibited  a  cylindrical 
vessel  of  copper  inlaid  with  plates  of  brass 
and  decorated  with  a  series  of  arches.  It 
was  obtained  from  the  Thames,  and  would 
appear  to  be  of  Eastern  manufacture. 

The  Rev.  S.  W.  King,  F.S.A.,  exhibited 


several  stone  implements  found  in  Aber- 
deenshire ;  they  consisted  of  a  triangular 
shaped  blade  of  trap  rock,  a  portion  of  an 
axe  blade  of  dark  green  basalt,  an  axe 
blade  of  grauwacke  nearly  nine  inches 
long,  a  chisel  of  hard  serpentine  and  an 
axe  hammer  of  hard  stone,  a  Thor*s  ham- 
mer, found  in  the  trenches  around  the  hill- 
fortress  at  Barra.  Mr.  King  also  exhibited 
an  axe  blade  from  the  Ascension  Isles, 
Pacific  Ocean,  formed  of  the  shell  of  the 
Tridacna  giga*. 

Mr.  Charles  Ainslie  produced  a  signacu- 
lum  of  lead  from  the  Thames,  representing 
a  preacher  in  a  pulpit,  and  beneath,  ma  . 
job  .  col.,  supposed  to  refer  to  the  cele- 
brated Dean  Colet.  This  was  referred  for 
further  inquiry. 

Mr.  George  Wright,  F.S.A.,  exhibited 
Roman  coins  of  Lucilla  and  Maximinus, 
together  with  jettons  dug  up  at  Long 
Couopton,  Warwickshire. 

Mr.  Thomas  Wright,  F.S.A.,  exhibited 
a  coin  of  Constantine  from  a  hoard  just 
discovered  at  St.  Ives,  the  particulars  of 
which  were  promised  for  a  future  meeting. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  exhibited  the  impression 
of  a  seal  of  the  seventeenth  century,  for- 
warded by  Mr.  Bateman,  of  Youlgrave. 
The  matrix  is  of  ivory,  and  the  seal  repre- 
sents a  pelican  feeding  its  young  with  its 
own  blood.    Around   the    legend    reads 

•{■SlGILLUlf  .  CHBOFEBI  .  SUTTOK  .  PbB- 
BBNDABII  .  DB  .  BlCKLBSWADB.    Mr.  Pet- 

tigrew  read  some  explanatory  notes  re- 
lating to  the  Prebend  and  to  Dr.  Christo- 
pher Sutton,  who  is  known  as  the  preacher 
of  the  Funeral  Sermon  of  the  celebrated 
antiquary  Camden. 

Mr.  E.  Levieu,  F.S.A.,  read  an  interest* 
ing  notice  of  two  MSS.  in  the  British 
Museum,  which  formerly  constituted  a  por- 
tion of  the  collection  of  M.  de  Joursan- 
vault. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE. 


Feb.  1.  Sir  John  Boilbau,  Bart,  Vice- 
President,  in  the  chair. 

The  subject  of  Ancient  Bronzes  having 
been  selected  for  special  illustration,  in- 
cluding not  only  examples  of  art,  but  also 
ancient  relics  of  ail  classet>,  and  objects 


which  tend  to  throw  light  on  the  history 
of  working  in  bronze,  Professor  West- 
macott,  R.A.,  gave  an  interesting  disser- 
tation on  classical  art,  as  exemplified  by 
productions  in  that  metal.  He  commenced 
by  observing  that  the  period  of  highest 


1861.] 


Arcfueoloffical  Institute. 


421 


perfection  was  that  of  Phidias,  in  the 
time  of  Pericles;  its  duration  was  about 
two  centuries,  and  subsequently  a  marked 
decline  may  be  perceived  in  the  character 
of  Greek  art.  It  may  deserve  notice  that 
the  greatest  perfection  in  the  arts  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  in  architectural  design  and 
composition,  for  instance,  is  likewise  limited 
to  a  period  of  two  hundred  years.  After 
some  remarks  on  the  great  principles  of 
success  in  art,  Professor  Westmacott  gave 
an  able  sketch  of  the  history  of  bronze, 
from  remote  antiquity,  and  of  its  use  in 
the  arts  in  classical  times  among  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  briefly  alluding  to 
the  origin,  ancient  appellations,  and  com- 
position of  bronze,  the  mention  by  Pliny 
of  various  mixed  metals  of  that  nature,  &c 
He  noticed  also  some  of  the  most  striking  ex- 
amples of  the  skill  and  taste  of  the  ancients, 
found  in  public  or  private  museums.  The 
first  works  of  art  in  bronze  were  solid,  and 
termed  Sphurelata,  "hammer-wrought;" 
the  next  process  was  by  beating  out  metal 
on  a  nucleus  of  wood ;  and  then  followed 
the  art  of  casting.  Ancient  bronzes  rarely 
bear  the  artist's  name,  but  Cicero  men- 
tions a  bronze  Apollo,  inscribed  on  the 
thigh  with  the  name  Myro  in  silver  letters. 
Other  deviations  from  the  customary  rule 
occur.  Within  a  fine  head  of  an  athlete 
in  the  British  Museum,  the  Professor  ob- 
served near  the  ear  the  Greek  letter  £ho, 
the  signature  possibly  of  Rhoscus  of  Samoa, 
the  only  sculptor  known  of  the  period 
whose  name  begins  with  that  letter.  It 
may  appear  singular  that  the  artist  con- 
tented himself  with  the  knowledge  that 
the  indication  of  his  name  was  preserved 
upon  his  work,  although  unseen.  On  a 
bronze  at  Paris,  Letronne  found  the  name 
Menodorus,  previously  unknown  in  the 
history  of  sculpture.  Mr.  Westmacott 
then  pointed  out,  in  the  small  series  of 
examples  exhibited  to  the  meeting,  some 
objects  of  striking  interest,  especially  a 
Venus  of  extreme  gracefulness  and  purity 
of  design,  found  at  Mogla  in  Anatolia;  it 
was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Fortnum:  also  a 
very  remarkable  fragment,  the  head  of  a 
horse,  attributed  to  Lysippus,  and  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a  model  for  the  head 
of  one  of  the  celebrated  horses  at  Venice; 


this  bronze,  found  at  Smyrna,  was  in  Mr. 
Soame  Jenyns*  collection,  and  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  Augustus  Guest,  Esq., 
LL.D.,  by  whom  it  was  brought  for  in- 
spection. The  Professor  pointed  out  a 
fine  colossal  hand,  a  relic  of  Roman  art  of 
a  very  good  period,  brought  with  other 
antique  examples  from  his  own  collection. 
Among  other  contributors  of  specimens  of 
classical  art  were  Mr.  Henderson,  Mr. 
Hale,  Mr.  Bowyer  Nichols,  Ac 

At  the  close  of  Professor  Westmacott's 
discourse,  Mr.  Franks  offered  some  remarks 
on  ancient  relics,  weapons,  Ac.,  of  bronze, 
assigned  to  the  so-called  Celtic  period,  and 
of  which  a  series,  perhaps  never  before 
equalled,  was  displayed  on  this  occasion; 
the  specimens  were  chiefly  from  the  ex- 
tensive collection  formed  by  Mr.  R.  H. 
Brackstone  of  Bath,  with  valuable  addi- 
tions sent  by  Mr.  Arthur  Trollope,  Mr. 
Henderson,  Mr.  Fortnum,  the  Warrington 
Museum,  Mr.  Bernhard  Smith,  Mr.  Rolls, 
the  Rev.  J.  Beck,  &c  Mr.  Franks  brought 
also  several  copper  ingots,  lately  found  by 
Mr.  Beldam  in  a  tumulus  near  Royston : 
an  analysis  of  the  metal  had  been  made  by 
Dr.  Percy,  who  detected  in  its  composition 
tin  or  antimony  in  small  proportions.  Mr. 
Franks  stated  various  particulars  regarding 
the  practice  of  metallurgy  and  actual  cast- 
ing of  bronze  objt  cts  in  the  British  Islands 
at  a  very  early  period ;  and  in  connection 
with  that  curious  question,  Mr.  Albert 
Way  had  brought  on  the  present  occasion 
his  collection  of  casts  of  moulds  of  stone, 
or  metal,  inteuded  for  the  manufacture  of 
celts  and  weapons  of  bronze.  These  moulds 
had  all  been  found  in  Great  Britain,  and 
supply  valuable  proof  of  the  extent  and 
perfection  of  workings  in  metal  in  pre- 
historic timer. 

A  short  memoir,  on  an  unnoticed  exam- 
ple of  domestic  architecture  at  Colerne, 
Wilts,  by  Mr.  E.  Godwin,  was  then  read, 
and  discussion  ensued  in  reference  to  cer- 
tain peculiar  local  features  of  architectu- 
ral detail,  in  which  Sir  John  Boileau, 
Mr.  J.  H.  Parker,  Mr.  Blore,  and  the 
Very  Rev.  Canon  Rock  took  part. 

A  communication  was  read  regarding 
the  threatened  destruction  of  the  Norman 
gateway  of  Reading  Abbey,  and  the  hope 


422 


Antiquarian  and  literary  Intelligencer. 


[April, 


was  expressed  that  it  may  be  preserved 
from  farther  injuries  without  any  exten- 
sive "  restorations." 

The  collection  of  bronzes  exhibited  com- 
prised  characteristic  and  choice  examples 
of  various  periods  and  schools  of  art. 
Mr.Fortnum  contributed  a  Venus,  attri- 
buted to  John  of  Bologna;  another,  by 
Francia ;  St.  John  the  Baptist,  by  one  of 
the  Lombardi;  a  satyr,  by  Pisanello;  a 
graceful  has  relief,  "The  Triumph  of 
Ariadne,"  by  Desiderio  di  Settignano; 
also,  two  admirable  plaques,  of  the  quattro- 
cento period,  in  the  manner  of  Pollajuolo : 
he  brought  also  a  fine  pair  of  candlesticks, 
of  metal,  elaborately  engraved,  probably 
of  Venetian  work ;  another  pair  was  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Dexter. 

A  remarkable  pommel  of  a  sword,  chased 
with  a  representation  of  the  Judgment 
of  Paris,  a  work  attributed  to  Giacomo 
Francia,  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  William 
Kussell;  and  from  his  tasteful  collection 
another  highly  valuable  example  of  medi- 
aeval art  was  contributed,  namely,  a  study 
in  bronze,  a  design  for  a  Caryatid,  form- 
ing one  of  the  great  candelabra  in  the 
Vatican,  the  work  of  Michael  Angelo. 

A  grand  tragic  mask,  from  Magna 
Gnecia,  a  work  of  the  best  class  of  ancient 
art,  was  brought  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Bale,  with 
a  one-handled  vase  of  very  tasteful  design. 

Mr.  J.  Bowyer  Nichols  brought  a  Roman 
lar,  or  bronze  statuette  of  Mercury,  found 
in  the  Roman  station  at  Piersbridge  on 
the  Tees ;  it  is  one  of  the  best  specimens 
of  its  class  found  in  Roman  sites  in  this 
country ;  it  has  been  figured  in  the 
Archceologia, 

Mr.  Wylie  contributed  a  selection  from 
his  museum  of  Anglo-Saxon  ornaments  of 


bronze,  brought  to  light  in  his  explorations 
at  Fairford,  in  Gloucestershire. 

Several  fine  specimens  of  Oriental  pro* 
ductions  in  bronze  were  exhibited,  remark- 
able for  the  perfection  of  their  workman- 
ship, and  the  beautiful  harmonious  colour 
of  the  patina  with  which  they  were  en- 
crusted. Mr.  Henderson  brought,  amongst 
other  works  of  this  description,  a  very 
beautiful  Chinese  vase  of  bronze,  damas- 
cened or  inlaid  with  gold  and  silver.  An- 
other, precisely  similar  in  design,  but  of 
rather  larger  dimensions,  exhibited  by 
Mr.  W.  Russell,  has  an  inscription  within 
the  lip,  shewing  that  its  date  is  of  the 
reign  of  Seuen-Ho,  a.d.  1119—1126.  To 
the  kindness  of  Mr.  Russell  the  series  was 
also  indebted  for  a  striking  figure  of  a 
faquir,  a  Chinese  bronze  of  the  finest 
character.  The  head  bears  resemblance 
to  antique  busts  of  Cicero. 

Mr.  John  Murray  sent  a  striking  profile 
portrait  of  Cromwell;  and  another  bronze 
medallion  portrait,  of  George  II ,  was  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Gough  Nichols. 

Among  numerous  minor  objects  ex- 
hibited by  the  Rev.  T.  Cornthwaitj,  a 
rare  little  Egyptian  relic  was  regarded 
with  interest,  namely,  a  mummy  of  a 
shrew-mouse,  enclosed  in  a  curious  re- 
ceptacle of  bronze.  The  veneration  shewn 
towards  this  little  animal  has  sometimes 
been  attributed  to  the  tradition  of  its 
agency  in  the  discomfiture  of  the  host  of 
Sennacherib,  according  to  the  narrative 
of  Herodotus,  when  the  bowstrings  and 
shield-straps  of  the  warriors  were  severed 
by  the  nightly  nibblings  of  a  myriad  of 
such  diminutive  foes,  and  the  Assyrians 
fled  in  dismay  at  morning  light 


INSTITUTE  OF  BRITISH  ARCHITECTS. 


Jan.  28.  A  special  general  meeting  was 
held,  at  the  instance  of  Mr.  Tite,  M.P., 
to  discuss  the  various  processes  for  the  pre- 
servation of  stone.  There  was  a  numer- 
ous attendance  of  both  members  and  visit- 
ors. Mr.  Dioby  Wyatt,  Vice-President, 
in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Tite  opened  the  discussion.  Nothing 
could  be  of  more  importance  to  them  as  a 


profession  than  to  endeavour  to  discover 
the  causes  of  the  failure  of  the  principal 
material  employed  in  the  construction  of 
the  Palace*  of  Westminster,  and  to  ascer- 
tain what  steps  ought  to  be  taken  to 
arrest  the  decay  which,  at  so  early  a  period, 
had  manifested  itself  in  a  manner  so  mark- 
ed as  to  render  it  an  object  of  European 
notice  and  of  national  regret    The  Palace 


1861.] 


Jtutitute  of  British  Architects. 


423 


of  Westminster  was  a  building  of  vast  ex- 
tent, newly  finished,  built  without  refer- 
ence to  cost,  and  intended  to  last  for  an 
indefinite  period  of  time,  and  to  defy  the 
atrial  causes  of  accident  in  ordinary  edifices. 
It  was  a  building  of  which  we  were  justly 
proud  as  a  nation,  from  the  combination 
which  it  presented  of  artistic  learning  and 
science  with  the  greatest  skill  of  the  best 
of  English  artificers ;  and  yet,  when  the 
sound  of  the  finishing  strokes  of  the  axe 
and  the  hammer  had  hardly  ceased,  it  was 
found  externally  in  a  state  of  lamentable 
decay  — a  decay  so  extensive  that  he  thought 
the  professional  experience  of  any  archi- 
tect could  not  afford  any  parallel  whatever. 
It  was  true  they  had  seen,  and  were  con- 
stantly seeing,  in  this  and  other  countries, 
the  necessity  for  restorations  various  in 
extent  and  character,  and  many  of  them 
due  to  the  same  causes  as  those  they  were 
now  about  to  consider.  He  might  quote 
the  cases  of  Notre  Dame  and  St.  Denis,  of 
Chartrcs  and  Rouen,  and,  in  our  own  coun- 
try, the  familiar  instances  of  Henry  VII.'s 
Chapel  and  Bedcliffe  Church,  Bristol ;  but 
those  cases  of  decay  were  found  after  the 
lapse  of  centuries  and  not  of  years,  and 
were  due  to  causes  perfectly  intelligible, 
such  as  the  use  of  Caen  stone  and  Reigate 
stone  in  Henry  VII.'s  Chapel,  and  of  the 
worst  kinds  of  oolite  in  the  church  at 
Bristol.  Not  so  with  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament. There  science  and  caution  had 
been  exhausted.  At  the  outset  no  proba- 
ble foundation  for  the  result  which  had 
followed  was  allowed  to  exist,  and  no  ex- 
pectation  of  failure  could  have  been  reason- 
ably entertained.  Such  were  the  circum- 
stances under  which  he  had  asked  for 
the  present  meeting.  The  hon.  gentle- 
man then  proceeded  to  give  a  description 
of  the  various  methods  adopted  in  ancient 
and  modern  times  for  the  preservation  of 
stone.  He  said,  with  respect  to  tho  prac- 
tice of  the  ancients,  that  all  his  experience 
of  their  buildings,  and  all  his  reading,  would 
induce  him  to  believe  that  they  made  no 
attempt  to  preserve  the  stone  of  which  their 
edifices  were  composed,  because  no  such 
attempt  was  necessary  in  their  climate. 
It  was  true  they  decorated  their  buildings 
with  colours,  but  that  was  for  the  sake  of 


ornament.  Their  marbles  required  no  pro- 
tection, and  none  of  the  colours  they  used 
were  in  the  slightest  degree  calculated  to 
preserve  their  edifices  from  decay.  Dios- 
corides  mentioned,  under  the  name  of  "  to- 
pissa, "  a  pitch  used  by  the  Greeks  for  coat- 
ing their  vessels  exposed  to  the  action  of 
the  sea,  and  there  were  some  remarks  re- 
lating to'  the  same  substance  in  Pliny.  It 
was  clear,  however,  that  sopissa  was  used 
exclusively  for  the  protection  of  ships,  and 
never  for  the  preservation  of  stone.  Vitru- 
vius  gave  a  detailed  account  of  the  process 
known  by  the  name  of  encaustic,  but  en- 
caustic was  used  for  the  preservation,  not 
of  stone,  but  of  colours,  and  for  giving  a 
fine  finish  to  the  surface  of  statues.  It 
would  appear,  however,  from  a  letter  pub- 
lished by  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson,  that  a 
mode  of  preserving  stone  from  decay  was 
known  to  the  Assyrians.  Sir  Henry  stated 
that  in  Mesopotamia  he  saw  a  huge  rock 
the  whole  face  of  which  was  covered  with  in- 
scriptions. Those  inscriptions  were  coated 
over  with  what  Sir  Henry  called  a  var- 
nish, but  what  might  be  a  silicate  of  lime  ar- 
tificially applied ;  and  the  sculpture,  though 
executed  900  years  before  Christ,  was  in 
a  perfect  state  of  preservation,  the  varnish 
being  even  harder  than  the  limestone  rock 
beneath  it.  But,  after  all,  the  real  ques- 
tion was — What  were  we  to  do  in  the  pre- 
sent day  ?  The  stones  commonly  used  in 
London  were  calcareous  limestones,  belong- 
ing to  the  group  of  oolites ;  but  when  the 
Palace  of  Westminster  was  to  be  built,  not 
satisfied  with  being  well,  we  desired  to  bo 
better,  and  commissioners  were  appointed 
to  discover  a  stone  which  would  last  for 
ever.  The  commissioners  wandered  over 
the  country,  until  at  last,  between  Derby- 
shire and  Yorkshire,  they  found  a  stone 
which  they  believed  to  be  indestructible. 
It  was  called  dolomite,  or,  more  gener- 
ally, magnesian  limestone.  Dolomite  was 
a  crystaline  rock,  and,  when  the  crystal- 
lization was  complete,  imperishable.  The 
public  building  in  Jermyn-strect  was  con- 
structed of  magnesian  limestone,  and  it 
presented  no  symptons  of  decay ;  but,  un- 
fortunately, there  was  a  bad  selection  of 
stone  for  the  Houses  of  Parliament  Tho 
magnesia  and  lime   were  not  in  proper 


424 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[April, 


proportions,  the  crystallization  was  imper- 
fect, and  hence  all  the  mischief  which  had 
taken  place.  The  hon.  gentleman  next 
discussed  the  various  remedies  which  had 
been  suggested,  and  which  he  ranged  under 
three  heads—  the  bituminous,  the  oleagin- 
ous, and  the  siliceous.  One  fetal  objection 
to  the  adoption  of  either  pitchy  or  oily 
substances  was  that  they  were  liable  to 
decomposition,  while  the  former,  in  addi- 
tion, would  soon  become  black.  His  lean- 
ing was  in  favour  of  the  process  called 
silicated.  Glass  was  almost  indestructible ; 
it  could  be  liquified ;  why  could  not  means 
be  found  of  applying  it  to  the  external 
surface  of  buildings  like  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament ?  Water-glass  had  been  used  with 
success  in  Berlin  and  in  Lille,  and  he  saw 
no  reason  why  it  should  not  be  adopted  in 
this  country.  Mr.  Ransome  possessed  a 
patent  applying  to  a  double  decomposition, 
which  he  alleged  he  had  discovered.  There 
were  some  difficulties  still  to  be  surmoun- 
ted, but  the  process  patented  by  Mr.  Ran- 
some at  least  shewed  the  direction  in 
which  success  might  be  found.  All  that 
was  wanted  was  to  get  the  solution  ab- 
sorbed into  the  stone.  The  hon.  gentleman, 
who  had  illustrated  his  statement  by  se- 
veral interesting  experiments,  concluded 
by  suggesting  that  the  subject  should  be 
referred  to  a  committee  of  the  Institute. 

Mr.  Burnell  believed  that  all  the  mischief, 
as  far  as  the  Houses  of  Parliament  were 
concerned,  had  arisen  from  the  circum- 
stance that  while  the  stone  experimented 
upon  by  the  commissioners  was  crystallized 
dolomite,  the  stone  actually  used  was  an 
amorphous  one.  There  could  be  no  doubt 
that  the  decay  was  caused  by  the  sulphate 
of  ammonia  in  our  London  atmosphere 
acting  upon  unstable  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia. The  process  of  Mr.  Szerelmey  had 
entirely  failed,  as  might  be  seen  in  the 


Speaker's  Court,  where  the  plaster  or  . 
cement  had  fallen  in  pieces  from  the  walls. 
That  of  Mr.  Ransome  was  the  best  he  had 
seen.  He  di<J  not  wish,  however,  to  pre- 
judge the  case,  and  concurred  in  the  sug- 
gestion that  the  whole  question,  which 
was  at  present  involved  in  obscurity,  should 
be  referred  to  a  committee  of  architects 
and  chymists. 

Mr.  W.  Cowper,  M.P.,  Chief  Commis- 
sioner of  Works,  said  he  had  listened  with 
great  pleasure  to  the  able  and  interesting 
statement  of  Mr.  Tite.  He  was  anxious, 
as  being  charged  with  the  custody  of  the 
Palace  of  Westminster,  to  secure  all  the 
aid  which  the  science,  experience,  and 
skill  of  the  Institute  could  give  him.  The 
process  of  Mr.  Szerelmey  was  adopted 
upon  the  recommendation  of  Sir  Charles 
Barry  himself;  but  that  process  was  not 
one  that  could  confidently  be  applied  to 
the  whole  of  the  building.  He  was  dis- 
posed, for  his  own  part,  to  await  the  sog* 
gestions  of  competent  and  scientific  men; 
and  he  trusted  that  a  committee  of  the  In- 
stitute would  be  appointed  to  go  fully  and 
carefully  into  the  subject.  At  present  his 
impression  was  they  would  find  what  they 
wanted  in  some  application  of  water-glass. 
Water-glass  had  been  used,  not  only  in 
Berlin  and  other  places,  but  in  protecting 
the  frescoes  in  the  Houses  of  Lords  itself. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  G.  Scott,  seconded 
by  Mr.  Godwin,  a  vote  of  thanks  was 
awarded  to  Mr.  Tite  for  his  interesting  re- 
marks, and  the  further  discussion  of  the 
subject  was  adjourned  until  the  next  or- 
dinary meeting  of  the  Institute. 

A  committee  has  since  been  appointed, 
from  whose  labours  we  may  look  for  some 
explanation  of  this  very  serious  matter 
when  they  have  had  time  for  full  in- 
vestigation. 


ETHNOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


March  6.  John  Cbawfubd,  Esq.,  in 
the  chair. 

A  paper  was  read,  communicated  by 
Robert  Knox,  M.D.,  "On  the  Collection 
of  Human  Crania  and  other  Human  Bones 
in  the  Church  at  Hythe,  in  Kent."  These 
bones  arc  deposited  in  the  crypt  or  characl- 
8 


house  of  the  church,  and  when  Dr.  Knox 
visited  the  spot  last  autumn,  he  ascertained 
that  the  pile  of  bones  was  28  ft.  long,  8  ft 
high,  and  8  ft.  broad.  A  number  of  skulls 
were  arranged  on  shelves,  to  which  ho 
paid  most  attention.  The  bones  were 
those  of  adults,  most  of  them  being  of 


1861.] 


Ethnological  Society. 


425 


good  size,  and  some  larger  than  is  usual, 
having  evidently  been  those  of  men  of 
large  stature.     Among  them  he  observed 
a  specimen  of  rickety  tibia,  shewing  that 
the  disease  called  rickets  was  then  known. 
The    crania  very   much  resembled  each 
other,  and  were  not  unlike  the  crania  of 
the  present  inhabitants  of  South  Kent. 
They  were   generally  well   formed  and 
large.     None  of  the  crania  exhibited  in- 
dications of  pressure  either  before  or  after 
death;  several  of  them,   however,  bore 
marks  of  violence,  as  if  wounds  had  been 
inflicted  with  cutting  instruments.  Among 
all  the  crania  there  was  only  one  that 
presented  well-marked  disease.  There  was 
one  case  of  caries  of  the  left  parietal  bone, 
without  any  appearance  of  an  attempt  at 
eure  by  nature,  thus  shewing  that  caries 
must  have  been  common  and  incurable 
then  as  now.    The  bones  had  not  the  ap- 
pearance of  haying  been  those  of  a  hardy, 
coarse,  primitive  race  of  men,  but  of  those 
of  a  mixed  race,  and  indicated  that  neither 
the  climate  nor  the  mode  of  life  was  un- 
favourable to  the  human  system.    There 
were  but  few  varieties  among  the  crania, 
and  he  inferred  from  their  similarity  that 
the  causes  which  produce  varieties  at  the 
present  day  were  not  so  numerous  then, 
and  that  the  same  laws  of  formation  existed 
then  as  now.     With  respect  to  the  anti- 
quity of  the  bones  little  information  could 
be  gathered  from  their  general  appearance. 
There  was  a  written  statement  in  the 
vault,  said  to  have  been  copied  from  an 
ancient  history  of  Great  Britain,  to  the 
effect  that  they  were  the  bones  of  persona 
slain  in  battle  in  the  year  842,  in  the 
reign  of  Ethelwolf,  but  not  much  value 
probably  could  be  attached  to  that  autho- 
rity.   There  are,  Dr.  Knox  observed,  four 
theories  respecting  the  antiquity  of  the 
bones.    The  first  one  assumes  that  they 
are    merely  the  remains  of  churchyard 
bones,  collected  promiscuously  at  various 
periods,  and  piled  up  in  the  vault.    The 
second  hypothesis  is  that  they  are  the 
bones  of  a  number  of  Frenchmen  who 
made  an  incursion  on  the  coast  in  the 
time  of  Edward  I.,  in  1295;  and  that 
opinion  Dr.  Knox  believes  to  be  the  most 
probabfe.    According  to  the  third  hypo- 
Gnrr.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX 


thesis,  they  are  the  bones  of  Danes  slum 
in  battle  with  the  Saxons.  The  fourth 
theory  assumes  them  to  be  the  result  of  a 
battle  between  the  Britons  under  Vorti- 
gern  and  the  Saxons,  in  455,  and  that  the 
bodies  of  the  Britons  killed  in  the  battle 
were  buried  at  Hythe,  and  the  Saxons  at 
Folkestone,  at  which  place  there  is  a  similar 
collection  of  bones.  Dr.  Knox  said  that 
after  a  careful  examination  of  the  bones 
at  Hythe,  he  was  obliged  to  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  science  of  anatomy 
failed  to  assist  the  antiquary  in  ascer- 
taining their  date. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  T.  Wright, 
stating  that  when  he  viewed  the  bones  he 
saw  among  them  a  quantity  of  Saxon  and 
Roman  pottery,  and  that  he  believes  them 
to  be  only  the  bones  of  an  ordinary  charnel- 
house,  in  which  the  remains  of  Romans, 
Saxons,  and  of  later  inhabitants  of  the 
country  are  mingled  together. 

In  the  discussion  that  followed  the  read- 
ing of  the  paper,  the  President,  Mr.  Back- 
land,  Mr.  Christie,  Mr.  Mackie,  Mr.  Cull, 
and  Dr.  Knox  took  part.  It  was  stated 
that  the  bones  have  been  piled  up  iu  their 
present  form  within  the  last  twenty  years, 
all  the  large  bones  being  now  placed  in 
front  to  make  a  better  appearance,  and 
that  it  is  only  by  climbing  over  them  to 
the  back  that  the  smaller  bones  can  be 
discovered.  One  skull  had  been  noticed 
by  two  of  the  speakers  as  having  some 
red  hair  attached  to  it,  and  thence  it  was 
surmised  to  have  been  the  skull  of  a  Scan- 
dinavian. Another  skull  had  two  cuts, 
and  the  bone  had  been  partially  healed; 
but  the  injuries  on  several  of  the  others 
were  supposed  to  have  been  done  by  the 
pick  or  shovel  of  the  sexton.  The  absence 
of  the  bones  of  females  and  of  children, 
which  was  supposed  at  first  to  confirm 
the  opinion  that  they  were  the  bones  of 
persons  slain  in  battle,  is  far  from  being 
conclusive  evidence  of  such  an  assumption, 
when  it  is  considered  that  they  have  been 
selected  and  packed  for  show,  and  it  was 
the  general  opinion  of  the  gentlemen  who 
addressed  the  meeting  that  a  fnrther  and 
minute  inspection  of  the  bones  in  the 
centre  of  the  mass  is  required  before  their 
true  character  can  be  determined. 

81 


— ^^PT 


426 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[April, 


NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY 


Feb.  21.  W.  S.  W.  Vattx,  Esq.,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  H.  J.  B.  Nicholson,  D.D.; 
Augustus  W.  Franks,  Dir.  Soc.  Ant.  ; 
Samuel  Birch,  Esq.,  F.S.A. ;  and  Sebastian 
Evans,  Esq.,  M.A.,  were  elected  members. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Mickley,  of  Philadelphia,  com- 
mnnicated  a  drawing  of  a  denier  of  John 
III.,  Duke  of  Brittany,  differing  slightly 
from  that  engraved  in  the  Revue  Numis- 
matlque,  vol  xii.  pi.  xviii.  No.  7. 

The  Hon.  Mr.  Warren  communicated 
an  account  of  a  remarkable  jetton  of 
Perkin  Warbeck,  of  which  an  engraving 
has  lately  been  given  in  the  Revue  Numis- 
matique  by  M.  A.  de  Longperier.  On  the 
obverse  is  the  legend  tive  pebkin  ietoib 
DB  totbnai,  around  a  cross  ending  in 
fleurs-de-lis,  with  rose-branches  in  the 
angles ;  and  on  the  reverse,  o  matbe  det 
memento  mei,  around  a  group  of  three 
circles  with  roses  in  each.  This  curious 
piece  affords  strong  confirmation  to  the 
belief  that  Perkin  was  of  Tournay  origin ; 
and  from  the  name  Perkin  appearing  on 
this  jetton,  it  would  seem  that  it  did 
not  imply  any  idea  of  contempt,  but  was 
used  as  a  diminutive  only.     It  is  very 


remarkable  that  another  jetton,  very  simi- 
lar in  detail,  reads  vive  le  boi,  instead 
of  VTYfl  pebkin.  A  coin  struck  in  honour 
of  Warbeck,  probably  by  Margaret,  Duchess 
Dowager  of  Burgundy,  is  well  known,  and 
bears  the  singular  inscription,  audaciously 
borrowed  from  the  Book  of  Daniel,  mani 

TECHEL  PHASES. 

Mr.  Madden  read  an  account  of  an  un- 
published variety  of  the  pennies  of  Ethel- 
stan,  King  of  the  East  Angles,  A.D.  825  to 
852.  On  the  obverse  is  the  bust  of  the 
King  to  the  right,  with  the  legend 
bdblstan  BEX,  and  on  the  reverse  mon 
m on eta,  in  three  lines  across  the  field. 
The  coins  of  this  prince  with  his  bust  are 
very  rare ;  and  this  variety,  though  men- 
tioned in  a  MS.  list  of  Combe's,  is  hitherto 
unpublished. 

Mr.  Franks  communicated  an  account 
of  a  find  of  silver  coins  at  Idsworth,  near 
Horndean,  Hants.  They  were  240  in  num- 
ber, and  consisted  of  half-crowns,  shillings, 
and  sixpences  of  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and 
Charles  I. ;  among  the  latter  was  a  shilling 
struck  at  Exeter,  with  the  date  1644  on 
the  reverse. 


LONDON  AND  MIDDLESEX  AND  SURREY  ARCHAEOLOGICAL 

SOCIETIES. 


Feb.  19.  William  H.  Habt,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  in  the  chair. 

H.  C.  Coote,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper 
having  reference  to  the  descent  of  estates 
previous  to  the  Norman  Conquest.  He 
remarked  that  there  prevails  a  tradition  in 
many  English  families  possessed  of  landed 
property,  that  they  are  not  only  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  extraction  in  point  of  genealogy, 
but  also  that  they  possessed  their  estates 
before  the  Norman  Conquest.  Against  this 
tradition  two  objections  may  be  alleged, 
viz.  1,  the  great  authority  of  the  French 
historian  Thierry,  and  2,  the  general 
uncertainty  of  all  tradition.  Mr.  Coote 
then  read  various  extracts  from  Domesday, 
to  prove,  first,  that  an  estate  which  the 
Bnglish  ancestor  held  in  the  time  of  the 


Confessor  descended  by  inheritance  to  the 
heir-at-law  in  the  time  of  the  Conqueror; 
and  secondly,  that  estates  held  in  mortgage 
in  the  time  of  the  Confessor  descended  to 
the  heir  of  the  mortgagee  in  the  time  of 
the  Conqueror.  These  extracts  shewed 
that  the  Conqueror,  as  a  general  rule,  re- 
spected the  legal  descent  of  land  in  ordi- 
nary cases,  and  that  the  state  of  things  in 
England  after  the  Norman  Conquest  was 
much  the  same  as  the  state  of  things  in 
Ireland  after  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne  and 
the  surrender  of  Limerick,  viz.  some  estates 
were  confiscated,  and  a  great  many  were 
not  confiscated,  but  continued  to  be  held 
by  the  original  possessors  or  their  heirs. 

The  Rev.  George  H.  Dashwood,  M.A., 
F.SJL,  exhibited  the  prerogative  seal  of 


1861.]     London  and  Middx.  and  Surrey  Arcfueol  Societies.     427 


John  Whitgift,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
appended  to  a  document  dated  London, 
December  31,  1590.  The  arms  of  Whit- 
gift,  as  represented  on  a  shield  at  the 
base,  are  as  follows, — a  cross  flory  charged 
with  four  roundels.  The  legend  round  the 
seal  is, — "[Sigillum]  Curia}  Prerogative 
Johannis  Whitegifti  Dei  gratia  Cant  [Ar- 
chiepi].  On  the  secretuin  (which  is 
round  and  of  small  size)  is  represented 
a  tree  eradicated. 

Robert  Cole,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communi- 
cated some  particulars  relative  to  the 
Regalia  made  for  the  coronation  of  Charles 
the  Second.  The  coronation  was  appointed 
to  be  solemnized  on  Feb.  7, 1660-1,  but  for 
"  weighty  reasons"  it  was  deferred  to  the 
23rd  of  April  following;  one  of  the 
"  weighty  reasons"  was  that  the  new  re- 
galia to  be  made  for  the  occasion  was  not 
ready. 

In  a  MS.  entitled  "  The  preparations  for 
his  Majesty's  [Charles  II.]  Coronation," 
collected  by  Sir  Edward  Walker,  Knt, 
Garter,  it  is  stated  that  because  through 
the  rapine  of  the  then  late  unhappy 
times,  all  the  royal  ornaments  and  re- 
galia theretofore  preserved  from  age  to 
age  in  the  treasury  of  the  church  of  West- 
minster had  been  taken  away,  sold,  and 
destroyed;  tbe  committee  [appointed  to 
order  the  ceremony]  had  met  divers  times 
not  only  to  direct  the  remaking  such  royal 
ornaments  and  regalia,  but  even  to  settle 
the  form  and  fashion  of  each  particular, 
all  which  did  then  retain  the  old  names 
and  fashion,  although  they  had  been  newly 
made  and  prepared  by  orders  given  to  the 
Earl  of  Sandwich,  Master  of  the  Great 
Wardrobe,  and  Sir  Gilbert  Talbot,  Kut., 
Master  of  the  Jewel  House.  Whereupon 
the  Master  of  the  Jewel  House  had  order 
to  provide  two  imperial  crowns  set  with 
precious  stones ;  the  one  to  be  called  St. 
Edward's  crown,  wherewith  the  king  was 
to  be  crowned,  and  the  other  to  be  put  on 
after  his  coronation,  before  his  Majesty's 
return  to  Westminster  Hall.  Also  an  orb 
of  gold  with  a  cross  set  with  precious 
stones ;  a  sceptre  with  a  cross  set  with  pre- 
cious stones,  called  St.  Edward's ;  a  sceptre 
with  a  dove  set  with  precious  stoues;  a 
long  sceptre  or  staff  of  gold,  with  a  cross 


upon  the  top  and  a  pike  at  the  foot  of 
steel,  called  St.  Edward's  staff;  a  ring  with 
a  ruby;  a  pair  of  gold  spurs;  a  chalice  and 
paten  of  gold ;  an  ampull  for  the  oil,  and 
a  spoon ;  and  two  ingots  of  gold,  the  one 
a  pound  and  the  other  a  mark,  for  the 
king's  two  offerings. 

In  pursuance  of  this  order  the  Corona- 
tion committee  met  to  direct  the  remak- 
ing of  the  royal  ornaments  and  regalia, 
and  to  settle  the  form  and  fashion  of  each 
particular,  (the  old  name  and  fashion 
being  retained);  and  the  committee  had 
power  to  send  for  ail  such  persons  as  might 
be  proper  to  inform  them  on  the  subject. 

At  this  period  Sir  Robert  Vyner  was 
the  king's  goldsmith,  and  ho  no  doubt  was 
one  of  such  persons;  and  as  he  made  the 
new  regalia,  we  may  with  good  reason 
suppose  that  he  was  well  acquainted  with 
the  "  form  and  fashion"  of  the  ancient  re- 
galia which  had  been  destroyed  in  the  pre- 
vious "  unhappy  times." 

Sir  Robert  Vyner's  bill  for  the  regalia 
shared  the  fate  of  hundred*  of  thousands 
of  other  documents  without  doubt,  but  hii 
receipt  of  a  portion  of  tbe  amount  was 
by  accident  preserved. 

This  document,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Cole, 
was  accompanied  by  an  official  copy  of  a 
treasury  order,  dated  June  20,  1662,  for 
payment  to  Vyner  of  £21,978  9s.  lid. 
This  receipt  is  dated  July  1,  1662,  and 
given  by  Vyner  for  £5,600,  part  of  the 
£21,978  9s.  lid.— 

"due  and  payable  to  him  for  two  Crownes, 
two  Scepters,  and  a  globe  of  gold  sett  with 
diamonds,  rubyes,  saphires,  emeralds  and 
pearles;  St.  Edward's  staffe,  the  armilla, 
ampull,  and  other  the  regalia,  all  of  gold, 
provided  by  him  for  his  Majesty's  Corona- 
tion, and  for  a  crowne,  mayce,  cbayne  and 
badge  for  Garter  King  at  arines;  17  Collars, 
17  Georges,  and  five  garters  of  the  order 
of  St.  George  and  75  badges  of  the  order 
of  the  Bath,  all  of  gold;  divers  parcels  of 
guilt  plate,  given  to  the  peeres  and  others 
for  new  yeare's  gifts  and  christenings ;  18 
large  maces,  and  divers  other  parcells  of 
guilt  and  white  plate;  all  which,  together 
with  some  necessaries  for  his  Majesty's 
Je*ell  House,  amounting  to  the  Sum  of 
£31,978  9s.  lid.,  are  acknowledged  under 
the  hand  of  Sir  Gilbert  Talbot,  Knt  Master 
of  His  Majesty's  Jewell  House,  to  have 
been  delivered  in  by  the  said  Robert  Vy- 


m 


*s» 


428 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[Appn; 


ner,  and  accordingly  reoeived  for  his  Ma- 
jesty's service.    Robt.  Vxnbb." 

Mr.  Cole  in  concluding  his  paper  re- 
marked that,  previous  to  the  discovery  of 
Sir  Robert  Vyner's  receipt,  the  name  of 
the  maker  of  the  regalia  was  unknown. 

J.  J.  Howard,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a 
silver  seal  recent'y  dag  up  near  Market 
Deoping,  Lincolnshire.  The  arms  on  the 
seal  are  those  of  Tetley,  viz.  Argent,  on 
a  fess  sable,  between  six  crosses  crosslet 
fitchee  of  the  second,  three  escallops,  or ; 
Crest,  an  escallop.  These  arms  were 
borne  by  John  Tetley  of  King's  Lynn, 
Norfolk,  (son  of  Thomas  Tetley  of  Tetley- 
hull,  co.  Chester,)  who  lived  temp.  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  seal  may  possibly  have  be- 
longed to  the  Lynn  branch  of  the  Tetley 
family. 

The  Rev.  G.  H.  Dashwood  exhibited  the 
mortuary  roll  of  the  Abbey  of  West 
Dert  ham,  Norfolk.  The  initial  U  In  this 
roll  is  richly  illuminated,  and  contains  a 
shield  charged  with  the  arms  of  the 
abbey,  viz.  Azure,  a  crozier  between  three 
stags'  heads,  or.  Under  the  shield  is  re- 
presented in  a  park  a  deer  couchant, 
collared,  and  chained,  on  his  flank  the 
syllable  ham,  forming  a  rebus  of  the 
name  of  the  place,  Dereham. 

J.  J.  Howard,  Esq.,  also  exhibited  a 
curious  map,  having  reference  to  the  Gra- 
naries belonging  to  several  of  the  London 
Companies.  These  granaries  appear  to 
have  been  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
rivtr  Cherwell,  near  "  Anslo"  Bridge,  and 
consisted  of  four  separate  piles  of  build- 
ings ;  the  first  entitled  the  Weavers  and 
Pin-makers'  granary;  the  second,  the 
Turners,  Watermen,  Silk-throwers,  and 
Felt  -  makers' ;  the  third,  the  Paviours, 
Cloth -workers,  Plasterers,  Joiners,  and 
Tmbroiderers' ;  and  the  fourth,  the  Brick- 
layers, Smiths,  Carpenters  and  Armourers' 
granary. 

The  arms  of  the  city  of  London  occur 
on  the  dexter  side  of  the  map,  and  oppo- 
site to  them  are  those  of"  Arthur  Annsley, 
E>irle  of  Anglesey,"  surmounted  by  an 
earl's  coronet.  Arthur  Annesley,  second 
Baron  Mountnorris,  was  created  Earl  of 
Anglesey  April  20,  1661.  He  died  in 
168(3. 


The  arms  and  crest  of  Sir  Hums 
Player,  Chamberlain  of  London,  are  also 
given.  Sir  Thomas  Player  succeeded  his 
father  as  Chamberlain  of  London  in  1672* 
He  was  buried  at  Hackney  Jan.  20, 1685* 
His  gravestone  is  thus  inscribed  :— 

"Here  lye  y«  Bodys  of  Sr  Thomas 
Playre  Jun,or,  who  dyed  y9  19  of  January 
1685,  and  of  Dame  Joyce  Player  his  wife, 
who  dyed  y€  2nd  December  1686." 

This  consequently  fixes  the  date  of  the 
map  between  1672,  when  Sir  Thomas  was 
elected  Chamberlain,  and  1685,  the  year 
of  his  death. 

At  the  foot  of  the  map  are  the  arms  of 
the  fifteen  Companies  to  whom  the  grana- 
ries belonged,  commercing  with  those  of  the 
Weavers,  and  ending  with  the  Carpenters. 

J.  R.  D.  Tyssen,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited 
drawings  of  the  arms  of  thePlayer  family, 
emblazoned  in  their  proper  colours. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Overall  exhibited  several 
curious  drawings  of  FornivaTs  Inn,  re- 
presenting the  old  Gothic  Hall,  Ac.,  temp, 
Charles  II. 

This  Inn  was  formerly  the  residence 
of  the  Furnival  family,  and  afterwards 
descended  to  John  Talbot,  Earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, who  sold  it,  1st  Edward  VI.,  to 
Edward  Griffin,  the  then  Solicitor-Gene- 
ral, for  the  use  of  the  Society  of  Lincoln's 
Inn. 

The  old  edifice  was  partly  taken  down 
in  Charles  the  Second's  time,  and  a  brick 
front  decorated  with  pilasters  substituted; 
this,  with  the  old  Gothic  Hall,  was  entirely 
demolished  in  1818,  when  the  present 
building  was  erected. 

W.  H.  Hart,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  brief 
abstract  of  an  interesting  document,  of  an 
early  date,  relating  to  the  possessions  in 
London  of  the  Nunnery  at  Clerkenwell, 
and  in  which  the  boundaries  of  the  estates 
were  set  out  with  great  precision.  It  was 
a  fine  levied  at  Westminster  in  the  eighth 
year  of  Richard  I.,  whereby  Letia,  formerly 
the  wife  of  Henry  Foliet,  released  to  the 
Prioress  Ermeniard,  and  to  the  convent  of 
the  nuns  of  Clerkenwell,  two  virgatcs  of  land 
in  Clerkenwell;  which  were  described  thus : 
— "  Fourteen  acres  of  land  in  which  the 
Priory  was, situated;  and  which  extend  to 
the  common  of  the  Hospitaller*  of  St.  John 


1861.] 


Cambridge  Architectural  Society.    * 


429 


of  Jerusalem :  the  land  lying  between  the 
court  of  the  nunnery  and  the  valley  which 
was  a  great  fishpond*  in  which  valley  is 
Skinnere&well :  three  perches  of  land  to 
the  north  of  that  valley,  but  extending  in 
length  to  Holeburne,  and  the  valley  and 
fishpond  if  there  be  a  fishpond  there  j  and 
the  land  lying  between  that  valley  and 
Godewell  under  the  road  to  Holeburne 
and  above  the  road  towards  the  east  to 
the  ditch,  and  three  perches  of  land  be- 
yond Godewell :  and  the  land  and  meadow 
between  Holeburne  and  the  ditch  which 
runs  from  Holebourne  to  the  mill  belong- 
ing to  the  Nunnery:  and  the  land  mea- 
dow and  garden  between  the  mill  and  the 


garden  of  the  Hospitallers  which  lies  upon 
Holeburn:  and  the  land  and  messuages 
between  the  said  garden  and  the  Bar  of 
Smethefeld  upon  the  stream  of  FackesweU 
towards  the  north,  and  the  land  and  mes- 
suages which  the  Nuns  have  of  the  fee  of 
the  aforesaid  Letia  between  the  said  stream 
and  Chikennelane :  and  one  messuage  in 
front  of  the  house  of  Robert  de  Foleham ; 
and  two  acres  of  land  by  the  street  which 
runs  from  the  bar  without  Aldredesgate 
to  Iseldone  by  the  garden  belonging  to 
the  hospitallers  at  Smethefeld." 

The  original  of  this  fine  is  much  dam- 
aged and  obliterated,  which  makes  the 
sense  somewhat  obscure  in  many  places. 


CAMBRIDGE  ARCHITECTURAL  SOCIETY.    Lbnt  Teem. 


Feb.  28.  The  Society  met  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Society's  Rooms,  the  Rev.  G.  E. 
Cobbii,  D.D.,  Master  of  Jesus  College, 
and  President  of  the  Society,  in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  H.  R.  Luard,  M.Au,  Trinity 
College,  then  read  a  paper  on  the  church 
of  St.  Apollinaris  at  Ravenna,  which  he 
had  visited  some  time  ago.  The  paper 
was  illustrated  by  some  beautiful  engrav- 
ings of  the  frescoes  and  other  details  as 
well  by  the  general  drawings. 

March  14.  The  Society  met  in  the 
Philosophical  Society's  Rooms,  the  Rev. 
H.  R.  LujlBD,  M.A.,  Trinity  College,  in 
the  chair. 

.  The  Rev.  G.  Williams,  B.D.,  King's 
College,  then  read  a  paper  giving  a  further 
account  of  his  ecclesiological  researches  in 
Georgia.  He  described  at  some  length 
the  convent  of  Saphara,  which  is  dedicated 
to  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  and  has  within  its 
walls  several  small  chapels  besides  a  church 
of  considerable  size.  The  church  is  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Saba,  a  saint  of  Palestine, 
and  is  similar  in  plan  and  general  arrange- 


ment to  many  others  in  the  country. 
The  outer  walls  form  a  parallelogram* 
but  it  is  divided  into  nave,  transepts,  and 
chancel,  forming  a  Greek  cross  in  the  roof, 
with  a  central  lantern,  the  ai>les  having 
lower  lean-to  roofs.  There  is  a  curious 
porch  at  the  west  end,  and  the  chapels  of 
St.  Marina  and  two  others  have  been  built 
up  against  the  church.  Two  or  three 
other  small  detached  chapels  remain  with- 
in the  walls  of  the  convent,  and  a  castle 
guards  the  whole.  The  ruins  of  several 
domestic  buildings  may  be  traced,  and  Mr. 
Williams  thought  he  could  trace  the  re- 
fectory, but  could  not  be  certain  of  it. 

Mr.  Williams  then  gave  a  shorter  ac- 
count of  the  small  churches  of  Tsounda 
and  Wardzia,  the  former  of  which  is  par- 
tially  a  fortress,  and  the  latter  one  of 
the  rock-hewn  churches,  and  contains  the 
mausoleum  of  Queen  Thamar. 

All  these  accounts  were  illustrated  by 
drawings. 

After  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Williams, 
the  meeting  adjourned  until  next  term. 


KILKENNY  AND  SOUTH-EAST  OF  IRELAND  ARCHAEOLO- 
GICAL SOCIETY. 


Jan.  2.  The  eleventh  annual  meeting 
was  held,  in  the  Society's  apartments, 
Capt.  Chbibtopiikb  Humph&ey  in  the 
chair. 


After  the  election  of  the  Earl  of  Ports- 
mouth and  several  other  new  members, 
the  Report  for  the  year  1860  was  read. 
It  stated  that  the  Society  now  numbered 


mm 


^m 


430 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[April, 


608  members,  58  of  whom  had  joined 
during  the  past  year,  but  it  had  been 
found  that  its  funds  were  inadequate,  and 
it  recommended  various  measures  to  re- 
duce expense  and  increase  resources.  It 
proposed  that  meetings  should  be  held  and 
the  Journal  issued  quarterly  instead  of  as 
at  present  every  two  months ;  that  special 
funds  should  be  formed  in  addition  to  the 
regular  subscription  of  6s.  per  annum, — 
one  for  the  purpose  of  illustrations  for  the 
Journal,  and  another  for  the  preservation 
and  enrichment  of  the  Museum.  The  first 
and  the  second  recommendation  were 
adopted,  but  the  proposition  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  Museum  was  reserved  for 
further  consideration.  The  report  con- 
tained a  passage  which  bears  directly  on 
the  question  of  Local  as  distinguished 
from  National  Museums,  which  is  worth 
consideration : — 

"The  Museum  of  the  Society  is  the 
only  provincial  institution  of  the  kind  in 
Ireland,  and  must  prove  a  credit  to  the 
county  and  city  of  Kilkenny  if  properly 
supported.  Your  Committee  is  far  from 
wishing  that  such  local  collections  as  ours 
should  be  antagonistic  to  the  great  National 
Museum  of  Antiquities  formed  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  On 
the  contrary,  they  should  act  as  machinery 
by  which  all  really  valuable  antiques  might 
be  secured  for  the  latter,  instead  of  being 
sent  to  the  melting-pot  or  sold  out  of  the 
country.  An  instance  to  the  point  is  the 
purchase  by  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  of 
the  unique  '  Kilkenny  Brooch/  which  but 
for  the  existence  of  this  Society's  Museum, 
and  the  consequent  attention  directed  to 
such  remains,  would  have  passed  into  the 
hands  of  some  travelling  dealer,  or  been 
sold  in  London." 

After  the  adoption  of  the  Report,  the 
Honorary  Officers  and  Committee  of  the 
previous  year  were  re-elected,  substituting 
Mr.  Burtchaell,  County  Surveyor,  for  his 
predecessor  in  office,  deceased. 

Mr.  John  O'Daly,  of  Anglesea-street, 
Dublin,  presented  an  ancient  official  tran- 
script of  the  grant  by  patent  of  land  and 
houses  in  Inistiogue,  co.  Kilkenny,  to  Sir 
Charles  Wilmott,  dated  at  Dublin,  Decem- 
ber 9,  in  the  ninth  year  of  James  L    The 


patent  was  carious,  as  well  for  other 
reasons  as  giving  the  names  of  most  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Inistiogue  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Mr.  O'Daly  had  picked  up  the  document 
at  a  waste  paper  shop,  and  stated  that 
many  similar  records  were  daily  destroyed. 

Mr.  Prim,  on  the  part  of  the  member 
of  the  Society  who  had  contributed  the 
document  respecting  the  O'Neills,  of 
Mount  Neill,  at  the  last  meeting*,  now 
presented  a  parchment  deed,  of  the  year 
1630,  being  a  record  of  an  agreement 
as  to  the  boundaries  of  their  respective 
adjoining  properties,  executed  between 
Nicholas  Wise  of  Rochestown,  and  Red- 
mond Mores  of  Moilerstown,  gentlemen, 
both  of  the  county  of  Tipperary. 

Alderman  Banim  presented  a  small 
cannon-ball  which  had  been  found  in  the 
debris  of  a  part  of  the  town  wall  of 
Limerick,  near  the  citadel,  by  his  brother, 
John  Banim,  when  he  visited  that  city 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  information 
for  his  tale,  "The  Boyne  Water."  The 
object  was  interesting  not  merely  as  a 
relic  of  the  famous  siege  of  Limerick,  but 
as  a  memento  of  a  distinguished  fellow- 
townsman. 

The  papers  contributed  to  the  meeting 
were: — 

On  the  Discovery  of  an  Ancient  Earthen 
Urn,  at  Erishacore,  parish  of  Dunaghy, 
county  of  Antrim;  by  Mr.  Benn  of  Glen- 
ravil. 

On  the  Antiquity  of  the  Mode  of  Ex- 
pressing Tinctures  in  Heraldry  by  Lines 
and  Points;  by  Mr.  Cooke,  Parsonstown. 

A  continuation  of  the  Life  and  Letters 
of  Florence  M'Carthy;  by  Mr.  D.  McCarthy, 
London. 

An  Inquiry  to  Ascertain  the  Identity  of 
the  Sir  Walter  Butler,  the  Defender  of 
Kilkenny  against  Cromwell,  in  1650 ;  by 
Mr.  Prendergast,  Barrister. 

The  usual  votes  of  thanks  having  been 
given  to  donors  and  exhibitors,  the  So- 
ciety adjourned  to  the  first  Wednesday  in 
April. 

•  Oust.  Mao.,  Jan.  1861,  p.  172. 


1861.] 


481 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES,  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

Jan.  2.    The  monthly  meeting  was  held  Wallbottle    for   Wallbotle,   Newbottle 

at  the  Old  Castle,  William  Ksll,  Esq.,  far  Newbotle,  Lorbottle  for  Lorbotle,  Shil- 

in  the  chair.  bottle  for  Shilbotle,  Harbottle  fop  Har- 

Mr.  F   R  Wilson,  architect,  Alnwick,  ^^  m  ^^  fop  ^  ^.^ 

exhibited  two  volumes  of  his  surveys  of  n^,.  Morpeth  for  Spital. 

the  churches  in  the  archdeaconry  of  Lin-  Dean  passim  for  Dene,  as  Crawley  Dean 

disfarne.    They  comprised  the  rural  dean-  for  Crawley  Dene, 

eries  of  Norham  West  and  Bamborough.  Finally,  mere  vulgar,  illiterate  curtail 


Each  church  is  illustrated  by  a  plan,  and 
comprehensive  drawings  and  sections,  just 
as  they  stand,  ancient  or  modern ;  but  an- 
cient work  is  distinguished  from  modern ; 
and,  in  these  days  of  restoration,  it  is  not 
easy  to  estimate  the  value  of  such  records. 
Mr.  Wilson,  on  his  journeys,  jots  down 
other  buildings  of  antiquity,  especially 
peel-towers  and  castles;  and,  as  he  ob- 
served, his  series,  when  complete,  will 
give  very  ample  architectural  data  for  the 
history  of  various  periods.  He  would  be 
very  proud  to  give  information  about  any 
particular  building,  to  any  person  inter- 
ested in  it,  and  thought  of  bringing  the 
evidences  of  Norman  architecture  before 
the  Society,  in  the  form  of  a  paper,  at  no 
distant  period.  Mr.  Wilson  was  warmly 
thanked  for  his  instructive  exhibition. 

Dr.  Bruce  read  the  following  valuable 
suggestions  for  amended  local  appellations 
in  the  Ordnance  maps  of  Northumberland, 
by  Mr.  Ralph  Carr  of  Hedgley : — 

It  has  been  ascertained  that  the  Ord- 
nance Authorities  would  be  willing  to  re- 
ceive any  suggestions  from  such  a  body  as 
the  Antiquarian  Society,  for  the  correction 
in  the  Ordnance  map  of  Northumberland 
and  Durham  of  vulgarisms  such  as  now 
disgrace  the  spelling  of  several  township- 
names.     For  instance: — 

Ly  for  Ley,  in  terminations  very  fre- 
quent. Softly  for  Softley,  Gladly  for  Glad- 
■  ley,  Weatherly  for  Weatherley,  Beanly 
for  Beanley,  Crawly  for  Crawley,  Ac.  This 
is  a  large  class,  and  would  be  easily  cor- 
rected, with  general  approbation. 

Coat  for  Cote  in  terminations.  Cold- 
coats  for  Coldcotes,  Carrycoats  for  Carry- 
cotes,  Cullercoats  for  Cullercotes,  Coats- 
yards  for  Cotes-yards.  Cote,  of  course,  is 
cottage,  and  all  such  names  require  to 
be  brought  to  the  analogy  of  Kingscote, 
Heathcote,  Shepcote,  and  scores  of  others, 
all  over  England,  which  are  correctly  spelt. 

Cold-pig  for  Cold-pike,  Thropple  for 
Throple,  Candle  for  Caldwell. 


ments.  Swinhoe  has  resumed  its  proper 
form,  but  we  have  Cambo  for  Camboe 
(Cambhoe),  Shafto  for  Shaftoe  (Shafthoe), 
Stoco  for  Stokoe  (Stokehoe),  Duddo  for 
Duddoe  (Dudhoe),  all  from  hoe,  that  is, 
heugh,  of  which  hoe  is  the  old  English  ter- 
minal form.     Swinhoe  is  right. 

Surely  all  this  trash  ought  not  to  be 
stereotyped  in  the  Ordnance  map  of  North- 
umberland. 

A  committee  of  the  Antiquarian  Society, 
and  a  little  correspondence  with  a  few 
owners  of  property,  would  rectify  it  all. 
We  are  yet  in  time. 

Mr.  Henry  Turner  complained  of  the 
looseness  with  which  the  survey  was  com- 
pleted, instancing  that  St.  Anne's  Close, 
near  St.  Anne's  Chapel,  Newcastle,  which, 
some  twelve  years  ago,  became  famous 
for  dog-fights,  was  marked  Battle  Field ; 
but  others  of  the  members  fancied  this 
appellation  was  earlier  than  the  dog  battles, 
and  did  not  see  how  the  surveyors  could 
reject  a  recognised  name,  however  absurd 
and  modern  it  might  be. 

Dr.  Bruce  referred  to  the  fact  that  the 
surveyors  kept  a  register  of  their  authori- 
ties, and  of  ancient  and  modern  names,  aa 
they  ascertained  them. 

Feb.  4.  The  annual  meeting  was  held, 
John  Hodgson  Hinde,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in 
the  chair. 

Dr.  Charlton  read  the  forty-eighth  annual 
report,  in  which  the  Council  congratulated 
the  Society  on  its  effective  state : — 

"  The  monthly  meetings  have  been  well 
attended,  and  the  objects  of  antiquity,  ex- 
hibited and  discussed,  have  been  of  great 
interest,  while  several  valuable  donations 
have  been  made  to  the  library  and  to  the 
museum.  Besides  the  books  contributed 
by  members,  among  which  we  may  name 
some  valuable  works  presented  by  Sir  W. 
C.  Trevelyan,  Bart.,  of  Wallington,  the 
Society  has  received  some  valuable  gifts  of 
books  from  foreign  countries,  and  espe- 


tf^t 


432 


Antiquaria  i  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [April, 


cially  from  Norway  and  Denmark.  It  is 
pleasing  to  find  that  the  labours  of  the 
antiquaries  of  the  north  of  England  are 
thus  recognised  in  far  distant  binds,  and 
that  one  of  the  papers  published  in  the 
Society's  transactions  has  been  translated 
into  Danish,  and  published  in  the  journals 
of  the  North  of  Europe.  It  has  been  too 
generally  supposed  that  this  Society  de- 
votes its  attention  exclusively  to  Roman 
antiquities ;  but  while  it  recognises  to  the 
fullest  extent  the  valuable  remains  of  that 
great  people,  which  are  so  abundant  in 
this  locality,  it  can  confidently  point  to 
its  published  transactions  in  proof  that 
medieval  archaeology  is  not  forgotten.  In 
truth,  so  far  from  being  slighted  or  de- 
spised, by  fiur  the  greater  part  of  the 
transactions  is  occupied  by  medieval  anti- 
quities, and  this  especially  will  be  seen  to 
be  the  case  in  the  volume  just  completed 
for  the  present  year.  Although  the  Society 
has  not  this  year  been  favoured  with  any 
elaborate  papers  on  Roman  antiquities,  yet 
the  researches  and  examinations  now  being 
carried  on  at  the  Roman  bridge  at  Chester, 
by  one  of  the  vice-presidents,  Mr.  Clayton, 
have  led  to  most  interesting  results,  many 
of  which  are  as  yet  not  made  known,  but 
the  council  feels  that  those  of  the  mem- 
bers who  had  the  opportunity,  in  August 
last,  of  examining  these  remains,  will  be 
fully  convinced  of  their  importance,  and 
of  the  interest  that  the  account  of  them, 
when  completed,  will  excite  among  archae- 
ologists." 

Lord  Ravensworth  was  elected  Presi- 
dent (in  room  of  Sir  J.  E.  Swinburne, 
Bart.,  deceased),  and  Sir  Walter  C.  Tre- 
velyan  a  Vice-President.  It  was  stated 
that  £635  bad  been  subscribed  towards 
the  building  fund  for  the  Museum,  of 
which  £430  had  been  received,  and  it 
was  expected  that  a  part  of  the  required 
site  would  be  obtained  on  favourable  terms 
from  the  North  Eastern  Railway  Company. 

Mr.  Clayton  presented,  as  from  Mr. 
Challoner,  an  iron  horseshoe,  found  at 
Condercum.    It  was,  he  believed,  the  first 


object  of  the  kind  which  had  been  found 
here.  He  had  seen  at  Avignon  the  sculp- 
ture of  a  Roman  chariot  drawn  by  two 
horses,  which  were  shod  in  the  modern 
way,  yet  the  question  of  such  usage  had 
been  mooted  in  the  last  Archaeological 
Journal.  He  thought  that  the  hardness 
of  the  Roman  roads  would  necessitate  its 
adoption. 

After  some  discussion  on  the  ortho- 
graphy of  names  in  the  Ordnance  Survey, 
a  committee  was  named  to  consider  the 
subject.  Mr.  Ralph  Carr,  the  proposer, 
said  he  had  taken  the  pains  to  form  a  list 
of  the  names  which,  in  his  view,  would 
require  alteration.  He  could  only  see 
thirty -five  names  in  the  county  of  North- 
umberland which  would  have  to  be  modi- 
fied. In  the  class  of  names  which  he  pro- 
posed to  have  corrected  the  error  occurred 
generally  in  the  final  syllable,  and  this 
was  the  most  significant  part  of  the  words. 
The  Chairman  expressed  his  concurrence 
in  Mr.  Can's  remarks,  and  said  that  he 
thought  it  would  be  the  duty  of  the  com- 
mittee not  to  offer  any  alterations  unless 
they  were  backed  by  the  best  documentary 
authority. 

In  the  course  of  the  discussion  the  Chair- 
man referred  to  Dr.  Raine*s  marshalling  of 
the  possessions  of  Holy  Island  :— 

"  From  Goswiok  we've  geese, 
From  Cheswick  we've  oheese, 

From  Buokton  we've  venison  in  store ; 
From  Swinhoe  we're  bacon, 
But  the  8oots  have  it  taken, 

And  the  Prior  is  longing  for  more." 

On  the  motion  of  Dr.  Bruce,  it  was  re- 
solved that  the  annual  meeting  in  future 
be  in  January,  the  day  to  be  afterwards 
fixed,  in  order  to  afford  to  those  gentlemen 
who  were  compelled  to  be  in  Parliament  in 
February  an  opportunity  of  attending. 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES  OP  SCOTLAND. 


Feb.  11.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Society, 
Mr.  David  Laihg,  Vice-President,  in  the 
chair,  on  a  ballot  the  following  gentle- 
men were  admitted  Fellows,  viz.: — Mr. 
W.S.WalkerofBowlandi  Major  William 

9 


Ross  King,  Badenscoth,  Aberdeenshire; 
Mr.  James  Crawford,  jun.,  W.  S. ;  Mr. 
Thomas  Constable,  printer;  Mr.  Matthew 
Tunnock,  S.S.C. ;  William  M'Leod,  M.D., 
Benrhydding;    Mr.  James  D.  Marwick, 


1861.] 


Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 


4S8 


City  Clerk.  Arthur  Mitchell,  M.D.,  De- 
puty-Commissioner of  Lunacy,  was  ad- 
mitted a  Corresponding  Member. 

Thereafter,  the  following  communica- 
tions were  read  to  the  meeting : — 

I.  Notes  on  the  Inscribed  Stone  at  the 
Briggs,  called  the  Cat  Stone.  By  Profes- 
sor J.  Y.  Simpson,  V.P.S.A.  Scot.  After 
pointing  out  the  great  number  of  Romano- 
British  inscriptions  lately  found  in  Wales 
and  Cornwall,  and  their  importance  as 
almost  onr  earliest  written  historical  docu- 
ments, Dr.  Simpson  stated  that — when 
searched  for — similar  early  inscribed  stones 
would  be  probably  found  also  in  Scotland. 
They  have  generally  been  detected  serving 
as  gate-posts,  and  in  other  ignominious 
situations.  One  was  known  at  Ettrick, 
and  two  were  lately  found  at  Kirkmadme, 
in  Galloway.  He  specially  directed  the 
attention  of  the  Society  to  one  of  these 
stones,  seven  miles  from  Edinburgh,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Almond.  He  referred  to 
various  readings  of  the  inscription  on  it, 
and  quoted  the  oldest  and  most  reliable,  in 
1699 — given  by  the  celebrated  Welsh  an- 
tiqnary,  Edward  Lluyd,  who  had  visited 
the  stone.  Dr.  Simpson  had  found  Mr. 
Lloyd's  letter  in  Roland's  work  on  An- 
glesey. The  reading  is — In(h)oc  ttjmttlo 
jacbt  yjtta  F(ilius)  viCTi.  The  letters 
are  in  the  old  uncial  form,  and  the  in- 
scription in  the  debased  Latin  of  the 
fourth  and  fifth  centuries.  The  formula 
of  the  inscription  is  common.  The  names 
of  those  commemorated  are  apparently 
Saxon.  Indeed,  the  two  names  Vetta  and 
Victus  are  given  by  Bede,  the  Saxon 
chronicler,  and  Nennius,  in  the  list  of  the 
immediate  predecessors  of  Hengist  and 
Horsa.  A  century  before  Hengist  and 
Horn  made  their  descent  upon  England 
in  A.D.  449,  the  Saxons  are  spoken  of  in 
Scotland  by  Claudian  and  other  Roman 
authors.  Ammianus  describes  them  as 
joined  in  360  with  the  Scots,  Attacots, 
and  Picts  against  the  Britons ;  and  a  few 
years  later  he  omits  describing  the  Scots, 
Attacots,  and  Picts  as  joined  in  a  similar 
war;  but  whilst  he  omits  all  allusion  to 
the  Saxons,  he  now  speaks  of  one  of  the 
nations  of  the  Ficts  under  the  new  name 
of  Vecturiones.  Had  the  Saxons  become 
Gnrr.  Mao.  Voi*  CCX. 


confederated  with  the  Picts  under  this 
name,  and  was  this  name  derived  from 
their  leader  ? 

Mr.  Stuart  stated  that  probably  the 
oldest  inscription  in  Roman  characters  on 
a  stone  in  Scotland  to  which  a  date  could 
be  assigned  was  one  on  the  cross  at  Ruth- 
well,  which  might  be  as  old  as  the  ninth 
century.  The  characters  on  a  stone  re- 
cording the  dedication  of  Bede's  church  at 
Jarrow  in  685  were  of  the  same  style  as 
those  on  the  Ruth  well  stone,  and  both  are 
quite  different  from  those  used  on  the 
stone  at  Briggs.  The  latter,  as  well  as 
those  on  the  stone  in  the  Vale  of  Ettrick, 
were  so  entirely  similar  to  the  letters  of 
the  Romano-British  inscriptions  in  Wales, 
that  it  appeared  more  likely  to  belong  to 
that  family  than  to  have  a  Saxon  con- 
nection. 

II.  Notice  of  some  Scottish  Market 
Crosses,  illustrated  by  Drawings.  By  Mr. 
James  Drummond,  F.S.A.  Scot.  In  this 
paper  Mr.  Drummond  gave  an  account  of 
various  historical  examples  of  market 
crosses,  with  a  restoration  of  what  he 
conceived  to  have  been  the  plan  of  the 
early  Edinburgh  cross.  The  paper  was 
illustrated  by  many  beautiful  sketches, 
including  a  design  which  Mr.  Drummond 
suggested  as  appropriate  for  the  con* 
templated  restoration  of  the  cross  of 
Edinburgh. 

After  some  remarks  by  Mr.  Laing  and 
Mr.  Robert  Chambers,  it  was  moved  by 
Mr.  Joseph  Robertson,  seconded  by  Pro- 
fessor Simpson,  and  unanimously  agreed 
to—"  That  the  Secretary  be  requested  to 
communicate  to  the  Town  Council  of 
Edinburgh  the  opinion  of  the  Society, 
that  in  the  restoration  of  the  cross  of 
Edinburgh  the  original  site  and  original 
style  and  mode  should  be  adhered  to  as 
closely  as  possible." 

III.  Plan  of  the  Remains  of  the  Ancient 
Chapel-Royal,  called  Kirkheugh,  St.  An- 
drews, with  a  Descriptive  Notice  by  Robert 
Anderson,  Esq.  Communicated,  with  ad- 
ditional Notices,  by  D.  Laing,  Esq., 
V.P.S.A.  Scot.  In  addition  to  various 
instructive  notices  of  the  architectural 
remains  furnished  by  Mr.  Anderson,  Mr. 
Laing  gave  a  variety  of  details  connected 

30 


434 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[April, 


with  the  history  of  the  foundation,  and 
its  supposed  earlier  site  on  a  rock  called 
Our  Lady's  Craig,  which  is  now  under 
water.  It  appeared  that  the  collegiate 
church  of  St.  Mary  on  the  Rock  had  a 
provost  and  ten  prebendaries;  and  that 
it  was  the  earliest  collegiate  church  in 
Scotland.  The  paper  contained  careful 
lists  of  the  provosts,  and  rentals  of  the 
lands  belonging  to  the  benefice.  The 
penultimate  provost  was  Thomas  Bucha- 
nan, nephew  of  the  historian,  and  the  last 
one  was  his  nephew,  Robert  Buchanan, 
who  was  presented  to  the  benefice  in  1599. 
Mr.  Stuart  gave  some  further  account 
of  the  ruins  and  of  the  result  of  the  exca- 
vations made  in  them  in  the  course  of  last 
summer.  He  adverted  specially  to  the 
number  of  graves  of  an  unusual  character 
which  had  been  observed,  and  which'  re- 
sembled in  many  respects  the  rude  stone 
dsts  of  earlier  times.  He  gave  instances 
of  the  occurrence  of  these  stone  coffins, 
both  singly  and  in  groups,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  churches,  and  apart  from  any 
buildings,  and  stated  that  every  well- 
authenticated  account  of  such  cists  would 
be  very  valuable  to  the  Society.  It  ap- 
peared, also,  that  in  various  parts  of  the 
ruins  portions  of  sculptured  pillars  had 
been  found,  of  some  of  which  drawings 
were  exhibited. 


IV.  Observations  respecting  articles  col- 
lected in  the  Outer  Hebrides,  and  now 
presented  to  the  Museum.  By  Captain  F. 
W.  L.  Thomas,  R.N.,  Corr.  Mem.  8.A. 
Scot.  The  articles  comprehended  a  stone 
with  a  small  incised  Latin  cross,  from 
Taransay  in  Harris;  fragments  of  stone 
vessels  from  a  ruin  at  the  sands  of  Rata, 
Taransay ;  pins  of  bone  and  bronze  brooches 
from  Taransay ;  and  a  "  snake  stone"  from  ' 
Lewis. 

After  the  reading  of  the  papers  several 
donations  were  made  to  the  Museum,  in- 
cluding a  large  stone  instrument  resem- 
bling a  battle-axe  found  in  the  Esk,  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Dundas  of  Arniston.  Two 
perforated  circular  stones  from  the  Lewis, 
at  present  used  as  amulets  for  the  cure  of 
the  diseases  of  cattle;  by  Dr.  Arthur 
Mitchell,  Deputy- Commissioner  in  Lunacy. 
Nine  specimens  of  pottery  now  made  and 
generally  used  in  the  Uig  and  Barvas  dis- 
tricts of  the  Island  of  Lewis,  and  called 
Craggans;  by  Captain  F.  W.  L.  Thomas, 
R.N.,  Corr.  Mem.  S.A.  Scot.,  and  Dr. 
Arthur  Mitchell*  Deputy-Commissioner  in 
Lunacy ;  and  seventy-eight  rubbings  from 
monumental  brasses  in  England,  taken  by 
the  late  Mrs.  Henry  Scott  Alves ;  by  Dr. 
Archibald  Inglis,  and  Dr.  John  Inglis,  late 
H.E.I.CS. 


YORKSHIRE  PHILOSOPHICAL  SOCIETY. 


Jan.  1.  At  the  monthly  meeting,  held 
in  the  Library  of  the  Museum,  the  Rev. 
J.  Kenrick  in  the  chair,  the  Chairman 
announced  that  a  beautiful  plan  of  Ebu- 
racum,  executed  by  Mr.  R.  Skaife,  of  the 
Mount,  York,  had  been  presented  to  the 
Society.  In  consequence  of  the  recent 
discovery  of  a  portion  of  the  Roman 
Wall  near  Monk  Bar,  Mr.  Skaife  had 
drawn  a  plan  showing  the  portions  of 
the  wall  that  bad  been  discovered.  It 
was  laid  on  the  table  at  the  last  meeting, 
but  Mr.  Skaife  had  since  then  made  the 
plan  more  complete,  and  had  presented  it 
to  the  Society.  It  would  be  found  valu- 
able, not  only  as  showing  the  ancient  walls 
of  York,  but  as  affording  an  opportunity 
of  future  discoveries  being  marked  on  it. 


He  was  sure  the  Society  would  feel  obliged 
to  Mr.  Skaife  for  his  gift.  He  (the  Chair- 
man) had  also  to  announce  the  discovery 
recently  at  Dringhouses  of  a  Roman  monu- 
ment. There  was  no  inscription  on  it, 
but  the  figure  represented  was  that  of 
a  blacksmith  or  armourer,  holding  a  ham- 
mer in  one  hand,  and  a  pair  of  black- 
smith's tongs  in  the  other.  Apparently 
there  was  also  the  representation  of  an 
anvil,  but  as  he  had  not  seen  the  monu- 
ment, and  was  speaking  from  a  sketch  of 
it  which  he  held  in  his  hand,  he  could 
not  say  positively  whether  it  was  an  anvil 
or  not.  The  ornaments  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  monument  were  not  very  common. 
As  the  sepulchral  monuments  discovered 
near  York  were  generally  connected  with 


1861.] 


Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society. 


435 


the  military  profession,  he  thought  the 
figure  represented  was  most  probably  that 
of  an  armourer  of  the  6th  Legion,  that 
Legion  being  stationed  in  York  later  than 
the  9th.  He  hoped  the  monument  would 
ultimately  find  a  resting-place  in  the  Mu- 
seum. He  had  great  pleasure  in  announc- 
ing that  Mr.  Driffield  (who  had  lately  be* 
come  a  member)  had  presented  to  the 
Society  the  Roman  remains  discovered 
on  the  Mount,  and  which  were  deposited, 
during  that  gentleman's  minority,  in  the 
Museum. 

Feb.  5.  The  annual  meeting  was  held 
in  the  Theatre  of  the  Museum.  In  the 
absence  of  the  Bey.  Canon  Harcourt, 
W.  H.  R.  Read,  Esq.,  was  called  to  the 
chair.  Some  new  members  were  elected; 
the  Archbishop  of  York,  who  was  one  of 
the  number,  was  requested  to  accept 
the  office  of  Patron  of  the  Society ;  and 
Lord  Brougham  was  elected  an  honorary 
member. 

The  Report  of  the  Council  for  the  year 
1860  was  then  read,  which  gave  a  rather 
unfavourable  account  of  the  finances  of 
the  Society. 

"  The  income,"  it  remarked,  "  as  shewn 
by  the  treasurer's  account,  has  fallen  con- 
siderably short  of  that  of  last  year.  Never- 
theless this  diminution  is  so  evidently  due 
to  a  temporary  cause,  namely,  the  unpre- 
cedented^ inclement  weather  of  last  sum- 
mer, that  the  council  do  not  regard  it  as 
indicative  of  any  permanent  falling  off  in 
the  resources  of  the  Society,  and  can  only 
look  upon  it  as  a  matter  of  satisfaction 
that  the  deficiency  thus  caused  was  not 
far  greater.  A  comparison  of  the  accounts 
for  1859  and  1860  shews  that  the  income 
in  the  former  year  was  £1,296  3s.  3d., 
whilst  in  the  latter  it  amounted  only  to 
£1,231  12s.  5d.,  so  that  the  total  diminu- 
tion of  income  is  nearly  £65. .  . .  The  ex- 


penditure for  the  year  calls  for  but  few 
remarks.  It  includes  no  extraordinary 
expenses,  such  as  swelled  the  expenditure 
of  1859  to  so  great  an  amount,  and  is 
rather  below  than  above  the  average  of 
the  last  few  years.  It  leaves  a  surplus 
of  income  of  £143  2s.  6d.,  which,  added 
to  the  balance  of' £13  2s.  lOd.  brought 
from  1859,  leaves  a  sum  of  £156  5e.  4<L 
in  the  treasurer's  hands.  Before  quitting 
the  Bubject  of  the  finances  of  the  Society, 
the  council  have,  however,  to  advert  to 
another  account,  which,  unfortunately, 
does  not  by  any  means  exhibit  so  satisfac- 
tory a  result.  After  the  statement  re- 
garding the  Museum  Enlargement  Fund 
and  the  Society's  liabilities  on  account  of 
it  laid  before  the  members  in  the  council's 
last  report,  considerable  efforts  were  made, 
especially  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Rudston  Read, 
one  of  the  vice-presidents  of  the  Society, 
and  the  hon.  secretary,  Mr.  T.  S.  Noble, 
to  obtain  further  subscriptions,  and  with 
such  success  that  an  additional  sum  of 
£86  8s.  was  actually  obtained,  making, 
with  the  subscriptions  previously  pro* 
mised,  a  total  of  £1,000  14«.  The  total 
cost  of  the  new  building  with  its  internal 
fittings,  as  at  present  standing,  is  shewn 
by  an  account  now  rendered  to  be 
£1,374  15s.  9&,  leaving  a  sum  of 
£374  Is.  9d.  due  by  the  Society." 

After  the  reception  of  the  Report,  the 
following  noblemen  and  gentlemen  were 
elected  officers  of  the  Society : — President 
—  The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Carlisle. 
Vice  'Presidents— -The  Right  Hon.  the 
Earl  of  Zetland;  William  Rudston  Read, 
F.L.S. ;  John  Phillips,  F.R.S. ;  Rev.  W.  V. 
Harcourt,  F.R.S.;  Chas.  W.  Strickland; 
Rev.  William  Hey ;  Thos.  Allis,  F.L.S. ; 
Rev.  John  Kenrick,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  Trea- 
surer—Wimam  Gray,  F.R.A.S.,  F.G.S. 
New  Members  of  Council — Robt.  Davies, 
F.S.A. ;  John  Ford ;  R<  v.  W.  E.  Harrison. 
Honorary  Secretary— T.  S.  Noble, F.R.A.S. 
The  proceedings  closed  with  the  customary 
votes  of  thanks. 


[April, 


Coiitrijiontieittt  of  SEluanuS  fflrtan. 


[Corretpondente  are  reijnetted  to  append  their  Aiidremt,  not,  mien  agreeable,  for 
publication,  hut  in  order  that  a  copy  of  tie  Qbhtlehah's  MaGA2IHH  containing 
their  Communication!  may  be  forwarded  to  them.'] 

FLINT  IMPLEMENTS  IN  THE  DRIFT. 

We  have  received  from  our  esteemed   correspondent  the  Abbe   Cochet 

two  drawings,  which  exhibit  the  nature  of  the  soil  in  the  quarries  at 

St.  Acheul   more  clearly  than  the  mere   description  which  we   gave   in 

our  last : — 

ft.  In. 

1    0    Bnrfue  Tegetiole  mil. 
0    8    ArgUo-ferrnitnoue  clay,  uMd  for  brick- 

110    Red  Mud,  termginoni  and  iriillueous, 

—  I A  tun  bind  or  ungnlu  and  rounded 

GTaTibLcompoKd  chiefly  of  rolled  flints 

from  the  chalk.  Iftartke  tor  Ib>h  ton 
been  found  the  fimt  implement,. 
Chili,  beneath  to  a  oooilde 
Ahotbjeb  Sioiion"  in  ihb  sunt  Quabet. 


A    The  lotrue  mil.    (The  clay  hu  bar*  be«n  removed  for  brick-muling). 

B    Red  •rglllflOPQUfl  Mnd, 

o     A  build  of  email  angular  end  rounded  flinte. 

I)    Red  wind.  E    Ore*  land. 

r    OrtTel.  with  smalt  quintitlen  of  tine  (and.    In  Mm  bid  an  fo**4fiint  impltnmli. 

Ill    Ancient  GaUo-Roman  torabe. 

Ebbatuk.— We  have  received  a  very  kind  letter  from  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes,  in 
which  he  beg*  tu  to  correct  an  error  which  escaped  us  in  the  description  of  the 
engraving!  on  page  260.  In  the  three  InnUncee  where  alluvial  toil  is  mentioned, 
it  ahould  have  been  printed  Alnvial.  On  reference  to  the  cop;  tent  to  m  we  find 
thai  it  it  there  correct,  and  that  the  error  therefore  occurred  in  the  transcription. 


1861.] 


Correspondence. 


437 


THE  DISCOVERIES  AT  ABBEVILLE  AND  AMIENS. 

Mb.  Urban, — The  very  interesting  facts  recorded  in  your  last  Number 
of  the  flint  implements,  the  work  of  men's  hands,  found  in  the  drift  in  un- 
disturbed soil  at  a  considerable  depth  in  gravel-pits  at  Abbeville  and 
Amiens,  so  well  described  by  the  Abb6  Cochet,  appear  to  me  of  very  high 
importance.  And  when  we  add  to  this,  that  they  have  been  found  in 
similar  soils  and  situations,  and  also  on  high  ground  in  Suffolk  and  in 
America,  they  do  appear  to  give  considerable  weight  to  the  argument 
in  favour  of  a  general  deluge.  This  appears  to  me  also  quite  consistent  with 
the  facts  of  geology,  which  prove  that  what  is  now  high  ground  was  once 
at  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  and  that  not  only  for  a  short  time,  but  for  ages. 
We  have*  only  to  assume  that  at  the  time  of  the  deluge  mentioned  in 
Scripture  the  levels  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  were  altered  and  re- 
versed, which  would  inevitably  have  produced  a  universal  deluge,  and 
the  facts  of  geology  are  at  once  reconciled  with  Scripture.  Such  a 
change  would  certainly  have  been  accompanied  by  a  tremendous  and 
long-continued  fall  of  rain,  which  would  naturally  appear  to  Noah  and 
his  companions  as  the  cause  of  the  flood,  although  in  fact  only  one  of  the 
symptoms  of  the  great  change  which  was  then  taking  place.  That  such 
a  change  of  surface  is  continually  going  on  slowly  and  gradually  in  some 
parts  of  the  world  I  am  aware,  but  this  does  not  at  all  prove  that  it  may 
not  at  some  particular  period  have  gone  on  very  rapidly  or  suddenly :  the 
operations  of  nature  do  not  always  proceed  at  one  uniform  pace.  The 
sudden  eruption  of  volcanoes  may  change  the  whole  surface  of  a  country  in 
a  few  days,  and  some  violent  action  of  this  kind  may  have  taken  place  at 
the  time  of  the  general  deluge.  These  flint  implements  may  very  well  have 
been  made  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth  between  the  time  of  Adam  and 
that  of  Noah,  and  drifted  into  their  present  position  at  the  time  of  the 
deluge.  I  am,  &c.  F.  S.  A. 


OXFORD. 


Mb.  Urban, — The  extracts  from  Mr. 
Rogers's  book  about  Oxford  in  your  last 
Number  remind  me  so  forcibly  of  the  days 
of  my  youth,  now  more  than  forty  years 
since,  that  I  cannot  resist  sending  you 
some  of  my  reminiscences. 

I  am  sorry  to  see  that  the  self-same 
grievances  which  were  complained  of  in 
my  day  remain  still  unredressed,  not- 
withstanding the  late  attempt  at  a  re- 
form of  these  abuses.  The  vivid  picture 
of  the  profitless  college  lectures  reminds 
me  forcibly  of  the  many  weary  hours 
which  I  spent  in  the  same  manner,  and 


then,  as  now,  while  the  undergraduates 
were  compelled  to  attend  the  prosy  pre- 
tentious attempts  of  the  college  tutors 
to  lecture  upon  all  sorts  of  subjects,  the 
eminent  public  Professors  of  the  Univer- 
sity could  with  difficulty  muster  a  class 
of  half  a  dozen.  I  am  told  by  a  young 
friend  now  at  college  that  at  the  present 
time  it  is  a  common  thing  for  a  Professor 
to  have  only  two  or  three  undergraduates 
at  his  lectures ;  whereas  the  same  man,  if 
he  lectured  in  London,  and  gave  the  self- 
same lectures,  would  attract  two  or  three 
hundred  by  his  well-known  ability  and 


488 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[April, 


facility  as  a  public  lecturer  or  professor. 
So  trae  is  it  that  the  colleges  have  swal- 
lowed up  the  University,  and  Parliament 
has  failed  to  remedy  this  evil.  I  quite 
well  remember  in  my  day,  that  the  same 
worthy  and  excellent  man  who  had  to 
undertake  the  drudgery  of  a  college  tutor 
used  to  give  lectures  in  Logic,  Ethics, 
Rhetoric,  Greek  grammar,  the  Greek  Tes- 
tament, the  History  of  Greece,  the  History 
of  Rome  in  very  minute  particulars,  and 
Euclid.  I  think  there  were  other  sub- 
jects also,  bat  I  have  forgotten  them. 
He  laboured  diligently  and  conscientiously 
at  his  task,  and  he  has  proved  his  ability 
by  his  success  in  after  life;  but  I  am  sure 
that  he  would  be  the  first  to  acknow- 
ledge the  absurdity  of  the  system.  Other 
subjects  now  studied  were  altogether  ig- 
nored then.  Latin  was  taken  for  granted. 
French,  or  any  other  modern  language, 
was  never  thought  of.  Of  the  History 
of  England,  or  of  France,  or  of  modern 
Europe,  or  any  branch  of  physical  science, 
our  tutors  and  ourselves  were  equally 
ignorant,  and  we  knew  no  more  of  them 
when  we  left  the  University  than  when 
we  entered  it. 

Mr.  Rogers  has  touched  upon  the  lives 
led  by  the  Fellows  of  colleges,  and  how  far 
they  fulfil  the  purposes  of  their  founders, 
or  those  for  which  Parliament  has  allowed 
them  to  retain  their  endowments.  I  re- 
member something  of  this  in  my  day. 
Before  1  left  Oxford  I  was  introduced  to 
several  of  the  common-rooms;  the  even- 
ing was  usually  divided  between  hard 
drinking  and  card- playing,  and  the  con- 
venation  turned  chiefly  upon  shooting, 
hunting,  horse-racing,  boat-racing,  boxing, 
and  scandal  respecting  the  women.  At 
Magdalen  I  remember  having  two  or  three 
of  the  older  Fellows  pointed  out  to  me  as 
"three  bottle  men,"  that  is,  men  who 
regularly  drank  three  bottles  of  port  every 
night.  My  young  friend  tells  me  that 
this  college  has  been  thoroughly  reformed, 
and  is  now  quite  different  from  what  it 
was  at  that  time ;  that  the  college  is  now 
one  of  the  best  conducted  in  the  Univer- 
sity, and  is  doing  much  good  with  its 
large  endowments. 

But  1  hear  a  different  story  of  another 


college,  which  has  resisted  all  reform,  and 
has  since  shewn  the  spirit  by  which  it  is 
actuated  by  enclosing  a  wood,  which  had 
been  for  centuries  a  favourite  place  of 
recreation  for  the  inhabitants  of  Oxford, 
and  for  the  undergraduates,  where  we 
used  to  ramble  in  the  summer  time  and 
study  botany  under  the  direction  of  Baxter, 
the  celebrated  botanist  at  the  Botanic 
Garden,  and  find  lilies  of  the  valley  grow- 
ing wild.  This  wood  I  hear  has  now  been 
enclosed  for  the  purpose  of  making  pre- 
serves for  game  for  the  Fellows  of  the 
college  to  shoot  in,  and  has  a  good  staff 
of  keepers,  and  this  within  three  miles 
of  Oxford.  At  the  same  time  I  am  told 
they  have  let  all  their  leases  run  out  of 
the  new  houses  in  the  suburbs  of  Oxford, 
w)}ich  are  now  let  at  greatly  increased 
rents,  by  which  they  have  largely  aug- 
mented their  revenues,  and  yet  they  have 
behaved  in  the  shabbiest  possible  manner 
about  the  new  churches  required  for  the 
inhabitants  of  their  houses.  I  am  told 
that  they  actually  wanted  to  make  it  a 
condition  of  their  granting  the  land  for 
a  church  to  be  built  upon,  that  the  church 
should  be  built  by  public  subscription,  and 
the  clergyman  paid  by  pew  rents!  But 
this  is  too  bad.  I  cannot  believe  that  any 
society  of  gentlemen  and  clergymen  could 
have  proposed  such  a  thing  when  it  was 
their  obvious  duty  to  have  built  and  en- 
dowed these  churches  at  their  own  expense. 
Any  nobleman  or  laymanpossessing  such  an 
estate  would  have  been  ashamed  to  have 
acted  as  this  college  is  said  to  have  done. 

I  could  easily  go  on  with  these  reminis- 
cences, but  I  fear  I  should  weary  you  and 
your  readers. 

By  the  way,  my  young  friend  writes 
me  word  that  you  have  been  unjust  to 
Captain  Burrows.  Ton  say  that  he  passed 
creditably  through  the  University,  and 
took  a  first  class  in  the  school  of  Modern 
History;  but  he  did  more  than  this,  he 
took  a  first  class  in  the  final  Classical 
School  also,  and  is  fairly  entitled  to  the 
rank  of  a  "  double  first,"  and  my  young 
friend  adds  that  his  book  is  calculated  to 
lead  others  to  do  the  same,  and  he  for  one 
hopes  to  profit  by  it. — I  am,  Ac 

London,  March  18.  Senex. 


1861.] 


Grant*  of  Amu — the  ThackweU*. 


QUARRY  IN  WINDOW  OF  CHAPEL,  BAST  HENDRED  HODSE,  BERKS. 
Me.  Ubban, — I  lend  yon  n  sketch  from  or  sudariuin  is  introduced,  whereby  the 
a  glass-quarry  which,  if  not  remarkable,  is  pastoral  staff  of  an  abbot  is  ordinarily  dis- 
interesting  aa  being  commemorative  of  tingnished  from  that  of  the  bishop.  Whe- 
llngh  Faringdon,  the  last  abbot  of  Read-     ther  the  omission  ia  intentional,  aa  indL- 


ing,  who,  in  company  witb  two  of  hie  reli- 
gions, raftered  death  in  the  year  1539,  for 
refusal  to  acknowledge  the  royal  supre- 
macy in  things  spiritual. 


The  original  pane  hag  long  been  care- 
fully preserved  in  a  lancet  window  on  the 
north  aide  of  the  old  chapel  of  the  manor 
of  Arches,  at  East  Hendred,  the  seat  of 
C.  J.  Eyiton,  Esq.,  whose  ancestors  have 
there  resided  for  six  centuries. 

In  the  centre  ia  abown  the  abbot'* 
crozier,  between  hia  initials,  which  are 
united  with  the  usual  cordon  and  tassels. 

The  only  remark  I  wish  to  offer  upon 


eating  an  '  exempt'  abbot,  or  accidental,  I 
do  not  attempt  to  decide,  aa  bishops  In 
England  used  it  formerly  aa  well  aa 
abbots. 

The  following  passage  baa  reference  to 
this  snhject  :— 

"  Abbatiali  denique  baculo  appotiendi 
jampridem  solitum  fait  sndariam  ad  dif- 
ferentiam  baculi  episcopalis:  qnodetiamin 
actia  ecctesiaa  Mediolanenaig  eiprimitur : 
Orario,  inqoit  S.Carolns,loqnens  de  baculo 
pastorali,  ant  sndario  non  ornatur  si  epi- 
scop&lis  est :  quo  insigne  abbatialis  ab  illo 
distingnitur.  Not*t  Iubc  Haeftenns  loco 
laudato :  additque,  hoc  sudarium,  sen  cela- 
msn  appendi  solitum  in  signum  subjectio- 
nia,  quemadmodum  mulieri  datur  velamen 
supra  caput,  snbjeetionis  indicium  sab 
viro.  Quare  abbatissse  etiam  hodie  baculo 
hqjnsmodi  velamen  appensnm  habent"— 
Puniificale  Ronuuntm,  CommenlariiM  IU 
Uulratum,  attciore  Jotepko  Catalano 
PnwhyUn,  torn.  L  p.  289. 

I  may  mention  as  a  fine  example  of  ■ 
crozier  of  times  past,  with  the  veil  at- 
tached to  the  crook,  that  now  nacd  by 
the  Benedictine  Abbess  of  East  Bergholt, 


the  design  is  that,  in  this  in 


,oveU 


For  the  same  reason  as  that  of  appending 
the  veil  to  the  abbatul  staff,  i. ».,  in  token 
of  subjection,  the  crosses  of  the  religious 
orders,  when  joined  with  others  in  pro- 
cession, must  have  a  veil,  the  capitular  or 
station"!  cross  at  the  head  of  the  proces- 
sion being  alone  uncovered ;  and  in  like 
manner  the  cross  of  a  filial  church  when 
following  that  of  the  mother  church. — 
Yours,  ic.  C.  A.  Bcczlbr. 

Oxford,  Feb.  12. 


GRANTS  OF  ARMS— THE  THACKWELL8. 

Mb.  Vbbav, — Can  any  of  your  corre-  population?     Tbe  fact  that   I  am  about 

spondent*  inform  me  whether  there  have  to  mention  inclines  me  to  believe  that  not 

been  more  applications  annually  to   the  every  respectable   family  thought  it  ne- 

Herakls'  College  for  armorial  ensigns  since  cesaary  to  obtain  a  grant  of  arm*.     Can 

the  year  1600  than  there  were  before  that  you  tell  me  what  was  the  feeling  of  the 

date?    Have  the  gentry  bearing  arms  in-  gentry  upon  thia   subject  two  hnudred 

creased  in   proportion  to  the  growth   of  years  ago  P 


440 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[April, 


The  following  coat  of  arms  and  crest 
were  granted  in  1824  to  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Joseph  Thackwell,  commanding  the  15th 
King's  Hussars,  afterwards  Lieut-General 
Sir  Joseph  Thackwell,  G.C.B.,  (who  lost 
his  left  arm  at  Waterloo,  amputated  close 
to  the  shoulder  joint);  viz.,  as  arms, 
Quarterly,  first  and  fourth,  Paly  of  six, 
or  and  gules,  a  maunch  argent,  semee  of 
fleurs-de-lis  azure,  for  Thackwell;  second 
and  third,  Per  pale  azure  and  gules,  a  cross 
engrailed  erminois,  in  the  first  and  fourth 
quarters  a  water-bouget  argent,  for  Cam ; 
and  in  allusion  to  his  military  services  this 
crest, — Out  of  a  mural  crown  argent,  a 
dexter  arm  embowed,  vested  in  the  uni- 
form of  the  15th  King's  Hussars,  from 
the  wrist  pendent  by  a  riband,  gules  fim- 
briated azure,  a  representation  of  the  silver 
medal  presented  to  the  said  Joseph  Thack- 
well for  his  services  at  the  memorable 
battle  of  Waterloo,  the  hand  grasping  and 
in  the  attitude  of  striking,  with  a  sword 
proper,  pomel  and  hilt  Or,  between  two 
branches  of  laurel  issuant  in  like  manner 
from  the  mural  crown,  also  proper;  and 
above,  on  an  escroll,  the  motto  "  Frappe 
Fort." 

The  grantee  is  stated  to  be  the  fourth 
surviving  son  of  John  Thackwell,  esq.,  of 
Rye-court,  Worcestershire,  the  great  great 
grandson  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Thackwell, 
Vicar  of  Waterperry,  Oxfordshire,  in  1607; 
and  it  appears  also  that  he  was  the  descend- 


ant of  William  Thackwell,  gent.,  who 
Marshal  or  Sheriff  of  the  Admiralty  in 
1560.  The  family  was  originally  Saxon, 
living  at  "  the  Oak  Well,"  from  which  the 
name  is  derived.  Though  the  Rye-court 
estate,  which  the  Thackwells  have  held 
for  more  than  two  centuries,  was  not  a 
large  one,  nor  the  mansion-house  imposing, 
it  secured  the  family  a  county  position, 
and  their  estate  gradually  increased,  till  at 
length  John  Thackwell,  the  father  of  Sir 
Joseph  Thackwell,  became  the  possessor  of 
Morton-court,  the  residence  of  the  last 
Earl  Bellamont,  and  of  the  lordship  of  the 
manors  of  Berrow  and  Birtsmorton,  Wor- 
cestershire. His  eldest  son,  John,  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  and  J.P.  for  Gloucestershire, 
the  brother  of  Sir  Joseph,  obtained  by 
bequest  Wilton-place,  Dymock,  Glouces- 
tershire, the  property  of  Miss  Ann  Cam, 
the  lady  of  the  manor  of  Dymock,  who 
was  connected  by  marriage  with  the  Thack- 
wells,  who  also  intermarried  with  the  good 
families  of  Dayrell  of  Lillingston  Dayrell, 
Buckinghamshire,  Keate,  Terry,  Ac.  John 
Cam  Thackwell,  Esq.,  D.-L.  and  J.P.  for 
Gloucestershire,  and  J.P.  for  Worcester- 
shire, is  the  present  head  of  the  family. 

Except  upon  the  supposition  above  men- 
tioned, it  certainly  would  appear  strange 
that  General  Sir  Joseph  Thackwell,  G.C.B., 
should  have  been  the  first  of  this  family  to 
obtain  a  grant  of  arms.— I  am,  Ac. 

London,  March  4, 1861.  E. 


THE  CUCKING-STOOL. 


MB.UB8AK, — No  satisfactory  derivation 
ever  seems  to  have  been  furnished  for  the 
name  of  that  terror  of  scolds  the  cucking- 
stool  :  there  have  been,  however,  many 
etymological  guesses.  Some  persons  would 
have  us  believe  that  it  is  a  derivative  of 
the  word  cuckold,  not  considering  that  the 
punishment  of  which  it  was  the  engine 
was  never  specially  set  apart  for  the  crime 
of  adultery,  nor,  indeed,  for  unchastity  of 
any  kind.  In  early  times  this  instrument 
of  torture  appears  to  have  been  employed 
principally,  if  not  entirely,  as  a  punish- 
ment for  breaches  of  the  excise  *.  Others, 
among  whom  is  your  correspondent  Mr. 

•  Reliquee  Antique,  li.  176. 

10 


Merryweather,  think  that  the  final  syl- 
lable is  a  contraction  or  corruption  of  the 
word  quean.  For  this  opinion  there  is,  I 
believe,  even  less  to  be  said,  as  it  furnishes 
no  clue  whatever  to  the  other  part  of  the 
word,  unless  we  are  to  suppose  it  to  be 
a  misspelling  of  duck;  the  word,  according 
to  this  theory,  must  have  originally  been 
duck-quean-siool ;  for  such  a  form,  I  need 
not  say,  we  have  no  old  authority.  It  has 
also  been  suggested  that  it  is  a  corruption 
of  choaking- stool,  "quia  hoc  modo  de- 
mersffi  aquis  fere  suffocantur b."  In  the 
Domesday  Survey  it  is  called  "cathedra 
stercoris."     I  have  met  with  one  instance 

b  Cowell't  Interpreter,  sub  roe. 


1861.] 


The  Cuckinff-itool. 


441 


where  it  is  called  "  le  gogging-rtole :"  if 
this  form  of  the  word  oould  be  supported 
by  other  instances,  it  would  go  far  to- 
ward! proving  that  we  must  look  upon 
the  Anglo-Saxon  gan-gan,  *  to  go/  as  the 
parent  word.  This  does  not  seem  a  more 
unlikely  derivation  than  those  formerly 
given,  for  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  one 
part  of  the  criminal's  punishment  almost 
always  was  to  be  paraded  through  the 
streets  of  the  town  on  the  cucking-stool 
previous  to  immersion;  sometimes  this 
was  the  sole  infliction,  the  ducking  either 
being  omitted  out  of  humanity  or  forming 
no  part  of  the  sentence.  Thus  at  Lei- 
cester, in  1457,  we  And  it  ordered  at  a 
Common  Hall "  That  scolds  be*  punished 
by  the  Mayor  on  a  cuck-stool  before  their 
own  door,  and  then  carried  to  the  four 
gates  of  the  town."  And  again,  in 
1642:— 


a 


Item,  if  any  person  do  soolde  or  rage, 
any  burgesse  or  hys  wyfe,  or  any  other 
person  and  hys  wyfe,  if  she  be  found  faulty 
in  the  same  by  sixe  men,  then  shee  to  be 
brought  at  the  first  defaulte  to  the  Cook- 
ing-stoole,  and  there  to  sit  one  houre ;  at 
the  seconde  defaulte,  twoe  houres;  and  at 
the  thirde  defaulte  to  lett  slipp  the  pynn, 
or  els  pay  a  good  fyne  to  the  long  c." 

I  am  not  aware  of  any  case  of  ducking 
having  occurred  in  Scotland,  but  there  is 
ample  proof  of  the  cucking-stool  once 
having  been  in  full  use  in  that  ancient 
kingdom  as  a  seat  of  penance  for  dishonest 
alewives  and  women  of  evil  tongue.  We 
find  in  the  Bcgiam  Magiihratem  of  Sir 
John  Skene  that  the  "  wemen  quha  brewes 
aill  to  be  sauld,"  if  they  are  convicted  of 
acting  contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  burgh, 
"sal  suffer  the  justice  of  the  Burgh,  that 
is  she  sail  be  put  upon  the  Cock-stule  and 
the  aill  sail  be  distributed  to  the  pure 
folke  4."  In  the  sessional  records  of  Bre- 
chin occurs  a  notice,  dated  Nov.  19,  1616, 
which  sets  forth  that  whereas  "  Margaret 
Watt  and  Isabella  Morels,  both  married' 
women,  accused  each  other  before  the 
Session  of  Brechin  of  certain  slanders. 
The  session  ordered  both  to  be  wairded 
twentie  four  hours,  and  to  be  put  in  the 

•  Willis's  Current  Notes,  April,  ISM. 

*  Quoted  in  Brand's  Antiquities,  vol.  iL  p.  445, 
4to.,  1818. 

Gnrx.  Mao.  Vol.  OCX. 


Joggs  or  Cokstool  on  mondsy  next,"  unless 
a  fine  of  four  pounds  (Scots)  wore  paid  in 
the  interval.  The  railers  were,  moreover, 
informed  that  if  they  offended  in  like 
manner  again,  "  they  sal  be  cartit  through 
the  towne  •." 

The  old  law-books  tell  us  that  every 
one  who  had  a  view  of  frank-pledge  onght 
to  have  a  pillory  and  a  cucking-stool,  to 
be  exercised  in  the  punishment  of  those 
who  failed  to  act  honestly,  as  bakers  or 
alewives.  The  following  singularly  illus-. 
trative  passage  is  to  be  found  quoted  im 
CowelTs  Interpreter',  from  a  manuscript 
book  concerning  the  laws,  statutes,  and 
customs  of  the  free  borough  of  Montgo- 
mery:— 

"Si  talis  Pandoxatrix  brasiaverit,  et 
assisam  Domini  nostri  Regis  in  burgo  et 
villa  positam  et  proclamatam  fregerit,  de- 
bet capi  per  Ballivos,  amerciari  ad  volun- 
tatem  Ballivorum  nostrum  et  non  per 
pares  suos  primo  et  secundo ;  et  si  tertia 
vice  assisam  fregerit,  debet  capi  per  Bnl- 
Hvos  capitales,  et  publico  duo  ad  locum 
nbi  situatur  le  gogirujstole,  et  ibi  debet 
eligere  unum  de  duobus,  viz.  An  velit  le 
goggingttole  ascendere,  an  illud  judicium 
redimere  ad  voluntatem  Ballivorum." 

It  is  probable  that  in  former  days  almost 

all  lords  of  manors  availed  themselves  of 

this  means  of  striking  terror  into  their 

poorer  neighbours.     Few  things   would 

make  the  local  magnate  more  dreaded 

than— 

**  The  power  to  rule 
With  pfl'ry,  stocks,  and  ducking-stool. 
The  ale-wife  in  the  pool  to  dreneh, 

With  wandering  w and  railing  wench 

Who  swore  the  parson  was  too  dril 
With  honest  maids ;  and  play'd  the  devil 
With  caps  and  Urtles,  eyes  and  hair, 
Of  chaster  and  of  fairer  fair." 

I  extract  the  following  from  a  Court 
Roll  of  the  manor  of  Bottesford  (co.  Lin- 
coln), bearing  date  May  3,  1576.  The 
original,  which  has  never  been  printed, 
now  lies  before  me : — 

u  Whereas  the  wife  of  Xpofer  Crayne 
slaundred  the  wyffe  of  Richard  Dawber 
for  a  rouyle  of  lyne,  we  say  that  Dawbers 
wyffe  is  a  very  onest  woman  and  withowte 
blame  in  that  matter,  and  we  am'ce  Xpofer 
crayne  for  the  yll  vsage  of  his  said  wyffe 
njs  iujd. 

•  Willis's  Current  Notes,  Dee.  18*6. 
r  Bub  too.  Pandoxatrix. 

8H 


442 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[April, 


"  If  we  lye  in  payne  that  any  woman 
that  is  a  scould  shall  eyther  be  aett  vpon 
the  Cult  stoll  &  be  thrise  docked  in  the 
water,  or  els  ther  husbands  to  be  am'cied 
vj-  viijd,  as  well  one  p'tie  as  the  others. 

"  p*  me  Joh'm  fiarre 
"Seen1  Cur*  iVm." 

I  do  not  remember  to  have  met  with  an 
instance  of  the  use  of  the  cucking-stool 
for  the  correction  of  a  scold  of  an  earlier 
date  than  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. There  are,  however,  very  possibly 
yet  persons  alive  who  witnessed  the  last 
infliction  of  this  punishment.  When  the 
cucking-stool  was  last  used  is  not  known. 
It  was  in  full  operation  in  Liverpool  in 
1779,  and  most  likely  for  some  few  years 
later  '.  At  Leominster  h  it  was  used  in  the 
latter  years  of  the  last  century,  probably, 
indeed,  as  recently  as  1798.  The  last 
person  who  suffered  there  was  a  native  of 
the  place,  called  Jane  Corran  (nicknamed 
Jenny  Pipes).  There  is  not  much  doubt 
that  to  her  attaches  the  unenviable  fame 
of  having  been  the  last  scold  ducked  in 
England.  In  the  United  States  of  America, 
so  lately  as  1824,  a  woman  was  sentenced 
at  a  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  "to  be 
placed  in  a  certain  instrument  of  correc- 
tion called  a  clicking  or  ducking-stool,  and 
to  be  plunged  three  times  into  the  water." 
The  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  on  the 
removal  of  the  case  by  writ  of  error,  decided 
that  the  punishment  was  obsolete1. 

» 
t  Howard's  Appendix  to  the  State  of  Prisons 
m  England,  p.  256. 

k  Notes  and  Queries,  Second  Series,  vol.  U. 
p.  205. 

1  Notes  and  Queries,  First  Series,  vol.  iz. 
p.  232. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  places  where 
this  mode  of  torture  has  been  in  use.  It 
is  compiled  almost  entirely  from  printed 
authorities;  further  research  among  bo- 
rough and  manorial  records  would  doubt- 
less very  much  increase  the  number  of 
names  k : — Banbury,  Bottesford,  co.  Line ; 
Brechin,  Scotland^  Cambridge,  Chester, 
Gravesend,  Harleaton,  •Ipswich,  Kingston- 
on-Thames,  •Leicester,  Lichfield,  Liver- 
pool, •Leominster,  Plymouth,  •Norwich, 
•Scarborough,  •Worcester. 

A  very  good  engraving  of  a  cucking- 
stool  of  the  Stuart  era  is  to  be  found  in 
Willis's  "Current  Notes,*'  April,  1864  The 
original  is  still  to  be  seen  in  the  Leicester 
Museum.  It  is  like  an  ordinary  arm-chair 
of  the  period,  except  that  there  are  grooves 
under  the  arms  for  receiving  and  retain- 
ing the  cords  with  which  the  culprit  was 
bound.  I  possess  two  chairs  of  this  kind, 
almost  exactly  like  the  Leicester  example ; 
one  has  grooves  in  the  arms  only,  the 
other  both  in  the  arms  and  in  the  ledge 
in  front  of  the  seat.  I  purchased  both  of 
them  at  Epworth,  in  the  Isle  of  Axholme. 

There  is  a  very  characteristic  repre- 
sentation of  a  cucking-stool  of  the  fixed 
kind  (the  trebuehef)  in  Gay's  "  Shepherd's 
Week,"  pi.  4*  The  Dump*.  The  lines  to 
which  it  forms  an  illustration  are  too  well 
known  to  need  quotation. — I  am,  &c 

Edwabd  Pbaoock,  F.S.A. 

Bottesford  Manor,  Brigg. 
Dee.  11, 1860. 


k  A  star  (•)  is  attached  to  those  places  where 
the  chair  itself  has  been  pie— i  ted. 


1861.]  443 


die  Notebook  of  &glijamt0  ©rfcan. 


[Cfafor  /Aw  tf/fc  are  collected  brief  motet  of  matters  of  current  antiquarian  interest 
which  do  not  appear  to  demand  more  formal  treatment.  Sylyavtjs  Ubbav  invitee 
the  kind  co-operation  of  his  Friends,  who  may  thus  preserve  a  record  of  many  thing* 
that  would  otherwise  pass  away.'] 


The  Satile  MSS.  and  Books.— A  selection  from  the  libraries  of  the  eminent 
antiquaries  Sir  John  Savile  the  elder,  Sir  John  Savile  the  younger,  and  their  rela- 
tive Sir  Henry  Savile,  the  Provost  of  Eton,  and  editor  of  Scriptores  post  Bedam, 
has  lately  been  sold  by  Messrs.  Sotheby  and  Wilkinson.  The  printed  books  were 
first  disposed  of,  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  December  last,  and  the  produce  of  the 
508  lots  into  which  they  had  been  divided  was  2,120/.  The  MSS.  were  sold  on 
the  6th  of  February,  and  though  they  were  but  sixty-five  in  number,  and  some  of 
them  in  inferior  condition,  such  was  their  intrinsic  value,  that  they  sold  for 
8,019/.  4*.  Among  the  printed  books  the  following  were  perhaps  the  most 
remarkable  :— 

Lot.  29.  "  Breviarium  Insignia  ac  Metropolitane  Ecolesie  Eboracencis ;"  "  Venit, 
Parisiia  Francisco  Regnault  sub  insigne  Elephantis  e  Regione  Maturinorum," 
1533 ;  size,  4  inches  by  7.  A  diminutive  and  excessively  rare  volume,  in  black 
and  red  letter,  of  an  impression  of  which  no  other  copy  is  known  to  exist.  With 
the  exception  of  a  portion  of  the  last  leaf  being  torn  away  to  the  extent  of  the  last 
six  lines,  it  is  in  beautiful  condition,  and  in  old  binding ;  on  the  title  is  the  auto- 
graph of  HenricuB  Comes  Arundell — 96/.  (Boone.) 

Lot  223.  Bible.— 1.  'Cy  Comence  la  Bible  en  frScoys, — a  very  ancient  Abridge- 
ment of  the  Scriptures  in  French,  printed  in  Gothic  letter,  double  columns ;  the 
page  preceding  the  index  occupied  by  a  large  woodcut  of  the  Crucifixion,  with 
figures  of  Mary  and  Martha.  Imprimee  a  Paris,  s.  d.  A  large  fine  copy  of  a  rare 
volume,  folio;  the  initials  rubricated  throughout.  2.  "La  Nouvelle  Danse 
Macabre  des  Hommes,"  14  leaves,  Gothic  letter;  Paris,  Guiot,  1491,  April  xv. 
3.  "  La  Danse  Macabre  des  Ferames,"  14  leaves,  ib.,  1492,  May  13.  4.  "  Les 
Trois  Mors,  et  les  Trois  Vitz,  avec  le  Debat  du  Corps  et  de  l'Ame"  (Et  la  Com- 
plainte  de  l'Ame  damnee),  Gothic  letter,  ib.  1492,  May  22.  All  contained  in  one 
volume,  the  leather  sides  impressed  with  blind  tooling ;  the  last  three  pieces  form 
together  a  most  rare  series  of  these  very  singular  productions — 131/.  (Lilly.) 

Lot  241.  Chaucer  (Geffrey)  Workes.— 1.  "  The  Boke  of  Caunterbury  Tales," 
dilygently  and  truely  corrected,  and  newly  printed,  woodcuts,  black  letter,  very 
fine  large  copy  (having  on  one  side  a  shield  of  Chaucer's  arms  only),  the  last  page 
being  slightly  defective ;  "  at  London,  by  me  Richarde  Pynson,  fynished  the  yere 
of  our  Lorde  God,  1526."  2.  "  The  Boke  of  Fame,"  with  dyvers  other  of  his 
workes,  "  The  Assemble  of  Foules,"  "  Proverbes  of  Lydgate,"  &c. ;  woodcut  in 
title,  black  letter,  woodcuts,  very  fine  copy;  at  London,  in  Mete  Strete,  by 
Richarde  Pynson,  n.  d.  3.  "  The  Boke  of  Troylus  and  Cresyde,"  newly-printed  by 
a  trewe  copye,  woodcuts,  black  letter,  woodcut  on  title,  very  large  copy ;  at  Lon- 
don, by  Richarde  Pynson,  n.  d. ;  in  one  volume,  exceedingly  large  copies,  with  un- 
cut leaves  throughout,  original  unpressed  calf  binding— 185/.  (Toovey.) 


444  The  Note-book  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [April, 

Lot  432.  "The  Booke  of  Common  Prayer;  the  Psalter,  or  Psalmes  of  David, 
after  the  translation  of  the  Great  Bible ;"  black  letter,  4to.,  excessively  rare.  Bj 
Robert  Barker,  anno  1604.  "The  Whole  Booke  of  Psalmes,  collected  into  Eng- 
lish meetre  by  Sternhold,  Whittingham,  Hopkins,  and  others,  conferred  with  the 
Hebrue,  with  apt  notes  to  sing  them  withall.  By  John  Windet,  for  the  assigns  of 
Richd.  Daye,  1598."  Black  letter,  long  lines,  ending  with  leaf  of  table  for  the 
whole  number  of  Psalmes.  Bound  in  one  vol.  A  folio  edition  of  the  "Liturgy, 
or  Common  Prayer,'*  printed  by  Barker,  in  the  first  year  of  King  James  I.,  dated 
1604,  was  known  to  exist  in  three  or  four  collegiate  or  closed  libraries,  bat  no 
copy  has  occurred  for  public  competition,  except  that  of  Mr.Lathbury,  in  1857, 
which  produced  130/.  No  allusion  has  hitherto  been  made  to  an  edition  in  quarto 
of  the  same  date,  and  by  the  royal  printer.  Its  appearance  will  suggest  a  doubt 
as  to  the  folio  being  the  prior  edition. — 120/.  (Boone). 

Lot  470.  "Whitintoni  (R.)  Opera  Varia.  —  L  De  Octo  Partibns  Orationis, 
14  leaves,  Impressum  diligent,  enucleatum  per  me  (with  the  mark  of)  Petrum 
Treveris,  s.  a. ;  II.  De  Generibns  Nominum,  14  leaves,  Ex  typis  Winandi  Wor- 
dpnsis  (with  Caxton's  device),  1534;  III.  Liber  Quintus  Prims  Partis  Gram- 
matics Whitintonians  de  Verborum  preteritis,  19  leaves.  In  sdibns  Wynandi 
de  Worde,  1533 ;  IV.  Liber  Secundus  de  Nominum  declinatione,  14  leaves,  In 
eedibus  Bichardi  Pynsonis,  1525 ;  V.  De  Heteroclitis  Nominibus,  (10  leaves)  per 
me  R.  Pynson,  1527;  VI.  Be  Syntaxi,  36  leaves,  imp.  per  me,  Petrum  Treveris 
(with  his  mark),  s.  a. ;  VII.  Vulgaria,  in  quatuor  partes,  46  leaves,  apud  inclytam 
Londini  Urbem,  1525  —  the  English  translations  are  printed  in  black  letter; 
VIII.  Lucubrationes  de  Synonymis  Appellativorum  Beorum,  &c,  32  leaves,  in 
eedibus  Richardi  Pynsonis,  1523 ;  IX.  Secunda  Grammatical  &c.,  64  leaves,  the 
last  having  a  woodcut  representing  half-a-dozen  scholars  presided  over  by  a 
master — sine  loco,  anno,  aut  typog.;"  X.  "Whitintoni  editio,  cum  interpret. 
F.  Nigri;  Biomedes  de  Accentu,  &c,"  18  leaves,  "Excussum  Londinis,  in  off. 
Petri  Treveris"  (with  mark),  s.  a.  A  carious  collection  of  these  early  grammatical 
pieces,  in  the  most  beautiful  and  pristine  condition,  very  large,  fine  copies,  with 
the  arms  of  Henry  VIII.,  the  Tudor  rose,  ftc,  impressed  on  the  covers— 22/.  10*. 
(Boone.) 

Lot  476.  Gower.— "  Oonfessio* Amantia — that  is  to  sayeinEnglysshe,  'TheCon- 
fessyon  of  the  Lover/  maad  and  compyled  by  John  Gower,  Squyer,  borne  in  Wayls, 
in  the  tyme  of  Kyng  Richard  II.'1  Printed  by  William  Caxton  and  edited  by  him 
(as  he  says  in  the  " proheyrae").  "I  have  ordeyned  a  table  of  all  such  hystoryes 
and  fables,  where  and  in  what  book  and  leef  they  stand  in."  The  entire  work  ex- 
tends from  folio  ii.  to  ccxi.,  but  the  last  leaf  of  the  present  copy  is  marked  clxxiiii., 
folio— 46/.  (Lilly.) 

Lot.  497.  Lyndewood.— " Provinciale,  seu  Gonstitutiones  Angli®,  continens 
Constitutiones  Provinciales  XTV.  Archiepisc.  Cantuar.  cum  8ummariis  GuiL  Lynde- 
woode ;"  editio  prima,  unrecorded  by  Lowndes ;  a  noble  volume  in  folio,  printed 
with  Gothic  type  in  double  columns,  capitals  rubricated,  old  oak  covers,  in  its  pri- 
mitive covering  of  goatskin ;  sine  loco,  aut  anno,  aut  typog.  (circa  1485),  an  ex- 
ceedingly rare  book — 20/. 

Lot  500.  "  Missale  ad  Usum  Celeberrime  Ecclesie  Eboracenais,  Optimis  Carac- 
teribus  Recenter  Impressum,  Cura  Pervigili  Maximaque  Lucubratione  Mendis 
quampluribus  Emendatum,  Sumptibus  et  Expensis  Johannis  Gactrel,"  &o. ;  Olivier 
(Rouen,  1516),  folio,  black  letter,  with  woodcuts.  A  very  fine  copy  of  this  ex- 
ceedingly rare  English  Service-book ;  in  the  original  oak  covers,  impressed  sides. 


1861.]  The  Note-book  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  446 

The  Canon  of  the  Mass  on  1,100  leaves,  with  woodcuts  of  the  Crucifixion,  &c,  is 
printed  on  vellum,  and  within  the  middle  stem  of  the  last  letter  of  the  title  is  the 
name  of  the  printer,  "M.  P.  Holivier;"  a  volume  of  extraordinary  rarity,  of 
which  no  copy  has  occurred  for  public  sale  since  1773,  and  of  which  not  more  than 
three  copies  are  known  to  exist ;  very,  keenly  contested — 390/.  (Toovey.) 

Lot  508.  "  Parkerus  (Matt.)  De  Antiquitate  Britannic©  Ecclesiae,  et  Privilegiis 
Ecclesiae  Cantuariensis,  cum  Archiepiscopis  ejusdem  70 ;"  a  most  rare  volume  in 
folio  in  very  beautiful  condition— 35  guineas.  (Lilly.)  This  was  the  last  lot  in  the 
collection. 

Of  the  MSS.  the  following  were  the  most  important,  and  the  acquisition  of  them 
was  warmly  contested ;  the  company  at  the  sale  included  many  well-known  pos- 
sessors of  rare  works,  and  several  of  the  principal  booksellers  not  only  of  England 
but  of  France : — 

"  Henrici  Huntingdonensis  Historia  Anglorum,"  manuscript  on  vellum,  written 
in  the  reign  of  King  Stephen,  probably  in  1147,  as  it  does  not  contain  the  last  six 
years  of  his  reign — 240/.  Another  copy  of  the  same  history  written  in  the  14th 
century,  and  having  a  continuation  to  the  year  1200 — 175/. 

A  Norman-French  Chronicle  of  English  Affairs,  in  verse,  written  on  vellum, 
prior  to  the  year  1300—380/. 

"  Vita  S.  Augustini,"  followed  by  Ven.  Bedas  Vita  S.  Cuthberti,  Vita  8.  Columbi, 
Vitas  S.  Oswaldi,  S.  Aidani  et  S.Edwardi  Confessoris,  manuscript  on  vellum, 
written  about  1160,  imperfect — 110/.  "Folcardi  Monachi  Vita  et  Miracula 
8.  Joannis  de  Beverley,"  manuscript  of  the  14th  century,  on  vellum — 81/. 

"  Taxatio  Ecclesiastics  Spiritualium  et  Temporalium  Angliae,  temp.  Edwardi  L 
(1292-93)/'  an  official  document,  as  by  it  not  only  were  the  Papal  but  also  the 
King's  taxes  collected  throughout  all  England.  This  copy  is  very  curious,  as  it 
fixes  the  value  of  the  various  livings  at  about  one-third  more  than  that  pub- 
lished by  the  Record  Commission  from  a  similar  record  existing  in  the  British 
Museum — 90/. 

"Bed©  Historia  Ecclesiastica,"  written  in  the  10th  century  on  vellum,  for  the 
priory  of  Kirkham,  Yorkshire  — 100/.  "Joannis  Cassiani  Coilationes,  Bedao 
Exposicio  in  Thobiam,"  &c,  also  written  in  the  same  century  for  Kirkham 
Priory— 70/. 

"  Kalendarium  Sanctorum,"  written  in  letters  of  gold  and  colours  in  the  13th 
century,  and  consisting  of  six  leaves — 54/.  Norman-French  Poem,  containing  an 
Abridgment  of  the  Bible — 771*    Norman-French  Life  of  Christ,  in  verse — 46/. 

Norman-French  Chansons,  written  before  1300,  and  formerly  belonging  to  Sir 
William  de  Morley  (with  his  autograph)— 150/.  Terrier  of  Lands  in  Yorkshire 
in  1473,  by  John  Kilby,  with  other  Memoranda,  including  the  Speech  of  the  Duke 
of  Lancaster  in  Parliament — 52/.  Reports  of  Cases  Tried  at  York  from  1354  to 
1356—29/.  "Bracton  de  Legibus  et  Consuetudinis  Angliae,"  written  in  the  13th 
century,  having  on  the  last  leaf  the  autograph  memorandum  of  Edward  Lee,  the 
King's  almoner,  that  he  borrowed  it  for  the  use  of  King  Henry  VilL,  from  the 
Abbey  of  Chertsey  under  a  promise  that  it  should  be  returned — 22/. 

"  Charlemagne,"  a  poetical  romance  in  Norman-French  (the  famous  Aspremont), 
two  copies,  both  written  about  1300,  but  presenting  considerable  variations  in  the 
readings— each  100/. 

"Chronique  Mltrique  d'Angleterre,"  manuscript  of  the  14th  century  — 87/. 
"Chroniques  des  Dues  de  Normandie,  jusqu'a  Henri  III.,  Hoi  d'Angleterre** 
—79/. 


446  The  Note-book  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [April, 

"Dante  Gommedia,"  manuscript  on  paper,  written  about  1400 — 27/. 

"Chronicon  Anglia  1357 — 1389;"  "Item  Chronioon  Episcoporum  Dunelmen- 
sinm  ab  Anno  1214  ad  1281,"  &c. — 20/.  A  curious  volume  of  English  poetry  and 
prose,  including  verses  by  William  Lichfield,  Parson  of  All  Hallows,  (d.  1447,) 
Chaucer,  Lydgate,  &c. — 88/. 

Counterpart  of  an  Indenture  between  Henry  V1L,  Abbot  Islip,  John  Abbott,  of 
St.  Saviour,  Southwark,  and  the  city  of  London,  for  a  service  to  be  performed 
annually  for  the  soul  of  the  King  and  his  family — 35/. 

Higdeni  Polychronicon,  dated  1496—25/. 

Iter  Northampton,  Derby,  Bedford,  et  Nottingham,  a  very  important  itinerary 
of  the  Lords  Justices  in  1327-34—82/. 

Peter  Langtoft  the  Chronicler's  translations  into  French  verse  of  Blanchefleur 
et  Florence,  Orgoille,  &c,  unpublished — 95/. 

Lyndewood's  Provinciate — 25/. 

Piers  Plowman's  Vision,  written  by  an  English  scribe  in  the  14th  century— 70/. 
Romans  de  Chevalerie  et  Chroniques  de  France  et  d'Angleterre,  formerly  belong- 
ing to  the  Carews,  of  Bickleigh — 90/. 

"Hetheredi  Miracula  Sanctorum  Patrum  qui  Sancta  Hagustaldensi  Ecclesia 
requiescunt,"  with  other  treatises,  including  various  charters  to  York  Cathe- 
dral—56/. 

Sir  H.  Savile's  manuscript  collections  respecting  Wakefield,  Halifax,  his  own 
estate  of  Metheley,  and  other  places  in  Yorkshire — 56/.  Sir  John  Savile's  col- 
lections respecting  Metheley,  consisting  of  extracts  from  ancient  rolls,  &c— 27/. 
Sir  John  Savile's  collections  for  the  history  of  Metheley,  with  lives  of  the  various 
members  of  his  family — 65/. 

Thryske's  (the  last  Abbot  of  Fountains  Abbey)  register  of  all  the  property  be- 
longing to  his  abbey,  exhibiting  copies  of  the  grants,  leases,  &c— 38/. 

Excavations  at  Malton  and  Norton. — Further  evidences  of  Roman  occupa- 
tion of  the  district  of  the  Derwent  (Derventio)  have  been  brought  to  light  at 
Malton  in  the  North,  and  Norton  in  the  East  Riding.  The  progress  of  the  town 
drainage  has  exposed  a  section  of  the  Roman  road  leading  to  Isurium  (Aid- 
borough),  at  a  depth  of  from  four  to  six  feet  below  the  present  surface  of  the 
street.  The  upper  road  discovered  in  the  westward  excavations  has  not  been  met 
with  in  the  northward,  but  as  evidences  of  the  great  fire  when  the  town  was  burnt 
by  the  Scots,  vast  beds  of  ashes  have  been  cut  through  and  carried  away  for 
manurial  purposes.  These  ashes  contained  numerous  portions  of  calcined  bones. 
The  Roman  road  is  formed  close  upon  the  sand,  and  seems  to  have  been  made 
more  solid  on  account  of  the  loose  nature  of  the  subsoil,  it  being  fully  a  foot  in 
thickness.  Part  of  a  skull,  a  portion  of  a  large  bronze  fibula,  and  a  few  fragments 
of  pottery  have  been  thrown  out.  From  the  ancient  road  to  the  present  surface, 
the  superincumbent  ground  is,  for  a  thickness  of  six  feet,  one  mass  of  cast  rubbish, 
semi-calcined  bailding  stones,  and  ashes.  Excavations  at  Norton  have  revealed  a 
perfect  skeleton,  which,  however,  would  not  bear  removal,  near  which  was  a  very 
fine  cinerary  urn,  of  baked  clay,  containing  ashes,  and  ornamented  with  diamond 
work  on  the  exterior.  Numerous  coins  of  Constantino's  and  earlier  reigns  have 
been  found ;  skeletons,  pottery,  coins,  ornaments,  and  celts  have  frequently  been 
found  here,  and  it  is  inferred  that  the  site  was  formerly  a  Romano-British 
cemetery. 


1861.] 


447 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  BEVEEWS. 


Encyclopedia  Britannica,  Vol.  XXL 
(Edinburgh:  A.  and  C.  Black.)— The 
eighth  edition  of  this  noble  work  is  now 
completed  (with  the  exception  of  a  labo- 
rious Index,  which  is  in  hand),  and  we 
have  pleasure  in  again  directing  the  at- 
tention of  our  readers  to  it.  Sir  David 
Brewster,  Sir  John  Herschel,  Sir  Emerson 
Tennent,  the  Hon.  Edward  Everett,  Mr. 
J.  R.  McCnlloch,  Mr.  Arthur  Aahpitel, 
Mr.  Farrar,  and  Mr.  Westmacott  are 
found  among  the  contributors;  and  the 
articles  on  Taxation,  Telescopes,  Turkey, 
United  States,  Universities,  York  and 
Yorkshire;  on  Vanbrugh,  Washington, 
Wellington,  Watt,  and  Wren — may  be 
noticed  as  of  especial  merit.  But  we  are 
most  concerned,  when  we  look  at  the 
threatening  aspect  of  the  political  hemi- 
sphere, with  the  article  on  War.  It  is 
mainly  furnished  by  Major-General  Port- 
lock,  of  the  Royal  Engineers,  who  is 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  Military 
Education.  The  great  principles  of  "the 
trade  of  Kings"  are  made  intelligible  to 
all  who  will  give  moderate  attention  to 
the  subject,  and  we  are  glad  to  find  that 
our  oft-expressed  opinion,  that  we  need 
sot  despair  of  the  republic  even  if  an 
enemy  should  set  his  foot  on  our  shores, 
is  that  also  of  the  gallant  General.  He 
takes  this  view  of  the  real  effect  of  the 
changes  wrought  by  steam  and  "arms 
of  precision"  in  war : — 

"It  may  fairly  be  deduced  from  the 
maxims  of  common  sense,  that  though 
steam  has  facilitated  the  transport  of 
troops,  and  thereby  the  invasion  of  our 
country,  the  general  improvement  of  the 
weapons  of  war  has  been  entirely  in  favour 
of  the  preservation  of  our  liberties  and 
independence.  In  landing  on  our  coasts, 
boats  must  be  used,  and  a  cloud  of  small 
steamers,  issuing  from  all  the  small  ports, 
and  constructed,  as  many  of  the  ancient 
galleys  were,  to  run  into  and  sink  both 
small  vessels  and  boats,  would  either  ren- 
der landing  .impossible,  or  throw  the 
troops  endeavouring  to  land  into  such 
disorder  as  to  render  them  easy  of  con- 
quest after  landing.    Even,  however,  pre- 


suming that  they  have  landed,  can  it  be 
doubted,  that  a  comparatively  small  num- 
ber of  highly  trained  soldiers,  prepared 
either  to  make  a  stand,  or  to  attack  at 
any  moment,  and  covered  on  all  sides  by 
a  cloud  of  skilled  marksmen,  would  re- 
strain the  ardour,  and  stop  the  progress 
of  the  invading  army  ?  The  great  Napo- 
leon anticipated,  as  Jomini  informs  us, 
that  the  transports  in  which  troops  in- 
tended for  invasion  were  embarked,  would 
have  been  conveyed  by  a  fleet  of  sixty  sail. 
One  of  two  courses  must  certainly  be 
adopted  in  such  an  enterprise;  either  the 
ships  of  war  must  precede  the  transports 
and  fight  a  battle  to  clear  the  way  for  their 
advance,  or  must  act  as  a  convoy  in  the 
manner  supposed  by  Napoleon;  but  in 
either  case  can  we  imagine  that  our  Chan- 
nel Fleet,  even  if  inferior  in  number,  could 
fight  such  a  battle  without  destroying  or 
crippling  a  large  portion  of  the  enemy's 
ships  ?  and  thus,  even  if  not  entirely  vic- 
torious, they  would  leave  the  transports 
and  boats  open  to  the  attack  of  gun-boats, 
and  the  smaller  steamers  which  nave  been 
alluded  to,  with  very  little  help  or  support 
from  their  larger  ships.  Such  a  naval 
battle  could  not  be  fought  without  calling 
the  attention  of  artillery,  cavalry,  and  in- 
fantry, both  regular  and  volunteer,  to  the 
threatened  point  of  landing,  where  they 
would  be  ready  to  make  a  first  determined 
effort  of  resistance,  of  which  the  conse- 
quences upon  the  army  would  be  nearly 
the  same  as  those  of  the  great  conflict  on 
the  sea  upon  the  enemy's  fleet." 

The  judgment  of  an  experienced  soldier 
on  the  best  arms  and  manoeuvres  for 
volunteers  is  well  worth  the  citation.  He 
■ays  that, — 

"  Militia,  volunteers,  or  national  guards, 
if  duly  trained  to  fire  well,  are  a  force 
which  will  henceforth  throw  a  great 
weight  into  the  scale  of  war;  and  ought 
therefore  to  be  most  carefully  organized. 
........ .To  render  irregular  troops  or  volun- 
teers expert  with  the  bayonet  will  proba- 
bly be  impossible;  but  to  render  them 
skilful  marksmen,  just  as  their  ancestors 
were  skilful  archers,  will  be  a  compara- 
tively easy  matter ;  and  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  rifle  firing  will  now  become 
the  national  pastime.  The  light  infantry 
movements  which  are  suited  to  this  class 
of  soldiers  require  indeed  much  practice, 


448 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[April, 


and  great  intelligence  and  quickness ;  bat 
such  qualities  are  just  those  which  may 
be  expected  in  the  volunteers;  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  manoeuvres  suited  to 
them  are,  in  their  character,  more  inde- 
pendent and  less  revolting  than  the  stiff 
and  restrained  tactics  of  the  line  soldier. 
Should  the  volunteers  be  ever  required  to 
stand  firm  on  the  advance  of  regular 
troops,  it  is  on  the  use  of  a  pistol  rather 
than  of  a  bayonet  that  they  should  rely 
in  repelling  them.  With  a  double-barrelled 
pistol  in  his  girdle  on  one  side  and  a  dag- 
ger on  the  other,  a  brave,  collected  man, 
however  little  drilled,  might,  after  firing 
his  last  close  discharge  with  effect,  wait 
coolly  the  attack  of  his  enemy  with  a  cer- 
tainty of  destroying  him." 

Of  a  truth,  the  best  arms  in  the  world 
are  valueless,  without  a  man  at  the  end 
of  them. 


Thoughts  on  Eton,  suggested  by  Sir 
John  Coleridge's  Speech  at  Tiverton.  By 
an  Etonian.  (Rivingtons.) — The  Etonian 
takes  Sir  John  to  task  for  his  "after- 
dinner  speech,"  affirming  that  he  is  but 
partially  informed  as  to  the  real  state  of 
Eton,  and  particularly  that  "he  argues 
from  the  surface  of  things,  and  confuses 
past  and  present."  These  are  hard  words 
to  use  concerning  a  man  of  such  eminence, 
but  in  the  hands  of  the  Etonian  the  mat- 
ter seems  to  pass  into  a  personal  quarrel, 
and  though  there  is  weight  in  what  he 
says,  he  does  much  to  diminish  it  by  his 
needlessly  offensive  tone. 


Reasons  for  an  Inquiry  into  the  Posi- 
tion of  the  Executive  Officers  of  the  Royal 
Navy.  (Brettell.)— This  pamphlet  gives 
a  brief,  but  apparently  accurate  statement 
of  the  grievances  of  almost  every  class  of 
naval  men,  and  it  is,  we  are  given  to  un- 
derstand, a  fair  reflection  of  the  opinions 
transmitted  to  its  compiler  by  officers  of 
all  ranks  now  serving  in  various  parts  of 
the  world,  who  earnestly  invite  an  inquiry 
alike  as  to  employment  and  retirement. 
Facts  and  figures  are  produced  which  shew 
that  the  various  schemes  of  naval  retire- 
ment now  carried  out  at  a  very  consider- 
able expense  to  the  public,  are  so  capri- 
ciously applied  as  to  produce  a  deep  sense 
of  injustice  in  many  most  meritorious 
officers ;  employment  also  is  said  to  be 
dispensed  with  equal  injustice ;  and  it  is 
clear  that  a  really  searching  inquiry  into 
the  whole  subject  of  promotion  and  retire- 
ment is  absolutely  required,  for  it  is  as 
inconsistent  with  the  best  interests  of 
England  as  with  justice,  that  the  officer 
who  has  long  and  meritorious  service  to 
produce  should  see  himself  passed  over  in 
favour  of  others  who  have  no  such  claims, 
but  who  have  what  serves  their  purpose 
much  better,  political  influence.  Yet  such, 
we  are  assured,  is  now  too  generally  the 
case,  and  in  consequence,  "  officers  are  dis- 
couraged by  the  fact  that  no  amount  of  sea 
service  can  establish  a  sure  claim  to  pro- 
motion." 

11 


Lodge* s  Peerage  and  Baronetage  of  the 
British  Empire,  as  at  present  existing. 
The  Thirtieth  Edition.  (Hurst  and 
Blackett.) — This  well-known  work  con- 
tinues to  justify  its  title—"  Peerage  and 
Baronetage  as  at  present  existing" — by 
duly  recording  all  the  changes  among  the 
titled  classes  up  to  the  day  of  publication. 
The  unceasing  vigilance  of  the  Editors  has 
enabled  them  to  make  the  vast  majority 
of  these  alterations  in  their  proper  places, 
and  only  two  deaths  of  peers  (Lord  Boss- 
more  on  the  1st  of  December,  and  the 
Earl  of  Aberdeen  on  the  14th)  are  to  be 
found  in  a  page  of  Corrigenda,  the 
other  entries  of  which  are  minute  cor- 
rections which  less  laborious  and  consci- 
entious compilers  would  either  leave  un- 
noticed, or  make  them  sub  silentio  in  an- 
other edition. 


The  Peerage,  Baronetage,  Knightage, 
#c.  for  1861,  (Twenty-first  Year).  By 
Capt.  Robeet  P.  Dod.  (Whit taker  and 
Co.) — The  past  year  has  been  productive 
of  even  more  than  the  usual  number  of 
changes  among  the  classes  comprised  in 
Capt.  Dod's  very  useful  little  volume.  As 
he  remarks,  the  Volunteer  system  has  now 
happily  attained  such  dimensions  that  al- 
most every  person  of  title  is  found  also 
an  officer  of  some  local  corps,  and  he  has 
bestowed  a  vast  amount  of  pains  to  record 
all  such  appointments.  The  casualties 
attendant  on  the  Indian  mutiny,  and  the 
creations  and  promotions  in  consequence 
of  the   recent  Chinese   war,  have   also 


1861.] 


Waltham  Abbey. — Calendrier  Normand. 


449 


caused  changes  in  almost  every  page  of 
his  volume ;  and  when  to  these  are  added 
the  births,  marriage  s  and  deaths  occurring 
among  some  7,000  or  8,000indi  viduals  scat- 
tered over  every  part  of  the  world,  some 
faint  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  unceasing 
lnboor  that  is  bestowed  on  it.  We  have 
tested  the  book  in  many  places,  and  have 
always  found  it  both  correct  and  ample  in 
its  information.  It  may  be  too  much  to 
aay  that  it  has  no  errors,  but  the  critic 
would  be  unreasonable  indeed  who  should 
impute  to  either  haste  or  negligence  some 
few  inaccuracies  which  may  possibly  ap- 
pear in  a  volume  containing  at  least 
70,000  distinct  facts,  and  which  differs 
from  all  other  Peerages  in  its  low  price, 
its  enlarged  contents,  and  its  facility  of 
reference. 


and  three  several  translations  of  his  re- 
mains,— a  fact  mentioned  by  no  other 
writer,  but,  if  accepted  as  true,  of  much 
interest,  as  a  mark  of  the  enduring  regard 
of  his  countrymen. 


The  Foundation  of  Waltham  Abbey. 
The  Tract  "  De  invent  ione  Sanctce  Cruris 
nostra  in  Monte  Acuto  et  de  ductione 
ejusdem  apud  Waltham"  now  just  printed 
from  the  MS.  in  the  British  Museum,  with 
Introduction  and  Notes.  By  William 
Stttbbs,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Navestock,  late 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford.  (Oxford 
and  London:  J.  H.  and  J  as.  Parker.) — 
Our  readers  will  remember  that  some  time 
since  an  ably  supported  controversy  was 
carried  on  in  our  pages  as  to  the  date  of 
the  church  at  Waltham,  and  that  a  certain 
tract  on  the  subject,  which  bad  been  only 
partially  printed,  was  appealed  to  on  both 
fides.  That  the  controversy  is  even  now 
at  an  end  is  more  than  we  will  venture  to 
affirm,  but  it  has  certainly  produced  one 
good  result,  for  it  lias  led  one  of  our  most 
eminent  ecclesiastical  antiquaries  to  print 
the  whole  work,  and  the  passages  that 
have  been  so  frequently  referred  to  can 
now  be  read  with  the  context,  by  which 
alone  we  can  hope  to  arrive  at  their 
real  meaning.  Mr.  Stubbs  has  furnished 
an  able  Introduction,  Appendixes,  and 
notes ;  these  are  all  well  done,  and  really 
elucidatory,  and  the  Introduction  is  espe- 
cially interesting  from  its  generous  defence 
of  the  character  and  conduct  of  Harold, 
and  its  kindly  treatment  of  the  anonymous, 
unknown  story-teller  who  records  his  mu- 
nificence to  Waltham,  his  burial  there, 
Gekt.  Mao.  Vol,  CCX. 


Calendrier  Normand  et  Analectes.  Pub- 
lies  par  1'Abbe  Malais,  pretre  du  Diocese 
de  Rouen,  et  Cure  de  S.  Martin -Eglise  pres 
Dieppe.  8vo,  276  pp.  (Paris :  Derache.) 
— This  little  work,  though  intende  1  only 
for  local  use  in  Normandy,  is  not  without 
interest  to  the  English  antiquary.  Its 
theological  aspect  does  not  belong  to  us, 
and  we  will  only  mention  that  it  is  very 
decidedly  Gallican  and  opposed  to  Ultra- 
Montanism.  To  the  antiquary  it  is  in- 
teresting both  for  what  it  contains  and 
for  what  it  omits.  It  contains  notices  of 
several  local  customs  and  local  saints,  with 
an  abundance  of  references  to  larger  works 
for  more  full  information.  The  dedication- 
days  of  a  number  of  churches,  with  the 
year  when  each  was  consecrated,  is  a  novel 
and  valuable  feature  in  a  Diocesan  Ca- 
lendar. On  comparing  it  with  the  English 
Calendar  we  are  struck  by  the  numerous 
variations  both  of  insertion  and  omission. 
That  many  local  saints  should  be  inserted 
who  are  unknown  in  England  is  not  sur- 
prising, especially  as  some  of  them  are  of 
comparatively  recent  date ;  but  the  omis- 
sion of  nearly  all  the  apostles  and  the 
saints  of  the  early  Christian  Church,  us 
well  as  those  of  the  other  provinces  of 
France,  is  very  remarkable. 

The  omission  of  the  apostles  is  accounted 
for  by  those  days  being  ordered  to  be  kept 
on  Sundays  only.  Many  were  suppressed 
by  the  Mandement  of  Nov.  8,  1699, 
among  which  we  notice  the  Conversion 
of  St.  Paul,  and  St.  Mary  Magdalene; 
others  by  authority  of  Cardinal  George  II. 
D'Amboise  in  1522;  and  others  by  the 
Concordat  of  1801,  among  which  arc  St. 
John  Baptist  and  St.  Stephen. 

The  saints  of  the  early  Christian  Church 
of  the  first  four  centuries  appear  nevtr  to 
have  been  entered  in  the  Norman  Calen- 
dar, such  as  Lucian  of  Bcauvais,  bishop 
and  martyr,  aj>.  290;  Hilary,  bishop  of 
Poictiers  and  confessor,  a.d.  368 ;  Prisca 
of  Borne,  virgin  and  martyr,  AJ).  276; 

8z 


450 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[April, 


Agnes  of  Rome,  virgin  and  martyr,  A.D. 
301;  Fabian,  bishop  of  Rome  aud  martyr, 
A.D.  250 :  all  these  are  named  in  the  Eng- 
lish Calendar  in  the  month  of  January 
only.  It  thus  appears  that  the  Church 
in  Normandy  does  not  acknowledge  the 
saints  of  the  adjoining  provinces  of  Picardy 
and  Poitou,  nor  those  of  Rome.  This  is 
one  more  evidence  that  the  insular  position 
of  England,  so  far  from  cutting  her  off 
from  the  rest  of  Europe,  did  practically 
cause  her  to  have  more  intercourse  with 
the  different  provinces  of  France  than  they 
had  with  each  other,  and  that  her  connec- 
tion with  Rome  was  also  more  intimate. 

The  chronological  table  of  events  re- 
corded in  this  Calendar,  and  the  long  list 
of  books  made  use  of  in  compiling  it, 
shew  the  immense  labour  that  has  been 
bestowed  upon  it  by  the  worthy  author. 


The  East  Anglian,  No.  9,  (Lowestoft : 
Tymms),  contains  a  valuable  list  of  the 
round  tower  churches  of  Suffolk,  which 
appear  to  be  at  least  thirty-two  in  num- 
ber, but  it  is  probable  there  are  a  few 
more,  and  additions  are  solicited.  Among 
other  matters  we  note  an  indenture  of 
a  female  parish  apprentice  (1713)  to  learn 
the  "  art  of  housewifery,"  a  custom  that 
has  fallen  into  disuse,  but  which  it  would 
seem  might  be  advantageously  revived, 
and  do  something  to  remedy  the  dearth 
of  useful  domestic  servants  now  so  uni- 
versally experienced. 


Notes  on  the  Sepulchral  Brasses  in  the 
Church  of  Allhallows  Barking,  London. 
By  J.  Maskell,  Curate.  (Corcoran  and 
C>.) — This  is  the  reprint  of  a  lecture 
recently  delivered  in  the  parish  school- 
room. The  brasses  are  seven  in  number, 
ranging  in  date  from  1437  to  1591 ;  they 
are  mostly  in  bad  condition,  but  Mr.  M. 
thinks  they  could  be  easily  restored,  at  the 
expense  of  £10  or  £12  each,  and  he  pub- 
lishes his  lecture  in  the  hope  of  attracting 
notice  to  them,  all  being  fair  specimens 
of  the  art,  and  worthy  of  more  care  than 
they  have  hitherto  received. 


as  are  derived  from  Monastic  Titles.  By 
John  Thomas  Abbott,  M.P.S.  (Rich- 
mond, printed  by  John  Bell.) — This  little 
tract  is  intended  to  dispel  the  common 
idea  that  ecclesiastical  surnames  betoken 
illegitimacy  in  their  original  bearers.  Mr. 
Abbott  maintains  that  they  were  origi- 
nally Christian  names  given  in  compli- 
ment to  the  clergy,  or  assumed  as  sur- 
names by  his  children  where  a  widower 
with  a  family  entered  the  Church, — a 
position  which  appears  worth  considera- 
tion. The  value  of  Mr.  Abbott's  tract  will 
be  enhanced  to  many  from  its  containing 
a  catalogue  of  arms  pertaining  to  families 
bearing  ecclesiastical  surnames. 


A  Brief  Attempt  to  account  for  Eccle- 
siastical Surnames,  more  especially  suck 


Sermons  on  the  Beatitudes,  with  others, 
mostly  preached  before  the  University  of 
Oxford.  By  George  Mobeely,  D.CJL, 
Head  Master  of  Winchester  College.  (Ox- 
ford and  London :  J.  H.  and  Jas.  Parker.) — 
We  noticed  in  terms  of  commendation  one 
of  these  sermons  some  time  ago  *,  when  it 
was  published  shortly  after  its  delivery. 
The  learned  author  has  now  reproduced 
it,  along  with  fourteen  others,  quite  equal 
to  it  in  merit,  and  ho  has  made  the  volume 
all  the  more  acceptable  by  appending  a 
Preface  relating  to  the  notorious  "  Essays 
and  Reviews,"  in  which  he  places  before 
his  readers  the  true  character  of  that  most 
mischievous  publication.  He  shews  that 
the  real  end  and  aim  of  its  authors  is  to 
poison  the  minds  of  the  many  by  suggest- 
ing doubts  and  raising  difficulties  where 
none  really  exist,  and  that  their  proceed- 
ing is  one  of  insidious  hostility  which,  if 
not  stripped  of  its  mask,  and  exhibited  in 
its  true  colours,  is  likely  to  do  far  more 
mischief  than  the  open  attacks  of  more 
candid  opponents  who  openly  profess  their 
infidelity.  The  writers,  it  appears,  pro- 
fess themselves  friends  to  Christian  truth, 
and  therefore  claim  to  be  treated  by  be- 
lievers with  all  consideration,  tenderness, 
and  respect.    Dr.  Moberly  inquires, — 

"  Is  this  a  well-founded  claim  ?  . . . . 
Is  it  reasonable  to  demand  the  respect  of 
believers,  very  many  of  them  unable  from 
want  of  leisure  and  learning  to  examine 

•  GsifT.  Mao.,  April,  I860,  p.  39$. 


1861.] 


On  the  Principle  of  Non-intervention. 


451 


inch  deep  questions  for  themselves,  for 
men  who,  not  in  the  way  of  serious  and 
complete  discussion  of  single  points,  bat 
in  the  assumption  of  superior  intellect, 
knowledge,  and  love  of  truth,  throw  ran- 
dom discredit  upon  every  point  of  that 
holy  faith  wherein  they  have  their  peace 
in  life,  and  their  hope  in  death  ?  I  desire 
to  speak  with  all  caution  and  self  restraint; 
but  may  I  not  reasonably  ask  this  ques- 
tion ?  Suppose,  for  a  moment,  that  the 
Holy  Scriptures  are  the  Word  of  the 
Spirit  of  God,  —  that  the  miracles,  in- 
cluding the  resurrection  of  Christ,  are 
actual  objective  facts,  which  have  really 
happened,  —  that  the  doctrines  of  the 
Church  are  true,  and  the  Creeds  tho  au- 
thoritative expositions  of  them, — and  that 
men  are  to  reach  salvation  through  faith 
in  Christ  Virgiu-born,  according  to  the 
Scriptures,  and  making  atonement  for 
their  sins  upon  the  Cross.  On  this  sup- 
position, is  not  the  publication  of  this 
book  an  act  of  real  hostility  to  God's 
truth,  and  one  which  endangers  the  faith 
and  salvation  of  men?  and  is  this  hosti- 
lity less  real,  or  the  danger  diminished, 
because  the  writers  are  all  clergymen, 
some  of  them  tutors  and  schoolmasters, 
because  they  wear  the  dress  *uad  use  the 
lu'iguage  of  friends,  and  threaten  us  with 
bitter  opposition  if  we  do  not  regard  them 
as  such  ?" — (pp.  xx.,  xxi.) 


Ood  and  Man  considered  in  'Relation 
to  "Eternity  Past,  Time  that  is,  Eternity 
Future.  By  Thomas  Boys.  (London  : 
Longmans.) — We  liave  here  some  200 
pages  of  blank  verse,  no  doubt  well  in- 
tended, but  what  their  exact  purpose  may 
be  we  have  been  unable  to  discover.  The 
author  assures  us  "  the  thoughts  in  his 
book  have  been  writ  with  prayer,"  and  he 
hopes  that  they  may  help  forward  the 
salvation  of  souls ;  we  would  hope  so  too, 
did  we  conceive  that  any  one  could  be 
found  who  would  read  two  consecutive 
pages — but  we  have  our  doubts,  as,  hap- 
pily for  them,  few  men  are  reviewers,  and 
we  certainly  should  never  have  persevered, 
had  it  not  been  our  duty  to  do  so. 


— Few  people  will  be  found  to  dispute  Mr. 
Kennedy's  claim  to  scholarship,  but  we 
venture  to  say  that  his  present  volume 
will  not  go  far  towards  establishing  him 
as  a  poet.  He  has  rendered  his  author, 
generally  speaking,  with  literal  accuracy, 
but  he  has  altogether  failed  to  transfuse 
to  his  cumbrous  blauk  verse  any  spark  of 
the  grace  and  dignity  of  the  original.  It 
is  true  that  the  "  high  resounding  verse" 
of  glorious  John  is  not  unfrequently  a 
paraphrase  rather  than  a  translation,  but 
it  is  very  unlikely  that  it  should  be  super- 
seded by  a  version  which  has  nothing 
more  of  poetry  than  that  produced  by  the 
art  of  the  printer,  in  disposing  it  in  lines 
of  unequal  length.  Let  the  reader  call  to 
mind  Dryden's  rendering  of"  Anna  virum- 
que  cano,"  and  then  give  his  opinion  of 
the  attempt  of  Mr.  Kennedy  : — 

"  Of  arms  I  sing,  and  Ilium's  ancient  son, 
Whom  Fate  an  exile  to  Hcspcria  led 
And  the  Lavinian  shores.    Much  tost  was  ho 
On  land  and  ocean  by  supernal  power, 
Relentless  Juno's  anger  to  appease ; 
Much  too  in  war  he  sufftr'd,  ere  a  seat 
In  Latiura  he  could  found,  and  stablish  there 
nis  household  Gods :  whence  rose  the  Latin 

race, 
The  Alban  sires  and  walls  of  lofty  Borne." 

We  must  say  that  we  wonder  at  this 
experiment,  which  has  not  even  the  charm 
of  novelty.  Cowper  operated  thus  on 
Homer,  but  he  did  not  displace  Pope — 
neither  will  Kennedy  triumph  over  Dry  den. 


The  Works  of  Virgil.  Translated  by 
CnA&LES  Rank  Kennedy,  late  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  (II.  G.  Bohn.) 


On  the  Principle  of  Non-intervention. 
A  Lecture,  by  M.Bebnabd,  M.A.  (Oxford: 
J.  H.  and  Jas.  Parker). — The  Chichele 
Professor  of  International  Law  and  Diplo- 
macy handles  his  theme  with  much  ability, 
and  exposes  the  hollow  character  of  the 
too  famous  despatch  of  Lord  John  Russell 
(of  October  last),  which  attempts  to  justify 
the  interference  of  one  Power  with  another 
on  the  plea  of  tyrannical  government. 
He  denounces  the  intermeddling  which 
has  been  a  prominent  feature  of  British 
diplomacy  of  late  years,  and  as  some  of 
his  hearers,  at  least,  may  one  day  bear 
a  part  in  the  councils  of  the  nation,  it  is 
not  too  much  to  expect  that  his  warnings 
may  have  a  good  practical  result. 


452 


[April, 


APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS. 


The  dates  are  those  of  the  Gazette  in  which  the  Appointment  or  Return  appeared. 


Ecclesiastical. 

The  Rev.  Edward  Meyrick  Goulburn,  D.D.,  to 
be  Dean  of  Exeter. 

Civil,  Naval,  akd  Military. 

Jan.  3.  Laurence  Oliphant,  esq.,  to  be  Secre- 
tary to  U.M.'h  Legation  in  Japan. 

Feb.  8.  Colley  Hannan  Scotland,  esq.,  Barria- 
tcr-at-Law,  to  be  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Madras. 

Feb.  20.  The  Duke  of  Argyle,  K.T.;  Lord 
Kingsdown ;  the  Right  lion.  Sir  George  Grey, 
bart.,  G.C.B. ;  Robert  Wigram  Crawford,  esq., 
Pearce  William  Rogers,  esq. ;  William  George 
Anderson,  esq. ;  Wm.  Strickland  Cookson,  esq., 
and  Edwin  Wilkins  Field,  esq.,  to  be  H.M.'s  Com- 
missioners to  inquire  into  the  constitution  of  the 
Accountant-General's  Department  of  the  Court 
of  Chancery,  and  the  provisions  for  the  custody 
and  management  of  the  funds  of  the  court. 

Feb.  22.  John  Forstcr,  esq.,  BarrUter-at-Law, 
late  Secretary  to  the  Commission,  to  be  a  Com- 
missioner in  Lunacy,  on  the  resignation  of  Bryan 
Waller  Procter,  esq., 

Major-Gen.  Sir  Robert  Napier,  K.C.B.,  Bengal 
Engineers,  to  bo  an  ordinary  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Governor-Gen.  of  India,  vice 
Li°ut.-Gcn.  Sir  James  Outram,  bart.,  G.C.B.,  re- 
signed. 

Feb.  23.  To  be  a  8erjeant-at-Law,  Thomas 
Wheeler,  LL.D.,  of  the  Middle  Temple. 

Feb.  26.  The  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor  of 
London ;  Major-Gen.  Sir  Joshua  Jebb,  K.C.B. ; 
John  Thwaites,  esq.,  Chairman  of  the  Metropo- 
litan Board  of  Works;  Capt  Douglas  Galton, 
R.E. ;  E  'ward  Burwtal,  c-*q.,  Comm.  R.N.,  Secre- 
tiry  of  the  River  Thames  Conservancy  Board; 
Henry  Arthur  Hunt,  esq.,  Surveyor  of  H.M.'a 
Works  and  Public  Buildings,  and  John  Robinson 
M'tHean,  esq.,  to  be  H.M.'s  Commissioners  to 
examine  into  plans  for  embanking  the  River 
Thames  within  the  metropolis. 

To  be  Queen's  Counsel —William  Dugmore, 
Wm.  Anthony  Collins,  Anthony  Cleasby,  Henry 
Warwick  Cole,  John  Fraser  Macqueen,  Thomas 
Chamber?,  Edwin  Plumer  Price,  Josiah  William 
Smith,  Richard  Bagally,  Henry  Mills,  Hon. 
Adolpuu*  Frederick  Octavius  LiddelL  William 
Baliol  Brett,  John  Burgess  Karslake,  William 
Digby  Seymour,  John  Duke  Coleridge,  esqrs., 
Hon.  George  Dcnman,  and  George  Mcllish,  esq. 

To  have  patent  of  precedency — George  Hayes, 
8erjeant-at-Law,  next  after  Archibald  John  Ste- 
phens, esq.,  Q.C. 

Mar.  1.  Mr.  Samuel  Lilly  to  be  Consul-Gen. 
at  Calcutta  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

William  Walter  Raleigh  Kerr,  esq.,  to  be 
Colonial  Treasurer,  and  Edward  Evtrard  Rush- 


.worth,  esq.,  to  be  Auditor-Gen.  for  the  Island  of 
Mauritius. 

Gerard  Oudkerk,  esq.,  to  be  Book-keeper  in 
the  office  of  the  Auditor-Gen.  for  the  colony  of 
British  Guiana,  and  Richard  Russell,  esq.,  to  be 
Auditor-Gen.  for  the  Island  of  Trinidad. 

John  Hill  Beresford,  esq.,  to  be  Colonial  Secre- 
tary for  the  Island  of  Tobago,  and  Anthony  Pem- 
berton  Hobson,  esq.,  to  be  Inspector-Gen.  of 
Police  for  the  Island  of  St.  Vincent. 

Bryan  Waller  Procter,  esq.,  to  be  an  Honorary 
and  Unpaid  Commissioner  in  Lunacy,  in  place 
of  the  Lord  Lyveden,  resigned. 

The  Hon.  William  C.  Spring  Bice,  Barrister-at- 
Law,  to  be  Secretary  to  the  Commissioners  in 
Lunacy,  vice  John  Forster,  esq.,  appointed  a  Com- 
missioner. 

Major-Gen.  Sir  Patrick  Grant,  K.C.B.,  Bengal 
Infantry,  serving  with  the  local  rank  of  Lieut. - 
General  in  the  East  Indies,  to  be  G.C.B.,  M. 
Charles  Guillaume  Marie  Appoline  Antonine 
Cousin-Montauban,  General  of  Division,  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  French  Land  Forces  in 
China,  to  be  K.C.B.,  and  Col.  Rodolph  de  Salis 
and  fifty-nine  other  officers  to  be  C.B. 

Mar.  7.  Edward  Douglas,  esq.,  to  be  Assistant 
Colonial  Secretary  for  the  Island  of  Mauritius. 

The  Right  Hon.  Edward  Henry  Stanley,  com- 
monly called  Lord  8tanley,  to  be  one  of  H.M.'s 
Commissioners  to  inquire  into  and  report  upon 
the  measures  which  it  may  be  expedient  to  take 
for  maintaining  and  improving  the  health  of  all 
ranks  of  H.M.'s  army  serving  in  India. 

Col.  Henry  Marion  Durand,  C.B.,  to  be  a  mem- 
ber of  the  said  Commission,  vice  Major-Gen.  Sir 
Robert  John  Hussey  Vivian,  K.CB. ;  and  James 
Brown  Gibson,  esq.,  M.D.,  C.B.,  vice  Thomas 
Alexander,  esq.,  C.B. 

Mar.  8.  The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Young,  bart., 
K.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  to  be  CapUin-Gen.  andGover- 
nor-in-Chief  of  New  South  Wales. 

Mar.  15.  James  Watson  Sheriff,  esq.,  to  be 
Police  Magistrate  for  the  Island  of  Autigua. 

Mar.  19.  Knighthood  conferred  on  Col.  Oeo. 
Ererest,  C.B.,  F.R.S.,  on  the  retired  list  of  the 
Bengal  Artillery,  formerly  Superintendent  of  the 
Great  Trigonometrical  Survey,  and  Surveyor- 
Gen,  of  India. 

Also  upon  Colley  Hannan  Scotland,  esq.,  Chief 
Justice  of  Madras. 

MXXBKRS  BJTUKWXD  TO  SERVE  IN  PaELIAITXNT. 

Feb.  26.  Borough  of  Pembroke.— Sir  Hugh 
Owen  Owen,Jbart.,  vice  Sir  John  Owen,  bart.,  de- 
ceased. 

Mar.  6.  County  of  a**.— Nicholas  Philpot 
Leader,  esq ,  of  Dromagh  Castle,  co.  Cork,  rice 
the  Right  Hon.  Rickard  Dcasy,  now  one  of  the 
Barons  of  U.M's  Exchequer  in  Ireland. 


1861.] 


453 


BIRTHS. 


Dec.  25, 1860.  At  Pietermaritzberg,  Natal,  the 
wife  or  Capt.  Athorpe,  H.M.'s  86th  Light  In- 
fantry, a  son. 

Jan.  6, 1861.  At  Sealkote,  Punjab,  the  wife  of 
H.  Brabaxon  Onnaton,  esq.,  H.M.  Indian  Army, 
Officiating  Deputy-Commissioner,  a  son. 

Jan.  13.  At  Lahore,  East  Indies,  the  wife  of 
Lieut -Col.  Cureton,  Mooltanee  Cavalry,  a  son. 

Jan.  14.  At  St.  Vincent,  the  wife  of  BouTerie 
Alleyne,  esq.,  Colonial  Secretary,  a  son. 

Feb.  3.  At  Etah,  in  the  North  West  Province 
of  India,  the  wife  of  Edmund  B.  Thornhill,  esq., 
Bengal  Civil  Service,  a  dau. 

Feb.  15.  At  Winchester,  the  wife  of  Major 
Deering,  7th  Rifle  Depot  Battalion,  a  dau. 

At  Chatham-house,  Ramsgate,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Alfred  Whitehead,  a  son. 

At  Woolwich,  the  wife  of  Capt  Fox  Strangways, 
Royal  Horse  Artillery,  a  dau. 

Feb.  16.  At  La  Folie,  Jersey,  the  wife  of  Lieut- 
Col.  Hardwick  8inith,  2nd  W.  I.  Regt,  a  ran. 

At  Guildford,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  G.  W.  Crut- 
tenden,  M.A.,  a  son. 

At  Sutton,  Surrey,  the  wife  of  Capt  O.  A. 
Wilkinson,  R.A.,  a  dau. 

At  Easton  Rectory,  Suffolk,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  William  Watson  Wood,  a  dau. 

Feb.  17.  In  Hereford-st,  Park-lane,  the  Right 
Hon.  Lady  Rollo,  a  son. 

At  Clifton- villas,  Southsea,  the  wife  of  Arthur 
J.  Stuart,  esq.,  Capt  Royal  Marines  (Light  In- 
fantry), a  dau. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Chewton  Mendip,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  R,  S.  Philpott,  a  dau. 

At  Milston,  Wilts,  the  wife  of  Capt  Pinckney, 
a  son. 

At  Mozhull-park,  Warwickshire,  Mrs.  Berkeley 
Noel,  a  son. 

At  Eagle-house,  Asheott,  Somerset,  the  wife  of 
Capt.  Hickley,  R.N.,  a  son. 

At  Beechwood  Mains,  Corstorphine,  near  Edin- 
burgh, the  wife  of  Asslstani-Commisiary-Oeneral 
Crookshank,  a  dau. 

At  Gateshead  Fell,  Durham,  the  wife  of  Lieut- 
Col.  H.  F.  Dunsford,  C.B.,  Her  Majesty's  Bengal 
Army,  a  son. 

At  Waltham  Abbey,  the  wife  of  Col.  W.  H. 
Askwith,  R.A.,  a  son. 

Feb.  19.  At  Chilton  Rectory,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  F.  V.  Thornton,  a  dau. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Gilling,  Yorkshire,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  James  Charles  Wharton,  a  dau. 

At  Bilbster-houae,  Caithnesshire,  the  wife  of 
Major  Home,  of  Stirkoke,  a  son. 

Feb.  20.  At  Blackwater,  the  wife  of  Major 
Adams,  R.  M.  College,  a  dau. 

Feb.  21.  In  Eaton-pL,  Lady  Colville,  of  Col- 
roes,  a  son. 

At  Tubingen,  Wurtemberg,  the  wife  of  Dr. 
Reinhold  Pauli,  a  dau. 

Feb.  22.  At  EUerslie  Fremington,  North  Devon, 
the  wife  of  CoL  John  Graham,  H.E.I.C.8.,  a  dau. 


At  Stirling,  N.B.,  the  wife  of  R.  T.  Buckle, 
esq.,  M.D.,  8taff-Surgeon,  Stirling  Castle,  a  dan. 

In  Harewood-eq.,  Regent's-park,  the  wife  of 
Capt.  J.  Theobald,  H.M.  3rd  Bengal  Light 
Cavalry,  a  dau. 

Feb.  23.  In  Grosvenor-et,  Lady  Smith,  of 
Suttons,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  the  Rectory,  Welton-le-Wold,  Louth,  Lin- 
colnshire, the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Charles  TroUope 
Swan,  a  son. 

Ftb.  24.  At  Tiverton,  Devon,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Geo.  Welland  Money,  H.M.  3rd  Madras  Light 
Cavalry,  a  dau. 

At  Corfu,  the  wife  of  Major  Charles  Strange, 
Royal  Artillery,  a  son. 

Feb.  26.  At  Blackheath-pk.,  Kent,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Chas.  Matheson,  M.A.,  a  dau. 

At  Pent  low-hall,  Essex,  the  wife  of  Major  C. 
H.  Hinehlifr,  a  dau. 

Feb.  27.  At  Nent-hall,  Alston,  Cumberland, 
the  wife  of  Thos.  Wilson  Crawhall,  esq.,  a  dau. 

At  Walton  Parsonage,  Warwick,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  E.  Cadogan,  a  dau. 

Feb.  28.  At  Killinchy,  co.  Down,  the  wife  of 
the  Hon.  Rawson  W.  Rawson,  esq.,  C.B.,  Colonial 
Secretary  of  the  Cape  of  Oood  Hope,  twin  daus. 

At  Winchester,  the  wife  of  Andrew  Green,  esq., 
Rifle  Brigade,  a  dau. 

March  1.  In  Hamilton-place,  Lady  Augusta 
Fremantle,  a  dau. 

At  Woolwich,  the  wife  of  Henry  Briscoe,  M.D., 
Royal  Artillery,  a  son. 

March  2.  In  Lowndes-et,  the  wife  of  Colonel 
Newton,  Coldstream  Guards,  a  son. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Brampford  8peke,  Devon,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Cockbtum  Kindersley, 
a  dau. 

In  Norfolk-crese.,  Hyde-pk.,  the  wife  of  Capt 
Tyler,  Royal  Engineers,  a  dau. 

March  3.  At  Stokefleld,  Thornbury,  the  wife 
of  Lieut  Henry  Craven  St  John,  R.N.,  a  son. 

At  Bonchurch,  Isle  of  Wight,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  H.  Arbuthnot  Feilden,  a  dau. 

March  4.  At  Wood  View  Mount,  Sheffield, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Milward  Crooke,  Chaplain 
to  the  Forces,  a  son. 

At  Yarburgh  Rectory,  near  Louth,  Lincoln- 
shire, the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Lloyd,  a  son. 

March  5.  At  Abberley-hall,  near  8tourport, 
Worcestershire,  the  wife  of  8.  G.  Palmer,  esq., 
late  of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service,  a  son. 

In  Minto-et,  Edinburgh,  the  wife  of  Captain 
Anderson,  78th  Highlanders,  a  son. 

March  7.  In  Chester-square,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Arthur  Hardinge,  a  dau. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Anwick,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  Asbington,  a  son. 

March  9.  At  the  Camp-villas,  Colchester,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  Dudley  Somerville,  M.A.,  Chap- 
lain to  the  Forces,  a  son. 

At  Stormanstown-house,  near  Dublin,  the  wife 
of  the  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Labuan,  a  dan. 


454 


Births. — Marriages. 


[April, 


March  10.  At  Shrubhnrst,  Oxted,  the  wife  of 
Liout.-Colonel  S.  Burdctt,  a  dan. 

At  the  Rectory,  Upton  Scudamore,  Wilts,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Baron,  a  dan. 

At  Lydd,  Kent,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  P.  Cum- 
ming,  a  dau. 

March  11.  At  Camp-lodge,  Colchester,  the 
wife  of  Major  Charles  Cooch,  Major  of  Brigade, 

•  son. 

In  Bedford -pi.,  Russell-eq.,  the  wife  of  Edward 
Fras.  Harrison,  esq.,  Bengal  Civil  Service,  a  son. 

March  12.  In  Grafton-st.,  the  Marchioness  of 
Winchester,  a  son,  still-born. 

March  13.    The  Hon.  Mrs.  James  Drummond, 

•  son. 

At  Bellefield-house,  Fulham,  the  wife  of  H.  B. 
Sheridan,  esq.,  M.P.,  a  dau. 

At  the  Rectory,  Oittisham,  Devon,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  Richard  Kirwan,  a  son. 

At  Star-hill,  Rochester,  the  wife  of  George  W. 
Caine,  esq.,  H.B.M.'s  Consul,  Swatovr,  a  son. 

At  Old  Weston  Parsonage,  Hunts,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  G.  R.  Gilling,  a  son. 

In  Lower  Belgrave-et.,  Eaton-sq.,  the  wife  of 
Commander  Eyre  Maunsell,  R.N.,  a  dau. 

March  14.  In  Wilton  -  crescent,  the  Lady 
Katharine  Valletort,  a  dau. 

The  Lady  Alfred  Paget,  a  son. 

At  Bath,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Cardew, 
a  won. 

March  15.  At  Rose-bank,  near  Fulham,  the 
wife  of  Col.  McMurdo,  a  son. 


At  Queen's -house,  Lyndhurst,  the  wife  of 
Lawrence  Henry  Cumbcrbatch,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Newbridge,  co.  Kildare,  the  wife  of  Lieut- 
Col.  Knox,  Royal  Artillery,  a  son. 

March  17.  At  Bradficld,  Collumpton,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Walrond,  a  son. 

At  Southsea,  Hants,  the  wife  of  CoL  Edward 
Somerset,  C.B.,  a  dau. 

At  Park-house,  Southall,  Middlesex,  the  wife 
of  Capt  W.  E.  Cahill,  H.M.  Indian  Army,  a  son. 

At  Pulford,  near  York,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Henry 
Richmond,  Staff-Officer  of  Pensioners,  a  dau. 

March  18.  At  81,  South  Audley-st.,  the  wife 
of  Michael  Hughes,  esq.,  of  Sherdley-hall,  Lan- 
cashire, a  son. 

At  Gatwick-house,  Essex,  the  wife  of  Edmund 
Buckley,  esq.,  Capt.  West  Essex  Regt.  of  Militia, 
a  son. 

At  Inwardlcigh  Rectory,  North  Devon,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  Peter  Gunning,  a  son. 

March  19.  In  Hill-st.,  Berkeley-square,  Lady 
Emily  Walsh,  a  dau. 

At  Bath,  the  wife  of  Major  Balmain,  Madras 
Artillery,  a  son. 

At  Norwich,  the  wife  of  Major  Ellington,  Pay- 
master 10th  Hussars,  a  son. 

In  Brook-8t.,  Grosvcnor-square,  the  wife  of 
Sir  Reresby  Sit  well,  bart.,  a  dau. 

In  Eaton-square,  the  wife  of  Evelyn  Philip 
Shirley,  esq.,  M.P.,  a  dau. 

At  Antony,  Mrs.  Polo  Carew,  a  dau. 


MARRIAGES. 


Nov.  28,  1860.  At  Taurarua,  New  Zealand, 
Matthew  Fortcscue  Moresby,  esq.,  R.N.,  son  of 
Vice-Admiral  Sir  Fairfax  Moresby,  K.C.B.,  to 
Caroline,  third  dau.  of  Major-General  Charles 
Emilius  Gold. 

Dee.  20.  At  the  Cathedral,  Hongkong,  Alfred 
Fincham,  Esq.,  of  Canton,  to  Ann  Maria,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  Hon.  W.  H.  Adams,  Chief  Justice  of 
Hongkong. 

Jan.  1,  1861.  At  St.  George's,  Bermuda,  Wm. 
Shedden  Barr,  esq.,  to  Charlotte  Eleanor  Burnaby, 
only  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Lough,  Rector  of 
8t.  George's,  and  Garrison  Chaplain. 

Jan.  2.  At  Dcyrah,  N.  W.  Provinces,  Bengal, 
William  James,  eldest  son  of  David  Inglis  Money, 
esq.,  to  Emily,  dau.  of  Brigadier-General  Gray, 
Bengal  Army. 

Jan.  8.  At  St.  George's  Cathedral,  Capetown, 
the  Rev.  Thomas  FotherKill  Lightfoot,  of  St. 
George's,  to  Anne  Ellen,  second  dau.  of  Mr.  M. 
Fothcrgill,  late  of  Uppt<r  Uolloway,  and  grand- 
dau.  of  the  late  Thomas  Fothcrgill,  esq.,  of 
Aiskcw-house,  near  Bcdale,  Yorkshire. 

Jan.  7.  At  the  Cathedral,  Calcutta,  Major 
Henry  Lloyd  Evans,  17th'  Bombay  Native  In- 
fantry, and  Deputy  Commissioner  in  Oudc,  third 
son  of  the  late  John  Evans,  esq.,  of  Stoney  Down, 
Walthamstow,  Essex,  to  Lydia  Harriet,  dau.  of 
George  Parry,  esq.,  of  Douro-villas,  Cheltenham. 

At  Nelson,  New  Zealand,  George  Ueppcl,  esq., 


A.M.,  Principal  of  Nelson  College,  to  Catharine, 
eldest  dau.  of  George  R.  Corner,  esq.,  F.S.A., 
of  Southwark,  and  the  Paragon,  New  Kent-road. 

Jan.  24.  At  St.  John's,  Calcutta,  William, 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Surgeon  William  Lewis 
McGregor,  M.D.,  and  grandson  of  the  late  Gen. 
C.  R.  Skardon,  both  of  the  Bengal  Army,  to  Jane 
Margaret,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Lieut.-Col. 
G.  Holmes,  C.P.,  of  the  Bengal  Army. 

Jan.  26.  At  the  Cathedral,  Georgetown,  British 
Guiana,  Augustus  Fred.  Gore,  Assistant  Govern- 
ment Secretary  of  the  Colony,  Private  Secretary 
and  A.D.C.  to  the  Governor,  son  of  Capt  the 
Hon.  E.  Gore,  R.N.,  to  Eliza  Arabella  Austin, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  Bishop. 

Feb.  6.  At  Trinity  Church,  Chelsea,  Brigadier- 
General  Lord  George  Paget,  C.B.,  to  Louisa, 
youngest  dau.  of  Charles  Heneage,  esq.,  and  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Heneage. 

Feb.  11.  At  Georgetown,  Dcmerara,  the  Rev. 
Charles  Morgan,  Sub- Warden  of  Bishop's  Col- 
lege, to  Mary  Sarah  Elizabeth,  eldest  dau.  of 
Erasmus  Robertson,  esq.,  barristcr-at-law,  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  and  of  Chester. 

Feb.  19.  At  8t.  George's,  Bloomsbury,  James 
Edward,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Rev.  James  Gibson, 
Rector  of  Worlington,  Suffolk,  to  Anne  Agnes, 
only  daUv  of  the  late  William  Devey,  esq. 

Feb.  20.  At  Blackwood,  Dumfriesshire,  N.B., 
Major  Robertson  Larking,  H.M.  Bengal  Army, 


1861.] 


Marriages. 


455 


aon  of  the  late  John  Pascal  Larkins,  esq.,  Bengal 
Civil  Service,  to  Fanny  Eliza,  second  dan.  of  the 
late  George  Dougal,  esq.,  of  Blackwood,  formerly 
of  Calcutta. 

At  St.  John's,  Fitzroy-sq.,  Claud,  eldest  son  of 
Major-Gen.  Claud  Douglas,  to  Ellen,  fourth  dau. 
of  C.  Callow,  esq.,  late  of  Brompton,  Middlesex. 

At  St.  Mary's,  Cheltenham,  Bt.-Lieut.-CoL 
Scott  Thompson,  14th  light  Dragoons,  only  son 
of  Pearson  Thompson,  esq.,  of  Castlemaine, 
Victoria,  to  Susanna,  second  dau.  of  Edward 
Armitage,  esq.,  of  Farnley,  Yorkshire,  and 
Farnley-lodgc,  Cheltenham. 

Feb.  21.  At  St.  Marylebone,  Arthur  Julius 
Pollock,  esq.,  M.D.,  seventh  son  of  the  Right 
Hon.  the  Lord  Chief  Baron,  to  Ellen,  dau.  of  the 
late  Charles  Bailey,  esq.,  of  Stratford-pl.,  and 
Lee  Abbey,  Lynton,  North  Devon. 

At  Wortham,  Robert  Bruce  Chichester,  esq., 
Capt.  81st  Regt.,  to  Mary,  dau.  of  the  late  Rev. 
Thomas  D'Eye  Betts,  of  Wortham-hall,  and 
Rector  of  Martlcsham,  Suffolk. 

At  Littlcbournc,  Kent,  Col.  J.  W.  Armstrong, 
C.B.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  James  Armstrong, 
esq.,  Bengal  Civil  Service,  to  Laura,  dau.  of 
Denne  Dennc,  esq  ,  Elbridge-house,  Kent. 

Feb.  23.  At  Donnybrook,  William  Copper, 
esq.,  Capt.  70th  Rcgt.,  to  Mary,  eldest  dau.  of 
Joseph  Watkins,  esq.,  Elm-park,  co.  Dublin. 

At  All  Saints',  Wokingham,  Berks,  Lieut. -Col. 
William  Edwyn  Evans,  1st  Bombay  Fusiliers, 
second  son  of  the  late  John  Evans,  esq.,  of  Stoney 
Down,  Walthamstow,  Essex,  to  Caroline  Ann, 
only  dau.  of  William  Griffiths,  esq.,  of  Great 
Cumberland-pl.,  Hyde-park. 

In  the  British  Consulate  at  Nice,  Lieut.-Col. 
William  C.  Chester  Master,  C.B.,  of  H.M.'s  5th 
Fusiliers,  to  Madeline  Harriet  Louisa,  second 
dau.  of  Sir  William  Curtis,  bart.,  of  Caynham 
Court,  Ludlow,  Salop. 

Feb.  26.  At  Bawtry,  Christopher  Gilbert, 
youngest  son  of  Wilkinson  Peacock,  esq.,  of 
Grcatford-hall,  Lincolnshire,  to  Caroline  Maria, 
second  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Wm.  Carr  Fenton, 
Vicar  of  Mattersea. 

F*1>.  27.  At  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  William 
Man,  esq.,  of  Tilehurst,  Berks,  to  Elizabeth,  only 
dau.  of  the  late  Mr.  Daniel  Marchant,  of  Reading. 

At  Halstead,  Kent,  Chas.  Edw.  Walch,  M.II.'s 
54th  Regt.,  to  Emma  Elizabeth,  youngest  dau.  of 
the  late  Harry  Stoe  Man,  R.N. 

At  Trinity  Church,  Marylebone,  the  Rev. 
Francis  Burdctt  Hurcomb,  of  Chi  list  Church, 
CarlWe,  to  Mary  S.  A.,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Brian 
McLaughlin,  esq.,  of  Greenwich  Hospital. 

Feb.  28.  At  St.  Stephen's,  Paddington,  Thos. 
Francis  Jekcn  Russel,  Lieut.  43rd  M.N  I.,  only 
son  of  the  late  Major-Gen.  Russcl,  Royal  Artil- 
lery, to  Emma  Louisa,  eldest  duu.  of  the  late 
Rev.  John  Peacock  Byde,  M.A.,  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, and  of  Bengeo,  Herts. 

At  Banff,  Charles  Wm.  Sturgess,  esq.,  H.M.8. 
"  Cornwallis,"  to  Lucy  Sarah,  eldest  dau.  of 
Martin  J.  W  ilk  ins,  esq.,  late  Solicitor-General  of 
Nova  Scotia. 

At  8t.  Nicholas,  Warwick,  Chas.  Temple,  esq., 
Of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service,  to  Hannah  Maria, 


youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Michael  Thomas  Sadler, 
esq.,  M.P.,  F.R.S. 

March  6.  At  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  Frederick 
Carr  Swinnerton  Dyer,  Capt.  17th  Regt.,  third 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Dyer,  bart.,  to  Selenah  Maria 
Ann,  third  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  E.  D.  Windsor 
Richards,  Rector  of  St.  Andrew's,  Glamorgansh. 

March  7.  At  Lymington,  Commander  G.  N. 
Towsey,  R.N.,  to  Fanny,  second  dau.  of  the  late 
R.  A.  Danicil,  esq.,  of  Fairfield,  near  Lyming- 
ton, Hants. 

March  9.  At  Ncuchatel,  John  W.  Braddick, 
esq.,  of  Boughton  Mount,  near  Maidstone,  Kent, 
to  Laura,  youngest  dau.  of  John  Hollingworth, 
esq.,  formerly  of  Box  ley,  Kent. 

March  13.  At  Breadsall,  Derby,  Wm.  Hylton 
Dyer  Longstaffe,  esq.,  solicitor,  Gateshead,  to 
Margaret,  youngest  dau.  of  James  Thompson, 
esq.,  Breadsal-lodge. 

At  Leiston  Church,  Charles  Pope  James,  esq., 
of  Foulsham,  Norfolk,  third  son  of  the  late 
Wm.  Rhodes  James,  esq.,  of  Wyndham-house, 
Aldeburgh,  to  Madeline  Emily,  eldest  dau.  of 
the  Rev.  John  Culvert  Blathwayt,  Incumbent 
of  Leiston,  Suffolk. 

March  14.  At  Croydon,  ThomaB  Farley,  esq., 
of  Thornton-heath,  to  Frances,  dau.  of  the  late 
Thomas  Boyton,  esq.,  H.E.I.C.S.,  and  granddan. 
of  the  late  Capt.  Boyton,  of  Dover. 

At  Lavcrstock,  Wilts,  Arnold,  son  of  Joseph 
d'Etlinger,  esq.,  of  Odessa,  Bavarian  Consul-Gen. 
to  Grace  Osborne,  eldest  dau.  of  Dr.  Stevenson- 
Bushnan,  of  Lavcratock-house,  Salisbury. 

At  Christ  Church,  St.  Marylebone,  Angclo 
Collen,  son  of  Sir  Geo.  Hayier,  Knt.  and  K.S.L., 
to  Augusta,  dau.  of  Sir  Richard  Charles  Kirby, 
C.B.,  late  Accountant-General  of  the  Army. 

At  Holy-cross  Church,  Edward  Wm.  Cadwal- 
ladar  L'oyd,  esq.,  7th  Royal  Fusiliers,  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  William  Lloyd  Fennor  Glebe,  to  Annie, 
dau.  of  Edward  Wilson,  esq.,  Raheen-park,  co. 
Tipperary. 

March  19.  At  Kensington,  Licut.-Col.  Oakes, 
12th  Royal  Lancers,  to  Frances,  youngest  dau. 
of  the  late  J.  L.  K.  Lennox,  esq.,  of  Lennox 
Castle,  N.B. 

March  20.  At  St.  Holler's,  Jersey,  J.  Richards 
Wclstead,  esq.,  of  Kimbolton,  Huntingdonshire, 
late  Capt.  7th  Dragoon  Guards,  to  Brenda  Fanny, 
eldest  dau.  of  Col.  Wyatt,  H.M.  65th  Regt. 

At  Urglin,  Carlow,  William,  eldest  son  of 
Richard  Jubb,  esq.,  of  Cliff,  Yorkshire,  and  Glen 
East,  co.  Watcrford,  to  Meeta  Wright,  dau.  of 
the  late  Hebbcrt  Newton,  esq  ,  J. P.,  Ballinglen, 
co.  Wicklow,  formerly  of  32nd  Regt. 

March  21.  At  St.  George's,  Hanover-square, 
the  Hon.  James  T.  Fitzmaurice,  R.N.,  son  of 
the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Orkney,  to  Frances 
R.  Ouseley,  dan.  of  Sir  William  Gore  Ouseley, 
K.C.B.,  LL.D. 

At  Old  Charlton,  Kent,  Major  G.  C.  E.  Powell, 
of  the  City  of  Dublin  Regt.  of  Militia,  second  son 
of  the  late  Thomas  Eyre  Powell,  esq.,  of  Great 
Connell  and  Newbridge,  co.  Kildare,  to  Katha- 
rine Gordon,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Capt.  James 
Woolfe,  R.N. 


466 


[April, 


^nftttarg. 


[Relatives  or  Friends  supplying  Memoirs  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  in 
order  thai  a  Copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing  their  Communications 
mag  be  forwarded  to  themJ]        


H.R.H.  The  Duchess  op  Kent. 

March  16.  At  Frogmore,  aged  74, 
H.R.H.  Maria  Louisa  Victoria,  Duchess 
of  Kent,  the  mother  of  her  most  gracious 
Majesty  the  Queen. 

This  illustrious  lady  was  the  sixth  and 
youngest  child  of  His  Serene  Highness 
Francis,  Duke  of  Saxe-Saalfeld  Coburg, 
and  was  born  on  the  17th  of  August,  1786. 
Her  early  years  were  passed  under  the 
eye  of  her  mother,  a  Princess  of  the  house 
of  Reuss,  conjointly  with  her  brother  Leo- 
pold, the  present  King  of  the  Belgians. 
In  her  17th  year,  to  meet  the  wishes  of 
her  family,  she  married  Emich-Charles, 
Prince  of  Leiningen,  who  was  twenty- 
eight  years  her  senior,  and  a  man  al- 
most exclusively  devoted  to  the  sports  of 
the  field;  but  she  soon  gained  a  great 
influence  with  him,  and  when  he  died  in 
1814  he  left  her  the  guardian  of  their  only 
ion,  and  ruler  of  the  principality. 

It  was  two  years  after  this  that  her 
brother  Leopold  was  married  to  the  Prin- 
cess Charlotte  j  and  when  the  hopes  form- 
ed on  this  occasion  were  frustrated  by  the 
death  of  the  Princess,  it  was  considered 
essential  that  the  brothers  of  the  Prince 
Regent  should  marry  to  avert  any  diffi- 
culties about  the  succession.  Thus  three 
Royal  Dukes,  the  Duke  of  Clarence  (after- 
wards William  IV.),  the  Duke  of  Kent, 
and  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  contracted 
alliances  with  German  Princesses,  and 
were  married  within  a  few  weeks  of  each 
other.  The  Duke  of  Kent  selected  Prince 
Leopold's  sister,  the  Princess  of  Leiningen, 
and  was  married  to  her  at  Coburg  on  the 
29th  of  May,  1818,  and  again  at  Kew,  on 
tho  11th  of  July. 

Owing  to  matters  that  need  not  now 
be  gone  into,  the  circumstances  of  the 
Duke  of  Kent  were  much  embarrassed — 
12 


so  much  so,  that  for  the  sake  of  economy 
he  went  to  reside  on  the  Continent,  at  his 
Duchess's  Palace  at  Leiningen,  but  when 
her  accouchement  drew  nigh,  the  Duke,  re- 
membering one  of  his  father's  phrases,  hur- 
ried with  her  to  England,  in  order  that  his 
child,  the  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne, 
might  be  "born  a  Briton."  About  a 
month  after  their  arrival  in  this  country, 
on  the  24th  of  May,  1819,  the  Princess 
Victoria  was  born  at  Kensington  Palace. 

As  the  recovery  of  the  Duchess  was 
rather  slow,  it  was  decided  to  pass  the 
winter  in  the  mild  air  of  Devonshire. 
Thither  they  accordingly  went,  and  settled 
in  the  vicinity  of  Sidmouth,  but  here  she 
very  soon  again  became  a  widow.  The 
Duke,  who  was  fond  of  exercise,  often 
walked  in  the  environs  of  Sidmouth,  and 
one  day  returned  home  with  wet  feet. 
He  neglected  to  change  his  boots,  and 
remained  playing  with  his  little  girl,  the 
Princess  Victoria,  whom  he  took  from  the 
nurse's  arms.  Cold  and  inflammation  en- 
sued ;  from  the  first,  the  symptoms  were 
most  alarming,  and  the  Duke  expired 
shortly  after,  on  Sunday,  Jan.  23, 1820, 
leaving  his  family  most  inadequately  pro- 
vided for.  Her  husband  had  died  deeply 
in  debt ;  and  the  Duchess,  who  was  with- 
out furniture  or  outfit,  had  only  her 
jointure  of  £6,000  a-year,  and  through 
some  defect  in  the  Act  of  Parliament  she 
could  not  touch  even  this  scanty  provision 
fur  months  after  the  Duke's  death.  Her 
chief  support  and  adviser  was  her  brother, 
Prince  Leopold,  who  allowed  her  an  ad- 
ditional £3,000  a-year  out  of  his  income. 
Nor  did  he  withdraw  this  allowance  when 
in  1825,  the  Princess  Victoria  being  six 
years  of  age,  a  further  sum  of  £6,000 
a-year  was  granted  by  Parliament  to  be 
applied  to  her  education  as  heir-presump- 


1861.]  Obituary.— H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Kent. 


457 


tive  to  tbe  throne.  It  was  not,  indeed, 
stopped  until  1831,  when  the  Prince,  being 
made  King  of  the  Belgians,  felt  it  hii 
doty  to  forego  the  allowance  of  £35,000 
which  he  derived  from  this  country,  and 
when  the  House  of  Commons  saw  the 
wisdom  of  giving  the  Duchess  of  Kent 
another  £10,000  a-year. 

During  the  reign  of  George  IV.  the 
Duchess  lived  retired,  sedulously  devoting 
herself  to  the  health  and  education  of  her 
charge.  But  when  William  IV.  ascended 
the  throne,  the  Princess  was  of  an  age 
that  rendered  it  desirable  that  she  should 
become  in  some  measure  known  to  her 
future  subjects.  She  did  not  appear  at 
the  coronation  of  her  uncle,  but  in  the 
following  year  her  mother  began  a  series 
of  tours,  in  the  course  of  which  most  of 
the  English  cities  were  visited,  as  well  as 
very  many  noblemen's  seats,  which  gave 
the  opportunity  of  initiating  the  Princess 
into  some  of  the  formalities  and  obser- 
vances that  must  at  a  future  day  occupy 
so  much  of  her  attention,  and  also  of 
storing  her  mind  with  knowledge  only  to 
be  gained  by  intercourse  with  persons  of 
superior  capacity.  With  the  same  view 
the  Duchess  held  frequent  receptions  at 
her  apartments  in  Kensington  Palace, 
which,  though  offering  little  of  the  splen- 
dour of  royalty,  were  frequented  by  many 
individuals  of  eminence  in  the  literary 
and  scientific  world,  with  whom  the  Prin- 
cess was  urged  to  converse  with  freedom, 
and  from  which  she  no  doubt  derived  last- 
ing benefits.  These  proceedings  were  be- 
lieved not  to  be  looked  on  with  a  favour- 
able eye  at  the  Court,  but  their  wisdom 
was  so  obvious,  that  the  Duchess  rose 
greatly  in  public  esteem,  and  as  she  wisely 
avoided  attaching  herself  to  any  party, 
the  Parliament  bore  a  strong  testimony 
to  her  merit,  by  naming  her  as  sole  regent 
in  the  event  of  King  William's  decease 
during  the  minority  of  the  Princess  Vic- 
toria; this  high  office  it  seemed  likely 
that  she  would  be  called  on  to  exercise,  as 
the  King's  health  was  long  decliuing,  and 
he  lived  but  one  month  after  the  Princess 
Victoria  had  attained  her  majority. 

On  the  20th  of  June,  1837,  her  daughter 
succeeded  her  uncle,  King  William  IV., 
Gnrr.  M*a.  Vol.  CCX. 


and  was  crowned  Queen  of  Great  Britain 
on  the  28th  of  June  in  the  succeeding  year. 
Upon  Her  Majesty's  removal  to  Bucking- 
ham Palace,  her  august  mother  dwelt  there 
with  her  for  some  time. 

On  Feb.  10,  1840,  Her  Majesty  mar- 
ried her  cousin,  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe- 
Coburg  and  Gotha,  since  which  time  her 
Boyal  Highness  has  generally  resided  either 
at  Kensington  Palace  or  at  Frogmore.  Her 
latter  yearshave  been  unfortunately  a  period 
of  much  suffering  from  cancer,  and  at  the 
marriage  of  the  Princess  Royal,  her  grand- 
mother was  observed  to  be  much  altered, 
and  to  be  in  very  delicate  health.  She 
had  suffered  much  from  her  son's  death  a 
year  or  two  before;  and  her  life  had  been 
on  the  whole  one  of  great  anxiety,  so  as  to 
render  it  rather  a  matter  of  wonder  that 
she  should  attain  her  advanced  age.  She 
accomplished,  with  little  flagging,  the  peri* 
odical  removals  to  Scotland,  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  Windsor,  and  London,  which  were 
as  regularly  established  for  her  as  for  the 
Court ;  and,  bodily  affliction  apart,  her  old 
age  was  a  happy  one,  many  of  its  hours 
being  passed  in  her  royal  daughter's  pre- 
sence, and  many  more  cheered  by  the 
affectionate  attentions  of  her  graudchikU 
ren.  Wherever  she  appeared  she  was  in- 
variably received  with  the  respect  and 
affection  that  was  due  alike  to  the  virtues 
of  her  character,  and  the  success  of  her 
efforts  to  fit  her  daughter  for  her  high 
position. 

Of  the  children  of  her  Royal  Highness 
by  the  Prince  of  Leiningen  only  one 
survives.  Charles -Frederick  married,  in 
1829,  Maria,  daughter  of  the  late  Count 
Maximilian  of  Kleblesberg,  but  died  a  few 
years  ago;  his  son,  the  Prince  of  Leinin- 
gen, is  an  officer  in  the  Royal  Navy.  The 
Princess  Anne-Feodore  resided  with  her 
mother  in  England;  and  in  1822  was 
united  to  Ernest-Christian-Charles,  Prince 
of  Hohenlohe  Langenburg,  a  general  in 
the  Wurtemburg  service. 

The  remains  of  the  Duchess  were  de- 
posited in  the  royal  vault  at  Windsor,  on 
the  25th  of  March,  the  funeral  being  at- 
tended by  the  Prince  Consort,  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  and  other  members  of  the  royal 
family;  but  it  is  understood  to  be  the 

8k 


458 


Obituary. — Sir  John  Owen,  Bart. 


[April 


intention  to  remove  them  eventually  to 
a  cemetery  now  in  course  of  construction 
at  Frogmore. 

The  Duke  of  Suthebland,  K.O. 

Feb.  28.  At  Trentham,  aged  74,  George 
Granville  Sutherland- Leveson-Gower,  se- 
cond Duke  of  Sutherland,  Marquis  of 
Stafford,  Earl  Gower,  Viscount  Trentham, 
and  Baron  Gower;  also  Earl  of  Suther- 
land and  Baron  Strathnaver  in  the  peer* 
age  of  Scotland. 

The  deceased  peer  was  born  in  London, 
Aug.  8, 1786,  and  was  the  eldest  son  of 
George  Granville,  first  Duke  of  Suther- 
land, by  Elizabeth,  Countess  of  Sutherland, 
in  her  own  right.  He  was  educated  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated 
in  1806.  He  was  M.P.  for  Staffordshire 
from  1815  to  1820,  and  was  summoned  to 
the  House  of  Lords  in  his  lather's  life- 
time as  Baron  Gower.  In  1833  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  dukedom,  and  in  1839,  on 
the  death  of  his  mother,  to  the  Scottish 
honours.  In  1823  he  married  Lady  Har- 
riet Elizabeth  Georgian  a  Howard,  third 
daughter  of  the  sixth  Earl  of  Carlisle,  who 
for  a  length  of  time  has  occupied  the 
position  of  Mistress  of  the  Robes  to  her 
Majesty,  by  whom  he  had  issue  seven 
daughters  and  four  sons.  Three  sons  and 
four  daughters  survive  him.  The  ladies 
are  all  married,  and  are  the  Duchess  of 
Argyle,  the  Marchioness  of  Kildare,  Lady 
Blantyre,  and  Lady  Constance  Groeve- 
nor.  Lord  Frederick  George,  a  lieutenant 
in  the  Coldstream  Guards,  died  in  the 
Crimea,  October,  1854.  His  Grace's  eldest 
son,  George  Granville-Leveson-Gower,Mar- 
quis  of  Stafford,  now  Duke  of  Sutherland, 
was  born  on  the  19th  of  December,  1828, 
and  has  for  many  years  represented  the 
county  of  Sutherland.  He  married,  on 
the  20th  of  June,  1849,  Anne,  only  daugh- 
ter and  heir  of  the  late  John  Hay  Mac- 
kenzie, Esq.,  of  Newhall  and  Cromarty, 
by  whom  he  has  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 

The  deceased  peer  was  a  Knight  of  the 
Garter,  Lord- Lieutenant  of  Sutherland, 
and  High  Steward  of  Stafford;  he  had 
also  fifteen  livings  in  his  patronage.  He 
was  a  Liberal  in  politics,  took  great 
interest  in  scientific  pursuits,  and  was  a 


trustee  of  the  British  Museum  and  of 
the  National  Gallery. 


Sib  John  Owe*,  Babt. 

Feb.  6.  At  Taynton-house,  near  New- 
ent,  Gloucestershire,  aged  84,  Sir  John 
Owen,  Bart.,  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Pem- 
brokeshire, Governor  of  Milford  Haven* 
and  MP.  for  the  Pembroke  district  of 
boroughs. 

The  late  baronet,  who  was  the  eldest 
son  of  the  late  Joseph  Lord,  Esq.,  of  Pem- 
broke, by  Corbetta,  daughter  of  LieuL- 
Gen.  Owen,  and  granddaughter  of  Sir 
Arthur  Owen,  third  baronet  (of  the  line 
which  was  first  raised  to  the  title  in  1641, 
and  became  extinct  on  the  death  of  Sir 
William  Owen,  eighth  baronet,  without 
issue,  in  1851),  was  born  in  1777,  and  was 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  in  1804.  He  was  sub- 
sequently called  to  the  Bar,  and  entered 
Parliament  in  1806  as  Member  for  Pem- 
brokeshire, in  which  capacity  he  steadily 
supported  the  Administration  of  Lord 
Liverpool  He  continued  to  sit  for  that 
constituency  until  the  general  election  of 
1841,  when  he  retired  in  favour  of  Lord 
Einlyn,  now  Earl  of  Cawdor,  and  was 
elected  for  the  Pembroke  district  of 
boroughs,  which  he  represented  to  the 
day  of  his  death,  having  been  thus  an 
M.P.  for  nearly  fifty-Hve  years,  a  period 
unequalled  except  by  Sir  Chnrles  Burrell, 
M.P.  for  Shoreham,  who  entered  Parlia- 
ment at  the  same  time,  and  is  now  the 
"  Father  of  the  House."  He  assumed,  by 
royal  licence,  the  name  and  arms  of  Owen 
in  lieu  of  his  patronymic  of  Lord,  in  1809, 
on  succeeding  by  will  to  the  large  estates 
of  his  relative,  Sir  High  Owen,  sixth 
baronet,  and  was  created  a  baronet,  with 
a  fresh  patent,  Jan.  12, 1813.  Sir  John 
Owen  was  twice  married;  first,  in  1802, 
to  Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John 
L.  Phillips,  by  whom,  who  died  in  1829, 
he  had  issue  four  daughters  and  a  son, 
Colonel  Hugh  Owen,  of  Landshipping, 
Pembroke,  who  recently  contested  the 
county  against  Mr.  G.  L.  Phillips,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  vacancy  caused  by  Lord 
Emlyn's  succession  to  the  Peerage.  Sir 
John  married,  secondly,  in  1830,  Mary 


1861.] 


Obituaet. — F.  H.  Nor  then,  Esq.,  M.D. 


459 


Frances,  third  daughter  of  Edward  Ste- 
phenson, Esq.,  of  Farley  Hill,  Berks.,  by 
whom  also  he  has  a  family.  The  present 
baronet  was  born  in  1803,  and  sat  for  tke 
Pembroke  boroughs  from  1826  to  March 
1838,  when  he  accepted  the  Chiltern 
Hundreds,  in  order  to  supply  Sir  J.  R.  Q. 
Graham  with  a  seat  in  the  House  after  his 
defeat  in  Cumberland.  He  married,  in 
1825,  Angelina  Cordelia,  daughter  of  the 
late  Sir  Charles  Gould  Morgan,  Bart.,  of 
Tredegar,  and  sister  of  Lord  Tredegar, 
but  was  left  a  widower  in  1844,  with  four 
tons  and  two  daughters. 


Gbk.  Sib  Archibald  Maolaihb,  K.C.B. 

Mar.  9.  In  Cumberland-street,  London, 
aged  77,  General  Sir  Archibald  Maclaine, 
K.C.B.,  Colonel  of  the  52nd  Regiment. 

The  deceased  was  the  second  son  of 
Gillian  Maclaine,  esq.,  of  Scullasdale,  in 
the  Isle  of  Mull,  by  the  eldest  daughter 
of  M«Quarie  of  M'Quarie,  the  chief  of  Ulva, 
and  was  born  in  1783.  He  entered  the 
old  94th  Regiment  in  hit  13th  year,  and 
served  in  the  Mysore  campaign  of  1797 
against  Tippoo  Sultan,  including  the  bat- 
tle of  Malavelly,  and  in  the  siege  and 
storming  of  Seringapatam,  where  he  re- 
ceived three  wounds,  from  the  effects  of 
which  he  was  confined  in  hospital  for  up- 
wards of  a  year.  From  the  time  of  his 
recovery  he  was  actively  employed  until 
the  year  1804,  when  his  broken  health 
from  repeated  wounds  compelled  him  to 
return  to  Europe ;  he  had  been  engaged 
in  the  capture  of  the  Danish  settlement  of 
Tranquebar,  and  in  the  Polygar  war  in 
1801,  including  the  battle  of  Ardringry 
and  afikir  of  Serimgapore,  in  the  Mahratta 
war  of  1802, 3, 4  against  Scindia,  llolkar, 
and  the  Berar  Rajah,  including  the  storm 
of  Juluaghur,  siege  and  storming  of  Gawil- 
ghur,  the  siege  of  Asst'ghur,  and  the  bat- 
tle of  Argaum.  After  some  home  s  rvice 
he  was  sent  to  the  Peninsula,  where  he 
served  the  campaigns  of  1810,  11,  12, 
and  was  dangerously  wounded  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Barossa,  but  his  most  remarkable 
exploit  was  his  noble  defence  of  Matagorda. 
This  was  an  outwork  of  Cadiz,  and  was 
held  by  him  with  only  155  men,  from  the 
22nd  of  ^February  to  the  22nd  of  April, 


1810,  against  a  force  of  8,000  French 
under  the  personal  command  of  Marshal 
Soult.  The  redoubt  was  at  last  utterly 
ruined  by  the  enemy's  artillery,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  surrender,  but  so  highly 
was  his  stubborn  defence  esteemed,  that 
he  received  the  order  of  Charles  111.  of 
Spain,  and  many  years  after  he  was  ho- 
noured with  knighthood  by  William  IV. 
His  commissions  bore  date — Ensign,  April 
16,  1794;  Lieutenant,  April  29,  1795; 
Captain,  December  22,  1804;  Major,  Oc- 
tober 4,  1810;  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Jan. 
25, 1813;  Colonel,  July  22, 1830;  Major- 
General,  November  23, 1841 ;  Lieutenant- 
General,  November  11,  1851 ;  General, 
June  5, 1855.  He  was  appointed  Colonel 
of  the  52nd  Foot  in  February,  1847,  and  in 
1852  was  nominated  a  Knight  Commander 
of  the  Order  of  the  Bath.  He  married  in 
1823,  the  daughter  of  Capt.  Bridges  of 
the  4th  Light  Dragoons,  and  granddaugh- 
ter of  Gen.  Bridges,  a  distinguished  officer 
of  the  East  India  Company's  service. 


F.  H.  Nobtbsn,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Jan,  11.  At  Lea-house,  near  EccleshHll, 
Staffordshire,  aged  89,  Francis  Hickin 
Northen,  Esq.,  M.D. 

The  deceased,  born  Nov.  26, 1771,  was 
the  eldest  son  of  William  Northen,  Esq., 
of  Eccleshall,  by  his  wife  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  Francis  Hickin,  Esq.,  of  Stone, 
Staffordshire,  and  had  nearly  reached  the 
patriarchal  age  of  ninety  years,  retaining 
to  within  a  short  period  of  his  death  the 
full  possession  of  his  bodily  and  mental 
faculties,  and  enjoying  a  remarkable  ex- 
emption from  those  infirmities  which 
usually  attend  a  very  advanced  age.  He 
was  a  highly  respected  member  of  the 
medical  profession,  and  for  a  long  term 
of  years  had  enjoyed  a  well-earned  reputa- 
tion for  ability  and  skilL  In  early  life  he 
became  a  student  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  where  he  obtained  great  pro- 
ficiency in  all  the  branches  of  his  profes- 
sion, under  the  tuition  of  the  very  eminent 
men  who  at  that  time  filled  the  professorial 
chairs  of  medicine  in  that  distinguished 
seat  of  learning  and  science.  Having  con- 
cluded a  honourable  career  as  a  student, 
he  became  connected   in  the  course  of 


460 


Obituary. — Ranttte  Wilbraham,  Esq, 


[April, 


hi*  profession  with  the  Staffordshire 
Militia,  or  the  "King's  Own/'  forming 
one  of  the  medical  staff  of  that  regiment, 
and  was  constantly  about  the  person  of 
King  George  III.  at  Windsor  and  other 
places.  He  subsequently  settled  at  New- 
castle-under- Lyme,  where  he  practised  as 
a  physician  during  the  long  term  of  thirty- 
three  years.  Whilst  resident  in  that  place 
he  had  a  large  share  of  pnblic  confidence, 
liaving  been  successively  Physician  and 
Physician  -  Extraordinary  to  the  North 
Staffordshire  Infirmary.  During  the  time 
he  lived  at  Newcastle  he  became  Colonel- 
Commandant  of  the  two  corps  of  New- 
castle Infantry  Volunteers,  and  was  pre- 
sented by  the  officers  with  a  very  superb 
silver  cup  in  token  of  their  affection  and 
respect.  The  last  twenty-six  years  of  his 
life  he  lived  in  honourable  retirement  at 
the  Lea-house,  in  the  parish  of  Adbaston, 
Staffordshire,  loved  and  respected  by  all 
who  knew  him,  and  long  will  those  who 
shared  his  friendship  and  hospitality  re- 
member the  kindness  of  his  disposition, 
the  urbanity  of  his  manners,  and  the 
peculiar  zest  and  humour  with  which  he 
related  anecdotes  of  the  stirring  times 
through  which  he  had  passed,  when  the 
aggressive  policy  of  France  and  the  war 
consequent  upon  it  called  forth  the  enthu- 
siasm of  every  Briton  from  one  end  of  the 
country  to  the  other.  Dr.  Northen  was 
a  man  of  a  highly  cultivated  understand- 
ing, and  distinguished  as  he  was  by  great 
cheerfulness  and  amiability  of  temper,  he 
won  the  regard  and  esteem  of  all  He 
was  a  gentleman  of  that  good  old  school 
to  which  we  look  back  with  love  and 
respect  as  furnishing  specimen!  of  our 
nation  of  which  posterity  may  be  proud. 
His  memory  will  long  live  amongst  the 
admirers  of  real  worth,  and  he  has  gone 
to  the  grave  attended  by  the  sincere 
regrets  of  many,  as  one  of  the  best  mem- 
bers of  society  and  of  the  kindest  friends 
of  the  poor.  His  remains  were  interred 
in  Adbaston  churchyard  amidst  a  numer- 
ous concourse  of  spectators,  who  came  from 
all  parts  of  the  neighbourhood  to  testify 
their  sympathy  and  respect  for  his  memory. 
Dr.  Northen  married,  Aug.  25,  1803, 
Mary  Ann,  eldest  daughter  and  co-heiress 


of  Vernon  Cotton,  Esq.,  of  Lea-house,  and 
by  her,  who  died  March  81, 1841,  ha  had 
issue  four  daughters;  1.  Harriet  Elisabeth 
(deceased),  who  married,  Jan.  28,  1880, 
the  Rev.  Henry  Turton,  MJL,  Incumbent 
of  Betley,  Staffordshire,  youngest  son  of 
John  Turton,  Esq.,  of  Sugnall-hall,  in  the 
same  county,  and  by  whom  she  left  issue 
two  sons  and  two  daughters ;  2.  Frances 
Hickin  Northen,  died  unmarried  at  Lea- 
house,  Feb.  28, 1859 ;  3.  Mary  Ann,  (de- 
ceased), who  married,  March  23,  1836, 
Edward  Wilson,  Esq.,  M.D.,  of  Newcastle- 
nnder-Lyme  (also  deceased),  third  son  of 
John  Wilson,  Esq.,  of  the  Grove,  Shrop- 
shire, and  by  whom  she  left  issue  two  sons 
and  one  daughter ;  4.  Ellen  Cotton  (only 
surviving  daughter),  married,  March  6, 
1844,  the  Rev.  Sir  Edward  Harry  Vanghan 
Colt,  bart,  of  Hill,  Gloucestershire,  and 
has  issue  an  only  daughter. 

Dr.  Northen  is  succeeded  at  Lea-house 
by  his  grandson,  Francis  William  Turton, 
Esq.,  Lieut.  R.N.,  who  married,  Oct.  30, 
1856,  Sophy,  eldest  daughter  of  Curwen 
Smith,  Esq.,  of  Frognall-hall,  Hampstead. 


RaNDLB   WILBB4HAV,   ESQ. 

Jan.  12.  At  Rode-hall,  aged  88,  Handle 
Wilbraham,  Esq. 

The  deceased,  who  was  born  in  1773, 
was  the  younger  of  the  two  sons  of  Richard 
Wilbraham,  Esq.,  of  Rode-hall,  M.P.  for 
Chester  from  1760  to  1791,  who  married 
the  neice  and  heiress  of  Sir  Thomas  Bootle, 
of  Lathom-house,  Lancashire,  and  assumed 
her  name.  The  elder  son,  Edward,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  Lancashire  estates,  and  was 
afterwards  raised  to  the  peerage  by  the 
title  of  Lord  Skelmersdale.  Mr.  Wilbra- 
ham took  the  Rode  and  other  Cheshire 
estates,  as  the  younger  son's  portion,  (al- 
though the  principal  family  property,)  on 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1796.  Richard 
Wilbraham,  Esq.,  was  High  Steward  of 
Congleton,  and  on  his  death  Mr.  Salmon 
was  elected  to  succeed  him.  That  gen- 
tleman lived  only  two  yean  after  his 
appointment,  and  in  1798  Mr.  Handle 
Wilbraham  was  unanimously  elected  to 
the  office,  which  his  death  has  vacated 
after  a  tenure  of  62  years.  The  late  Lord 


1861.] 


Obituary. — Handle  Wilbraham,  Esq. 


461 


Skelmersdale  and  Mr.  Wilbraham  had 
several  sisters,  one  of  whom  married  the 
late  Lord  Alvanley ;  and  another,  by  mar- 
riage with  William  Egerton,  Esq.,  of 
Tattou-park,  became  the  mother  of  the 
late  Wilbraham  Egerton,  Esq.,  and  the 
grandmother  of  Lord  Egerton  of  Tatton. 
Mr.  Wilbraham  was  also  uncle  of  the 
Countess  of  Derby,  who  is  a  daughter  of 
Lord  Skelmersdale. 

The  late  Mr.  Wilbraham's  first  wife 
was  Letitia,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Rodd,  Rector  of  Haughton,  co.  Durham, 
by  whom  was  born  his  heir  and  successor, 
the  present  Randle  Wilbraham,  Esq.,  and 
two  daughter*,  one  of  whom  married  her 
cousin,  Sir  Archibald  Edmonstone,  Dart., 
of  Duntreath,  Scotland.  His  second  wife 
waa  Sibylla,  the  youngest  daughter  of  the 
late  Philip  Egerton,  Esq.,  of  Oulton-park, 
who  survives  him.  The  eldest  son  of  this 
marriage  is  the  Rev.  Charles  Philip  Wil- 
braham, formerly  a  Captain  in  the  Guards, 
now  Vicar  of  Audley.  Colonel  Wilbraham, 
the  Adjutant-General  of  the  northern  dis- 
trict, is  the  next  in  seniority;  and  the 
youngest  son  is  F.  H.  R.  Wilbraham,  Esq., 
the  Captain  of  the  Congleton  Rifle  corps ; 
and  there  are  four  daughters. 

Mr.  Wilbraham  was  the  representative 
of  a  younger  branch  of  one  of  the  ancient 
families  of  Cheshire,  "that  seed-plot  of 
gentry,"  being  the  fifteenth  in  direct  male 
descent  from  Sir  Richard  de  Wilburgham, 
High  Sheriff  for  Cheshire  in  the  43rd 
Henry  III.  (1259),  who,  by  his  two  mar- 
riages with  heiresses  of  the  Houses  of 
Vernon  of  Shipbrook  and  Venables  of 
Kinderton,  acquired  large  estates  in  the 
county,  a  portion  of  which  are  still  in 
the  possession  of  the  elder  branch  of  the 
family. 

During  his  long  life  Mr.  Wilbraham  waa 
widely  known  for  his  liberality  as  a  land- 
lord, for  his  unbounded  charity,  and  for  the 
stores  of  sound  learning  and  the  knowledge 
with  which  his  cultivated  mind  was  amply 
filled, — the  result  of  a  studious  youth,  and 
of  an  early  manhood  devoted  to  the  acqui- 
sition of  knowledge  of  every  useful  kind, 
by  ail  the  means  at  command  of  an  Eng- 
lish gentleman  of  wealth  and  high  connec- 
tion, and  especially  by  extensive  travel 


throughout  Europe  and  the  East,  in  days 
when  travelling  waa  not  a  matter  of  rail- 
ways, last-going  steam-boats,  and  luxu- 
rious hotels.  His  researches  in  Persia 
nearly  cost  him  his  life  by  almost  fatal 
fever. 

During  the  long  period  while  Mr.  Wil- 
braham "dwelt  among  his  own  people," 
the  respect  with  which  he  was  regarded 
increased  year  by  year;  and  when  at 
length  the  time  approached  which  would 
fulfil  half  a  century  of  his  having  held  the 
position  of  High  Steward  of  the  borough 
of  Congleton,  effect  was  given  to  a  very 
general  desire  to  commemorate  the  event 
by  a  suitable  memorial.  In  the  autumn  of 
1848  the  sum  of  £681  6a.  6d.  waa  raised 
by  subscription,  from  the  whole  country 
round,  for  the  purpose.  It  was  resolved 
that  a  sum  should  be  invested  in  the  funds 
(£460)  sufficient  for  the  free  education  for 
ever  of  three  boys  at  the  Grammar-school 
of  the  borough,  and  that  the  residue 
should  be  expended  in  medals,  to  be  exe- 
cuted by  Mr.  Wyon,  medallist  to  the 
Queen,  of  which  a  copy  in  gold  should  be 
presented  to  Mr.  Wilbraham.  A  silver 
box  waa  also  obtained  to  contain  the  deed 
of  endowment;  and  tablets  were  to  be 
affixed  in  the  Town -hall  and  Grammar- 
school,  in  perpetual  record  of  the  founda- 
tion. The  cost  of  these  additional  matters, 
and  the  expenses  of  the  day  of  celebration 
over,  the  sums  received  left  a  balauce  of 
£15  2s.  3d.,  which,  by  Mr.  Wilbraham's 
desire,  was  appropriated  to  the  fund  fur 
the  repair  and  restoration  of  the  school 
premises.  The  day  of  the  celebration  was 
a  public  holiday  in  Congleton,  and  when- 
ever Mr.  Wilbraham  appeared  in  public 
afterwards,  he  invariably  wore  the  medal 
that  he  had  then  received. 

His  last  public  appearance  was  for  a  few 
minutes  at  the  "  BuU's-head  Inn,"  in  Oc- 
tober, 1868,  when  he  celebrated  the  sir- 
tietk  anniversary  of  his  High  Stewardship 
by  ordering  a  dinner  for  the  jury,  who  he 
desired  should  consist  of  twelve  of  the 
oldest  freemen  of  the  borough,  his  "  old 
friend,"  the  late  Mr.  Edward  Drakeford, 
being  the  foreman.  On  that  occasion 
some  curious  reckoner  made  out  the  united 
ages  of  the  Deputy-Steward  and  twelve 


462      Obituary.— Rev.  J.  B.  P.  Dennis,  B.A.,  F.G.8.      [April, 


jurymen  to  be  exactly  a  thousand  yean. 
Mr.  Wilbraham  came  into  the  room  bat 
just  to  greet  his  aged  guests,  and  in  a  few 
touching  words  bade  them  farewell. 

Since  that  period,  owing  to  a  failure  of 
sight  and  hearing,  Mr.  Wilbraham  had 
scarcely  quitted  the  house,  but  he  did  not 
take  to  his  bed  until  a  few  days  before  his 
death,  and  his  departure  was  as  calm  and 
peaceful  as  might  be  expected  from  his 
well-spent  life. 


The  Rev.  J.  B.  P.  Dennis,  B.A.,  P.G.S. 

[We  comply  with  the  wish  of  a  friend 
of  the  deceased  in  giving  insertion  to  a 
more  detailed  notice  than  that  which  has 
already  appeared  in  our  pages '.] 

Ja*.  12.  At  his  residence  in  Garland- 
street,  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  aged  45,  the 
Rev.  James  Blatch  Piggot  Dennis,  B.A., 
F.G.S. 

This  gentleman  was  the  son  of  Philip 
Piggot  Deunis,  Esq.,  an  officer  in  the 
army,  and  having  taken  his  degree  as  a 
member  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  he  was 
ordained  in  the  summer  of  1839,  by  Dr. 
Maltby,  Bishop  of  Durham,  to  the  curacy 
of  Heworth,  near  Gateshead,  being  the 
first  assistant  whose  services  the  over- 
worked incumbent  was  enabled  to  engage 
by  the  aid  of  a  grant  from  the  Society  for 
the  Employment  of  Additional  Curates. 
Here,  by  the  kindness  of  his  disposition, 
and  the  exercise  of  abundant  charity,  he 
won  the  esteem  and  affection  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  by  his  useful  and  unpretending 
labours  paved  the  way  and  mainly  con- 
tributed to  the  erection  of  a  new  church 
and  new  schools  in  a  populous  district 
which  has  since  become  a  distinct  and 
separate    parish.      In  1840    Mr.  Dennis 
officiated  as  chaplain  to  his  stepfather,  T. 
A.  Cooke,  Esq.,  of  Peterborough,  who  was 
that  year  High  Sheriff  for  Northampton- 
shire.    In  1842  he  went  to  reside  at  the 
Vicarage  of  Maxey,  a  village  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Peterborough,  where  for  seven 
years  and  upwards  he  undertook  the  sole 
charge  of  the  parish,  and  performed  all  the 
duties  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  esti- 


•  Gsxt.  Mao.,  Feb.  1861,  p.  125. 


mable  vicar,  Dr.  James,  one  of  the  canons 
of  the  cathedral,  who  has  deserved  so  well 
of  the  Church  at  large  by  his  many  admi- 
rable contributions  to  our  devotional  lite- 
rature. Being  obliged  to  quit  Maxey  on 
Dr.  James's  resignation  of  the  living,  and 
having  a  large  family,  Mr.  Dennis  was  in- 
duced to  select  Bury  St.  Edmund's  as  the 
place  of  his  future  abode,  from  the  advan- 
tages in  an  educational  point  of  view 
which  that  town  afforded.  For  some  time 
after  his  settlement  there  he  held  the 
curacy  of  St.  James's,  and  afterwards  be- 
came one  of  the  masters  of  the  grammar- 
school.  Latterly,  however,  he  had  only 
occasional  duty,  and  devoted  much  of  his 
leisure  to  scientific  pursuits,  though  he 
still  continued  to  take  the  most  lively 
interest  in  all  matters  affecting  the  wel- 
fare of  the  Church.  His  microscopical 
researches  into  the  internal  structure  of 
bone  were  briefly  alluded  to  in  our  former 
notice,  and  the  value  of  his  discoveries 
was  stated  to  have  been  recognised  by 
tavans  of  the  greatest  eminence.  It  is 
well  known  that  great  anatomists  like 
Professor  Owen  have  been  able,  from  the 
outward  form  of  a  few  bones  and  teeth,  to 
reproduce  and  build  up  the  lost  animal  to 
which  they  have  belonged;  but  Mr.  Den- 
nis's theory  goes  further,  and  will,  we  un- 
derstand, when  developed  more  fully,  ena- 
ble the  anatomist  even  from  the  smallest 
fragment  of  bone  to  determine  not  merely 
the  class,  but  also  the  habits  of  the  animal 
to  which  it  has  belonged. 

Mr.  Dennis  was  also  an  ornithologist, 
and  formed  a  collection  of  birds,  in  the 
stuffing  of  which  he  exhibited  great  skill, 
as  well  as  close  observation  of  the  habits 
and  attitudes  of  each  specimen  in  its  na- 
tural state.  The  collection,  which  by  the 
kindness  of  its  owner  was  deposited  in 
the  Bury  Museum,  it  is  now  proposed  to 
purchase  by  subscription,  in  order  that  it 
may  remain  where  it  is,  and  serve  as  a 
memorial  of  the  interest  taken  by  Mr. 
Dennis  in  the  scientific  institutions  of  the 
town.  Besides  papers  communicated  to 
the  Geological  Society  and  to  the  "  Journal 
of  Microscopical  Science,"  Mr.  Dennis  was 
the  author  of  the  following  pamphlets : — 
"Some   Thoughts  on  the  Necessity  of 


1861.] 


Obituary. — Profettor  Stephen  Eeay. 


463 


Rites  and  Ceremonies  in  the  Church,  and 
of  the  Apostolical  Succession ;  occasioned 
by  a  Sermon  preached  at  the  Visitation 
of  the  Archdeacon  of  Northampton,  on 
the  22nd  of  May,  1848,  at  St  John  Bap- 
tisf  s  Church,  Peterborough."  (London, 
1848.  59  pp.)  "  A  Letter  to  Lord  John 
Russell  relative  to  some  Allusions  in  his 
Lordship's  Speech  concerning  the  Appro- 
priation of  the  Revenues  of  the  Irish 
Church.  By  Lucius."  (London,  1848.  15 
pp.)  "  A  Letter  to  Lord  John  Russell  in 
Favour  of  Urging  the  Revival  of  Convo- 
cation at  the  Present  Crisis  in  the  Church 
of  England.  By  Lucius."  (London,  1850.) 
*'  An  Answer  to  Mr.  Baillie's  Letter  to  the 
Parishioners  of  Lawshall,  telling  them 
why  he  left  them  and  became  a  Catholic." 
(Bury  St.  Edmund's,  1858.) 

Mr.  Dennis  was  married  at  Heworth, 
Nov.  30,  1841,  to  Eliza,  third  daughter 
of  the  late  Matthew  Potts,  Esq.,  of  Caw- 
hill,  near  Gateshead,  by  whom  he  had  a 
family  of  eleven  children,  of  whom  ten 
with  their  mother  survive  to  deplore  the 
loss  of  him  in  the  prime  of  life. 


Pbofessob  Stephen  Reay. 

Jan.  20.  At  his  residence,  46,  St  Giles', 
Oxford,  aged  78  years,  the  Rev.  Stephen 
Resy,  B.D.,  Laudian  Professor  of  Arabic. 

So  very  excellent  a  person  would  amply 
deserve  a  notice  in  these  pages,  even  if 
his  Academical  position  did  not  point  him 
out  as  one  who  ought  not  to  be  allowed 
to  depart  without  such  commemoration. 

He  was  the  only  child  of  the  Rev.  John 
Reay  and  Isabella  More  his  wife,  and  was 
born  at  Montrose,  N.B.,  on  Good  Friday, 
March  29,  1782 :  his  father,  John  Reay, 
(descended  from  an  old  and  respectable 
Scottish  family,)  having  been  ordained 
(Dec.  21,  1779)  by  Dr.  Robert  Lowth, 
Bishop  of  London,  to  the  English  Chapel 
at  Montrose.  John  was  a  man  of  learn- 
ing and  sterling  sense,  as  a  few  of  bis 
letters  which  have  been  preserved  shew. 
But  his  healthy  piety  and  excellent  feel- 
ing are  even  more  conspicuous.  The  let- 
ters alluded  to  were  addressed  by  the 
father  (from  his  cure)  to  the  son  while 
pursuing  his  studies  at  the  University  of 


Edinburgh,  where  he  was  the  pupil  of 
Dalziel  and  of  Dugald  Stewart.  Having 
graduated  at  Edinburgh  in  March  1802, 
Mr.  Reay  was  ordained  in  Chester  Cathe- 
dral, (Sept.  21,  1806,)  and  on  the  same 
day  was  licensed  to  the  curacy  of  Shot- 
wick,  in  Cheshire,  where  his  paternal  uncle 
and  namesake  had  a  cure.  Thence,  he  mi- 
grated into  Lancashire,  and  became  curate 
of  Haslingden;  at  which  place  he  exer- 
cised his  ministry  for  several  years.  From 
thence  he  returned  to  Scotland. 

Some  notion  of  the  singularly  desolate 
character  of  this  locality  may  be  obtained 
from  the  description  of  it  which  a  former 
incumbent  (the  Rev.  Mr.  Thelwall)  sent 
to  his  friends,  who  had  requested  him  to 
tell  them  something  about  Haslingden, 
and  the  people  among  whom  he  had  gone 
to  dwell.  "  I  have  gotten  the  heathen," 
he  said,  "for  mine  inheritance,  and  the 
uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  for  my  pos- 
session." 

Among  the  heathen  of  Haslingden,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Reay  found  a  lady  who  was  in 
the  best  and  truest  sense  of  the  word  a 
Christian.  Eleonora,  daughter  of  George 
Hargreave,  Esq.,  of  Hoddlesdon  Hall,  (and 
afterwards  of  Haslingden)  became  bis  wife, 
in  1832.  It  would  be  a  wrong  to  the  me- 
mory of  so  excellent  a  person  to  withhold 
the  praise  which  was  so  justly  her  due. 
She  was  of  a  truly  munificent  spirit,  and 
excelled  in  the  art  of  doing  good  in 
secret.  The  whole  business  of  her  life 
seemed  to  be  to  care  for  the  friendless, 
and  to  provide  for  those  who  had  need; 
practising  denial  towards  herself  alone. 
The  extent  of  her  charities  was  even  sur- 
prising ;  but  it  was  rarely  that  she  con- 
fessed them  even  to  those  who  knew  her 
best.  With  this  lady  Mr.  Reay  lived  in 
great  happiness  for  twenty -nine  years, 
surviving  her  only  nineteen  days.  One 
of  his  latest  acts  was  singularly  charac- 
teristic of  the  spirit  which  equally  influ- 
enced them  both.  Immediately  after  his 
wife's  death,  he  directed  that  all  her  cha- 
ritable subscriptions  for  the  ensuing  year 
might  be  paid,  as  if  she  were  yet  living. 

Mr.  Reay  is  found  to  have  graduated 
at  Oxford,  from  StAlban  Hall,  — B. A. 
Oct.  22, 1817;  M. A.  March  4, 1823 ;  B.D. 


464 


Obituary. — Professor  Stephen  Reay* 


[April, 


Not.  18, 1841.  He  was  for  several  yean 
Vice-Principal  to  Dr.Winstanly,  who  pre- 
sided over  the  Hall  from  1796  to  1828; 
and  often  spoke  in  later  years  of  the  learn- 
ing of  his  Principal,  and  of  the  encourage- 
ment he  had  received  from  him  in  the 
study  of  Hebrew.  Mr.  Reay  was  appointed 
Laudian  Professor  of  Arabic  in  1840,  an 
office  which  he  held  until  the  time  of  his 
death. 

The  only  occasion  on  which  Mr.  Reay 
is  ever  known  to  have  been  an  author, 
was  when  in  1818  he  published  a  pamphlet, 
entitled,  "  Observations  on  the*defence  of 
the  Church  Missionary  Society  against  the 
objections  of  the  Archdeacon  of  Bath,  [the 
Rev.  Josiah  Thomas,]— By  Pileus  Quad- 
ratus," — an  ezcelleut  production.  He  also 
edited  the  Hebrew  text  of  the  history  of 
Joseph,  for  the  use  of  students  of  Hebrew. 

By  residents  in  Oxford  during  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century,  Professor  Reay  will 
chiefly  be  remembered  in  connexion  with 
the  Bodleian  Library,  where  he  held  the 
office  of  Under-Librarian  ever  since  the 
year  1828,  under  Dr.Bandinel,  who  was  his 
coetanean,  and  who  outlived  him  by  only 
a  few  weeks.  For  a  short  period  he  was 
also  curate  of  St.  Peter-le-Bailey  in  Oxford; 
and  is  remembered  there  not  more  for  his 
piety  and  learning,  than  for  his  kindness 
of  heart  and  courtesy  of  manner.  No  one 
in  truth  who  knew  Mr.  Reay  intimately, 
could  fail  to  be  struck  by  the  exceeding 
Christian  courtesy  which  never  forsook 
him.  But  those  who  knew  him  best, 
knew  also  how  many  of  the  yet  brighter 
Christian  graces  were  his, — profound  hu- 
mility, and  habitual  acquiescence  in  the 
Divine  will,  and  a  most  unfeigned  love  of 
goodness,  in  whatever  shape. 

If  a  character  could  be  drawn  by  a 
single  word,  guHelesmesa  would  express 
that  of  Mr.  Reay;  and  when  a  short  in- 
scription had  to  be  written  for  his  coffin- 
plate,  the  loftiest  of  the  Gospel  beatitudes, 
— "  Blessed  are  the  pure  in  heart," — sug- 
gested itself  irresistibly .  He  was,  in  truth, 
a  most  genuine  Christian  character.  He 
was  never  heard  to  utter  an  unkind  word 
of  anybody.  He  never  could  be  got  to 
assent  to  an  ill-natured  observation.  The 
present  writer  would  often  playfully  offer 
13 


satirical  comments  on  their  mutual 
quaintance ;  and  give  his  aged  friend  the 
opportunity,  if  he  pleased,  of  expressing 
dislike.  But  he  can  never  remember  an 
instance  where  Mr.  Reay  assented.  His 
common  resource  was  to  feign  himself 
"rather  deafer  to-day  than  usual/9  and, 
(on  whichever  side  one  might  happen  to 
be,)  one  received  a  hint  that  he  never  was 
"  able  to  hear  with  that  ear." 

He  was  very  firm  in  his  opinions ;  and 
those  whom  he  honoured  with  his  friend- 
ship knew  well  with  how  firm  and  faith- 
ful a  person  they  had  to  do.  Not  that  he 
was  a  party  man.  Strife  and  division  were 
an  atmosphere  specially  hateful  to  him: 
but  his  old  fashioned  Churchmanship, 
while  it  detested  Popery,  abhorred  In- 
fidelity, and  even  Indifferentism,  yet  more. 
His  was  the  Churchmanship  which  loves 
with  fewest  professions  of  loving;  and 
which  proves  its  attachment  by  its  obedi- 
ence, and  its  habitual  use  of  every  Chris- 
tian privilege.  Mr.  Reay  was  one  of  the 
little  band  of  ancient  friends  whom  the 
late  venerable  President  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege used  to  assemble  round  his  dinner 
table  on  Sunday;  and  very  sincere  was 
the  regard  which  subsisted  on  either  side. 
In  the  2nd  volume  of  his  Op**c*la,  at 
p.  95,  Dr.  Routh  commemorates  a  literary 
obligation,  which,  (he  says,)  "humanitati 
debeo  viri  reverend!  Stephani  Reay,  e 
bibliothecA  Bodloiana;  enjus  facilitatem, 
verecundiam,  eruditionemque  omnes  ag- 
noscunt." 

For  several  years  past,  Mr.  Reay  had 
shewn  signs  of  failing  health;  and  his 
visits  to  his  delightful  little  study  in  the 
Bodleian  (overlooking  Exeter  garden)  be- 
came less  and  less  frequent.  The  present 
writer  will  ever  especially  picture  him  as 
he  appeared  since  his  wife's  death,  sitting 
in  his  chimney  corner;  silent,  but  very 
sorrowful;  and  calmly  anticipating  the 
summons  which  he  felt  must  soon  come  to 
himself,  and  for  which  he  humbly  longed. 
His  tall  thin  figure  seemed  more  than 
ever  bowed  beneath  the  burthen  of  his 
years ;  and  his  venerable  features  wore  an 
expression  of  resigned  grief  which  it  was 
affecting  to  witness.  The  excessive  cold- 
ness of  the  season  conspired  to  accelerate 


1861.] 


Obituary. — The  Rev.  Dr.  Bandinel. 


465 


his  death.  Truly  was  it  said  by  a  Greek 
poet  two  thousand  years  ago, — 

0)M«pA  mktuA  miftar*  fw^iit  po*>). 

He  took  to  his  bed  on  Saturday,  Feb.  19, 
and  had  a  slight  apoplectic  seizure  on  the 
same  evening  from  which  he  never  at  all 
recovered.  He  died  the  day  following,  at 
about  noon,  like  one  taking  his  rest  in 
sleep ;  drawing  each  breath  at  longer  in- 
tervals, as  the  wave  of  life  ebbed  away : 
so  that  it  was  impossible  to  note  the  oxact 
instant  at  which  he  entered  into  rest. 

His  remains  were  interred  in  the  Ceme- 
tery called  that  of  St.  Sepulchre,  Oxford ; 
in  a  vault  where  less  than  three  weeks  be- 
fore had  been  deposited  the  remains  of 
his  wife.  That  resting-place  they  had 
prepared  for  themselves  in  their  lifetime, 
—close  to  the  door  of  the  Cemetery  chapel, 
and  on  the  east  side  of  the  gravel  path. 


The  Rkt.  Dr.  Bandinel. 

Feb.  6.  At  Oxford,  aged  79,  the  Rev. 
Balkeley  Bandinel,  D.D. 

The  deceased,  who  for  so  many  years 
filled,  with  such  great  advantage  to  the 
public  at  large  and  the  world  of  letters  in 
particular,  the  post  of  Librarian  to  the 
Bodleian,  or,  to  speak  with  academic  pre- 
cision, "  Keeper  of  Bodley*s  Library,"  was 
descended  from  one  of  the  oldest  and 
noblest  families  of  Italy,  the  representative 
of  which  in  the  early  part  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  settled  in  Jersey,  and  was 
appointed  the  first  Protestant  Dean  of 
that  island  by  James  the  First. 

Dr.  James  Bandinel,  father  of  the  late 
librarian,  was  the  first  of  the  family  who 
settled  in  England.  He  became  successively 
Fellow  of  Jesus  College  and  Public  Orator 
at  Oxford,  and  was  appointed  first  Bampton 
Lecturer,  and  subsequently  Vicar  of  Ne- 
therbury  in  Dorsetshire. 

His  eldest  son,  the  subject  of  this  notice, 
was  born  in  the  parish  of  St.  Peter  -  in- 
the- East,  Oxford,  Feb.  21, 1781.  From 
Dr.  Valpy's  well-known  school  at  Reading 
he  proceeded  to  the  foundation  at  Winches- 
ter, and  thence,  in  1800,  as  a  scholar  to  New 
College.  In  1805  he  graduated  as  B.A., 
and  in  1807  as  M.A.  In  1808  he  went 
with  Admiral  Sir  James  (afterwards  Lord) 
De  Saumarez,  as  Chaplain  in  the  "Vic- 
Obvt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


tory,"  to  the  Baltic.  In  1310  he  was  ap- 
pointed Under-Librarian  by  his  godfather, 
the  Rev.  John  Price,  who  had  married  his 
parents  just  thirty-five  years  before,  and 
in  1813  he  succeeded  to  the  Librarianship 
vacated  by  Mr.  Price's  death.  In  1814, 
the  year  when  the  allied  sovereigns  visited 
Oxford,  he  filled  the  office  of  Proctor  for 
the  University,  and  discharged  its  arduous 
duties  with  great  success  and  popularity. 
In  1815  he  married  Mary,  eldest  daughter 
of  John  Phillips,  Esq.,  of  Culham,  Berks. 
In  1823  he  was  appointed  by  Dr.  Barring- 
ton,  then  Bishop  of  Durham,  to  the  Rec- 
tory of  Haughton-le-Skerne,  in  that  county, 
and  proceeded  to  the  degrees  of  B.D.  and 
D.D.  In  the  spring  of  1860,  feeling  the 
pressure  of  his  advanced  age,  he  tendered 
his  resignation,  and  in  Michaelmas  of  the 
same  year  retired  upon  a  pension  consider- 
ably exceeding  that  fixed  by  statute,  which 
was  voluntarily  accorded  to  him  by  the 
University  in  consideration  of  his  dis- 
tinguished services.  He  died  Feb.  6, 1861, 
of  angina  pectoris,  after  his  strength  had 
been  exhausted  by  a  severe  attack  of 
bronchitis. 

Dr.  Bandinel's  administration  of  the 
Bodleian  was  characterized  from  first  to 
last  by  zeal,  energy,  courtesy,  and  dis- 
cretion. As  a  librarian  he  was  indefatig- 
able, as  a  connoisseur  in  books  he  had  few 
equals.  In  fact,  his  knowledge  of  all  that 
wot  and  of  almost  all  that  was  not  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  would  seem  something 
quite  fabulous,  had  it  not  been  tested  and 
proved  on  countless  occasions.  To  the 
very  last  he  knew  the  size,  appearance, 
and  position  of  every  volume  belonging  to 
that  vast  establishment  As  a  chief  he 
was  just,  courteous,  and  discerning,  and 
more  than  one  who  has  since  risen  to 
affluence  and  distinction  has  owed  his  first 
start  in  life  to  Dr.  Bandinel's  disinterested 
and  discriminating  kindness.  As  a  host 
to  strangers  of  distinction  and  students 
of  all  classes,  he  combined  the  graceful 
courtesy  of  the  gentleman  of  the  old 
school  with  the  genuine  kindness  that 
sprang  from  his  own  heart.  There  was 
no  trouble  that  he  would  not  take  for  the 
most  obscure  scholar,  if  he  was  persuaded 
of  his  integrity  and  good  faith.    He  had, 

8l# 


466       Obituary.— Rev.  Dr.  William  Collier  Smithers.       [April, 


however,  a  quick  eye  far  a  charlatan, 
whether  of  the  manuscriptive  or  any  other 
genus,  and  an  extreme  distaste  for  false 
pretensions  of  all  kinds. 

Dr.  Bandinel  was  for  many  years  one  of 
the  Delegates  of  the  University  Press,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  editing  Dugdale's 
Monasticon  and  Clarendon's  "  History  of 
the  Rebellion,"  as  well  as  other  works 
of  mark.  The  latter  subject  took  such 
a  hold  upon  his  mind  that  for  many  years 
of  his  life  he  neglected  no  occasion  of  pur- 
chasing books  or  tracts,  some  of  them  of 
great  value,  bearing  upon  the  life  and 
times  of  the  unfortunate  Charles.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  University  will  not 
lose  the  opportunity  now  offered  of  secur- 
ing "Bandiners  Caroline  Collection.' 


»» 


Rev.  Db.  Donaldson. 

Feb.  10.  At  the  house  of  his  mother,  in 
London,  aged  48,  John  William  Donald- 
son, D.D. 

The  deceased  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  London  University,  and  after- 
wards proceeded  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  in  1834  he  obtained  the 
highest  place  but  one  in  the  list  of  classi- 
cal honours,  and  displayed  incidentally 
such  evidence  of  his  powers  as  attracted 
the  special  notice  of  one  of  the  examiners 
— the  present  Bishop  of  St.  David's.  The 
promise  of  excellence  thus  given  was 
speedily  fulfilled,  for  within  five  years  of 
his  bachelor's  degree  he  produced  his  "New 
Cratylus,"  a  work  of  extraordinary  cha- 
racter from  so  young  a  writer.  This,  his 
first  contribution  to  philological  science, 
was  followed  by  a  long  and  successful 
series  of  publications  elucidating  the  genius 
and  structure  of  the  two  classical  lan- 
guages, and  illustrating  Greek  and  Latin 
by  ingenious  comparisons  with  parent  or 
kindred  tongues.  A  scholar  of  such  eminent 
proficiency  had,  of  course,  no  difficulty  in 
securing  his  share  of  academical  endow- 
ments, and  the  prize  of  a  Trinity  Fellow- 
ship fell  to  his  lot  in  the  year  after  his 
degree.  This  preferment,  however,  he  did 
not  long  retain.  In  a  short  time  he  mar- 
ried, and  succeeded  to  the  Mastership  of 
King  Edward's  School,  in  the  town  of 
Bury  St  Edmund's,  where  his  abilities 


were  mainly  devoted  for  some  yean  to  the 
work  of  direct  education,  bat  unhappily 
he  also  indulged  in  vague  speculations  on 
Biblical  subjects,  which  rendered  him  a 
very  unsafe  guide  for  youth,  as  evidenced 
in  his  publication  called  "  Jashar,"  one  of 
the  earliest  instances  of  "  free  handling" 
of  sacred  subjects  by  men  in  holy  orders. 
Beside  this,  he  was  deficient  in  the  tact 
and  discrimination  of  character  which  are 
essential  to  the  successful  conduct  of  a 
public  school,  and,  after  a  lengthened 
trial,  he  discovered  it  himself;  when  he 
resigned  his  post,  and  devoted  his  talents 
exclusively  to  literary  and  academical  pur- 
suits. In  these  matters  his  industry  was 
wonderful,  but  he  overtasked  himself,  and 
for  months  before  his  decease  it  was  but 
too  evident  to  his  friends  that  both  mind 
and  body  were  giving  way ;  yet  in  spite 
of  their  remonstrances  he  pursued  his 
course,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  actively  engaged  in  preparing  a  new 
edition  of  his  classical  works,  and  in  com- 
piling a  Greek  Lexicon,  which  should  be 
adequate  to  his  renown  as  a  scholar.  His 
attainments  in  languages  were  really 
very  great,  in  which  he  was  much  aided 
by  extraordinary  powers  of  memory.  A 
writer  in  the  ••  Bury  Post/'  speaking  from 
personal  knowledge,  says — "  The  dates, 
names,  and  minutest  details  of  history 
were  ever  present  to  his  mind,  and  he 
could  illustrate  a  philological  argument 
by  instant  quotations  from  the  most  re- 
condite Greek  plays  and  treatises  with  as 
much  facility  as  if  they  were  the  popular 
ballads  of  his  country."  He  was  much 
esteemed  in  private  life  for  amiability  of 
disposition,  and  his  death  is  regretted  by 
many  who  have  no  sympathy  for  his  theo- 
logical opinions. 


Rev.  Db.  William  Collie*  Smithers. 
Feb.  19.     At  Maize-bill,  Greenwich, 
aged  65,  the  Rev.  Dr.  W.  C  Smithers, 
the  principal  of  a  school  of  high  repute. 

The  deceased  was  the  son  of  a  gentle- 
man of  Scottish  extraction  and  connec- 
tions, and  was  born  in  1796.  He  received 
his  education  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  cotemporary  with  Arch- 
deacon Barney,  the  late  eminent  preacher, 


1861.]  Edward  renrhyn,  Esq. — Clergy  Deceased. 


46* 


Mr.  Matthew,  afterwards  Vicar  of  St. 
Alphage,  Greenwich,  (which  cure  Dr. 
Smithers  served  for  a  period  of  eighteen 
ye«rs,  as  well  as  that  of  Charlton  for 
five,)  the  Rev.  John  Rogers  Pitman,  and 
others  who  have  attained  to  eminence. 

Dr.  Smith  era  was  an  admirable  practical 
teacher,  as  well  as  an  excellent  general 
scholar,  and  he  acquired  a  high  reputation 
in  the  classical  world  by  the  publication  of 
the  "  Classical  Student's  Manual,"  a  work 
which  presents  in  a  tabular  form  all  the 
illustrations  that  Matthise,  Hermann,  Bos, 
Hoogeveen,  Kuster,  and  Bude  have  furnish- 
ed for  the  full  and  critical  appreciation  of 
the  Greek  poets  and  historians.  The  work 
attained  a  third  edition,  and  had  high  en- 
comiums bestowed  upon  it  by  the  late  Dr. 
Arnold  of  Rugby,  as  well  as  by  scholars  of 
great  continental  celebrity.  The  deceased 
was  a  man  of  exemplary  character,  and  his 
loss  is  deeply  regretted  not  only  by  his  per* 
sonal  friends,  but  by  his  numerous  pupils, 
whose  regard  he  justly  acquired  by  his  in- 
tegrity, truthfulness,  and  zeal  for  their 
best  interests. 

His  remains  were  interred  in  the  ceme- 
tery at  Nonhead,  on  the  25th  of  February. 


Edward  Penbhtk,  Esq. 

March  6.    At  his  house  at  East  Sheen, 
aged  65,  Edward  Penrhyn,  Esq. 

An  active  and  intelligent  magistrate, 
a  consistent  and  honourable  politician,  and 
a. gentleman  in  every  sense  of  the  word, 
by  birth,  station,  and  means,  he  was  of 
accepted  and  recognised  value  in  all  the 
relations  of  life ;  and  it  is  not  too  much  to 
affirm  that  there  is  no  one  perhaps  of  the 
public  men  of  the  county  of  Surrey  de- 
ceased within  the  memory  of  the  present 
generation  whose  loss  will  be  so  severely 
felt.  His  original  name,  some  of  our  rea- 
ders may  be  aware,  was  Leycester,  he 
being  a  younger  branch  of  the  Leycesters 
of  Toft-hall,  a  very  old  Cheshire  family ; 
and  the  assumption  by  him  of  the  name 
of  Penrhyn  was  in  accordance  with  the' 
will  of  his  cousin,  Lady  Penrhyn,  whose 
personal  property  he  inherited.  His  early 
life  was  passed  at  Eton  school,  and  subse- 
quently he  entered  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge. Mr.  Penrhyn  was  Chairman  of 
Gbht.  Mao.,  Vol.  CCX. 


the  Quarter  Sessions  at  Kingston  for  the 
last  sixteen  years,  and  had  sat  in  Parlia- 
ment for  Shaftesbury,  about  the  time  of 
the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill,  for  two  or 
three  short  sessions. 

He  married,  in  1823,  Lady  Charlotte 
Stanley,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Earl 
of  Derby,  and  leaves  behind  him  two  sons, 
Edward  Hugh  Leycester,  Major  in  the  1st 
Surrey  Militia,  Oswald,  in  Holy  Orders, 
incumbent  of  BickerstafTe,  Lancashire,  and 
two  daughters,  the  elder  of  whom  is  mar- 
ried to  Morgan  Teatman,  Esq.,  Command- 
ant of  the  9th  Surrey  Rifles.  A  correspon- 
dent thus  fitly  sums  up  the  feeling  amongst 
all  classes  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rich* 
mond  at  Mr.  Penrhyn's  decease : — 

"  His  active  life,  almost  wholly  devoted 
to  the  service  of  others  in  the  duties  of 
a  Magistrate  and  Chairman  of  the  Board 
of  Guardians,  at  the  Mendicity  and  other 
kindred  Societies,  was  really  so  even  and 
uneventful,  that  it  is  impossible  adequately 
to  describe  for  the  public  its  value.  To 
say  he  was  the  kindest  friend  to  whose 
mature  and  sound  judgment  all  were  only 
too  anxious  to  have  recourse,  not  only  in 
matters  of  doubt  and  difficulty,  but  also 
in  parish  and  personal  differences  where 
his  calm  and  conciliating  impartiality 
rarely  failed  to  pour  oil  on  the  troubled 
waters,  gives  but  a  faint  idea  of  the  Chris- 
tian character  and  sterling  worth  of  him 
whose  loss  very  many  far  beyond  the  circle 
of  his  acquaintance  will  long  deplore.'* 


« 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

Jan.  4.  At  Fallangia,  on  the  River  Pongas, 
the  Rev.  Joseph  Dean,  one  of  the  Missionaries 
of  the  West  Indian  Association  for  the  Further- 
ance of  the  Gospel  in  Western  Africa. 

Feb.  2.  At  Linrted,  Spanish-town,  Jamaica, 
the  Rev.  John  Morieon  Myers,  B.A.,  Head 
Master  of  the  Jamaica  Free -school,  Walton, 
St.  Anne's. 

Feb.  11.  Aged  58,  the  Rev.  William  Earthy, 
Vicar  of  Child's  Wickham,  Gloucestershire. 

Feb.  15.  After  a  short  illness,  aged  90,  the 
Rev.  William  Mar$dent  B.D.,  Vicar  of  Eeelea, 
Lancashire. 

At  Nice,  aged  25,  the  Rev.  Charles  Johnston 
Bourne,  second  son  of  the  Rev.  Rob.  B.  Bourne, 
of  Donhead  St.  Andrew,  Wilts. 

At  AKhorpe,  aged  65,  the  Rev.  James  Aspinall, 
M.A.,  Rector  of  that  pariah.  The  deceased  was 
chaplain  to  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Clonbrook,  and 
J.  P.  for  Linisey ;  he  was  formerly  Incumbent  of 
St.  Luke's,  Liverpool. 

Very  suddenly,  at  the  residence  of  Charles 
Schreiber,  esq.,  the  Round-wood,  Ipswich,  aged 

3L 


468 


Clergy  Deceased. 


[April, 


55,  the  Rev.  Spencer  Woodfield  Maul,  LL.B., 
Rector  of  Drinkstone,  8uffolk. 

Feb.  19.  At  Greenwich,  aged  65,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
W.  C.  Smithert.    See  Obituary. 

Feb.  21.  At  the  Rectory,  Bridge  Casterton, 
near  Stamford,  aged  75,  the  Rev.  Henry  Atlay, 
M.A.,  formerly  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  S3  yean  rector  of  the  pariah. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Bassingbourne,  Cambridge- 
shire, aged  53,  the  Rev.  Wm.  Herbert  Chapman, 
M.A.,  Vicar  of  the  pariah,  only  son  of  the  Rev. 
William  Herbert  Chapman,  Rector  of  Balaham, 
in  the  same  county. 

At  Parkatone,  near  Poole,  aged  94,  the  Rev. 
Peter  Wm.  Jolliffe,  M.A.,  Rector  of  St.  James, 
Poole,  to  which  living  he  waa  appointed  in  1791. 
He  waa  the  ton  of  William  Jolliffe,  merchant  and 
alderman  of  Poole,  where  the  family  have  been 
long  settled.  The  great  grandfather  of  the  de- 
ceased, Captain  Peter  Jolliffe,  had  a  gold  chain 
and  medal  presented  to  him  by  William  III.  for 
capturing  a  French  privateer  off  the  Isle  of  Pur- 
beck  in  1694.  Mr.  Jolliffe  was  educated  at  Eton 
(where  he  was  a  schoolfellow  of  the  late  Duke  of 
Wellington),  and  afterwards  went  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A .,  and  was  shortly 
afterwards  presented  to  the  Perpetual  Curacy  of 
St.  James,  Poole,  on  the  resignation  of  the  Rev. 
William  Davis.  Till  within  the  last  six  years  he 
laboured  diligently  and  unweariedly  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  duties,  which  in  the  period  of 
sixty-three  years,  from  May,  1791,  to  March, 
1854,  shewed  the  following  results : — Baptisms, 
5215 ;  marriages,  1748 ;  burials,  4468,  solemnized 
by  himself.  By  his  kind-hearted  and  liberal 
spirit,  and  his  sympathising  and  benevolent  dis- 
position towards  the  afflicted  and  distressed  of 
all  classes  or  denominations,  he  greatly  endeared 
himself  to  the  whole  of  his  parishioners,  and  his 
funeral  was  attended  by  the  great  majority  of 
them,  as  well  as  by  the  mayor  and  corporation. 
One  matter  mentioned  by  the  local  paper  is  very 
creditable  to  his  memory : — "  At  the  close  of  the 
great  war,  numbers  of  discharged  soldiers  and 
sailors  in  the  town  and  district  resorted  to  agents 
in  Poole  to  obtain  for  them  from  the  government 
their  arrears  of  pay  and  prize  money.  The  pecu- 
lation and  chicanery  of  many  of  these  '  agents* 
came  to  the  knowledge  of  the  rector,  who  then 
devoted  two  days  a  week  at  the  vestry  in  re- 
ceiving the  papers  and  claims  of  those  who  were 
entitled  to  pay  and  prize  money,  and  secured  for 
them  that  to  which  they  were  entitled  free  of 
charge,  thus  preventing  their  being  defranded 
of  large  sums  by  dishonest  means.  This  may 
be  thought  but  a  trifling  incident,  yet  it  is  indi- 
cative of  the  character  and  energy  of  a  man 
who  has  exercised  so  great  an  influence  in  this 
town." 

Feb.  24.  At  King*s-terrace,  Sonthsea,  aged  63, 
having  survived  bis  wife  only  twelve  days,  the 
Rev.  Augustus  Cro/ton,  M.A.,  of  Clooncahir- 
house,  oo.  Leitrim,  Ireland,  and  Lansdowne-pl., 
Brighton. 

Feb.  25.  At  Stonehall,  (the  residence  of  his 
father-in-law,  Col.  Dillon,)  the  Rev.  H.  Hampden 
Jones,  of  Adare,  oo.  Limerick,  Ireland. 


Feb.  27.  In  the  Cloisters,  Chichester,  aged  79, 
the  Rev.  William  Miller,  Minor  Canon. 

At  the  Rectory,  Baconsthorpe,  aged  66,  the 
Rev.  John  Anthony  Partridge,  M.A.,  Rector  of 
Baconsthorpe  and  Boldhano,  in  Norfolk. 

Feb.  28.  At  Eastbourne,  (the  residence  of  hie 
father,  the  Rev.  W.  Beauclerck  Robinson,  M.A., 
Rector  of  Litlington,  Sussex,)  the  Rev.  W.  Beau- 
clerck Robinson,  Jan.,  late  Curate  of  Rattlesdea, 
Suffolk. 

March  1.  At  the  Rectory,  8t  Breock,  Corn- 
wall, aged  83,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Benson,  D.D., 
Rector  of  that  parish,  and  formerly  Incumbent 
of  Hounslow,  Middlesex. 

At  Bray,  near  Maidenhead,  aged  75,  the  Rev. 
George  Welljord,  M.A. 

March  3.  At  Nice,  aged  51,  the  Rev.  Richard 
Townsend,  J. P.,  Rector  of  Ickford,  Bucks. 

March  7.  In  London,  aged  73,  of  pleurisy,  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Masters,  Vicar  of  8wingfield,  Kent. 

At  Putney-hill,  aged  60,  the  Rev.  Christopher 
Thomas  Robinson,  Perpetual  Curate  of  Putney. 

March  10.  At  Longhope,  Gloucestershire, 
aged  37,  the  Rev.  Vernon  George  Guise,  Vicar 
of  the  parish,  and  third  surviving  son  of  Gen. 
Sir  John  W.  Guise,  bart 

March  15.  Aged  59,  the  Rev.  Charles  De  la 
Cbvr,  Vicar  of  Hecklngton,  Lincolnshire. 

At  Sarre-court,  Kent,  aged  68,  the  Rev.  John 
Hilton, 

At  Stainton  by  Langworth,  Lincolnshire,  aged 
62,  the  Rev.  George  Ellis,  for  thirty-six  years 
curate  of  the  parish,  and  twenty-one  years 
•urate  and  rector  of  Snelland,  in  the  same  county. 

March  16.  At  Bath,  after  a  very  short  illness, 
aged  66,  the  Rev.  John  Hopkins  Bradney,  of 
Leigh-house,  Bradford-on-Avon,  Wilts. 

March  22.  After  a  long  and  painful  illness, 
aged  59,  the  Rev.  John  Wing,  Vicar  of  St. 
Mary's,  Leicester,  and  Confrater  to  Wyggeeton's 
Hospital. 

DEATHS. 

ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  OBDXR. 

Dec.  21,  1860.  At  Hongkong,  aged  27,  Capt 
Colmer  Lynch,  87th  (Royal  Irish  Fusiliers). 

Jan.  8,  1861.  At  Mhow,  East  Indies,  Jane, 
wife  or  Capt.  C.  O.  Maude,  H.M.'s  7th  Regt 
Bombay  N.I.,  Deputy  Judge  Advocate-General 
Mhow  Division  of  the  Bombay  Army,  and  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  Capt  T.  W.  Stokoe,  H.E.I.C.S. 

Jan.  9.  At  Ghoona,  Central  India,  accidentally 
killed  while  out  shooting,  aged  28,  Kenelm  Neave, 
esq.,  Bombay  Army,  second  surviving  son  of  Sir 
R.  Digby  Neave,  bart.,  and  the  late  Hon.  Lady 
Neave. 

Jan.  10.     At  Barrackpoor,   Bengal,   Louisa 
Mary,  wife  of  Lieut-Col.  Stratton,  6th  Royal 
Regt,  and  eldest  dau.  of  John  Kingston,  esq. 
Glocester-gardens,  Hyde-park. 

Jan.  13.  At  Bombay,  aged  29,  H.  W.  M. 
Hathway,  esq.,  of  the  Bombay  Unoovenanted 
Service. 

Jan.  18.  At  Norwich,  aged  58,  Thomas  Lound, 
a  landscape  artist  of  genuine  and  fine  feeling. 
His  oil  pictures  shew  that  he  had  studied  closely 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


469 


the  works  of  drome  of  Norfolk,  and  his  water- 
colour  drawing*  were  of  the  school  of  Cox  and 
Dewint,  rather  than  of  the  clean  drawing-master 
practice  of  the  present  day.  He  was  engaged  in 
the  oldest  established  brewery  in  Norwich ;  had 
he  derated  his  whole  time  to  art  he  would  have 
been  in  the  first  rank  of  landscape  painters. 

Jan.  23.  At  Hamilton,  Bermuda,  the  Hon. 
Thomas  Butterfield,  formerly  Chief  Justice  of 
that  Colony  and  President  of  H.M.'s  Council. 

Jan.  26.  Near  Meerut,  aged  25,  Jas.  Frederick, 
eldest  son  of  Col.  James  Blind,  C.B.,  of  H.M.'s 
Bengal  Horse  Artillery. 

At  Monte  Video,  BrasUs,  on  board  H.M.8. 
"Curacoa,"  aged  19,  Arthur  Gore  Alleyne,  mid- 
shipman, eldest  son  of  the  Rer.  T.  Forster 
Alleyne,  rector  of  Kentisbeare,  Devon. 

Jan.  28.  At  Jaulnah,  Mary  Laura,  wife  of 
F.  W.  Bedingfeld,  esq.,  H.M.*s  3rd  Madras  Eu- 
ropean Regt,  and  eldest  dau.  of  Capt.  W.  Vine, 
6th  Madras  Light  Caralry. 

Feb.  6.  At  the  Booksellers'  Provident  Institu- 
tion, Abbot's  Langley,  Herts.,  aged  80,  Mr.  Wm. 
Oossling,  formerly  of  New  Bond-st.,  book-eller. 
He  retired  from  business  many  years  ago  with 
a  competency,  but  he  lost  all  by  unwisely  turning 
farmer,  and  ended  his  days  in  the  asylum  which 
he  had  assisted  to  found. 

Feb.  8.  At  Horton  Court,  near  Chippenham, 
Gloucestershire,  the  residence  of  her  brother, 
Miss  Eliza  Lumley.  She  was  the  only  daughter 
of  the  late  J.  Lumley,  esq.,  by  his  wife  Elisabeth, 
daughter  of  Robert  Andrew,  esq.,  of  Harleston- 
park,  Northants.  The  Lumlcysof  Harleston  an  I 
of  Horton  are  a  branch  of  the  same  family  as 
that  represented  by  the  Earl  of  Scarborough. 

Feb.  9.  At  Milford,  South  Wales,  George  Noel 
Clarke,  esq.,  late  Captain  17th  Lancers. 

At  Ardsheal,  Bermuda,  aged  65,  Duncan 
8tewart,  esq.,  Lincoln's  Inn,  barrister-aUlaw, 
Her  Majesty  Attorney-General  for  the  colony. 

Feb.  10.  At  Rodney-bdgs.,  New  Kent-road, 
aged  72,  Mrs.  Catherine  Louina  Burrett,  formerly 
of  West  Carberry ,  Ireland ;  stated  in  the  "  Times  " 
to  be  "  a  descendant  of  0*Mahony  the  Fair  and 
the  Princess  Sarah,  daughter  of  Brian  Boron  me." 

Feb.  11.  At  Dabton,  Dumfriesshire,  aged  47, 
Jane  Christiana  Maxwell,  youngest  and  only 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Lieut -Col.  Geo.  Max- 
well, younger,  of  Carruchan. 

At  Sunderland,  aged  92,  Mr.  Jacob  Joseph, 
a  Jewish  Rabbi,  formerly  a  silversmith,  in  the 
High-st.,  Sunderland,  and  the  oldest  tradesman 
in  the  parish.  Mr.  Joseph  was  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, and  came  to  Sunderland  when  scarcely 
21  years  of  age,  as  a  teacher  in  the  family  of 
Mr.  Samuel,  the  father  of  his  first  wife.  He  had 
been  educated  at  the  Hebrew  College,  Amster- 
dam, and  stood  second  on  the  list  of  persons 
eligible  for  the  office  of  Chief  Rabbi  to  some  of 
the  synagogues  in  Holland.  In  Sunderland  he 
at  once  entered  upon  the  office  of  Rabbi,  which 
he  held  for  a  few  years  at  a  salary ;  but  on  his 
entering  on  business  he  gave  up  his  salary, 
though  he  continued  to  officiate  up  to  within  two 
or  three  years  of  his  death.  The  deceased  car- 
ried on  his  business  as  a  jeweller  and  silversmith 


for  close  upon  seventy  years— during  fifty-six  of 
which  he  occupied  a  shop  in  the  High-st.,  a  little 
above  the  Exchange,  and  stood  high  in  the  esti- 
mation of  his  fellow-townsmen ;  he  only  quitted 
it  a  few  months  before  his  death.  As  a  Hebrew 
and  Chaldee  scholar  he  was  much  esteemed,  not 
only  in  England,  but  on  the  Continent.  The  de- 
ceased's death  was  extremely  calm  and  peaceful. 
He  was  surrounded  by  a  number  of  relatives, 
and  was  in  his  usual  state  of  health,  chatting  and 
joking  in  the  family  circle,  and  had  walked  to 
the  head  of  the  stairs  leading  from  his  room, 
when  he  suddenly  fell  down.  He  was  at  once 
conveyed  to  bed,  and  died  without  a  struggle, 
his  features  retaining  their  placid  smile.  His 
death  was  in  accordance  with  an  oft-expressed 
wish  through  life.  His  remains  were  interred 
in  the  portion  of  Bishopwearmouth  Cemetery 
allotted  to  the  members  of  the  Jewish  persuasion. 
It  was  attended  by  a  number  of  relatives  and 
some  Christian  friends,  and  an  oration  was  de- 
livered by  Mr.  David  Joseph,  a  nephew  of 'the 
deceased. 

Feb.  12.  Lieut -Gen.  John  Leslie  (mentioned 
at  p.  854)  entered  the  army  in  1806.  He  was  at 
the  taking  of  Travaneore  in  1808,  and  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Bourbon  and  the  Isle  of  France  in  1810; 
after  which  he  served  in  Java,  and  was  present 
at  the  engagements  on  the  10th,  22nd,  and  26th 
of  August,  181 1.  He  served  also  in  the  Pindaree 
war  in  1817,  and  afterwards  with  the  army  of 
occupation  in  France.  For  his  services  he  had 
been  made  a  Companion  of  the  Royal  Hanoverian 
Guelphic  Order,  and  had  received  the  silver  war 
medal  and  one  clasp  for  Java.  In  Sept.  1857,  he 
was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  35th  (Royal  Sussex) 
Regt.  of  Foot,  on  the  death  of  Gen.  Sir  George 
Berkeley. 

Feb.  IS.  At  Rosnalee,eo.  Cork,  William,  second 
son  of  the  late  Nicholas  Philpott  Leader,  esq.,  of 
Dromagh  Castle. 

Capt.  Heartley,  (mentioned  at  p.  354,)  was  for- 
merly a  resident  st  Kennington,  near  Ashford, 
Kent.  He  lost  his  hand  in  firing  a  cannon  on  the 
occasion  of  a  review  at  Eastwell-park,  and  the 
noble  owner,  the  late  Ear)  of  Winchilsea,  repre- 
sented the  case  so  strongly  to  King  William  IV. 
and  Queen  Adelaide,  as  to  secure  to  him  the  ap- 
pointment of  one  of  the  Military  Knights  of 
Windsor. 

Feb.  14.  In  Lonsdale*eq.,  Islington,  aged  77, 
Wm.  Cox  Dautrey,  esq.,  author  of  "  The  Bible  in 
Palestine,"  Ac 

At  Berkeley-lodge,  Southampton,  Capt  John 
Chamberlayne,  R.N.,  last  surviving  son  of  A  dm. 
Chas.  Chamberlayne,  of  Maugersbury,  Glouces- 
tershire. 

At  Kennington,  Elisabeth,  dau*  of  the  late  Wm. 
Manners,  esq.,  of  Lambeth,  and  niece  of  the  tat* 
Countess  of  Dysart. 

Feb.  15.  In  Upper  Bedford-pl.,  Russell-square, 
Sarah,  wife  of  Christopher  Temple,  esq.,  Q.C. 

Sarah,  widow  of  Capt.  Henry  Festing,  R.A. 

Feb.  16.  At  Paris,  aged  78,  the  Dowager  Lady 
Congleton.  Her  Ladyship  (Caroline  Elisabeth) 
was  the  eldest  dau.  of  John,  first  Earl  of  Portar- 
lington,  and  was  born  in  1782.    She  married  in 


470 


Obituary. 


[April, 


1801  Sir  nenry  Brooke  Parnell,  bart,  formerly 
00  well  known  in  the  political  world  as  the  Anti- 
Corn-Law  and  Pro-Catholic  M.P.  for  Portar- 
lington  (for  twenty-seven  yean),  the  Queen's 
County,  and  for  Dundee.  Sir  Henry  was  Pay- 
master-General of  the  Forces  and  Treasurer  of 
the  Navy  from  April,  1835,  to  June,  1841,  and 
was  created  Baron  Congleton  of  Congleton  in 
1841.  His  Lordship  committed  suicide  in  1842, 
lea  ring  a  widow  and  three  sons  and  three  daus. 
Of  the  sons,  the  eldest  is  the  present  Lord  Con- 
gleton, who  has  recently  become  somewhat  re- 
markable as  a  dissenting  preacher,  and  who  is 
married  to  an  Armenian  lady ;  the  second  is  the 
non.  Henry  William  Parnell,  presumptive  heir 
to  the  title ;  the  third  the  Hon.  and  Bev.  O.  D. 
Parnell.  Of  the  daughters,  the  eldest,  Caroline 
Hophia,  married  in  1831  the  Rev.  Dr.  Longlcy, 
Head  Master  of  Harrow,  now  Lord  Archbishop 
of  York,  and  died  in  1858 ;  the  second  married 
Lord  Henry  Moore,  and  is  mother  of  the  Marquis 
of  Drogheda;  and  the  third  married  Edward, 
fifth  Earl  of  Darnley,  and  is  mother  of  the  pre- 
sent Earl. 

At  St.  George's-ter.,  Canterbury,  aged  62,  Jas. 
W.  Bain,  esq.,  younger  son  of  the  late  Lieut. -Col. 
Bain,  of  Easter  Livelands,  Stirlingshire.  The 
deceased  was  a  man  of  very  eccentric  habits,  and 
although  apparently  paying  but  little  attention 
to  his  individual  dress  or  comforts,  he  gave  to  the 
poor  a  great  portion  of  his  ample  income,  select- 
ing as  the  objects  of  his  charity  persons  of  the 
meanest  cluss  in  society,  who,  he  would  say, 
"  would  have  no  friends  and  might  starve  if  he 
did  not  befriend  them." 

At  Antigua,  Ann,  wife  of  Sir  William  Snagg, 
Chief  Justice  of  that  island. 

At  the  Heath,  Salop,  aged  67,  Lieut-Col.  Sir 
Wm.  Henry  Clerke,  bart.,  of  Mertyn,  Flintshire. 
The  deceased  was  born  in  1793,  and  was  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  8ir  W.  H.  Clerke,  bart.  He  en- 
tered the  army  as  Ensign  in  the  52nd  Light  In- 
fantry in  1811,  and  for  his  services  he  obtained 
the  Peninsula  medal  with  four  clasps,  and  the 
Waterloo  medal.  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
ninth  baronet  in  1818,  and  married  in  1820  the 
dau.  of  Geo.  Watkin  Kenrick,  esq.,  of  Mertyn, 
in  the  co.  of  Flint  (by  his  first  wife,  Miss  Foulkes 
of  Mertyn),  by  whom  he  had  issue  four  sons  and 
one  dau.  He  is  succeeded  in  bis  title  and  estate 
by  his  eldest  son,  Wm.  Henry,  born  in  1822,  who 
married  in  1849  the  eldest  dau.  of  Robert  Gosling, 
esq.,  of  Botleys-park,  Surrey.  Sir  William  was 
a  magistrate  and  deputy-lieutenant  for  Flintshire, 
and  served  the  office  of  high  sheriff  of  that  county 
in  1848. 

Sir  William  Burnett,  (mentioned  at  p.  354,)  was 
appointed  a  medical  officer  in  the  navy  in  17»5, 
and  Physician  and  Inspector  of  Hospitals  to  the 
Mediterranean  fleet  in  1810 ;  he  became  Medical 
Commissioner  of  the  navy  in  1822,  and  subse- 
quently Director-Gen.  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  navy ;  and  he  was  Physician  in  Or- 
dinary to  his  late  Majesty  William  IV.  He  was 
present  at  the  battles  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  at  the 
Nile,  and  at  Trafalgar,  for  which  servioes  he  was 
made  a  K.C.B.,  and  decorated  with  four  war 


medals.    He  was  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  8oeMy, 
and  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  London. 

Feb.  17.  In  Brook-st,  Grosvenor-sq.,  William 
Gray,  esq.,  late  80th  Regt,  of  Caur  Gray,  For- 
farshire, N.B. 

At  Seaton,  the  wife  of  Capt  W.  H.  Moore,  B.N. 

In  Sloane-et,  Harriet,  relict  of  Wm.  Preston 
'  Lauder,  M.D.,  F.R.S.E.,  and  sister  to  the  late 
Lieut-Gen.  Thomas  Dalmer,  C.B.,  OoL  of  the 
47  th  Regt. 

Feb.  18.  In  Brunswiok-sq.,  Penrith,  aged  71, 
Major-Gen.  A.  R.  Harrison,  Royal  Artillery. 

Aged  40,  William  Henry  Lucas  Butt,  esq.,  of 
Stanborough-house,  Halwell,  Devon. 

At  the  Lodge,  East  Cowes,  aged  85,  Mrs.  Auldjo, 
of  Bryanston-sq.,  relict  of  John  Auldjo,  esq.,  of 
Mottingham-house,  Kent. 

At  Broxbourne,  Herts,  after  a  protracted  ill- 
ness, aged  65,  Chas.  Jas.  Beart,  esq  ,  R.N. 

At  Hastings,  aged  48,  Thomas  Waters,  esq.. 
Clerk  or  the  Peace  for  the  city  of  Worcester. 

Aged  4.2,  Henry,  third  son  of  the  late  Hon.  and 
Rev.  Frederick  Pleydell  Bouverie. 

At  Heidelberg,  aged  62,  Isabella,  widow  of 
Major  George  Goodall. 

At  Craven-house,  St.  Michael's,  Wakefield, 
aged  84,  Caroline,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  John 
Cooksey,  esq.,  M.D.,  and  sister  of  the  late  Hon. 
Mrs.  H.  D.  Erskine. 

Feb.  19.  At  Leamington,  Louisa  Eliam,  wife  of 
Lieut-Col.  Edward  Lynoh  Blosse. 

At  Torquay,  aged  25,  Arthur  Geo.  Hasting*,  of 
the  War  Office,  second  surviving  son  of  the  late 
W.  Warren  Hastings. 

In  York-ter.,  Cheltenham,  Harriet  Pierson, 
widow  of  Lieut-Col.  R.  Robertson,  Bombay 
Army. 

In  Montagu-sq.,  aged  92,  Catherine,  relict  of 
John  Hector  Cherry,  esq.,  Member  of  Council, 
Bombay  Presidency. 

At  the  Charter-house,  Ellen  Sophia,  dau.  of 
the  Rev.  Geo.  Currey,  preacher  of  the  Charter- 
house. 

In  York-pL,  Portman-tquare,  aged  70,  Anne, 
relict  of  Capt.  Wm.  Dowers,  R.N. 

At  Wombourn  Vicarage,  the  residence  of  her 
son-in-law,  Anna,  widow  of  John  Merrott  Ste- 
phens, esq.,  of  St.  Lucia,  West  Indies,  and  for- 
merly of  Maisemore-lodge,  Gloucestershire. 

Feb.  20.  In  Lower  Berkeley-st,  Portman-sq., 
General  Dyson,  Her  Majesty's  Indian  Army,  Col. 
18th  Bombay  Native  Infantry. 

At  Grove-cottage,  Haekney-nL,  aged  75,  Capt. 
John  Taylor  Utlay,  R.N. 

Feb.  21.  At  Upper  Ottery,  near  Honiton, 
Devon,  aged  29,  Richard,  third  son  of  the  Yen. 
Archdeacon  Rushton,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  Blackburn, 
Lancashire. 

At  Chettle,  Dorset,  aged  60,  Edw.  Oastleman, 
esq.,  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieut,  for  the  co. 
of  Dorset 

At  Wilcove,  near  Devonport,  aged  64,  Capt 
Graham  Hewett,  R.N. 

At  Dyrham-lodge,  Clifton-pk.,  M.  Campbell, 
widow  of  Major-Gen.  Campbell,  late  Lieut-Col. 
of  the  51st  Light  Infantry. 

Killed  in  an  engagement  with  the  natives,  on 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


471 


the  banks  of  the  river  Gambia,  Western  Africa, 
aged  20,  James  Hamilton,  Mate  of  II. M.S.  "  Ar- 
rogant," younger  son  of  the  late  Rev.  James 
Hamilton,  Sector  of  Beddington. 

Feb.  22.  At  Audley  End,  aged  40,  Richard 
Cornwallis,  fourth  Baron  Braybrooke. 

At  Ruyton-hall,  Shropshire,  aged  70,  Amelia, 
widow  of  John  Herbert  Harrington,  esq.,  for- 
merly Member  of  the  Supreme  Council  of  Bengal. 

At  Wickham,  Hants,  aged  85,  Harriet,  widow 
of  Capt.  John  Wainwright,  R.N.,  C.B.,  Lieut.- 
Governor  of  Royal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth. 

At  Exmouth,  Emily,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
Robert  Cawne,  esq.,  of  London,  and  granddan. 
of  Sir  Francis  Gosling. 

At  Rhydela-bank,  Trentishoe,  North  Devon, 
aged  58,  Amelia  Elizabeth,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
late  Rev.  William  Griffiths,  formerly  Vicar  of 
St.  Issey,  Cornwall. 

Feb.  23.  At  his  residence,  Farcham,  Hants, 
aged  84,  Thomas  Watts,  esq. 

Aged  49,  Richard  Harrison,  esq.,  Woodlesford- 
hou«e,  J. P.  for  the  borough  of  Leeds. 

At  Bellgrove,  near  Campbell-town,  Argyllshire, 
aged  74,  William  Munro,  esq.,  Inspector-General 
of  Hospitals. 

At  Coldstream,  aged  82,  and  in  the  fifty-fifth 
year  of  his  ministry,  Dr.  Adam  Thomson,  author 
of  "Consolation  for  Christian  Mourners,"  sec, 
and  well  known  for  his  efforts  against  the  patent 
right  of  Bible  printing  in  Scotland  and  to  cheapen 
the  Holy  Scriptures. 

Feb.  24.  At  Clifton,  aged  61,  Lieut-Col.  the 
Hon.  Charles  Alexander  Wrottesley,  late  of  the 
29th  Regiment.  The  deceased  was  the  second 
son  of  Sir  John  Wrottesley,  bait.,  of  Wrottealey- 
hall,  Staffordshire,  (who  was  raised  to  the  peer- 
age as  Baron  Wrottesley,  July  11,  1838,)  by  his 
first  marriage,  with  the  Lady  Caroline  Bennrt, 
daughter  of  Charles,  fourth  Earl  of  Tankerville. 
He  was  born  Oct.  21, 1799,  and  entered  the  army 
at  an  early  age.  He  served  with  tbe  15th  Lancers 
at  the  siege  of  Bhurtpore,  in  1825-6 ;  was  after- 
wards in  the  7th  Dragoons,  became  LieuL-Cd. 
of  the  29th  Foot  in  1839,  and  retired  from  the 
army  in  1848. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  79,  Mary  Girdlestone, 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Girdlestone,  for  many 
years  Incumbent  of  Thorncy,  Cambridgeshire. 

At  Stirling,  aged  69,  William  Galbraith,  esq., 
of  Blackhouse,  Town-clerk  of  Stirling. 

Feb.  25.  In  Cavenduh-sq.,  suddenly,  aged  66, 
the  Countess  of  Roden.  Her  ladyship,  Maria 
Frances  Catherine,  was  second  dau.  of  Thomas, 
twenty-second  Lord  Le  Dcspencer,  and  was  born 
on  September  22, 1794 ;  and  by  the  Earl  of  Roden, 
whom  she  married  on  June  9,  1813,  she  leaves 
surviving  issue— Elisabeth,  Marchioness  of  Lon- 
donderry ;  Frances,  Countess  of  Gainsborough ; 
Maria,  widow  of  the  Hon.  Chas.  Weld  Forester ; 
Colonel  the  Hon.  Strange  Jocelyn,  married  to 
a  daughter  of  Lord  Broughton;  and  the  Hon. 
William  N.  Jocelyn,  belonging  to  the  diplomatic 
corps. 

At  Sutton,  Surrey,  aged  72,  Mr.  John  Green- 
wood Lund,  gentleman  gaoler  of  Her  Majesty's 
Tower  of  London.     He  was  formerly  In  the 


Grenadier  Guards.  "  He  held  the  appointment 
of  headsman  at  the  Tower  of  London,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  decapitate  all  state  criminals. 
This  sinecure  is  in  the  gift  of  the  Constable,  but 
most  likely  the  situation  will  be  abolished,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  gentleman  yeoman  porter  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Murray.  The  last  state  execution 
took  place  in  1746,  at  the  time  of  the  8cotch  re- 
bellion. The  salary  is  £80  per  annum,  with  an 
excellent  house.  Mr.  Lund  was  only  seen  at  the 
Tower  when  the  half-yearly  muster  took  place, 
and  had  his  position  on  the  right  of  the  warden, 
with  a  large  bright  hatchet  on  his  shoulder." — 
United  Service  Qauette. 

At  Leamington,  aged  16,  Mildred  Violet, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Grantham 
M.  Yorke. 

At  Swilley-house,  near  Devon  port,  aged  72, 
Robert  Moon  Oliver,  esq.  He  was  formerly  a 
navy  agent  at  Plymouth,  and  esteemed  a  mam 
of  great  business  capacity,  but  of  late  years  he 
was  alleged  to  have  fallen  into  an  almost  childish 
state,  whieh  gave  rise  very  recently  to  a  law- 
suit  between  some  members  of  his  family.  The 
jury,  however,  decided  that  he  was  still  compe- 
tent to  the  management  of  his  affairs. 

Feb.  26.  At  Bellfield,  Banchory-Ternan,  aged 
64,  Francis  Adams,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

Mr.  J.  Cross,  whose  noble  picture  of  "  R'chard 
the  First  pardoning  the  Archer"  gained  a  prise 
at  Westminster,  and  occupies  a  place  in  the 
Houses  of  Parliament. 

At  Twickenham,  Elisabeth,  wife  of  the  Rev. 
James  Huby,  D.D. 

At  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  aged  60,  Mr.  John 
Royal.  He  was  for  twenty-five  years  the  inter- 
preter and  confidential  attendant  of  the  late  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  and  for  the  last  twenty-one  yean 
an  officer  of  tbe  House  of  Lords. 

At  Campsall-hall,  near  Doncaster,  aged  77, 
Jane,  widow  of  Charles  Thorold  Wood,  esq.,  of 
South  Thoresby,  Lincolnshire,  and  only  dau. 
of  the  late  Sir  John  Thorold,  bart.,  M.P. 

At  bis  residence,  Parkland*,  Gloucestershire, 
aged  64,  Major  Maurice  Cely  Trevilian,  of  Midel- 
ney,  Somersetshire,  of  the  exhaustion  ensuing 
on  a  severe  attack  of  diphtheria. 

At  Barnstaple,  aged  67,  Mr.  William  Petter, 
formerly,  and  for  many  years,  Postmaster  of 

that  town. 

Feb.  27.  At  Whitchurch,  Glamorganshire, 
aged  32,  Richard  Blakemore  Booker,  eldest  hur- 
viving  son  of  the  late  T.  W.  Booker  Blakemore, 
esq.,  M.P.,  of  Velindra,  in  the  same  county,  and 
the  Leys,  Herefordshire. 

At  Belsay  Castle,  Lady  Mary,  wife  of  Sir  Chas. 
Monck,  bart. 

At  Perleppe,  in  Hungary,  aged  38,  Frederick, 
third  son  of  the  late  W.  Wingfield  Yates,  of  Park- 
fields,  Staffordshire,  esq..  Major  in  the  Austrian 
1st  Light  Dragoons,  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Lion  and  Sun,  and  decorated  with  the  Order  of 
Military  Merit. 

Feb.  28.  At  Trentham,  aged  74,  George  Gran- 
ville, Duke  and  Earl  of  Sutherland,  K.G.    See 

OUITTAEY. 

In  Edinburgh,  aged  75,  Miss  Sophia  Camming, 


472 


Obituary. 


[April, 


last  surviving  dan.  of  the  late  Sir  Alexander 
Penrose  Camming  Gordon,  bart.,  of  Altyre  and 
Gordoustown. 

At  Fysohe-hall,  Knaresborough,  aged  73,  Hugh 
George  Christian,  esq.,  late  Bengal  Civil  8ervice, 
second  son  of  Sir  Hugh  Clobury  Christian,  Bear- 
Admiral  of  the  Blue,  K.B. 

Lately,  Aged  80,  at  his  villa  in  the  environs 
of  Padua,  where  he  had  long  resided,  the  cele- 
brated soprano  singer  Velluti,  one  of  the  most 
successful  interpreters  of  Rossini's  music.  It 
was  for  him  that  Meyerbeer  composed  his  H 
Crodato,  and  Bossini  his  Aureliano  en  Palmira, 
Velluti  was  formerly  one  of  the  singers  in  the 
Sistine  Chapel,  and  about  forty  years  since  he 
appeared  in  England,  but  bis  reception  was  such 
as  to  induce  him  to  make  but  a  very  brief 
stay. 

March  1.  At  Brighton,  aged  86,  Walter  Hulme, 
esq.,  late  Her  Majesty's  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  Hongkong. 

At  Bombay-house,  Bridge  of  Allan,  N.B.,  Mrs. 
John  MacLauohlan,  only  sister  of  David  Roberts, 
R.A. 

At  Munich,  aged  49,  Elizabeth,  eldest  dau.  of 
the  late  M.  Hoper,  esq.,  of  Old  Burlington-et., 
and  Ashford,  Hants,  and  granddau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  J.  Hoper,  Vicar  of  8teyning,  8ussex. 

At  Braidwood,  near  Carluke,  Mr.  Andrew  An- 
derson, well  known  to  draught-players  as  the 
"  Champion  of  Scotland."  Mr.  Anderson  was  a 
stocking-weaver  by  trade,  and  continued  to  work 
at  that  business  until  within  a  short  period  of 
his  death.  Some  years  ago  he  published  a  work 
entitled  "  The  Game  of  Draughts,"  which  is  re- 
garded as  an  authority  on  the  subject. 

March  2.  At  Edgbsston,  aged  76,  Mr.  Wro. 
Miller,  formerly  Secretary  to  the  General  Hos- 
pital, Birmingham. 

In  Alexander-eq.,  Brompton,  aged  49,  George 
Stubbs,  artist. 

At  Hydros,  France,  Eliza,  eldest  dan.  of  the 
late  Capt.  James  Gilbert,  Royal  Artillery,  and 
granddau.  of  the  late  Gen.  Sir  Anthony  Farring- 
ton,  bart.,  Royal  Artillery. 

At  Tallentire-hall,  Cumberland,  aged  80,  Win. 
Browne,  esq. 

In  Hoxton-sq.,  aged  66,  Taos.  Tolfree,  thirty- 
three  years  cook  to  the  Queen's  scholars,  West- 
minster. 

At  Maynard's  Spital,  Canterbury,  (where  he 
had  been  an  inmate  for  fifteen  years,)  aged  87, 
William  Beale,  who  was  by  trade  a  baker,  and 
sixty  years  since  in  business  in  Wineheap.  He 
was  a  strange  mixture  of  kindness  and  simplicity, 
but  when  he  had  the  means  he  was  ever  ready 
to  assist  the  unfortunate,  and  while  in  business 
it  was  his  custom  to  have  many  pieces  of  beef 
sent  round  to  needy  families  at  Christmas.  He 
was  a  bachelor  and  very  singular  in  his  habits 
and  appearance;  and  his  simplicity  was  often 
played  on  by  designing  persons,  who  more  than 
once  induced  him  to  publish  addresses  offering 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  representation  of 
the  city ;  he  fully  believed  he  should  be  returned, 
and  seriously  commenced  his  canvass,  overlook- 
ing the  fact  of  bis  being  in  an  almshouse. 


March  8.  At  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  aged 
SI,  John,  only  son  of  Thomas  Hayward-Southby, 
esq.,  of  Caswell,  Berks. 

At  Duxford  Vicarage,  near  Cambridge,  aged 
18,  Herbert  Molyneux,  fourth  son  of  James 
Wentworth  Buller,  esq.,  of  Downes,  M.P.  for 
North  Devon. 

At  his  residence,  Garrick's-villa,  aged  85,  80- 
vanus  Phillips,  esq. 

In  Dean-st.,  Park-lane,  at  an  advanced  age, 
Anna  Maria,  widow  of  the  Hon.  Charles  B.  Agar. 
She  was  the  only  dau.  and  heir  of  Thomas  Hunt, 
esq.,  of  Mollington-hall,  Cheshire,  and  sole  heir 
of  her  great  uncle,  Henry  Robartes,  third  Earl 
of  Radnor,  (extinct).  She  married,  in  1804,  the 
Hon.  Charles  Bagenal  Agar,  barrister-at-law, 
(who  was  the  third  son  of  the  late  James  Agar, 
esq.,  of  Gowran  Castle,  co.  Kilkenny,  afterwards 
first  Viscount  Clifden,  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland,) 
but  was  left  a  widow  in  1811.  By  him  the  de- 
ceased lady  had  issue  an  only  child,  Thos.  James 
Agar-Robartes,  esq.,  of  Lanhydrock,  Cornwall, 
M.P.  for  the  eastern  division  of  that  county,  who 
assumed,  in  1826,  the  additional  surname  of  Ro- 
bartes, and  married,  in  1839,  Juliana,  dau.  of  the 
late  Right  Hon.  Reginald  Pole  Carew. 

At  Dawlish,  aged  51,  Catharine  Inman,  dau. 
of  the  late  Thomas  George  Shortland,  esq.,  Com- 
missioner in  H.M.'s  Royal  Navy. 

March  4.  At  Grove-hall,  Hammersmith,  aged 
24,  Caroline,  dau.  of  the  late  R,  Grigg,  esq., 
H.B.M.  Consul  at  Mobile. 

At  Loudwater,  near  High  Wycombe,  aged  89, 
Caroline,  widow  or  Walter  Beaumont,  esq.,  of 
Bridgeford-hill,  co.  Nottingham. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  82,  Mary  Ann,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  Sir  John  Hales,  bart.,  of  Back- 
thorn,  Lincoln,  and  Culham,  Oxford. 

At  Swansea,  Elizabeth  Harriett  Sehna,  only 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Watkin  Morgan, 
A.M.,  Rector  of  Llanfaches,  Monmouthshire. 

March  y  At  the  Hill,  Whitchurch,  Hants, 
aged  71,  Charlotte,  widow  of  Hart  Davis,  e?q., 
formerly  Deputy  -  Chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Excise,  dau.  of  the  late  Major -Gen.  Thomas 
Dundas,  of  Fingask,  and  of  the  Lady  Elizabeth 
Eleanor,  and  granddau.  of  Alexander,  ninth  Earl 
of  Home. 

At  Great  Chart,  Kent,  Catharine,  relict  of  the 
Rev.  R.  Burnet,  late  Vicar  of  Bethersden,  dau. 
of  the  late  Capt.  John  Naylor,  and  sister  of  Major 
Naylor,  Invalid  Depot,  Yarmouth. 

In  Pelham-cresoent,  Brompton,  aged  71,  J.  M. 
Maddox,  esq.,  many  years  lessee  of  the  Princess's 
Theatre. 

At  Tunbridge  Wells,  aged  72,  Ann,  wife  of  the 
Rev.  W.  T.  Briggs. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  68,  Major  Arthur  O'Lcary, 
of  the  55th  Regt. 

March  6.  At  Sudbury,  Derbyshire,  aged  72, 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  Brooke  Boothby,  dau.  of  the  third 
Baron  Vernon.  She  married,  in  1816,  the  Rev. 
Brooke  Boothby,  who  died  in  1829. 

At  Ashford,  Kent,  aged  63,  Edward  Watson 
Simonds,  banker. 

March  7.  At  Warneford-place,  High  worth, 
Its,  aged  57,  Lady  Harriet  EliraUiLWetaerell 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


473 


Warneford,  widow  of  8ir  Chas.  Wetherell,  knt, 
Recorder  of  Bristol,  who  died  in  1846.  She  was 
the  second  dan.  of  Col.  Warneford,  and  in  1847, 
by  royal  license,  reaasomed  her  maiden  name. 

At  Berwick-on-Tweed,  Captain  John  Lennox 
Macartney,  Paymaster  Northumberland  Artillery 
Militia. 

In  Montagu-sq.,  Major  Charles  Bulkcley,  for- 
merly of  the  2nd  Regt.  of  Life  Guards. 

At  Ifleld,  near  Crawley,  Sussex,  aged  48,  Hen. 
Chas.  Curtis,  esq.,  third  son  of  the  late  Sir  Win. 
Curtis,  bart.,  and  formerly  of  H.M.'s  85th  Regt 
of  Light  Infantry. 

March  8.  At  Comeyflower-house,  Taunton, 
Elizabeth  Mathias,  dau.  of  John  Lafont,  esq.,  of 
Barns-lodge,  King's  Langley,  and  widow  of  the 
Rev.  D.  Mathias,  late  Rector  of  Whitechapel,  and 
Fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford. 

At  Oxendean,  Dunse,  Berwickshire,  Gen.  Hen. 
James  Riddell,  K.H.,  Col.  of  the  6th  Regt.  of 
Foot.  He  served  as  Deputy-Assistant  Quarter- 
man  ter-Gen.  at  the  capture  of  Copenhagen  in 
1807,  and  as  Assistant  Quartermaster-Gen.  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Spain  and  at  Genoa  with 
the  army  under  Lord  Wm.  Bcminck. 

At  Whitehaven,  aged  74,  Geo.  Harrison,  esq., 
J.  P.  of  Linethwaite  and  Whitehaven,  oo.  Cum- 
berland. 

At  Ripon,  aged  46,  John  Thompson,  esq.,  Sur- 
geon, and  Deputy-Coroner  for  the  liberty  of 
Ripon.  The  deceased  was  the  second  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  John  Thompson,  Vicar  of  Thornton 
Steward,  near  Leyburn,  and  was  Mayor  of  Ripon 
during  1849-50. 

March  9.  At  Blackgang,  Isle  of  Wight,  Marian, 
wife  of  Sir  Henry  Meredyth  Jervis- White-Jervis, 
bart. 

In  Dartmoutb-st,  Westminster,  aged  87,  Lionel 
Gisborne,  esq.,  Civil  Engineer. 

At  Croydon,  aged  80,  Rosa,  widow  of  Dr. 
Thomas,  Deputy-Inspector-Gen.  of  Hospitals. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  84,  Lieut-Col.  Charles 
Steevens,  formerly  of  H.M.'s  20th  Regt. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Mary  Catherine,  wife  of  the 
R*v.  John  Charles  Lucena,  Vicar  of  Ansley, 
Warwickshire. 

In  Cumberland-st.,  Hyde-pk.,  aged  85,  Gen. 
Sir  Archibald  Maclaine,  K.C.B.,  Col.  of  the  52nd 
Light  Infantry.    See  Obituary. 

March  10.  At  Nice,  aged  88,  Lady  Kinloch, 
widow  of  Sir  Alexander  Kinloch,  bart.,  of  Gil- 
merton. 

In  London,  aged  52,  Caroline  Maria,  widow  of 
Andrew  Nicholson  Magrath,  esq.,  late  Director- 
Gen,  of  the  Medical  Department,  Madras. 

At  St.  Clement's  Rectory,  Hastings,  aged  69, 
Emma,  widow  of  George  Borrett,  esq. 

At  Southernhay,  Ex«-ter,  Mrs.  Askew,  widow  of 
Mnjor  Askew,  of  Cheltenham. 

At  Montauhan,  aged  82,  the  Rev.  Francois 
Maurice  Marzials,  for  many  years  Pastor  Pre- 
sident of  the  Reformed  Church  at  Montauban. 

In  Palace-rd.,  Lambeth,  aged  88.  Mr.  Wm. 
Roffey,  well  known  for  many  years  as  the  Dancing- 
maAtcr  at  Eton  College  and  other  establishments 
near  London. 

March  11.    At  Brunswick-terrace,  Brighton, 


aged  75,  Lient.-Gen.  Sir  Lovell  B.  Lovell,  K.C.B. 
and  K.H.  %e  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr. 
T.  S.  Badcock,  and  assumed  the  name  of  Lovell 
by  sign-manual  in  1840.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1805,  and  attained  the  rank  of  Major-Gen.  in  1854. 
In  1807  he  served  at  the  taking  of  Monte  Video, 
and  subsequently  in  the  Peninsula,  including  ten 
general  actions,  forty  minor  affairs,  and  seven 
sieges.  He  was  for  many  years  Lieut. -Col.  of 
the  15th  Hussars,  and  was  appointed  Col.  of  the 
12th  Dragoons  in  1856. 

Aged  82,  Major  Wm.  Dungan,  late  of  the  17th 
Lancers. 

At  Torquay,  aged  20,  Maria  Louisa,  dau.  of  the 
Rev.  Frederick  Fitsroy,  Rector  of  Great  Ring- 
stead,  Norfolk. 

At  Bournemouth,  aged  14,  Wm.  Rivington 
Blackburn,  youngest  son  of  ti<e  Rev.  John  Black- 
burn, Rector  of  Yarmouth,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
and  Prebendary  of  York. 

At  Oakwell,  Kent,  aged  67,  Margaret,  widow  of 
the  Rev.  James  Hamilton,  Vicar  of  St  Stephen's, 
near  Canterbury. 

Aged  T6,  Tbos.  Higgins  Borne,  esq.,  of  Loynton- 
hsll,  Staffordshire,  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy- 
Lieut,  of  that  county. 

In  Maitland-etreet,  Edinburgh,  aged  90,  Miss 
Elizabeth  Douglas,  last  surviving  dau.  of  the 
late  Lieut-Gen.  John  Douglas. 

March  12.  At  Bath,  aged  51,  Lieut-Col.  Ro- 
barts  Wm.  Elton,  late  59th  Bengal  Native  In- 
fantry. 

At  Reading,  aged  76,  Catherine  Sarah,  third 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  John  Peirce,  esq., 
Cathedral  Precincts,  Canterbury. 

At  Browne's  Hospital,  Stamford,  aged  103, 
William  Ball.  The  deceased  was  a  native  of  the 
village  of  Brigstock,  and  was  brought  up  as  a 
stonemason  at  King's  Cliffe,  and  resided  there 
until  he  became  a  bedesman  at  Stamford,  thirty 
years  ago.  In  early  life  he  was  a  notorious 
poacher,  deer-stealer,  pugilist,  wrestler,  and  the 
associate  of  abandoned  characters ;  but  he  sud- 
denly quitted  these  courses,  and  lived  to  obtain 
a  very  different  reputation. 

March  13.  In  Brock-st,  Bath,  aged  86,  Maria, 
wife  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Harmar. 

In  Moray-pl.,  Edinburgh,  Miss  Maria  Jane 
MacGregor,  younger  dau.  of  the  late  Lieut.-CoL 
Malcolm  MacGregor,  of  the  5th  R«  gt.  of  Foot 

At  Tent-lodge,  Coniston,  aged  75,  Jane,  relict 
of  the  Rev.  John  Romney,  of  Whitestock-hall, 
North  Lancashire. 

March  14.  At  Langley-pk.,  Norfolk,  aged  79, 
Vice-Adm.  Sir  Wm.  Beauchamp  Proctor,  bart. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Beauchamp 
Proctor,  of  Langley-park,  Norfolk,  by  Mary, 
second  daughter  of  Mr.  Robert  Palmer,  of  Son- 
ning,  Berks.,  and  was  born  October  14,  1781. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  Sept  1794,  on  board  the 
"  Stag,"  32,  Captain  Joseph  8ydney  Yorke,  and 
on  Aug.  22,  1795,  assisted  as  Midshipman  at  the 
capture,  on  the  coast  of  Norway,  of  the  Batavian 
frigate  "  Alliance  "  (36  guns,  240  men),  st  which 
he  was  wounded.  He  wss  employed  in  the 
"  Stag  "  on  the  Home  station  till  January,  1798, 
and  then  joined  the  "  London,"  98,  Captain  J.  C. 


474 


Obituary. 


[April. 


Purvis,  at  Lisbon.  He  Mired  afterwards  in  the 
"  Flora"  frigate,  in  the  Mediterranean,  the 
"  Foudroyant,"  80,  (flagship  of  Lord  Keith,) 
and  "  La  Diane "  frigate,  as  Acting  Lieutenant 
till  Oct.  23, 1800 ;  he  obtained  the  TuTkish  gold 
medal  for  his  services  in  Egypt.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  April,  1803,  Commander  of  the  "  Zebra" 
bomb,  and  subsequently  commanded  the  "  De- 
daigneuse, 96,  which  vessel  had  a  rencontre, 
Nor.  21,  1808,  with  the  French  36-gun  frigate 
*•  Semillante."  The  latter  vessel  escaped,  and 
Cspt  Proctor  was,  at  his  own  request,  brought 
to  trial,  owing  to  a  feeling  of  dissatisfaction 
which  prevailed ;  when  the  verdict  was  "  that 
his  conduct  had  been  marked  bj  the  greatest 
activity,  zeal,  and  anxiety  for  the  service ;  that 
the  manoeuvres  of  the  *  Dedaigneuse,'  while  in 
the  presence  of  the  enemy,  were  directed  with 
judgment  and  skill  very  honourable  to  'Captain 
Proctor ;  and  that  the  escape  of  the  enemy's 
frigate  resulted  entirely  from  the  bad  sailing  of 
the  '  Dedaigneuse.' "  Captain  Proctor  returned 
home  in  November,  1809,  and  had  not  since  been 
afloat.    He  attained  flag-rank  Nov.  28, 1841. 

At  the  Grove,  Alvcrstoke,  aged  72,  Capt.  Ed- 
mund Phillips  Samuel,  formerly  of  the  2nd  Ma- 
dras  Light  Cavalry,  and  J. P.  for  Hants. 

March  15.  At  Lilford-hall,  aged  59,  Lord 
Lilford. 

At  Win  wick  -  cottage,  Lancashire,  aged  77, 
Georgians,  third  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Geoffrey  Horn- 
by, formerly  Rector  of  Winwick. 

At  her  peat,  Thurnham-hall,  Lancaster,  aged 
81,  Mi«s  Elizabeth  Dal  ton. 

At  Pau,  Basses  Pyrenees,  aged  35,  John, 
younger  son  of  the,  late  Rev.  Sir  J.  Godfrey 
Thomas,  bart 

At  Prinsted-lodge,  Emsworth,  Margaret,  wife 
of  Major -General  Anderson  Gibsone.  R.M.A., 
and  third  dau.  of  the  late  William  Crew,  esq., 
of  Shelley-house,  Es«ez. 

At  Clifton,  aged  60,  James  Fripp,  esq.,  M.D. 

At  the  Rectory,  High  leaver,  Essex,  aged  68, 
Margaretta,  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Darby,  of 
Shelley,  Essex. 

March  16.  AtFrogmore,  H.R.H.  the  Duchess 
of  Kent.    See  OniTUAav. 

Aged  87,  John  Henry  Mandeville,  esq.,  late 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, lie  was  born  in  Suffolk  in  1773,  and 
educated  at  Dedham  School,  and  he  was  the  old- 
est surviving  member  of  the  diplomatic  service. 
His  long  career  embraced  an  extraordinary  va- 
riety of  incidents  and  event*.  As  a  boy  he  entered 
the  navy ;  he  subsequently  held  a  commission  in 
a  dragoon  regiment ;  he  was  selected  to  be  the 


British  agent  in  France  for  the  exchange  of  pri- 
soners before  the  Peaoe  of  Amiens ;  he  waa  at- 
tached to  Lord  Whitworth's  Embassy,  he  was 
secretary  to  Sir  Arthur  Paget  at  Vienna  in  1805, 
and  he  afterwards  served  in  the  missions  of 
Frankfort,  Constantinople,  Lisbon,  Paris,  fto. 
In  1836  he  was  appointed  Minister  Plenipotenti- 
ary at  Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  remained  for 
eleven  years.  Mr.  Mandcville's  great  experienoe 
of  public  affairs,  and  his  memory,  which  ex- 
tended over  the  greater  part  of  a  century,  ren- 
dered him  a  roost  agreeable  companion,  and  he 
continued  to  fill  a  distinguished  place  in  society 
to  the  last  day  of  his  protracted  life. 

March  17.  At  Milton-st.,  Dorset-sq.,  aged  55, 
Mr.  Henry  Hind,  of  the  British  Museum. 

At  Lamorran  Rectory,  Maud,  youngest  child 
of  the  non.  and  Rev.  J.  T.  Roscawen. 

At  Woodburn,  near  Edinburgh,  aged  85,  Geo. 
Ro3S,  esq.,  advocate,  last  surviving  son  of  the 
late  Admiral  Sir  John  Lockhart  Rosa,  of  Balna- 
gowan,  bart. 

March  18.  At  Chester,  aged  64,  John  Kentish, 
esq.,  late  of  the  H.E.I.C.'s  Civil  Service,  and  of 
Cheltenham. 

At  Palace-gardens-terraee,  Kensington,  aged 
19,  Herbert  William,  second  son  of  Colonel 
Nicholas  Palmer,  late  56th  Regiment 

March  19.  At  Upper  Harley-et,  aged  89,  Sir  W. 
Pym,  K.C.B.  He  was  the  son  of  Mr.  John  Pym,  of 
Pinley,  Warwickshire,  a  descendant  of  John  Pym  of 
the  Long  Parliament.  For  many  years  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  medical  department  of  the  army, 
was  made  a  Dcputy-lnspeetor-General  Decem- 
ber 20, 1810,  and  became  Inspector-General  Sep- 
tember 25,  1816.  He  served  in  the  35th  and  70th 
Regiments  and  in  a  Light  Infantry  battalion  in 
the  West  Indies  during  the  expedition  under 
General  Sir  Charles  Grey,  and  subsequently  on 
the  staff  at  Gibraltar,  Malta,  and  Sicily.  Sir 
William  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  yellow 
lever,  and  he  was  knighted  by  William  I  v.  in 
1830,  on  his  return  from  Gibraltar,  where  he  had 
volunteered  his  services  during  a  destructive 
fever  in  1823. 

At  Dunragit,  aged  71,  Sir  James  Dalrymple 
Hay,  bart. 

March  20.  At  Banstead,  Surrey,  aged  90, 
Catherine,  eldest  surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Peter 
Aubertin,  esq. 

March  21.  At  her  residence,  Northampton- 
square,  Ann,  relict  of  George  Roberts  esq.,  ami 
only  dau.  of  the  late  Wm.  James  Jacob,  esq.,  of 
the  Bank  of  England. 

March  22.  At  Woolwich,  aged  69,  Mary, 
widow  of  Major  Bentham,  R.  A. 


14 


1861.] 


475 


TABLE  OP  MORTALITY  AND  BIRTHS  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OP  LONDON 

(From  the  Returns  issued  by  the  Registrar- General.) 
DEATHS  REGISTERED. 


BUPBEIKTETTDKNT 

BEOI8TBAB8' 

DISTRICTS. 


March 

2, 
1861. 


Mean  Temperature 


London 


1-6.  West  Districts    . 

7-11.  North  Districts  . 

12-19.  Central  Districts 

20-25.  East  Districts     . 

26-36.  South  Districts  . 


Deaths  in  Districts,  &c.,  in  the  Week 
ending  Saturday, 


78029 


10786 

13533 

1938 

6230 

45542 


2362236 


376427 
490396 
393256 
485522 
616635 


206 
278 
206 
285 
343 


March ,  March 

9,     |    16, 
1861.  !  1861. 


45-2 

42-4 

1279  !  1226 

206 
295 
201 
247 
330 


207 
273 
173 
235 
338 


Deaths  Registered. 

Births  Registered. 

Week  ending 
Saturday, 

Under 
20  years 
of  Age. 

20  and 
under  40. 

40  and 
under  60. 

60  and 
under  80. 

• 

52 
46 
42 
46 

3 

8 

-a 

3 

8 

-a 

a 
© 

I 

Feb.   23  . 

March  2  . 

f»    9  • 

n        16  . 

698 
638 
686 
613 

148 
145 
171 
169 

177 
185 
200 
194 

237 
224 
180 
204 

1318 
1238 
1279 
1226 

1035 

1020 

1066 

996 

856 
1008 
1006 

964 

1891 
2028 
2072 
1960 

PRICE  OP  CORN. 


Average  ^    Wheat, 
of  Six     >    s.    d. 
Weeks.  J    54    2 

Week  endingl   53    8 
March  16.    / 


Barley. 

Oats. 

Rye. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

s.     d. 

s.    d. 

s.    d. 

s.    d. 

s.    d. 

39  1 

23  2 

35  3 

40  1 

42  5 

I     38    7     I    23    9      I     34  10     I    40    1      I     40    0 


PRICE  OP  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHFIELD,  Mabch  21. 
Hay,  21. 10*.  to  U.  5>.  —  Straw,  11. 13#.  to  11.  IBs.  —  Clover,  4/.  0*.  to  61. 15#. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 
To  sink  the  Offal — per  stone  of  81hs. 


Beef 4*.  Ad.  to  5*.  Od. 

Mutton 5*.  Od.  to  6#.  2d. 

Veal 5*.  Od.  to  6*.  Od. 

Pork 4*.  6d.tobs.  Od. 

Lamb 0*. 


Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  Mabch  21. 

Beasts 720 

Sheep  3,850 

Calves 144 

Pigs 200 


Od.  to  0*.    Od. 

COAL-MARKET,  Mabch  22. 
Best  Wallsend,  per  ton,  15#.  6<*.  to  18*.  9c*.    Other  sorts,  13#.  0d.  to  16*.  6d. 


METEOROLOGICAL  DIARY,  BT  H.  GOULD,  Ufa  W.  CARY.  181, 
From  February  24  to  March  83,  inehum. 


•a  x 

■m 

:» 


DAILY  PRICE  OF  BTOCES. 


Feb. 
■nd 
Mir. 

9pn 

J  per 
Cent. 

New 

Stock. 

Ex.  Utile. 
£1,000. 

India 
Slock. 

India 
£1,000. 

no 

Stock, 

26 
26 
27 

91* 
91* 
81* 
91* 
91* 
91* 
91* 
91* 
91| 
91* 

91* 
91* 
91* 
91| 
91*  2 
911  2* 
91*  2* 
91*  2 
91!  2 
91J  2 
91*  2 
91J  2 
91!  a 

91*     * 
91|     * 
91*    * 
91*      * 
91*     1 
91*     f 
91*    * 
911     * 
91*    * 
91*     * 

91*     * 
91*    1 
91*     ( 
91*    i 
91*    f 
91*    t 
91*     1 
91*     * 
91*    * 
91*     * 
91t    * 
Shot 

235 1 

234 
234 
232    6 
231    2* 
231 

231  33 
231    2* 

231  33 
231*  38 

232  34 
234 

Shot 

6.  2  dii. 
6  dii. 

6  die 

7.  2di«. 

3  die. 

8  tin. 
7.     3  die. 
7.     2  din. 

2  dii. 

6.    2  din. 
6.     2  die. 

6.    2  die. 

6  dii.4  pm. 
Cdie. 
S.    1  di». 

6  dii.  2  pm, 
1.    6.  pm 

7  dii.  5  pm. 

8  dii.  4  pm. 
16.    3  dii. 
16.    7  dii. 

7  dii. 

223  25 
223 

22.  20  dii. 

99* 
99* 
100 
99 
100 
100 
99{  100 

100 
99}  100 
99f  100 

M.L 
2 
4 
6 

223 

25  dii. 

221 

221*2* 
220 

220*  22* 
221 

7 
8 
9 

25  du. 

Shut 

100 
100 

100*      : 

100* 
100 
100* 
100* 
100* 
100* 
100* 
100 
100 
100* 

221 
221 

222  23 
221  23 

13 
14 
IS 
16 
18 
19 
£0 
21 

19  dii. 

220 

220  22 
220 
220 

221  2 

25  dii. 
25  du. 

30  du, 

23 

ALFRED  WHITM0RE, 

Stock  and  Share  Broker, 

19,  Chiuigo  Alley,  London,  1 


the 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL   REYIEW. 

MAY,  1861. 


CONTENTS. 

PIGS 
MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE.- Grants  of  Arms— The  Thackwells.— Royal  Paper  Copies  of 

the  Gswtlkxav's  Maoaxine.— A  Query.— Margate  Church 478 

On  Ancient  Bindings  in  the  Library  of  Westminster 479- 

Monumental  Windows 482 

Ancient  Sepulchral  Remains  at  Canton 483 

Bannatyne  Club   f 487 

Medieval  Houses  near  Clevedon 489 

Cope  Chests  in  York  Minster 497 

Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors 498 

In  Easter  Week    608 

Excavations  in  Egypt  510 

Monaco  and  its  Princes  611 

Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands 520 

Fall  of  Chichester  Spiw 526 

ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS.— Willi  and  Inventories,  temp.  Elizabeth   53O 

ANTIQUARIAN  AND  LITERARY  INTELLIGENCER.— Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London, 
533;  Archaeological  Institute,  538;  British  Archaeological  Association,  539;  Eoclesi- 
ological  Society,  541 ;  Numismatic  Society,  Ml ;  London  and  Middlesex,  and  Surrey 
Archaeological  Societies,  543;  Kilkenny  and  South-Kast  of  Ireland  Archaeological 
Society,  545;  Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society,  546;  Society 
of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland  647 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  SYLVANU8  URBAN.— Lincoln  Cathedral,  551 ;  The  Goddess  Fe-. 

cunditas,  552 ;  Ancient  Tomb  at  Malta,  553;  Grants  of  Arms,  555;  Calendrier  Normahd       656 

THE  NOTE-BOOK  OP  8YLVANU8  URBAN  557 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REYIEW8.-Delepierre's  Sketch  of  the  History 
of  Flemish  Literature,  558 ;  Troyon's  Habitations  Lacustres,  561 ;  Parker's  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  Gothic  Architecture,  562 ;  The  Reliquary,  No.  IV.— The  East 
Anglian,  No.  IX.— Ure's  Cotton  Manufacture  of  Great  Britain  Investigated  and  Illua-. 
trated,  563;  The  Life-boat 584 

APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND.  PROMOTIONS   555 

BIRTHS   ,.,...       565 

MARRIAGES 667 

OBITUARY.— Lord  Lilford— John  Brown,  Esq.,  F.R.G.8.,  F.R.8.N.A.,  571 ;  Francis  Danby, 
Esq.,  R.A.,  573;  M.  Eugene  Scribe  —  Dr.  Francis  Adams,  574;  Rer.  Dr.  George 
Oliver,  575;  Mr.  John  Peace,  577  ;  Mr.  John  Taylcure,  578:  W.  Patrick,  Esq.,  W.8., 
679;  Mr.  Francis  Maepherson,  580;  Francis  Hurt,  Esq.— Patrick  Duff,  Esq.,  581; 
Dr.  William  Conolly 582 

CLERGY  DECEASED    68a 

DEATHS  ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER    5^3. 

Registrar-General's  Return  of  Mortality  and  Births  in  tho  Metropolis— Markets,  591; 

Meteorological  Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks   M 69$ 


By  STLVANUS  I7BBAN,  Grat. 


480     On  Ancient  Bindings  in  the  Library  of  Westminster.   [May, 

lawyers,  and  they  went  in  procession  to  the  gibbet,  took  down  the  young  nan  tad 
restored  him  to  his  parents,  and  the  miraculous  cock  and  hen  were  ptaed  under  tfct 
protection  of  the  Church,  where  they  and  their  posterity  long  flourished  in  testimony 
of  this  stupendous  miracle." — Mrs,  Jameson?*  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art,  ed.  V&Q, 
p.  140. 

In  the  chapel  of  St.  James,  four  miles  from  Spoleto,  are  frescoes 
representing  the  miracles  of  this  saint.  In  one  compartment  St 
James  is  represented  sustaining  a  youth  who  is  suspended  from 
a  gibbet5.  The  example  before  you  is  the  only  instance  I  have  seen 
of  this  saint  being  so  represented  on  early  bindings. 

The  next  binding  is  a  very  beautiful  example  of  early  art,  and 
appears  to  be  of  the  same  date  as  the  volume,  which  was  printed 
by  Wynkin  de  Worde  in  1511.  On  one  side  is  represented,  under 
a  canopy,  the  figure  of  St.  Barbara,  surrounded  by  a  floriated 
border,  in  which  are  introduced  lions,  birds,  &c,  and  on  a  scroll 
the  legend  sancta  Barbara  ora  [pro  nobis].  She  is  holding 
in  her  right  hand  a  palm  branch,  (the  emblem  of  martyrdom,)  ana 
in  her  left  the  Bible.  By  her  side  is  a  tower,  and  the  ground  is 
powdered  with  fleur-de-lis. 

The  legend  as  given  by  Mrs.  Jameson0  is  as  follows : — 

"  Diosoorus,  who  dwelt  in  Heliopolis,  had  an  only  daughter  named  Barbara,  whom 
he  exceedingly  loved.  Fearful  lest  from  her  singular  beauty  she  should  be  demanded 
in  marriage  and  taken  from  him,  he  shut  her  up  in  a  tower,  and  kept  her  secluded 
from  the  eyes  of  men.  The  virtuous  Barbara  in  her  solitude  gave  herself  up  to  study 
and  meditation ;  and  the  result  of  her  reflection  was  that  idols  of  wood  and  stone  wor- 
shipped by  her  parents  could  not  have  created  the  stars  of  heaven  on  which  she  so  often 
gazed.    So  she  contemned  these  false  gods,  but  did  not  as  yet  know  the  true  faith. 

"  Now  in  the  loneliness  of  her  tower  the  fame  reached  her  of  the  famous  doctor  and 
teacher  Origen,  who  dwelt  in  Alexandria.  She  longed  to  know  of  his  teaching,  and 
wrote  to  him  secretly.  On  Origen  reading  the  letter  he  rejoiced,  and  sent  to  her  one 
of  his  disciples,  disguised  as  a  physician,  who  perfected  her  conversion,  and  she  re- 
ceived baptism  from  him. 

"  Her  father,  who  was  violently  opposed  to  the  Christians,  was  at  this  time  absent; 
but  previous  to  his  departure  he  had  sent  skilful  architects  to  construct  a  bath  chamber 
of  wonderful  splendour.  One  day  St.  Barbara  descended  to  view  the  progress  of  the 
workmen,  and  seeing  that  they  had  constructed  two  windows  commanded  them  to- 
insert  a  third.  When  her  rather  returned  he  was  much  displeased,  and  said  to  hi* 
daughter,  *  Why  hast  thou  done  this?'  and  she  answered.  'Know,  my  father,  that 
through  three  windows  doth  the  soul  receive  light, — the  Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy 
Ghost,  and  the  three  are  one.' 

"  Then  her  father  being  enraged,  drew  his  sword  to  kill  her,  but  she  fled  to  the 
summit  of  the  tower,  and  he  pursued  her;  but  by  angels  she  was  wrapped  from  his 
view  and  carried  to  a  distance.  A  shepherd  betraying  her  place  of  concealment,  her 
father  dragged  her  thence  by  the  hair,  and  beat  her,  and  confined  her  in  a  dungeon, 
denouncing  her  to  the  Proconsul  Marcian.  Her  rather,  seeing  no  hope  of  her  re- 
nouncing Christianity,  carried  her  to  a  certain  mountain  near  the  city,  drew  his  sword 
and  cut  off  her  head ;  but  as  he  descended  the  mountain  there  came  a  most  fearful 
tempest,  and  Are  fell  upon  this  cruel  father  and  consumed  him." 

On  the  reverse  side  is  a  representation  of  the  mass  of  St.  Gregory, 
who  is  seen  officiating  at  the  altar,  surrounded  by  his  attendant 
clergy ;  immediately  over  the  altar  is  the  Saviour,  supported  by 
two  angels,  His  feet  resting  on  a  chalice. 


Mrs.  Jameson's  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art,  ed.  1850,  p.  144.         e  Ibid.,  p.  292. 


1861.]    On  Ancient  Bindings  in  the  Library  of  Westminster.    481 
The  legend  is  as  follows : — 

"On  a  certain  occasion  when  St.  Gregory  was  officiating  at  the  mass,  one  was  near 
him  who  doubted  the  real  presence ;  thereupon,  at  the  prayer  of  the  saint,  a  vision  if 
suddenly  revealed  of  the  crucified  Saviour  Himself,  who  descends  upon  the  altar,  sor* 
rounded  by  the  implements  of  the  Passion." 

Another  representation  of  St.  Barbara  is  impressed  on  the  cover 
of  Gregory's  "  Decretals,"  printed  by  Begnault  in  1519.  The 
figure  of  the  saint  is  similarly  treated  to  the  example  last  described. 

On  the  cover  of  a  small  book  entitled  Apparatus  Latina  Locu- 
tiones  is  impressed  the  representation  of  the  wise  men's  offering* 
The  Virgin  is  seated  with  the  Saviour  on  her  knee ;  behind  her  is 
Joseph ;  in  front,  the  wise  men  with  crowns  on  their  heads  are 
offering  cups  of  various  shapes.  The  binder's  device,  or  merchant** 
mark,  (with  the  initials  B.  I.,)  is  in  the  foreground. 

Many  of  the  bindings  are  impressed  with  the  royal  arms,  badges, 
&c.,  and  I  have  placed  on  the  table  several  of  the  more  remarkable 
specimens. 

The  impressed  cover  of  a  volume  entitled  Annotationes  in  Pro- 
verbia  Salomonis,  printed  by  Froben,  is  deserving  of  notice.  On 
one  side  is  represented  the  Tudor  rose,  surrounded  by  the  legend, — 

"  Hec  rosa  virtutis  de  celo  missa  sereno 
Eternu  florens  Begia  sceptra  feret." 

On  either  side  are  two  angels;  above  the  legend  are  two  es- 
cutcheons, the  dexter  charged  with  the  arms  of  St.  George,  and  the 
sinister  with  those  of  the  City  of  London  ;  on  another  shield  at  the 
base  are  the  initials  and  merchant's  mark  of  the  binder ;  and  on 
the  reverse  side  of  the  cover  are  the  arms  of  France  and  England, 
quarterly,  surmounted  by  a  royal  crown,  and  supported  by  two 
angels.  The  initials  of  William  Bill,  D.D.,  Master  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  Dean  of  Westminster,  who  died  in  1561,  and 
was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  (where  there  is  a  brass  to  his 
memory,)  are  stamped  on  the  covers  of  this  volume. 

On  the  cover  of  a  work  printed  by  Jehan  Petit  early  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  entitled  Sermones  de  Adventu,  are  represented  on 
one  side  the  arms  of  Henry  VIII.  (France  and  England  quarterly), 
impaling  1  and  4,  quarterly,  Castile  and  Leon ;  2  and  3,  Aragon 
and  Sicily ;  and  on  a  point  in  base  a  pomegranate  erect,  slipped, 
proper,  for  Granada.  The  arms  are  supported  by  two  angels,  and 
surmounted  by  an  imperial  crown.  On  the  reverse  side  are  the 
royal  arms  (France  and  England  only)  supported  by  the  dragon 
and  greyhound ;  above  the  shield,  which  is  surmounted  by  the  im- 
perial crown,  is  a  rose,  on  either  side  of  which  are  two  angels  with 
scrolls.  Immediately  under  the  arms  is  the  portcullis,  allusive  to 
the  descent  of  the  house  of  Tudor  from  the  Beaufort  family. 

The  Tudor  rose,  fleur-de-lis,  castle,  pomegranate,  and  other  royal 
badges,  frequently  occur  on  impressed  bindings  temp,  sixteenth 
century.  In  the  example  on  the  table  the  binder's  device  and 
initials,  as  well  as  the  badges  above  mentioned,  are  represented. 

Got.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX.  8  k 


482  Monumental  Windows.  jViqr, 

On  the  cover  of  a  small  volume  printed  in  the  year  1542,  b  im- 
pressed the  portraiture  of  Charles  v.,  Emperor  of.  Germany.  He 
is  represented  in  armour,  holding  in  his  right  hand  the  orb,  and  in 
his  left  the  sceptre,  surrounded  by  the  legend, — 

"  OABGLYB  T.  SOMA  IMP.  SXMPXB 
AVGYST.  JBTATSYE  XIH." 

.  Above  is  a  shield  charged  with  the  imperial  arms,  (a  doable* 
headed  eagle  displayed,)  and  beneath  are  the  two  columns  of 
Hercules,  with  the  motto  plus  oultre. 

The  binder's  name  in  full  is  seldom  found  impressed  in  bindings* 
There  is,  however,  a  very  interesting  example  in  this  library, 
stamped  on  the  cover  of  a  small  volume  printed  by  Regnault  in  the 
year  1555.  The  following  legend,  viz.,  Johannes  j>e  wovdix 
antwkrpie  me  fecit,  surrounds  a  square  shaped  compartment, 
within  which  is  represented  a  lion  rampant,  ensigned  with  an  im- 
perial crown,  probably  intended  for  the  arms  of  Flanders. 

The  arms  of  Edward  IV.  are  impressed  on  the  covers  of  a  manu- 
script Book  of  Prayers.  The  arms,  supported  by  two  lions,  are 
surrounded  by  fleurs-de-lis  and  hearts,  ana  round  the  extreme  verg^ 
is  the  representation  of  a  hand,  the  first  finger  extended.  It  is  not 
in  the  form  for  the  act  of  blessing.  It  may  have  had  reference  to 
the  hand  on  one  of  the  sceptres  of  France,  seeing  it  .is  associated 
with  the  fleur-de-lis. 


MONUMENTAL  WINDOWS. 

It  is  not  always  the  case*  that  this  species  of  commemoration  is  carried  out  in 
good  taste,  and  therefore  we  are  glad  to  pnt  on  record  an  instance  that  has  latelj 
come  to  our  knowledge,  where  a  really  fine  stained-glass  window  has  been  erected 
by  a  relative  of  the  deceased.  Mr.  Fretwell  Hoyle,  a  solicitor  of  Rotherham,  has 
recently  placed  in  Maltby  Church  a  window  commemorating  his  mother,  Hannah 
Clarke,  wife  of  W.  F.  Hoyle,  esq.  (born  Feb.  19, 1810,  died  Oct  8, 1831),  the 
subject  of  which  is  Hannah  presenting  her  son  Samuel  to  the  high-priest  E1L 
The  design  was  furnished  by  Mr.  Hoyle  himself,  and  it  has  been  admirably  executed 
by  Messrs.  Wailes  of  Newcastle ;  its  character  is  ?ery  rich,  and  the  window  forms 
a  very  striking  ornament  to  the  church. 


1861.] 


483 


•  * 


ANCIENT  SEPULCHRAL  REMAINS  AT  CANTON*. 


s 


i..'** 


.-' 


•»•■■**.. 


\ 


.«*' 


fcttyCAl* 


Ibstfelt 


1 

s 

8 

4 


Magasine-hiU,  English  Head  Quarters. 
Five-storied  Pagoda,  French  Head  Quarters. 
Chonam  Fori. 
Mann's  Battery. 
Bottom's  Battery. 


6  Cough's  Fort 

7  Position  of  the  two 

8  Other  Remains. 

9  Extensive  trench. 
10  Shape  of  tiles. 


6*  Blue  Jacket  Fort. 


On  the  occupation  of  Canton  by  the  Allies  in  December,  1857,  our 
position  was  strengthened  and  defended  by  earthwork  batteries  and  en- 
trenchments. These  were  most  conspicuous  in  that  portion  of  our  lines 
between  the  north  and  north-east  gates,  on  account  of  the  elevated  posi- 
tion of  the  ground  commanding  the  whole  city.  In  this  space  is  included 
the  Magazine-hill1,  five-storied  Pagoda3  on  the  wall,  the  Chunam  Fort 
(Chinese)*,  Col.  Mann's  Battery4,  and  Major  Rotton's  Battery*  at  the  termi- 
nation of  this  rising  ground  close  to  the  city  wall,  and  nearest  (he  north- 
east gate.  It  was  whilst  digging  the  extensive  ditch9  around  these  two 
batteries  in  a  direction  running  south-west  and  north-east  that  the  work- 
men exposed  the  inferior  ends  of  two  brick  vaults7  not  far  from  Rotton's 
Battery.  Nearer  to  Mann's  Battery  were  found  several  urns8,  containing 
human  ashes  commingled  with  those  of  various  animals ;  (he  urns  were  all 
broken  to  pieces,  and  I  was  only  able  to  obtain  fragments  of  pottery  rudely 
marked. 

The  two  vaults  mentioned  above  were  placed  side  by  side,  at  right 
angles  to  the  trench,  bearing  north-west  and  south-east,  and  evidently 
built  at  the  same  time. 

To  each  vault  were  ends  and  sides  of  square  red  tiles,  and  an  arched 


*  We  have  been  favoured  with  this  communication  by  Mr.  Charles  Moore  Jetton, 
Staff  Aasistnnt-Surgeon,  now  at  Chatham. 


484  Ancient  Sepulchral  Remains  at  Canton.  [May, 

roof  of  triangular  red  tiles10,  similar  in  composition  and  thickness  to  those 
used  in  Roman  masonry.  The  floor  was  laid  on  the  rock.  On  a  rough 
measurement,  each  grave  was  6  feet  long,  2£  feet  wide,  3  feet  high,  and 
2  feet  below  the  surface. 

The  vault  examined  first  was  that  nearest  Mann's  Battery.  There  were 
four  layers  of  deposit— one  of  clay,  one  of  lime,  a  fine  light-coloured  humus, 
in  which  were  bones,  teeth,  &c. ;  and  lastly,  a  second  of  lime.  In  the 
humus  were  found  several  lumps  of  plastic  clay  scattered  throughout  the 
whole  extent,  and  which  on  exposure  to  air  exhibited  traces  of  osseous 
matter.  On  the  left  side,  a  portion  of  the  bone  of  the  fore-arm,  a  portion 
of  the  right  ramus  of  the  lower  maxilla,  portions  of  the  occipital  and 
parietal  bones,  and  near  these  several  teeth. 

In  the  second  vault  were  five  layers — clay,  lime,  charcoal,  humus,  lime ; 
the  charcoal  was  in  great  quantity,  and  the  lime  not  half  so  abundant  as 
in  the  former  grave.  On  the  left  side  of  the  body,  and  near  to  a  portion 
of  the  ulna,  a  pair  of  scissors  made  of  iron.  On  the  right  side,  opposite 
the  head,  which  probably  declined  to  this  side,  a  small  round  bronze  plate, 
dish-shaped,  with  a  boss  in  the  centre,  pierced  transversely.  Above  this 
plate  were  one  silver,  and  four  or  five  bronze  pins,  and  ear-pick ;  also  two 
other  small  ornaments.  These  pins  were  all  taken  out  of  a  large*  plastic 
filiform  mass,  which  I  imagine  once  to  have  been  hair.  Other  plastic 
masses  were  scattered  throughout  the  extent  of  humus  in  the  position  of 
the  shoulders,  hips,  and  knees,  exhibiting  traces  of  osseous  matter. 

The  scissors  are  a  strong  pair,  nine  inches  long,  with  ear-shaped  handles 
and  fine  points,  just  like  those  in  use  among  the  Chinese  at  the  present  day. 

The  bronze  plate  or  mirror  is  5  in.  10  lines  in  diameter.  On  the  side  of 
the  boss  it  is  beautifully  marked  all  over  with  shells  and  grotesque  heads 
in  alto-relievo ;  the  opposite  side,  which  has  once  been  bright,  is  corroded, 
and  has  evidently  lain  upon  a  portion  of  the  dress  or  some  reticular  sub- 
stance. This  mirror  is  more  handsome  than  any  I  have  seen  in  modern 
use  among  the  Cantonese.  It  was  suspended  or  carried  by  means  of 
a  string  (as  at  the  present  day)  through  the  hole  in  the  boss. 

The  hair-pins  are  narrow  and  broad  in  width :  one  of  the  narrow  pins 
is  made  of  silver,  and  is  as  thick  as  the  prong  of  a  dessert  fork,  elegantly 
chased  round  its  curved  end,  and" each  leg  pointed;  it  is  five  inches  and 
a- half  long.  The  remaining  pins  of  bronze,  being  very  brittle,  are  not  perfect 
like  the  silver  one ;  they  have  been  long,  straight  pins,  pointed,  the  broader 
chased,  and  the  superior  extremity  of  one  fashioned  as  an  ear-pick.  The 
Wo  other  small  ornaments  were  evidently  in  connexion  with  the  further 
security  of  the  hair,  as  all  were  found  together  in  the  plastic  mass,  pre- 
senting a  filiform  appearance,  lying  on  the  right  side. 

The  two  vaults  and  their  contents  just  described  were  discovered  in 
ground  that  to  all  appearance  had  never  been  disturbed ;  jutting  rocks  were 
obvious  over  a  sloping  grassy  surface,  so  that  no  external  indication  was 


1861.]  Ancient  Sepulchral  Remain*  at  Canton, 


486  Ancient  Sepulchral  Remains  at  Canton.  [Mty 

present  to  lead  any  one  to  suppose  that  so  valuable  a  deposit  lay  beneath; 
consequently  how  many  hundreds  of  years  these  vaults  have  had  eTietencs 
it  is  difficult  to  guess ;  but  knowing  the  veneration  in  which  Chins— 
hold  their  burial-places,  and  the  tenacity  with  which  they  have  for  em* 
turies  clung  to  the  same  manners  and  opinions,  coupled  with  the  fact  that 
they  never  inter  the  dead  within  their  cities,  all  traces  of  sepulchral  us* 
mains  must  have  been  entirely  obliterated  long  before  Canton  was  enclosed 
by  walls,  which  happened,  I  believe,  about  fifty  years  before  the  thus 
of  the  Norman  conquest ;  and  if  we  compare  these  relics  with  those  of 
European  countries,  which  Mr.  Roach  Smith  and  other  antiquaries  have 
described,  we  conclude  that  these  remains  cannot  have  a  less  date  assigned 
them  than  that  of  from  fifteen  hundred  to  two  thousand  years b. 

In  the  first  vault  we  found  four  layers  of  deposit,  which  probably  may  be 
thus  accounted  for :  before  the  coffin  was  introduced  a  quantity  of  lime  was 
thrown  in,  on  to  which  went  the  coffin ;  this  again  was  covered  with  lime* 
and  finally  clay  to  the  height  of  the  walls,  when  it  was  arched  over.  What 
I  have  termed  '  humus'  I  conceive  to  be  the  remains  of  the  coffin.  The 
plastic  lumps  of  clay-like  substance  found  in  this  stratum  were  totally  die* 
tinct  and  different  from  the  external  layer  of  clay,  which  layer  at  the  upper 
end  had  sunk  as  much  as  a  foot  and  a-half,  and  at  the  lower  end  two  feet 
from  the  top,  proving  the  coffin  to  have  been  originally  of  considerable 
bulk.  It  may  not  here  be  amiss  to  observe  that  the  coffins  of  the  wealthier 
class  of  Chinese  are  made  of  six  pieces — four  very  thick  sides,  hollowed  in* 
ternally  and  convex  externally,  overlapping  the  two  square  end-pieces  about 
four  or  five  inches,  and  are  much  thicker  at  the  upper  than  the  lower  end. 

In  the  second  vault  we  found  five  layers,  but  it  was  difficult  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  charcoal  had  been  put  into  the  coffin  or  merely  on  |the 
outside,  but  as  charcoal  was  found  embedded  in  the  '  humus'  as  well  as  on 
the  top  of  it,  it  is  probable  that  both  plans  had  been  adopted ;  the  charcoal 
was  in  great  profusion  and  the  lime  scanty.  The  clay  had  sunk  much  less 
in  this  vault. 

In  the  build  of  the  vaults  I  did  not  observe  anything  like  mortar  between 
the  tiles. 

From  the  whole,  then,  I  conclude  that  the  first  vault  once  contained 
a  male,  and  the  second  a  female  body,  and  that  the  bodies  were  those  of 
old  people ;  for  the  first  body  was  not  interred  with  charcoal,  no  orna- 
ments were  found,  and  the  teeth  well  worn.  The  second  body  had  had 
more  care  bestowed  on  it ;  the  ornaments  were  the  indispensable  necessaries 
of  female  arts — hair-pins,  scissors,  and  looking-glass ;  and  the  absence  of 
teeth  gives  the  impression  that  the  old  lady  was  toothless.   It  is  not,  there* 

b  At  a  superficial  glance  these  interesting  antiquities  have  much  the  appearance  of 
Roman  and  Saxon  remains ;  the  hair-pins  and  scissors  seem  almost  identical  with  some 
varieties  from  graves  in  the  north  of  Europe.  The  embossed  side  of  the  metal  mirror, 
however,  betrays  their  origin, — Ed. 


1861.]  Bannatyne  Club.  487 

fore  an  unwarrantable  stretch  of  the  imagination  to  suppose,  that  this  aged 
couple  were  of  some  rank  and  wealth,  probably  a  mandarin  and  his  wife  ; 
and  that  probably  they  died  about  the  same  time,  and  were  interred  to- 
gether, or  shortly  after  each  other. 

Although  I  have  ventured  to  assign  a  somewhat  remote  date  to  the  above 
discoveries,  it  is  possible  I  may  be  mistaken,  or  else  that  the  Chinese  prac- 
tised incremation  till  within  a  recent  date. 

Shortly  after  the  possession  of  Canton,  all  the  forts6  outside  the  walls 
were  blown  up.  Among  the  rest  Lyn  Fort,  outside  the  east  gate ;  from  its 
style  of  masonry  it  was  not  considered  to  be  of  great  antiquity.  In  dig. 
ging  the  mines  under  it  a  gunner  chanced  on  an  urn  containing  charred 
bones,  the  lid  luted  with  lime.  It  was  contained  in  a  larger  urn,  with 
the  lid  similarly  luted.  It  is  a  plain  urn,  ten  inches  and  a-half  high,  and 
has  a  Chinese  inscription  painted  on  the  outside ;  I  had  great  difficulty 
in  getting  a  Chinaman  to  read  it  for  me,  as  I  was  naturally  regarded  as 
a  monster  of  impiety,  and  each  one  that  I  asked  got  him  out  of  my  pre- 
sence with  a  shrug  much  in  the  same  way  that  a  cat  slowly  retreats  with 
its  back  up  before  a  dog ;  at  last,  my  boy,  more  bold  than  others,  but  with 
reluctance,  informed  me  that  "  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  reign  of  the  Em- 
peror Heing  Tsung  this  fort  was  built,  and  that " — here  he  stopped,  shook 
his  head,  and  said,  "  very  bad  man,  more  better  you  make  he  whilo  " — but 
whether  to  myself  or  the  remains  his  expression  was  applicable,  I  know 
not.  I  never  got  more  out  of  him,  but  imagine  he  meant  the  man  was 
a  malefactor. 

The  inscription,  very  fresh  at  first,  soon  faded  on  exposure  to  the  air, 
and  is  now  nearly  illegible. 

The  probable  date  is  about  1400  or  1500  A.D.,  as  in  Morrison's  Chrono- 
logical Table,  I  think,  I  remember  seeing  the  name  of  Heing  Tsung* 


Bahnattne  Club. — The  final  meeting  of  the  Bannatyne  Club  was  held  in  the 
apartments  of  the  Society  of  Scottish  Antiquaries,  on  Wednesday,  the  27th  Febru- 
ary last — Lord  Neaves  in  the  chair.  A  satisfactory  statement  was  made  by  the 
Secretary,  Mr.  David  Laing,  as  to  the  position  of  the  Club,  and  the  forwardness  of 
a  few  remaining  publications  which  are  still  to  be  distributed  among  the  members. 
Directions  were  then  given  as  to  the  closing  the  transactions  and  winding  up  the 
affairs  of  the  Club,  which  may  now  be  considered  as  dissolved,  after  an  existence  of 
thirty-eight  years.  At  the  termination  of  the  business,  Lord  Neaves  took  the  op- 
portunity of  presenting  to  Mr.  Laing,  in  name  of  the  Club,  a  handsome  piece  of 
silver  plate,  purchased  from  a  contribution  among  the  members  amounting  to  350 
guineas,  as  a  mark  of  their  high  sense  of  the  admirable  manner  and  disinterested 
spirit  in  which  the  proceedings  of  the  Club  had  been  assisted,  and  its  publications 
superintended  by  Mr.  Laing,  as  its  Honorary  Secretary,  from  its  institution  in 
1823  till  its  dissolution  at  this  time. 


Medieval  ff onset  near  Clevedtm.  [May, 


1861.]  489 


MEDIEVAL  HOUSES  NEAE  CLEVEDON*. 

Clevedon  Court  is  a  house  of  the  time  of  Edward  II.,  or  the 
first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century,  much  altered  and  added  to,  and  with 
parts  rebuilt,  but  of  which  the  main  walls  remain,  and  the  original  plan 
may  still  be  traced.  This  may  be  said  roughly  to  be  the  common  plan  of 
the  Roman  capital  letter  H,  the  hall  making  the  cross  stroke,  but  a  very 
thick  one ;  at  any  rate,  it  forms  the  central  division  of  the  house,  with  the 
rooms  for  the  family  at  the  upper  end,  and  the  offices  for  the  servants  at 
the  lower,  according  to  the  usual  arrangement. 

The  entrance's  through  a  porch,  which  possesses  the  two  original  door- 
ways with  Decorated  mouldings,  and  in  the  jambs  of  the  outer  arch  are 
the  grooves  for  the  portcullis :  over  this  porch  is  a  small  room,  in  which  was 
the  windlass  for  raising  and  lowering  the  portcullis,  and  in  the  angle  is 
a  winding  or  newel  staircase  leading  to  this  room,  and  to  the  music- 
gallery  over  the  screens  or  servants'  passage.  At  the  further  end  of  this 
passage,  or  at  the  back  of  the  house,  is  another  porch,  F,  also  with  a  port- 
cullis groove,  a  room  over  it  for  the  windlass,  and  a  newel  staircase.  Three 
doorways,  with  Decorated  dripstone  mouldings,  open  as  usual  from  the 
screens  to  the  buttery,  the  pantry,  and  the  central  passage  leading  to  the 
kitchen,  which  must  always  have  been  external  in  a  detached  building, 
and  not  part  of  the  house,  and  probably  on  the  same  site  as  the  present 
one :  although  it  has  been  rebuilt  in  the  Elizabethan  period,  it  is  placed 
diagonally  to  the  main  building,  leaving  a  small  triangular  court,  which 
effectually  prevented  the  smell  of  the  cooking  from  entering  the  house. 
The  offices  which  touch  upon  this  court  are  the  servants'  hall,  G,  which 
seems  to  be  part  of  the  original  building,  though  much  altered.  H  the 
bakehouse,  and  I  the  scullery,  have  also  been  much  altered,  but  have  old 
work  in  parts:  K  is  a  tower  divided  into  several  stories,  now  occupied 
as  servants'  bedrooms ;  it  is  a  very  plain  building,  with  small  square-headed 
windows,  and  has  very  much  the  appearance  of  being  part  of  the  work  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  although  if  so,  it  is  a  very  unusual  feature  of  that 
period. 

The  great  hall  is  much  modernized :  the  windows  and  fireplace  and 
wainscoting  are  all  modern,  that  is,  not  medieval,  but  not  very  recent. 
The  walls  are  original,  with  the  two  gable  ends  and  a  chimney  on  each, 
and  in  each  gable  are  windows  shewing  that  the  buildings  attached  to  the 
hall  at  each  end  were  originally  much  lower  than  the  hall.   There  is  a  pecu- 

*  Described  by  J.  H.  Parker,  Esq.,  F.SJL,  during  the  Excursions  at  the  Meeting  of 
the  Somersetshire  Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Sept.  24,  I860.  See 
Onrr.  Mag.,  Not.  1860,  p.  504. 

Gbkt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  3  v 


490  Medieval  Houses  near  Clevedon.    ■  [Htjr, 

liarity  in  the  chimneys, — the  flue  of  each  is  not  carried  down  any  lower 
than  the  head  of  the  window  under  it,  and  waa  originally  open  to  the  hall, 
bo  that  it  would  appear  that  the  smoke  from  the  fire  on  the  hearth  or 
reredoa  in  the  centre  of  the  hall  waa  allowed  to  circulate  freely  among  the 
open  timbers  of  the  hall  and  escape  at  the  two  extremities  without  any 
central  louvre  ;  or  these  chimneys  may  have  been  an  extra  precaution  in 


fTTTf 


XI! 


addition  to  the  louvre.  The  present  roof  is  modern  and  ceiled,  and  as  no 
ancient  view  of  the  house  is  extant  shewing-  a  smoke  louvre,  we  have 
no  evidence  whether  there  was  one  or  not ;  it  is  quite  possible  that  this 
arrangement  of  short  chimneys  open  below  to  the  hall  may  be  an  earlier 
one  than  the  smoke  louvre  in  the  centre  of  the  hall.  The  dais  has  dis- 
appeared, but  the  position  of  it  is  obvious  enough.  At  one  end  in  the 
front  of  the  house,  where  at  a  later  period  the  bay-window  would  be,  is 
a  small  square  room  or  closet,  forming  the  basement  of  a  tower,  corre- 
sponding to  the  porch  at  the  lower  end  of  the  hall.  Over  this  closet  is 
another  small  room,  with  a  rich  Decorated  window  with  reticulated  tracery 
in  the  front,  and  at  the  back  a  small  window  of  the  same  period  opening 
into  the  hall;  this  was  probably  the  lady's  bower  or  private  chamber :  the 
only  access  to  it  was  by  a  newel  staircase  from  the  small  room  below,  and 
so  from  the  hall;  the  present  entrance  from  the  adjoining  chamber  has 
been  cut  through  the  old  thick  wall.    At  the  opposite  end  of  the  dais, 


1861.]  Medieval  Houses  near  Ckvedon.  491 

and  consequently  at  the  back  of  the  house,  was  the  ancient  cellar,  E,  under 
a  modern  staircase,  and  by  the  side  of  it  the  garderobe  turret,  D,  with 
a  newel  staircase  in  the  corner,  now  destroyed :  behind  the  dais  is  a  large 
room,  probably  the  parlour,  and  over  it  the  solar,  or  lord's  chamber.  This 
wing  has  been  much  altered  in  the  Elizabethan  period,  but  the  buttress  at 
the  external  corner  is  Decorated  work,  and  shews  that  these  rooms  are 
partly  original.  The  room  at  the  back  of  this,  marked  C,  belongs  to  the 
Elizabethan  period,  and  has  been  at  some  period  turned  into  a  kitchen. 
The  west  end  of  the  bouse,  beyond  this,  comprising  the  present  dining- 
room  and  drawing-room,  is  partly  modern,  with  bay-windows  thrown  out, 
in  the  style  of  the  Strawberry-hill  Gothic;  but  the  walls  and  the  end 
window  in  the  front  belong  to  the  Elizabethan  work,  built  by  Wake,  and 
the  back  wall  extending  from  C  to  the  west  end  has  had  an  arch  pierced 
through  it  to  extend  the  dining-room. 

The  dotted  lines  on  the  plan  connecting  E  and  F  represent  a  modem 
wall,  and  the  straight  line  at  the  back  with  the  steps  shews  the  trench 
cut  out  of  the  slope  of  the  hill  at  the  back  of  the  honse.  The  remains  of 
fortification  are  very  slight,  and  there  is  no  appearance  of  any  moat; 
indeed,  the  situation  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  hardly  admits  of  one,  and  the 
house  could  never  have  been  intended  to  stand  a  siege. 


Tickeithak  Court  is  a  manor-house,  probably  of  the  time  of  Henry  IV,, 
or  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  without  any  appearance  of 
having  been  fortified,  though  it  was  no  doubt  enclosed  by  an  outer  wall. 
The  hall  is  nearly  perfect,  and  stands  at  a  right  angle  to  the  other  part  of 


Medieval  Souses  near  Clevedon.  tM*J* 


1861.]  Medieval  Houses  near  Clevedon.  498 


I     I       |                        H 

< 

\l/                      1          TOWER            1 

1 — 

Medieval  Hornet  near  Clevedtm.  [Haj, 


1861.]  Medieval  Houses  near  Clevedon.  495 

the  house,  so  that  we  have  two  sides  of  the  quadrangle  only  remaining. 
The  hall  windows  are  each  of  two  lights,  with  flowing  tracery  resembling 
the  Decorated  style  of  the  previous  century,  but  the  arch  mouldings  are 
of  the  Perpendicular  style ;  the  outer  arch  is  pointed,  the  inner  arch,  or 
rear-arch  as  it  is  called,  is  segmental.  The  roof  is  perfect,  of  plain  open 
timber  of  simple  construction,  the  principals  arched  to  the  collars,  with 
good  panelled  stone  corbels.  At  the  lower  end  are  the  usual  three  door- 
ways to  the  kitchen  and  offices,  now  destroyed,  which  probably  occupied 
another  wing,  making  a  third  side  to  the  court :  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
hall  is  the  arch  of  the  bay-window,  now  destroyed.  The  remaining  wing 
of  the  house  is  divided  into  two  stories,  with  square-headed  windows  of 
the  same  period ;  and  at  the  back  of  this  wing  are  two  turrets,  one  octagonal, 
for  the  staircase,  the  other  square,  for  the  garderobes. 

CLAPTON-nr-GoBDAiro.  This  manor-house  must  once  have  been  of  con- 
siderable importance,  and  although  but  little  now  remains,  that  little  is 
highly  interesting.  The  interior  of  the  present  house  (which  is  only  a 
portion  of  the  original  one)  has  been  thoroughly  modernized,  the  last 
remnants  of  antiquity  having  been  cleared  out  in  1860,  the  old  partition 
walls  destroyed,  and  the  very  curious  early  screen  fairly  turned  out  of 
doors.  The  original  parts  of  the  house  are  of  the  time  of  Edward  11.,  but 
the  only  portions  now  remaining  visible  of  that  period  are  the  doorway  under 
the  porch  and  the  buttresses;  but  a  considerable  part  of  the  walls  be- 
long to  the  same  work,  and  the  very  beautiful  screen  (which  has  now  been 
built  up  under  a  stone  arch  in  the  open  air)  as  the  entrance  to  the  garden, 
opposite  to  the  entrance  door.  Fortunately,  Mr.  Godwin  has  preserved  a 
plan  of  the  house  as  it  was  before  the  late  alteration,  and  has  published  it 
in  the  Archaeological  Journal  for  June,  1860,  with  the  illustrations  here 
repeated,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  him.  I  can  see  no  reason  to  con- 
sider this  wooden  screen  as  any  earlier  than  the  arch  in  which  it  stood,  or 
the  doorway,  although  Mr.  Godwin  puts  it  a  century  earlier;  the  tracery  in 
the  head  appears  to  belong  to  the  original  work,  and  no  such  tracery  was 
in  use  in  the  early  part  of  the  thirteenth  century,  nor  before  the  time  of 
Edward  I.  or  II.  Still  it  is  probably  the  earliest  and  most  remarkable 
domestic  screen  in  existence.  The  tower-porch  was  added  in  1442,  as 
appears  from  the  arms  over  the  door,  Arthur  and  Berkeley  impaled.  The 
chancel  of  the  church  and  the  family  chapel  on  the  north  side  of  it  were 
rebuilt  at  the  same  time  as  this  tower.  It  very  commonly  happens  that 
some  part  of  the  church  is  rebuilt  at  the  same  time  as  a  manor-house. 
The  gate-house  is  of  the  time  of  James  1. 

The  Rectory-house  at  Congresbubt  has  a  very  remarkable  porch,  the 
arch  of  which  is  richly  ornamented  with  an  imitation  of  the  well-known 
tooth-ornament  of  the  thirteenth  century,  but  really  built  about  1470  by 
the  executors  of  Bishop  Beckington,  the  arms  over  the  doorway  cut  in  the 
original  stonework  being  those  of  the  see  of  Wells  and  of  the  executors, 


Medieval  Houses  near  Clevedon.    '  [Map,  I 


1861.]  Cope  Chests  in  York  Minster.  497 

Pope,  Sugar,  and  Swann,  the  same  as  in  the  Vicars'  Close  at  Wells,  so  that 
this  house  was  built  about  the  same  time  with  that  work. 

It  is  remarkable  that  in  the  chapel  of  the  Vicars1  Close  some  fragments 
of  Early  English  sculpture  of  the  time  of  Bishop  Joceline  are  built  in  as 
old  material  in  the  spandrels  of  the  window-arches.  This  would  lead  us  to 
6uspect  that  the  tooth-ornament  here  also  is  old  material  used  again,  as 
often  happens,  but  in  this  instance  it  does  not  appear  to  be  the  case ;  it 
seems  to  be  clearly  copied,  although  such  an  example  is  almost  unique ; 
probably  those  executors  had  a  taste  for  the  earlier  style,  and  introduced  it 
when  they  could. 

At  Yatton,  the  Manor-house  is  so  exactly  on  the  same  plan  as  Clevedon 
Court,  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  it  is  a  copy  of  it,  on  a  much  smaller 
scale,  and  at  a  later  period ;  the  style  is  Perpendicular,  but  early  in  the 
style,  probably  about  the  same  age  as  Tickenham  Court,  circa  1410. 


Cope  Chests  in  York  Minster. — The  importance  of  metal-work  as  an  orna- 
mental adjunct  to  architecture  is  generally  admitted,  and  its  study  has  revived  with 
the  study  of  Gothic  architecture ;  good  examples,  therefore,  become  valuable.  Two 
cope  chests  may  be  seen  in  the  north  aisle  of  the  choir  of  York  Minster  leading  to 
the  Lady-chapel,  one  placed  upon  the  top  of  the  other ;  and,  though  such  excellent 
examples  of  their  respective  periods,  they  seem  to  have  been  almost  entirely 
neglected,  the  only  notice  of  them  being  a  few  lines  in  "  Britton's  York,"  and 
a  short  notice  in  " Browns  York."  These  chests  or  arks  were  made  to  contain 
the  copes  of  the  officiating  clergy  of  the  cathedral,  and  as  the  form  of  the 
cope  was  that  of  an  exact  semicircle,  these  chests  were  made  of  half  that  size,  so 
that  the  copes  would  lie  in  them  by  being  once  folded.  They  are  of  large  size, 
the  radius  of  the  circle  of  the  earlier  one  being  6  feet  6  inches,  and  the  other 
6  feet  2  inches.  They  are  of  wood,  covered  at  the  sides  and  top  with  leather, 
and  open  by  two  lids,  which  close  in  the  middle.  These  lids  are  covered  with 
iron-work  laid  on  leather.  Many  portions  of  the  iron  have  been  broken  away  or 
destroyed.  The  two  chests  are  of  different  dates.  The  earliest  appears  to  be  of 
the  twelfth  century ;  the  circular  branches  to  the  band  are  common  to  Norman 
iron-work,  though  they  are  contained  in  later  examples ;  the  curves  are  stiff,  and 
wanting  in  the  grace  and  elegance  of  those  of  the  next  century.  Of  the  date  of 
the  second  there  can  he  no  question,  as  there  are  many  examples  of  similar  character 
remaining  on  buildings  of  which  the  date  is  in  some  instances  known,  and  all  be- 
longing to  that  culminating  point  of  English  Gothic  architecture,  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  the  doors  of  the  chapter-house,  York, 
and  the  hall  of  Merton  College.  Oxford.  None  of  these,  however,  are  equal  to 
the  present  in  the  grace  and  beauty  of  the  curves,  and  the  skill  with  which  the 
surface  is  so  regularly  covered. 


Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  3  o 


498  [Mtf,   * 


TKACES  OF  OUR  REMOTE  ANCESTORS. 

My  residence  for  many  years  past  has  been  fixed  in  a  district  of  a  some- 
what peculiar  character,  and  in  which  many  advantages  are  rather  more 
than  sufficiently  compensated  by  the  presence  of  more  than  one  considerable 
drawback.  Thus,  it  is  singularly  wild,  much  of  it  equally  picturesque  and 
beautiful,  wonderfully  healthy,  and  sufficiently  primitive  in  many  of  its 
customs  and  habitudes.  On  the  other  hand,  the  roads  are  simply  astound- 
ing for  hilliness  and  badness,  and  what  is  usually  understood  by  the  term 
44  neighbourhood"  is  not  simply  non-existent,  but  much  more  really  impossible 
than  the  mathematical  quantities  so  called.  The  district  I  refer  to  is  a  con- 
siderable section  of  the  more  easterlv  moorlands  of  north  Yorkshire,  and 
embraces  many  thousand  acres,  included  in  the  parishes  or  townships  of 
Skelton,  Guisborough,  Westerdale,  Danby,  Glaisdale,  Egton,  Sleights,  and 
Whitby.  Much  of  this  moorland  country  is  very  familiarly  known  to  me, 
and  there  is  but  a  small  portion  of  it  which  I  do  not  know  or  have  not 
visited  at  all.  I  may,  however,  specially  mention  the  moors  of  Danby, 
Glaisdale,  and  Westerdale  as  not  only  those  which  I  know  best,  but  as  sup- 
plying me,  in  the  course  of  continual  expeditions, — parochial,  shooting, 
'constitutional/  or  connected  with  a  taste  for  natural  history, — with  no 
small  part  of  the  materials  for  the  following  communication. 

The  traveller  who  traces  the  high  road  from  Guisborough  to  Whitby 
passes  across  the  entire  breadth  of  the  district  in  question ;  and,  out  of  the 
twenty-one  miles  which  lie  between  those  two  towns,  fourteen  at  least  stretch 
their  weary  up-hill  and  down-hill  length  over  the  moors.  As  he  looks  back 
from  the  newly  attained  moorland  level  at  Birk  Brow,  the  grand  fragment 
of  the  choir  of  the  Priory  Church  of  Guisborough — all  that  is  left  of  the 
entire  building — arrests  his  eye.  As  he  reaches  the  eastern  limit  of  the 
moors  he  comes  in  sight  of  the  more  extensive  ruin  of  Hilda's  Abbey 
Church  at  Whitby,  once  as  glorious  for  beauty  as  the  loftier  pile  at  Guis- 
borough. Both  of  these  conventual  remnants  are  "  relics  of  antiquity :" 
and  yet  both  are  "  infants  of  days"  contrasted  with  the  memorials  of 
hoariest  eld  with  which  a  great  extent  of  the  wide  moors  between  the  two 
points  of  view  just  named  are  everywhere  garnished.  For  miles  together 
they  are  bossed  over  with  the  monuments  of  dead  chieftains  of  twenty -five 
or  thirty  centuries  ago :  some  as  perfect  in  form  and  material  as  when 
newly  piled  by  the  mourning  tribe  over  the  still  warm  ashes  of  the  funeral- 
pile  ;  others  broken  into  or  excavated  across  by  the  antiquary,  or  carried 
piecemeal  away  by  the  rude  engineers  of  those  inconceivable  moor-roads. 
From  some  points  twenty  or  twenty-five  of  these  sepulchral  piles  may  be 
seen,  none  of  them  of  less  dimensions  than  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet 


1861.]  Traces  of  owr  Remote  Ancestors.  499 

through,  and  many  of  them  twice  or  three  times  that;  in  other  places  they 
stand  so  thick,  although  often  of  small  size,  that  the  surface  seems,  at  some 
former  day,  to  have  laboured  under  a  severe  eruptive  disorder,  and  to  have 
had  a  wonderfully  favourable  crisis.  "  Standing-stones0  too,  or  monoliths — 
and  who .  can  venture  to  guess  how  many  have  been  removed  bodily  by 
country  road- makers  and  wall-builders? — are  there,  deeply  scarred  and 
furrowed,  though  with  no  mightier  agency  than  that  of  the  slow  tricklings 
of  water-drops ;  conical  hills  of  great  size,  some  nearly  natural,  others  cer- 
tainly indebted  to  man's  art  for  part  of  their  symmetry,  if  not  for  their 
entire  bulk ;  circles  of  stones,  some  ring  within  ring,  which  once,  no  doubt, 
were  shrines  or  temples ;  camps,  embankments,  fosses,  and — more  interesting 
still — the  sites  of  collective  habitations  formerly  occupied  by  our  British  or 
Celtic  ancestors,  almost  surely  before  Isaiah  prophesied,  probably  before 
Samuel  was  born,  and  even  not  impossibly  when  Moses  led  the  Israelites 
through  the  Red  Sea. 

For  no  trace  of  metal,  that  the  writer  has  been  able  to  hear  of,  has  ever 
been  found  in  any  of  these  sepulchres  at  present  under  notice.  A  few 
bronze  weapons  and  other  implements  of  the  Archaic  Bronze  period  were 
found,  some  thirty  years  since,  on  Roseberry  Topping,  (a  conical  hill  about 
three  miles  from  Guisborough,)  and  others  elsewhere  in  North  Yorkshire ; 
while  iron  wheel-tires,  and  iron  relics  of  horse-trappings  and  of  the  rim  of 
a  shield,  have  been  taken  from  tumuli  not  far  from  Market  Weighton  in 
the  East  Riding ;  but  on  the  wide  moors  I  am  speaking  of,  I  believe  only 
flint  arrow-heads,  and  rude  jet  ornaments  bead-like  in  shape,  and  ruder 
half-baked  urns,  with  a  few  hammer  or  axe-heads  of  hard  whinstone  or 
quartz, — all  of  a  remote  era  of  the  remote  Stone  period, — have  been  met 
with;  no  relics  even  of  any  application  of  bone,  so  far  as  I  am  aware, 
having  been  as  yet  found. 

The  extreme  abundance  of  these  British  or  Celtic  remains  in  parts  of  the 
district  in  question  seems  mainly  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  so  very  con- 
siderable a  proportion  of  the  whole  extent  is  as  wild  and  unaltered  by  the 
hand  of  man,  (save  only  in  the  destruction  of  the  forest  which  must  once 
have  covered  extensive  tracts  of  these  moors,)  or  by  the  advances  of  agri- 
culture, as  it  was  2,500  or  3,000  years  ago ;  but  perhaps  not  a  little  also 
to  the  fact  that  there  appears  to  be  no  doubt,  from  ancient  historical 
records,  and  no  less  from  modern  extension  of  agricultural  limits,  as  well 
as  from  the  revelations  or  discoveries  consequent  on  modern  agricultural 
innovations  and  improvements,  that  the  '  Dales'  as  a  whole  were,  from  an 
early  period,  choked  with  forest  growth  wherever  they  were  not  smothered 
with  deep,  treacherous,  quaking  bog,  or  wet,  inhospitable  morass.  Nay,  in 
multitudes  of  instances  the  evidence  alluded  to  goes  to  prove  that  forests 
had  grown  up,  flourished,  died,  and  fallen,  and,  by  their  fall,  probably  led  to 
the  existence  of  a  deep  bog  which  serves  now  to  entomb  their  remains. 
Take  one  parish — my  own-— of  some  23,000  acres  in  extent,  and  of  the 


500  Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors.  \}&*h 

ancient  Celtic  remains  in  which  I  propose  to  speak  principally  in  the  en- 
suing pages, — and,  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  we  find  only  about  1,800 
acres  liable  to  be  taxed,  as  being  cleared,  and  in  a  certain  sense  under  cul- 
tivation ;  and  what  that  cultivation  was  may  be  inferred  from  the  circum- 
stance that  the  Doomsday  surveyor's  estimate  was,  that  there  was  land  in 
the  entire  manor  for  seven  ploughs ;  all  the  rest  was  forest  and  moor,  and 
the  former  encroaching  enormously  on  what  is  now  the  latter.  Moreover, 
by  that  time  probably,  or  almost  certainly,  (though  for  how  long  a  time  we 
cannot  even  guess,)  the  woods  had  been  laid  under  contribution  for  smelting 
the  iron-ore  which  is  found  so  abundantly  in  the  entire  neighbourhood. 

So  that  the  ancient  British  occupants  of  the  district,  whose  best  weapons 
against  the  forest  were  clumsy  whinstone  or  quartz  axes,  perforated  with  in- 
conceivable labour  to  receive  the  helve,  must  have  been  driven  to  such  parts 
of  the  moor  as  were  sufficiently  dry  and  open,  and  to  those  few  places  in 
the  valleys  which,  by  the  absence  of  wood  and  marsh,  permitted  them  to 
form  their  huts  and  pasture  their  scanty  herds. 

A  line  drawn  nearly  parallel  with  the  general  direction  of  the  high  road 
from  Guisborough  to  Whitby,  and  at  a  medium  distance  of  eight  or  nine 
miles  from  it,  would  very  nearly  coincide  with  a  sort  of  natural  axis  of  high 
lands  drooping  from  1,485  feet  above  the  sea  at  Botton  Head,  1,000  at 
Lilhoue  Cross,  and  800  at  Stoup  Brow,  half-way  between  Whitby  and  Scar- 
borough. From  this  axis  or  water-shed,  along  its  whole  length,  the  high 
ground  falls  gradually  towards  the  north,  and  sends  forward  several  long, 
irregularly  shaped  spurs,  generally  of  inconsiderable  width,  projecting  into 
the  main  valley  of  the  district — that  of  the  Esk — and  creating  a  succession 
of  deep  narrow  valleys,  all  debouching  in  the  main  or  central  one.  All  of 
these  spurs,  to  the  number  of  eight  or  nine,  were  fortified — two  or  three  of 
them  very  elaborately — against  attack  from  the  south.  Some  of  these  for- 
tifications consist  of  single  ramparts  formed  of  earth  heaped  over  collected 
stones,  (many  of  them  of  enormous  size,  considering  the  forces  admitting  of 
application  to  their  removal,)  and  are  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  thick  at  the 
base,  and  even  now,  with  what  more  than  twenty-five  centuries  have  done 
towards  filling  up  the  ditch  and  degrading  the  crest  of  the  vallum,  eight  or 
nine  feet  high.  Others  have  been  so  constructed  as  to  present  to  the 
enemy  a  rugged  stone  face, — the  stones  composing  it  being  built  in,  in  a  Cy- 
clopean kind  of  style,  and  firmly  retained  in  their  places  by  the  heaped-up 
earth  upon  and  behind  them, — and  were  further  strengthened  by  planting 
a  series  of  large,  pinnacle-shaped  stones  along  the  crest  to  serve  as  battle- 
ments. Others,  again,  have  a  strong,  thick  vallum  on  each  side  of  an  inter- 
mediate foss:  or  perhaps  two  fosses  and  three  embankments  in  places 
where  greater  strength  seemed  to  be  required.  Two  or  more  of  these 
ramparts,  one  some  little  distance  in  the  rear  of  another,  serve,  with  the 
aid  of  circular  or  irregularly  shaped  '  camps'  of  no  great  size,  as  the  defences 
of  all  these  projecting  points  or  bluffs ;  and,  though  inconsiderable  in  point 


1861.]  Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors.  501 

of  length  and  general  magnitude,  in  comparison  with  others  of  a  later  date 
at  some  distance  from  this  immediate  district,  still  they  must  have  been 
executed  at  a  cost,  to  a  tool-less  community,  of  manual  labour  and  time 
which  appears  almost  inconceivable. 

All  these  sets  of  fortification  seem  to  have  been  planned  and  constructed 
for  the  protection  of  a  series  of  settlements,  or  collective  habitations  of  a 
tribe,  or  section  of  a  tribe,  of  the  ancient  Hill-Celts. 

Several  distinct  and  unquestionable  sites  of  such  settlements— I  do  not 
know  if  we  are  justified  in  applying  Caesar's  word  to  the  collective  abodes 
of  men  who  lived  so  many  generations  before  him,  and  say,  '  several  sites 
of  indisputable  oppida9 — still  remain  in  the  part  of  the  district  that  is  pro- 
tected by  these  various  in  trench  ments.  There  is  one  in  Westerdale,  an- 
other on  Danby  North  Moors,  a  third  not  far  from  Egton  Grange,  a  fourth 
on  Goathland  Moors,  and  all  these  independently  of  others,  about  which 
there  can  be  no  doubt,  that,  being  situate  more  in  the  valleys,  their  every 
trace  has  been  swept  away  by  the  operations  of  the  agriculturist.  It  is  in- 
deed wonderful  that  the  settlement  in  Westerdale  has  escaped  similar  de- 
struction ;  and  the  fact  can  only  be  explained  on  the  ground  that  the  site  is 
in  such  a  position  as  to  offer  no  great  encouragement  to  the  labours  of  the 
ploughman,  and  that,  consequently,  time  and  the  feet  of  cattle  being  the 
only  agents  of  obliteration  at  work,  it  has  remained  until  now,  and  even 
little  altered  during  the  lapse  of  the  last  six  centuries. 

The  most  interesting  and  instructive  site  is  that  on  the  Danby  Moors. 
For  the  following  account  of  this  remarkable  spot  I  am  partly  indebted  to 
a  MS.  report  of  an  investigation  by  a  party  of  gentlemen  twelve  or  fifteen 
years  since,  but  not  less  to  my  own  personal  and  repeated  examinations. 
The  site  consists  of  a  collection  of  pits :  these  pits  are  circular  in  form,  and 
divided  into  separate  groups ;  but  every  group  is  arranged  in  two  parallel 
lines — pit  over  against  pit ;  an  arrangement  which  is  deviated  from,  in  one 
or  both  particulars,  in  other  sites,  both  here  and  elsewhere. 

All  of  these  excavations  have  been  from  four  to  five  feet  deep,  as  com- 
pared with  the  present  surface  of  the  surrounding  moor ;  all  of  them  paved 
at  that  depth  with  stone,  and  probably  rough- walled  with  uncemented 
stone  within  as  well ;  and  from  ten  to  twelve  feet  in  external  diameter. 

There  are  two  principal  groups:  one  composed  of  two  members,  or 
streets,  not  in  exactly  the  same  straight  line,  and  with  an  interval  of 
twenty -five  feet  between  their  several  terminations ;  the  other,  which  lies 
beyond  a  small  stream,  and  above  the  verge  of  the  slope  towards  it,  is 
smaller  in  dimensions ;  and,  about  a  hundred  yards  to  the  south  of  this,  is 
the  supposed  commencement  of  another.  This  contains  six  pits ;  the  one  to 
the  north  of  it  thirty  or  more, — some,  it  is  supposed,  having  become  in- 
discernible through  lapse  of  time  and  its  effects;  that  on  the  further  or 
western  side  of  the  stream  is  larger,  and  numbers  sixty-eight  excavations  in 
all,  thirty  in  one  division  and  thirty-eight  in  the  other.     This  range  is 


502  Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors.  [May, 


broader  by  some  feet  than  tbe  eastern  group,  wbich  is  fifty  feet  from 
to  side ;  that  measurement  includes  tbe  walls,  formed  of  earth  heaped  over 
stones  and  fragments  of  rock,  and  each  two  to  three  yards  thick,  which 
enclose  the  sides  of  each  group  of  pits.  In  the  larger  sub-group  of  the 
western  division  one  of  the  excavations  in  the  south  row  is  of  much  greater 
dimensions  than  any  other  in  the  assemblage,  being  not  less  than  thirty-five 
feet  in  interior  diameter ;  and  on  coming  to  it  the  enclosing  wall,  which,  if 
continued,  would  pass  through  its  centre,  sweeps  round  it  in  a  semicircle 
and  then  continues  its  rectilineal  course.  But  the  enclosure  of  the  pit  in 
question  is  completed  by  the  addition  of  an  interior  semicircular  wall.  This 
interrupts  the  regularity  of  the  '  street'  in  this  case.  In  each  of  the  other 
groups  the  street  is  perfectly  straight  and  even.  The  ends  of  the  rows,  or 
so-called  streets,  are  open  in  every  case :  although  in  one  instance  the  two 
pits  at  the  end  are  placed  nearer  each  other  than  the  remaining  ones,  so  as 
to  contract  the  entrance  to  the  interior.  If  all  were  placed  end  to  end  the 
total  length  would  be  from  1,200  to  1,300  feet. 

To  the  south  of  the  main  group  lie  three  tumuli  in  a  line,  of  large  di- 
mensions, being  seventy  to  eighty  feet  in  diameter.  Another  tumulus, 
much  broader  but  more  depressed  than  either  of  the  other  three,  stands 
about  sixty  yards  from  the  eastern  termination  of  the  main  group  ;  and, 
about  three  hundred  yards  to  the  north  of  it,  stands  a  monolith,  or  "  stand- 
ing stone,"  or  "  Druidical  pillar,"  as  such  objects  are  variously  called. 
The  tumulus  last  named  is  not  sepulchral.  From  the  fact  that  it  is  enclosed 
with  a  ditch  and  circular  bank  or  ring  of  earth,  it  was  assumed  to  be  of  a 
different  nature  from  the  other  three,  which  are  ascertained  to  be  sepul- 
chral ;  and,  on  examination,  no  signs  of  its  having  ever  been  used  as  a 
place  of  sepulture  were  discoverable.  It  held,  there  is  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve, as  close  a  relation  with  the  political,  and  possibly  with  the  religious 
and  judicial,  observances  of  the  living  inhabitants  of  the  settlement,  as  the 
other  three  did  with  the  long  home  and  memory  of  deceased  distinguished 
members  of  the  community. 

The  settlement  at  Westerdale  is  about  1,000  feet  long  by  300  broad, 
but  the  pits  are  much  more  scattered  and  indefinable.  Indeed,  many  of 
those  which  are  within  the  limits  of  enclosure  are  almost  or  totally  oblite- 
rated. For  six  hundred  years  or  more  this  site  has  been  known  by  the 
name  of  "  Ref -holes." 

The  settlement  on  Snowdon  Nab,  near  Egton  Grange,  500  feet  by  450, 
is  set  very  full  of  circular  pits,  (except  in  a  central  space  left  vacant,) 
which  are  in  many  cases  excavated  through  thin  beds  of  sandstone  and 
shale,  the  exterior  rows  being  set  in  a  zigzag  form.  Where  the  ground 
penetrated  was  not  rocky,  they  seem,  from  traces  still  or  lately  left,  to  have 
been  walled  round  inside  like  a  well.  This  group  seems  not  to  have  been 
protected  by  any  closely  adjacent  rampart  or  defence ;  but  at  the  period  of 
its  occupation  it  was  probably  surrounded  by  dense  forest,  which,  it  hardly 


1861.]  Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors.  503 

need  be  suggested,  might  easily  be  made  to  afford  the  strongest  sort  of 
fortification  and  defence. 

The  Goathland  settlement  occupies  a  space  of  600  feet  by  150,  but  the 
pits  are  not  so  thickly  clustered  as  in  that  last  named.  The  name  by 
which  this  site  has  been  known,  time  out  of  mind,  is  "  Killing-pits." 

Besides  these,  several  others  might  be  named  ;  but,  as  their  inhabitants 
would  seem  to  have  been  cut  off  from  communication  with  those  that  have 
been  already  specially  named,  either  by  defensive  fortifications,  or  by  po- 
sition, or  (still  more)  by  time,  it  would  only  occupy  space  to  little  purpose 
to  notice  them  in  detail.  It  seems,  however,  to  the  writer  that  a  few  lines 
should  be  given  to  a  glance  at  one  extensive  cluster,  which  occurs  almost 
as  much  to  the  south  of  the  axis  or  ridge-line  named  above,  as  several  of 
the  fortifications,  also  above-named,  lie  to  the  north  of  it ;  and  which  from 
their  different  shape— or  shapes  rather — and  more  elaborate  structure,  sug- 
gest the  idea  that  they  were  possibly  occupied,  either  at  a  period  of  some- 
what greater  constructive  skill,  or  else  by  a  branch  of  a  different  tribe  from 
those  who  dwelt  in  our  more  immediate  district :  so  that,  consequently,  it 
may  have  been  against  their  incursions  that  those  frequent  ramparts  were 
designed  and  reared.  The  dwellings  in  question  occupied  a  space  of  1,400 
feet  by  300,  and  the  pits  are  of  all  shapes — circular,  oval,  semilunar,  and 
the  like ;  of  large  dimensions  also,  both  as  to  area  and  depth ;  in  some 
cases  divided  into  two  or  more  apartments  by  partition  walls,  and  all  so 
strongly  lined  with  stone,  that  "  Stone-haggs,"  as  the  place  is  called,  has 
served  as  a  quarry  to  the  country  road-makers  for  a  lengthened  period 
past*.  Their  walls  indeed,  in  some  cases,  seem  to  have  risen  quite  above 
the  level  of  the  surrounding  moor ;  and  thus,  as  well  as  in  the  other  par- 
ticulars named,  they  appear  to  have  been  unlike  those  which  have  hitherto 
been  specially  named  in  this  communication,  and  to  which  we  must  now 
return. 

The  condition  of  the  Danby  Moor  settlement  is,  in  few  words,  this : — 
Out  of  the  total  number  of  104  pits  which  can  be  distinctly  made  out,  the 
outlines  of  all,  save  some  half-dozen,  may  be  traced  without  any  difficulty. 
A  few  are  not  so  easily  distinguishable,  and  would  pass  unnoticed  but  for 
their  vicinity  to,  and  evident  connection  with,  the  others.  All,  except  those 
in  which  exploratory  excavations  have  been  recently  made,  are  more  or  less 
grown  up  with  vegetable  matter.  In  all  of  them,  on  excavation,  charred 
pieces  of  wood  are  met  with  upon  the  stone  floor ;  but  so  far,  I  believe,  no 
other  traces  of  occupation.  What  a  systematic  examination  might  do  re- 
mains to  be  proved. 

•  That  period,  however,  fortunately  for  "Stone-haggs"  and  other  like  memorials, 
does  not  extend  beyond  the  memory  of  many  persons  still  living ;  so  recent  are  all  or 
almost  all  oar  roads  in  their  modern  form.  Up  to  nearly  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century  roughly  flagged  narrow  cause  ways,  traversed  by  pack-horses,  supplied  the 
means  of  intercommunication. 


504  Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors.  Pbji 

These  curious  and  interesting  remains  enable  us  to  reconstruct,  in  idea, 
the  Celtic  village,  or  oppidum,  of  seventy-five  or  eighty  generations  ago. 
Rudely  dressed  poles  from  the  surrounding  forest,  with  their  ends  retting 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  rough  interior  stone-lining  of  each  pit,  and  all 
meeting  in  a  point  above,  with  wattled  work  filling  in  the  interstices,  and  all 
thatched  or  covered  with  rushes  or  ling,  and  perhaps  an  outer  envelope  of 
sods,  presenting  the  form  of  a  depressed  conical  mound  to  the  beholder's 
eye,  with  a  hole  at  the  side  to  permit  the  smoke  of  the  fire  in  the  centre  to 
escape;  as  well  as  to  afford  exit  and  ingress  for  the  inmates ;  this  would  be 
what  was  noticeable  about  each  individual  hut  on  the  outside ;  the  chiefs 
house  differing  from  the  others  in  little  save  its  greater  size  and  elevation 
outwardly,  and  in  possessing  one  or  more  roof-sustaining  props  or  posts 
within.  From  the  exterior  of  the  enclosing  rampart  of  stones  and  earth 
little  would  be  seen  besides  the  loftier  house  last  named  and  just  the  tops 
of  the  ordinary  huts;  the  walls  of  enclosure — crowned,  as  they  surely 
would  be,  with  rough  palisading — being  amply  high  enough  to  cover  all 
within  from  too  curious  inspection.  At  night,  or  when  danger  threatened, 
the  ends  of  the  streets  would,  of  course,  be  closed  with  abattis  of  some  sort, 
or  with  other  means  of  barricade,  sufficiently  strong  to  repel  a  sudden 
attack,  and  at  the  same  time  such  as  to  admit  of  easy  removal  from 
within. 

One  other  feature  still  recognisable  and  connected  with  the  habits  of  this 
community  remains  to  be  noticed.  In  the  valley  between  the  eastern  and 
western  groups  of  hut-sites  is  an  enclosure,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the 
little  stream  already  noticed,  and  very  similar  in  its  present  appearance  to 
what  are  ordinarily  termed  camps ;  that  is  to  say,  formed  of  earthen  em- 
bankments with  a  stone  basis,  but  which,  from  its  position,  can  never  have 
been  in  any  way  connected  with  attack  and  defence.  The  most  probable 
supposition  with  reference  to  its  use  or  purpose  is  that,  when  its  walls  were 
perfect  and  crested  with  firmly-set  palisades,  it  served  as  a  place  of  security 
for  the  cattle  of  the  settlement ;  and  from  its  dimensions  it  would  seem  to 
hint  that,  in  proportion  to  the  probable  number  of  the  entire  community, 
their  stock  could  not  have  been  so  very  few. 

The  arrangement  of  the  separate  dwellings  and  their  dimensions,  in  all 
these  several  settlements  that  have  been  under  notice, — none  of  them  (except 
the  so-called  chiefs)  on  the  average  exceeding  fifteen  or  eighteen  feet  in 
diameter,  and  most  of  them  coming  sensibly  below  that, — give  rise  to 
a  suggestion  which  may  well  insinuate  a  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  a 
statement  made  by  Julius  Caesar,  and  probably  repeated  on  his  authority 
by  later  writers, — I  mean  the  allegation,  that  it  was  customary  among  the 
Britons  for  ten  or  twelve  men  to  have  their  women — one  can  hardly  say 
wives — in  common.  These  separate  huts,  each  equivalent,  and  only  equiva- 
lent, to  the  shelter  of  a  single  family,  seem  to  tell  a  very  different  tale ; 
while  the  regularity  observable  in  the  parallel  rows,  and  not  leas  in  the 
3 


1861.]  Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors.  505 

opposite  or  alternate  huts  in  the  rows,  seems  even  to  testify  to  a  prevailing 
sense  of  fitness  and  order  in  these  ancient  members  of  the  human  family. 
Rude,  fierce,  unskilled  in  any  art,  save  those  of  war  and  the  chase — in  one 
word,  savage — as  these  Celts  were,  still  these  strange  hoary  memorials  cer- 
tainly suggest  that  they  knew  and  respected  the  marriage  tie  and  the  sacred 
bond  of  family. 

The  chiefs  hut,  to  the  writer,  whose  pursuits  continually  conduct  his 
steps  over  and  among  these  primeval  remains,  induces  a  comparison  with 
a  particular  ring  or  enclosure  on  the  third  of  the  ridges  or  spurs  named 
above,  beginning  to  count  from  the  west.  The  ridge  is  roost  carefully  for- 
tified ;  at  the  narrowest  part  of  it,  and  somewhat  over  a  long  bow-shot  from 
the  rise  of  a  hill  which  sweeps  back  to  the  line  of  greatest  height  beyond, 
is  an  entrenchment  consisting,  towards  its  eastern  end,  of  a  double  dyke 
and  ditch  between,  and  of  three  dykes  and  two  intervening  ditches  along  its 
western  portion.  In  rear  of  this  is  a  nearly  circular  entrenchment  or  camp, 
which  may  have  served  as  a  rallying-point  in  case  of  losing  the  first  line. 
Again,  somewhat  more  to  the  rear,  there  is  a  single  dyke,  crossing  the 
whole  width  of  the  ridge,  and  originally  of  considerable  dimensions,  but 
which  has  been  quarried  away  by  little  and  little  by  road-makers  and  others, 
until  in  many  places  only  a  broad  belt  of  brackens  and  a  few  stones,  too 
big  to  be  removed,  remain  to  shew  where  it  stood.  Two  or  three  hundred 
yards  to  the  rear  of  this,  again,  was  another  single  dyke,  extending  two- 
thirds  across  the  spur,  and  commencing  from  the  western  edge ;  and  below 
that  a  fourth,  commencing  on  the  eastern  side  and  reaching  far  enough 
across  to  overlap  the  extremity  of  the  last.  And  what  is  curious,  this 
fourth  and  last  is  also  continued  down  the  exceedingly  steep  face  of  the 
eastern  bank  to  the  edge  of  what  must  have  been,  till  within  the  last  cen- 
tury or  so,  an  impassable  bog.  Here  it  rests  upon  and  is  supported  by  a 
series  of  two  (or  perhaps  three)  camps,  so  constructed  as  to  defend  one 
another,  and  be  separately  defensible  in  succession,  if  the  first  of  them 
happened  to  be  taken. 

Now,  behind  the  second  of  the  ramparts  just  named  there  is  a  ring  of 
stones,  (denuded  by  accidental  causes  of  their  one-time  covering  of  earth,) 
with  a  depression  or  hollow  within,  of  about  the  same  dimensions  and 
general  appearance  as  the  chiefs  house,  and  which  the  writer  conjectures 
may  probably  have  been  the  permanent  head-quarters  of  the  chief  intrusted 
with  the  command  of  the  garrison  defending  this  evidently  most  important 
post.  For  other  things  besides  those  skilfully  devised  and  elaborately  con- 
structed entrenchments  serve  to  shew  that  it  was  important.  Literally 
hundreds  of  tumuli  covered  the  face  of  the  moor  there,  beginning  to  be 
numerous  behind  the  second  line  of  defence ;  two  or  three  here  and  there 
in  the  rear  of  the  compound  or  main  rampart  suggest  the  ideas  of 
a  struggle  with  an  invading  party  and  of  victory  resting  with  the  de- 
fenders,— ideas  the  likelihood  of  which  is  not  lessened  by  the  appearance 
Gavr.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX.  3  p 


506  Traca  of  ovr  Remote  Ancestor*.  [May, 

of  one  or  two  small  rudely- formed  hillocks  outside  the  defences.  Then, 
there  is  also  an  earthen  ring  with  its  usual  substratum  of  sand-atone,  forty- 
two  feet  in  diameter,  in  the  eastern  limb  of  which  still  stands  a  "Druid- 
stone,"  five  feet  high  above  the  surface,  broad,  and  not  more  than  eight  or 
ten  inches  thick ;  channeled  and  furrowed,  along  its  upper  and  southern 
edges,  an  inch  deep,  by  the  insignificant  energies  of  drops  of  rain,  and  con- 
densing fogs,  and  melting  snow-flakes.  Sundry  gaps  besides  shew  where  other 
such  stones  stood ;  but  a  moor-road  sweeps  close  by  and  explains  alike 
the  departure  of  the  others  and  the  retention  of  this.  It  is  useful  to  indi- 
cate the  track  when  hidden  by  snow,  as  they  were  to  furnish  its  '  metal. 

Can  we  in  imagination  re-people  these  wastes — these  desolate  hearth- 
places  of  mysterious  antiquity  and  power  of  enduring  ?  Perhaps,  in  a  mea- 
sure, we  can.  That  wood  of  forty-five  acres,  and  chiefly  of  oak,  clothing 
a  part  of  the  bank  which  descends  from  the  moor  to  the  north  bank 
of  the  Esk,  nearly  opposite  to  the  site  of  the  first  baronial  fortress 
raised  in  this  locality,  the  sole  remnant  of  the  ten  or  twelve  square 
miles  of  forest  in  which  Norman  De  Brus  and  his  retainers  revelled 
in  the  pleasures,  and  excitements,  and  risks  of  the  chase,  gives  us  a  start- 
ing-point for  the  imagination ;  and  we  see  the  whole  valley  down  to  Esk- 
banks,  together  with  its  offshoots,  (mainly  on  the  south,)  full  of  varying 
growths  of  wood — birch,  rowan-tree,  oak,  fir,  alder ;  the  first  two  highest 
and  straggling  over  the  summit,  the  last  lowest  and  predominating  along 
the  marshy  banks  of  the  stream  and  the  edges  of  the  many  open,  jungle- 
looking  spots,  which  are  simply  bog  or  morass  with  their  rank  and  ac- 
customed herbage.  And  the  stately  red-deer  is  there,  and  the  timid  roe, 
and  the  savage,  champing  wild-boar;  and  here  and  there  in  the  glades  art 
wild-looking  oxen,  of  a  whitish  cream-colour  with  black  muzzles,  and  long 
horns  wide-set.  The  goat,  too,  ia  seen  higher  up  on  the  banks,  and  tht 
stealthy  wolf  prowls  there  also ;  while  smaller  game,  and  perhaps,  m  n* 


1861.]  Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors.  507 

of  the  savage  warrior:  one  while  seeking  to  steal  with  silent,  treacherous 
advance  on  the  unsuspecting  foe;  again,  with  his  intensely  acute  senses  of 
sight  and  hearing  on  full  stretch,  in  order  to  detect  the  possibly  lurking 
enemy  or  to  avoid  the  risk  of  surprise ;  and  then,  engaged  in  fell  death- 
struggle,  as  savage,  as  unrelenting  and  inveterate,  as  reckless  of  all  but  the 
passions  of  the  strife,  as  the  veriest  wild  beast  of  his  own  forests. 

Or  we  might  represent  him  at  the  gathering  of  the  tribe  about  the 
sacred  rath,  and  listening  to,  perhaps  proceeding  to  execute,  the  solemn 
edict  or  decision  of  the  warrior-chief ;  a  chief  doubtless  by  the  right  of  the 
readiest,  strongest,  most  unscrupulous  hand.  Or  else,  as  one  among  a 
band  of  trembling  votaries,  drawing  near  to  the  rudely -pillared  enclosure- 
temple,  canopied  only  by  the  blue  vault  of  heaven,  and  swayed  by  terror, 
or  blind  hope,  or  ruthless  savagery,  at  the  will  of  the  stern  interpreter!  of 
a  dark  and  merciless  superstition. 

Or  a  chief  is  dead,  and  we  see  a  pyre  constructed,  dead  trees  being 
knocked  rather  than  hewn  in  pieces  by  the  awkward  met  of  basalt,  resem- 
bling a  heavy  geological  hammer  in  shape.    And  the  corpse  k  placed  upon 
it,  and,  amid  the  sacred  song  of  primeval  occupants  of  the  priest//  office,— not 
as  yel,  it  may  be,  denominated  Druids,— as  they  celebrate  tbt  dad  man's 
deeds,  it  is  consumed  amid  the  leaping  flames.    And  then  the  akini.il  n>- 
mains  are  collected  and  placed  in  one  of  those  rule  etnenry  was  *hn-h 
are  guiltless  of  potter's  wheel,  and  indebted  to  a  pointed  suck  for  lirir  w. 
numentation  ;    and,  together  with  the   incinerated  fagaaU,  is  j>VvU 
a  smaller  urn,  containing  we  know  not  what.    Hi  mpm  teu.  are  ibciv, 
and  his  scanty  ornaments,  and  all  placed  together  ie  lis  mk  wt  uuoV  0, 
unhewn  stones,  covered- with  another  as  ronji  $ai  Htdt  aW4ls  as  t.v. 
And  then,  over  all,  on  the  very  site  of  the  pyre,  vtpJfil  ifMft*  ttui  „>.i:  ■  ,, 
till  a  heap  is  raised  which  shall  ost-kst  At  KMssw.  MM  jm.vj-,  ■• 
mausoleum  of  other  climes. 
"~r**t'*r  t""*BTW*rrawi  tWeW—  sfiBniim.  \  v  ■  , 
»    in.  ■, 


<*v 


1 


508'  [May, 


IN  EASTER  WEEK. 

Tbs  attack  on  Denmark  threatened  by  the  German  Confederation  has 
given  rise  among  "  the  brothers  of  Englishmen,  the  Danes,"  to  feelings 
that  are  finely  expressed  in  a  very  beautiful  poem,  which  has  just  appeared 
in  the  Danish  daily  paper  Fadrelandet,  of  April  2,  1861.  It  is  from  the 
pen  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Frederick  Hammerich,  the  Professor  of  Church  His- 
tory in  the  University  of  Cheapinghaven.  We  are  indebted  for  the  fol- 
lowing translation,  in  the  metre  of  the  original,  to  our  old  correspondent, 
Professor  George  Stephens,  of  Cheapinghaven.  We  conceive  that  its  pure 
and  exalted  sentiments  will  commend  it  alike  to  the  pious  Christian  and  to 
those  generous  natures  which  have  sympathy  with  a  small  and  menaced, 
but  noble-spirited  and  hopeful  people. 

I  sat  all  lone  and  silent,  with  head  on  hand  so  cold, 
My  cares,  like  crushing  stone-heaps,  pil'd  up  so  manifold. 
Where  is  he  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow  P 

I  mused  of  my  dear,  dear  country,  now  robed  in  danger's  pall, 
And  of  crafty  foemen  gloating  and  gibing  o'er  her  falL 
Where  is  he  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow  P 

No  help,  no  rede ! — So  boundeth  the  helmless  bark  adown, 
DraggM  on  by  eddying  currents  where  whirlpools  foam  and  frown. 
Where  is  he  can  free  me  from' my  sorrow  P 

Where,  where's  the  fearless  pilot,  with  strong  and  steady  hand 
Shall  dare  against  the  wave-rush  to  row  our  boat  a-land  P 
Where  is  he  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow  ? 

Shall  dare  to  trust  his  people,  his  God  shall  firmly  trow, 
And  ever  hopeful  crieth — "  His  arm  can  save  e'en  now !" 
"Where  is  he  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow  P 

Or  is  hope,  too,  a  straw-flame,  a  bubble  on  the  wave, 
Is  now  nor  hand  nor  hero  our  land  and  folk  can  save  P 
Where  is  he  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow  P 

Thus  sat  I  lone  and  silent,  with  head  on  hand  so  cold ; 
One  prayer  I  scarce  could  whisper,  my  woes  so  manifold. 
Where  is  he  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow  P 

Then  out  to  the  woodland  drew  I ; — but  lark  and  starling  there 
With  busy  beaks  were  fluttering,  warm  nest-homes  to  prepare. 
There  is  that  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

Spring's  first  green-woven  garlands — how  soft  and  slim  they  grow ! 
Spring's  first  wee  modest  bell-flowers — how  sweet  they  bend  and  bow ! 
There  is  that  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

And  the  twitter  of  the  chaffinch,  and  the  air  so  full  of  glee, 
That  clear  blue  vault,  and  that  wave-thrill  of  life  and  ecstasy ! 
There  is  that  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 


1861.]  In  Easter  Week.  509 

Twas  as  mysterious  music  from  heav'n  and  earth  flowed  on, 
The  word  of  promise  echoing,  love's  endless  benison. 
There  is  that  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

Twas  as  spring's  seraph,  in  sky-robes  of  spotless  innocence  dight, 
His  psalm  celestial  chaunted,  wings  waving  in  downward  flight. 
There  is  that  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

His  burden  aye — "  Where  coldest  in  frost-fields  sat  the  bird, 
Now  cheeriest  at  Heav'n's  gate  its  paean  shrill  is  heard. 
There  is  that  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

"  Where  broadest  and  highest  the  flake-built  snow-drifts  stood, 
Now  violets  in  clusters  deck  bank,  and  brae,  and  wood." 
There  is  that  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 


The  Easter  chimes  were  ringing ;  God's  holy  house  I  sought, 
All  still,  e'en  yet,  and  downcast,  but  lightsomer  in  thought 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

To  the  swelling  hymn  I  listen'd,  a  flood  of  mingled  song, 
An  anthem  of  Life's  triumph  o'er  Grave,  and  Death,  and  Wrong. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

So  heard  I  once  that  choral,  when  tears  dimm'd  every  eye ; 
Struck  was  our  flag,  old  Dannebrog;  loud  scoff 'd  the  enemy*. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

Now  once  again,  as  floated  those  tones  to  realms  above, 
They  speak  the  wondrous  promise,  the  word  of  endless  love. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

The  stone  was  now  roll'd  from  me,  I  ceased  to  fret  and  sigh. 
Good  angels  seem'd,  glad  greeting,  now  in  now  out  to  fly. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

Let  griefs  and  troubles  threaten,  dry  weeds  from  land  or  shore 
Flame  up  and  perish  quickly,  but  not  the  noble  ore. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

The  glowing  gold  remaineth,  for  all  those  blazes1  might ; 
r  th'  crucible  it  glitters,  yet  purer  and  more  bright 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

No  single  rose  shall  wither,  no  sword  lose  edge  the  keen, 
No  brave  proud  heart  be  broken — if  true  to  itself,  I  ween. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 


•  The  allusion  is  to  the  destruction  of  the  line-of-battle  ship  "  Christian  VIII."  and 
the  capture  of  the  frigate  "  Gefion,"  by  the  German  batteries  at  Egernforde  on  Holy 
Thursday,  April  6, 1849.  Through  the  incapacity  of  their  commanders  the  vessels  were 
land-locked,  and  became  targets  for  red-hot  shot,  without  the  power  of  retaliating. 
Thus  the  action  was  a  mere  butchery,  but  a  naval  victory,  however  gained,  was  so 
very  extraordinary  an  event  for  the  Germans,  that  they  struck  a  medal  to  commemo* 
rate  it. — Trucslatob. 


4 


510  Excavations  in  Egypt.  [May, 

The  deep  and  lasting  treasures  in  nation  free  that  dwell 
No  robber  reiveth  from  them,  no  foe  shall  bay  or  sell. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

In  winter  and  in  wan  hope — it  dreameth  on  of  spring, 
In  gloomiest  night,  with  faith's  eye,  it  looks  what  morn  shall  bring. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 

For  o'er  its  cradle  sounded,  and  pealeth  yet  this  day, 
The  song  of  Life's  great  victory  o'er  Death  and  all  decay. 
Him  I  know  can  free  me  from  my  sorrow. 


EXCAVATIONS  IN  EGYPT. 

Professor  Donaldson  recently  communicated  to  "  The  Builder"  some 
valuable  remarks  on  the  above  subject,  from  which  we  borrow  the  following 
paragraph  for  the  purpose  of  expressing  our  concurrence  in  the  call  made 
on  the  French  antiquary : — 

,CM.  Mariette,  so  well  known  for  his  researches  among  the  antiquities  of  Egypt, 
has  for  some  years  conducted  excavations  for  his  Eminence,  Said  Pasha,  the  viceroy, 
and  has  had  the  control  of  all  the  antiquities  of  this  country.  No  diggings  are 
allowed  without  a  permission  granted  through  him.  None  of  the  Fellahs  can  sell 
the  smallest  object  under  pain  of  a  severe  punishment,  extending,  it  is  said  by  the 
Bedouin  Arabs  themselves,  to  death  if  any  article  be  offered  for  sale  without  having 
been  first  brought  to  M.  Mariette  to  buy  it,  if  he  choose,  for  the  Pasha's  collection. 
He  is  now  carrying  on  excavations  at  the  Ghizeh  platform,  Saccara,  and  Thebes, 
where  gangs  of  Arabs  are  at  work  under  the  direction  of  their  sheiks,  with  the 
slightest  tool,  and  even  with  their  hands,  casting  the  sand,  the  dirt,  and  rubbish 
into  small  baskets,  carrying  it  out  of  the  trench,  and  depositing  it  at  a  short  distance 
clear  of  the  spot.  This  is  a  forced  labour,  each  village  in  turn  being  obliged,  as 
for  other  public  works,  to  furnish  and  maintain  its  contingent  without  remuneration 
from  the  government.  I  observed  that  there  were  few  grown-up  people,  the  mass 
consisting  of  young  boys  and  girls,  who  appeared  very  merry  at  their  work,  one  or 
two  of  them  singing  a  kind  of  couplet,  constantly  repeating  the  same  words,  the 
rest  joining  in  chorus  at  the  end.  M.  Mariette  is  very  stringent  with  respect  to 
any  strangers  taking  memoranda,  sketches,  or  dimensions ;  and  it  was,  as  it  were, 
only  by  stealth,  and  as  though  I  were  doing  something  else,  to  avoid  observation, 
that  I  could  put  together  a  few  notes  of  what  I  saw.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
M.  Mariette  does  not  supersede  such  imperfect  data  by  himself  giving  accurate 
descriptions  of  his  most  important  discoveries.  He  has  full  knowledge  of  his  sub- 
ject, aptitude  and  felicity  in  knowing  where  to  direct  his  researches,  and  great 
success  has  attended  his  labours ;  for  the  collection  in  the  museum  at  Boulak  con- 
tains many  objects  of  the  highest  value,  particularly  those  found  in  the  tombs. 
He  ought  himself  to  reap  the  full  benefit  and  credit  of  his  investigations.  But  his 
delays  are  unjust  to  himself  and  injurious  to  the  study  of  Egyptian  archaeology : 
and  he  must  not  feel  either  displeased  or  surprised  that  a  passing  traveller,  like 
myself,  should  seek  to  make  known  to  his  colleagues,  however  imperfectly,  some 
of  the  discoveries  brought  to  light  from  time  to  time,  and  in  which  all  Europe  feels 
interested." 


1861.]  511 


MONACO  AND  ITS  PRINCES. 

The  recent  annexation  by  France  of  the  larger  portion  of  the  Prin- 
cipality of  Monaco  has  directed  attention  to  that  little-known  but  most 
beautiful  district.  It  is  rather  remarkable  that  its  history  is  so  ill  under- 
stood, as  it  will  be  found  to  have  many  points  of  interest.  Even  the  learned 
Editors  of  L'Art  de  verifier  lea  Dates  have  given  a  very  erroneous  account 
of  the  origin  of  the  little  state,  and  this  of  course  has  been  implicitly  fol- 
lowed by  later  writers.  The  research  of  a  member  of  the  princely  family 
settled  in  England  has  enabled  him  to  draw  up  the  following  Memoir, 
every  step  of  which  is  supported  by  documentary  proof,  and  which  doubt- 
less will  be  interesting  to  the  readers  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  as  a 
record  of  the  history  of  an  Imperial  fief  of  high  antiquity. 


THE  PRINCIPALITY  OF  MONACO. 

The  Principality  of  Monaco  consisted,  until  its  late  dismemberment,  of 
the  communes  of  Monaco,  Mentoni,  and  Roccabruna,  and  was  an  inde- 
pendent sovereignty,  situated  on  the  borders  of  the  Mediterranean,  having 
the  County  of  Nice  on  the  west  and  north,  and  the  States  of  Genoa  on  the 
east,  with  a  population  of  about  7,000  inhabitants.  The  revenues  of  the 
Prince  arose  from  the  duties  of  the  ports  of  Monaco  and  Mentoni ;  but 
he  has  also  considerable  possessions  in  France  attached  to  his  Duchy  of 
Valentinois,  and  other  large  estates. 

Monaco  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Classics.  Lucan,  in  his  Phar- 
$alia,  makes  the  legions  of  Caesar  pass  by  Monaco,  when  ordered,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  civil  war,  to  march  to  the  banks  of  the  Rubicon  \ 
and  he  thus  describes  the  harbour  :— 

"  Quaque  sab  Hercaleo  Sacratas  nomine  portas 
Urget  rape  cavft  pelagos :  non  Coras  in  iilam 
Jot  habet  aat  Zephyras :  Solas  sua  littora  turbat 
Circios,  et  tatft  prohibet  statione  Monsci." 

The  Greek  and  Roman  geographers  generally  designated  the  station  of 
Monaco  under  the  name  of  "  Portus  Monachus,"  or  "  Portus  Monaci," 
because,  according  to  Strabo,  there  was  at  the  extremity  of  this  pro- 
montory a  temple  dedicated  to  Hercules,  and  served  by  a  single  priest, 
a  solitary,  a  monk— monachus. 

The  history  of  Monaco,  however,  dates  only  from  the  eleventh  century. 

In  1078,  two  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  neighbouring  town  of  Turbia 
obtained  permission  of  the  Bishop  of  Nice  to  erect  a  chapel  on  the  ruins 
of  an  ancient  temple  at  Monaco.  Sixty  years  later  the  Genoese,  then  very 
powerful,  received  a  grant  from  the  Emperor  Frederic  I.  of  all  the  Ligu- 


512  Monaco  and  its  Princes.  ^,||^^j||^ 

rian  shore,  from  the  port  of  Monaco  to  Porto  Venere.  In  1191,  the 
Genoese  obtained  from  the  Emperor  Henry  IV.  a  confirmation  of  this 
grant,  with  the  condition  of  building  at  Monaco  a  castle  for  the  defence  of 
the  Christians  against  the  Saracens,  and  for  the  use  of  the  Imperial  troops 
in  case  of  war  between  the  Empire  and  the  Provenc,aux.* 

It  was  not,  however,  until  towards  the  year  1214  that  Guido  Grimaldi, 
or,  as  others  say,  Foulques  del  Castello,  his  relative,  received  a  commission 
from  the  Genoese  to  erect  a  castle  at  Monaco, — a  square  citadel  flanked 
with  four  towers, — at  the  foot  of  which  a  little  town  was  speedily  esta- 
blished, and  the  inhabitants  acknowledged  themselves  feudatories  of  the 
Republic  of  Genoa,  which,  in  1262,  granted  them  liberties  similar  to  those 
of  Porto  Venere. 

There  were  great  quarrels  between  the  Genoese  and  the  Counts  of  Pro- 
vence respecting  this  newly  inhabited  rock,  which  was  considered  to  be 
the  key  of  Italy,  and  from  1270  to  about  1340,  Monaco,  an  almost  im- 
pregnable citadel,  served  alternately  for  a  refuge  to  the  Guelfs  and  the 
Gibelins — the  Grimaldis  and  the  Spinolas — of  the  Republic  of  Genoa,  who, 
by  turns  conquerors  or  conquered,  banished  reciprocally  their  adversaries 
from  their  native  city,  and  obliged  them  to  retreat  to  this  extreme  point  of 
the  Ligurian  shore. 

M.  Dumas,  in  his  late  history  of  the  Princess  of  Monaco,  says  there 
exists  at  Monaco  a  multitude  of  old  pictures  representing  the  wars  of 
Monaco  in  the  time  of  the  Guelfs  and  Gibelins,  and  one  representing 
Francis  Grimaldi  and  his  followers,  disguised  as  monks,  driving  the  Gibelins 
(Spinolas)  out  of  the  town,  whence  arose  the  supporters  of  the  arms  of  the 
princes  of  Monaco,  which  are  two  monks,  each  holding  on  high  in  one 
hand  a  sword,  and  the  other  hand  supporting  the  shield  of  the  house. 

At  last  the  Grimaldis  remained  masters  of  the  place,  and  they  have  con- 
tinued so  without  interruption  to  the  present  time. 

In  1304,  Reyner  Grimaldi  was  possessor  of  Monaco.  With  his  fleet  of 
sixteen  galleys  he  joined  and  was  made  Admiral  of  the  French  fleet  of 
twenty  ships;  he  attacked  Guy,  Count  of  Flanders,  with  eighty  sail, 
whom  he  defeated  and  took  prisoner,  with  a  great  number  of  Flemish 
nobles;  and  in  passing  over  the  seas  of  England  he  assumed  sovereign 
jurisdiction  as  Admiral  to  the  French  king,  taking  the  people  and  mer- 
chants of  England  and  other  nations,  and  carrying  them  into  France,  where 
he  caused  them  to  abide  his  judgment  and  award  concerning  their  mer- 
chandize and  goods. 

In  1346,  Charles  Grimaldi  was  possessor  of  Monaco,  and  fitted  out 
thirty  vessels,  with  many  thousand  soldiers,  to  aid  Philip  of  France  in  his 
war  against  England :  he  perished  at  the  battle  of  Crecy.  He  had  pre- 
viously, in  1342,  according  to  Froissart,  a  severe  engagement  with  the 
English  off  Guernsey,  being  in  command  of  thirty- two  large  vessels, 
having  on  board  3,000  Genoese  and  1,000  men-at-arms,  and  shortly 
4 


1861.]  Monaco  and  its  Prince*.  513 

afterwards,  in  company  with  the  Lord  Lewis  of  Spain,  and  Otho  Doria, 
he  attacked  the  English  fleet  near  Vannes  in  Brittany,  and  carried  off  four 
Teasels  with  provisions,  and  sunk  three  others. 

His  son,  Reyner  Grimaldi,  Seigneur  of  Monaco,  was  ambassador  from 
France  to  England,  and  being  afterwards  taken  prisoner  in  one  of  the 
Duke  of  Lancaster's  engagements,  by  Half  Basset  of  Drayton,  he  was 
purchased  of  him  by  King  Edward  HI.  for  12,000  francs  of  gold. 

In  1457,  Catalan  Grimaldi,  Seigneur  of  Monaco,  died,  and  by  his  will 
directed  that  the  principality  should  perpetually  remain  in  his  name  and 
blood :  in  fulfilment  of  this  testament,  his  only  child  and  heiress,  Claudia, 
married  her  cousin,  Lambert  Grimaldi,  who  thereupon  became  sovereign 
of  Monaco. 

The  year  1505  witnessed  the  tragedy  of  the  death  of  their  son,  John 
Grimaldi,  sovereign  of  Monaco,  by  the  hands  of  his  brother  Lucian,  who 
was  himself  slain  in  1525  by  his  nephew,  Bartholomew  Doria,  and  who  in 
his  turn  was  thereupon  beheaded  by  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 

"  I  was  in  the  gallery  of  the  ancestors  at  Monaco,"  writes  M.  Dumas, "  quite  close  to 
the  room  where  Luciao  Grimaldi  was  assassinated  by  his  nephew  Doria,  whose  guar- 
dian he  was,  because  he  refused  to  give  him  his  fortune,  and  perhaps  also,  in  some  mea- 
sure, because  he  himself  had  assassinated  his  elder  brother  in  his  youth.  This  murder 
is  solemnly  remembered  in  the  house  of  Grimaldi; — the  room  is  held  sacred; — the 
assassin's  portrait  is  still  veiled  with  crape,  and  that  of  the  victim,  bleeding,  occupies 
the  place  of  honour:  one  cannot  help  trembling  in  face  of  these  dumb  proofs  of 
justice." 

Notwithstanding  this  crime,  Lucian  Grimaldi  was  received  into  the 
favour  of  Louis  XII.  of  France,  who  conferred  on  him  several  important 
charges.  At  this  period  the  Genoese,  having  thrown  off  the  French  King's 
yoke,  endeavoured  to  seize  on  Monaco,  which,  defended  by  French  and 
Savoyard  troops,  sustained  a  siege  of  six  months,  and  wore  out  the  ob- 
stinacy of  the  assailants.  Lucian  Grimaldi  took  advantage  of  this  to  re- 
pudiate the  feudal  superiority  of  Genoa,  and  he  addressed  himself  to  Louis, 
who  by  letters  patent  of  the  year  1512  declared  "That  the  said  Lucian 
Grimaldi  held  his  place  and  Seignory  of  Monaco  from  God  and  his  sword 
alone ;"  adding,  what  was  clearly  untrue,  "  that  neither  he  nor  his  pre- 
decessors, to  whom  it  has  belonged  from  such  ancient  time  that  there  is 
no  memory  to  the  contrary,  had  ever  acknowledged  or  avowed  any  sovereign, 
king,  prince,  or  seigneur,  except  only  God." 

Lucian  left  a  son,  Honoratus,  under  age,  who  was  placed  under  the 
guardianship  of  his  uncle,  Augustin  Grimaldi,  Bishop  of  Grasse.  War 
had  just  then  broken  out  between  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I.,  and  Charles 
being  master  of  the  empire,  possessor  of  Spain  and  of  the  Milanese,  was  a 
more  advantageous  ally  than  Francis ;  the  Bishop,  therefore,  did  not  hesi- 
tate to  relinquish  the  protection  of  France  for  that  of  the  Emperor ;  and  in 
1525  he  concluded  a  secret  treaty  at  Bruges  with  Charles  V.,  whereby  he 
engaged  to  receive  a  Spanish  garrison  at  Monaco.    The  Emperor  then,  or 

Gnrr.  Mao.  You  (XX  3  q 


514  Monaco  and  its  Princes.  [M*?* 

about  that  time,  erected  Monaco  and  its  dependencies  into  an  independent 
principality  in  favour  of  Honoratus,  and  the  castle,  fortifications,  church, 
and  palace  were  repaired,  greatly  added  to,  and  beautified.  The  Prince, 
who  devoted  himself  to  the  service  of  Spain,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
many  battles,  died  in  1581,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Charles,  who, 
dying  in  1589,  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Hercules,  who  was  traitorously 
slain  by  some  of  his  subjects,  instigated  by  foreign  envy,  in  1604. 

Sir  Richard  Wotton,  ambassador  to  the  Emperor  in  1551,  writes,  "The 
Emperor  is  gone  in  solace  to  Monaco,  and  hunteth,  meaning  whatever  his 
to  seem  careless." 

Honoratus  II.,  Prince  of  Monaco,  was  an  infant  when  his  rather  was 
slain,  but  becoming  subsequently  disgusted  with  the  insolence  of  his 
Spanish  protectors,  on  a  dark  night  in  November,  1641,  he  drove  out  the 
Spanish  garrison,  and  introduced  some  troops  of  Louis  XIII.,  with  whom 
he  had  on  the  previous  8th  of  July  made  a  treaty  at  Peronne,  placing  him- 
self and  his  successors  in  perpetuity  under  the  protection  of  France.  He 
then  went  to  the  King  at  Perpignan,  and  was  courteously  received,  the 
King  knighting  him,  and  giving  him  in  return  for  his  estates  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  and  in  Milan,  which  he  had  lost,  the  Duchy  of  Valentinois,  lands 
to  the  value  of  75,000  livres  per  annum,  (producing,  in  1792,  270,000 
francs  annually,)  and  many  honours.  He  also  conferred  on  him  the  collar 
of  the  Royal  Orders  in  the  place  of  that  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  which  the 
Prince  had  returned  to  the  King  of  Spain. 

On  the  Prince's  death  in  1662,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  Louis 
Grimaldi,  (son  of  Hercules  Grimaldi,  Marquis  of  Baux,  mortally  wounded 
at  Monaco  in  1651,  in  the  twenty-seventh  year  of  his  age,  by  unwarily 
handling  a  loaded  gun,)  who  fought  at  the  battle  of  Texel  in  1666,  and 
died  at  Monaco  in  1701. 

Louis  XIV.,  who  was  the  godfather  of  Prince  Louis,  undertook  to  pro- 
vide him  with  a  wife,  and  selected  for  him  the  daughter  of  the  Marshal 
Duke  de  Gramont.  The  marriage  was  not  a  happy  one.  The  lady  soon 
returned  to  Court,  and  was  a  conspicuous  character  there  as  the  gay  and 
handsome  Duchess  of  Valentinois.  The  Prince,  who  remained  moodily  at 
home,  planned  and  executed  a  whimsical  kind  of  revenge.  Having  learnt 
the  names  of  the  several  gallants  who  paid  court  to  his  wife,  he  caused 
them  to  be  hung  in  effigy  in  the  court-yard  of  his  castle.  The  court-yard 
was  soon  filled,  and  the  executed  extended  to  the  highway,  but  the  Prince 
wearied  not,  and  continued  hanging. 

The  noise  of  these  executions  spread  even  to  Versailles,  and  Louis  XIV., 
who  was  angry  in  his  turn,  advised  M.  de  Monaco  to  be  more  clement ; 
but  M.  de  Monaco  answered  that  he  was  sovereign  prince,  that  he  had 
sovereign  power  of  justice  in  his  states,  and  that  they  ought  to  be  well- 
pleased  he  had  contented  himself  by  hanging  men  of  straw. 

The  affair  caused  such  a  scandal  that  it  was  at  length  deemed  necessary 


1 861  .]  Monaco  and  its  Princes.  515 

for  the  Duchess  to  leave  the  gaiety  of  Paris,  and  return  to  Monaco.  The 
Prince,  in  order  to  complete  her  mortification,  wished  to  make  her  pass 
before  the  effigies  of  her  several  admirers,  but  the  Dowager  Princess  of 
Monaco  prevailed  on  her  son  to  abandon  his  intention,  and  accordingly,  a 
great  bonfire  was  made  of  all  the  maniquins. 

Anthony  Grimaldi  succeeded  his  father  Louis  as  Prince  of  Monaco,  and 
died  in  1731  without  male  issue,  when  his  daughter,  Louisa  Hypolita,  who 
bad  married  in  1715  James  Matignon,  Count  of  Thorigny,  became  pos- 
sessor of  Monaco,  and  claimed  and  exercised  the  title  of  Princess  of  Monaco. 
Prom  this  marriage  descends  the  present  Prince  of  Monaco,  and  the  name 
and  arms  of  Grimaldi  have  been  borne  and  used  by  the  Matignons  ever 
since  their. marriage. 

In  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  1731  is  an  anecdote  of  the  Princess 
setting  out  from  Paris  with  her  spouse  to  take  possession  of  the  princi- 
pality, but  on  pretence  of  going  before  to  prepare  for  his  reception,  she 
got  herself  recognised  as  the  rightful  sovereign,  and  would  not  resign  her 
power,  telling  her  husband  she  looked  on  herself  as  Queen  Anne  of  Eng- 
land, and  on  him  as  Prince  George  of  Denmark. 

The  Prince  Anthony  left  at  his  decease  in  1731  a  brother,  Honore* 
Grimaldi,  Archbishop  of  Besancon,  who  relinquished  his  rights  to  the 
principality  in  favour  of  his  niece  the  Princess  Louisa ;  but  on  his  death  in 
1748,  the  Marquis  Grimaldi  of  Antibes  and  Cagnes,  nearest  heir  male, 
claimed  the  principality  as  being  a  fief  of  the  empire,  and  not  descendible 
to  females :  legal  proceedings  were  subsequently  instituted,  and  have  been 
continued,  with  the  interruption  of  the  French  Revolution  and  deaths  of 
claimants,  to  this  time,  the  present  heir  male  being  Charles  Louis  Henri 
Maxence  de  Grimaldi,  Marquis  de  Grimaldi  d' Antibes,  Marquis  de  Cagnes. 

In  1767,  Ernest,  Duke  of  York,  brother  of  George  III.,  died  at  the 
castle  of  Monaco. 

The  Aulic  Council,  the  sole  jurisdiction  where  questions  of  sovereignty 
relative  to  fiefs  of  the  empire  can  be  adjudicated,  are  stated  in  a  late  pam- 
phlet to  have  made  decrees  in  1778  and  1781,  whereby  they  pronounced 
that  the  extinction  of  the  branch  of  Monaco  took  place  in  1748,  that  the 
principality  of  Monaco  was  an  ancient  and  avitic  fief,  and  that  the  Marquis 
Grimaldi  of  Antibes  had  proved  his  descent  as  heir. 

These  decrees  were  followed  by  an  application  of  the  Marquis  Grimaldi 
for  investiture,  but  the  French  Revolution  breaking  out,  the  principality  of 
Monaco  itself  disappeared,  and  became  incorporated  in  France. 

Great  were  the  misfortunes  which  this  family  suffered  by  the  French 
Revolution.  The  Prince  of  Monaco  saw  his  wife,  (an  only  daughter  of  the 
Duke  of  Aumont  and  Mazarin,)  and  his  brother's  wife,  (a  daughter  of  the 
Duke  of  Choiseul  Stanville,)  guillotined.  He  was  confined  in  prison,  be- 
came weak  in  mind,  and  was  found  drowned  in  the  Seine  in  1819.  His 
brother,  Count  Grimaldi  of  Monaco,  was  banished,  and  resided  in  England 


516  Monaco  and  its  Princes.  [Majr, 

as  aide-de-camp  to  the  Earl  Moira.  The  Count  Charles  Grimaldi  of  An- 
tibes  was  banished,  and  resided  in  England  with  the  Prince  de  Conde*  as 
his  aide-de-camp  ;  Louis  Andre*  Grimaldi  of  Antibes,  Bishop  of  Noyon 
and  Peer  of  France,  was  banished,  and  died  in  lodgings  in  Paddington- 
street,  London ;  their  several  palaces  and  chateaux  were  pillaged  and 
seized,  and  the  "chateau  of  the  Prince  near  Mentoni,  which,  from  the 
beauty  of  its  situation  and  cultivation  of  its  grounds,  recalled  to  mind  the 
fabled  gardens  of  the  Hesperides,  became  the  property  of  a  citizen  of 
Mentoni,  who  knew  as  little  of  the  Hesperides  as  of  their  golden  apples." 

This  incorporation  of  Monaco  with  France  continued  till  1814,  when  the 
Congress  of  Vienna  restored  the  principality  to  its  ancient  state ;  but  the 
Grimaldis  of  Antibes  were  again  disappointed  in  obtaining  its  possession, 
for  "  la  complaisance  interessee*  du  Prince  Talleyrand,"  writes  M.  Norbert 
Duclos,  in  1854,  "procura  aux  Matignons  leur  singuliere  restauration,  faite 
en  dehors  du  droit  public." 

In  virtue  of  a  treaty  between  the  Emperor  Louis  Napoleon  and  the 
Prince  of  Monaco  in  February,  1861,  the  principality  of  Monaco  is  virtually 
destroyed  by  the  dismemberment  from  it  of  Mentoni  and  Roccabruna,  as 
will  be  presently  stated. 


MENTONI  AND  ROCCABRUNA. 

Mentoni  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  spots  in  Europe,  with  the  deep 
blue  Mediterranean  in  front,  the  picturesque  mountains  in  the  rear,  with  a 
climate  milder  than  that  of  Nice,  and  less  exposed  to  unfavourable  winds ; 
with  orange,  lemon,  and  olive-groves  of  a  richness  quite  remarkable,  con- 
stituting the  fruitful  revenues  of  this  little  state ;  where  the  most  grateful 
odours  are  inhaled  at  every  step ;  arbutus,  jessamine,  myrtle,  oleander,  and 
aloe  in  wild  profusion  on  each  side  of  the  roads  of  the  adjoining  country ; 
where  the  turf  is  bedded  with  wild  thvme  and  innumerable  odoriferous 
plants  and  heaths,  that  exhale  their  perfumes  and  most  delicious  odours 
when  pressed  by  the  feet  of  the  mules;  with  a  purity  of  air  that  can 
scarcely  be  surpassed.  With  such  attractions,  it  is  only  in  justice  that 
travellers  have  designated  Mentoni  as  Elysium,  Arcadia,  and  the  Garden 
of  the  Hesperides. 

It  appears  from  charters  registered  in  the  Liber  Jurium  of  Genoa,  that 
these  seignories  were  possessed  in  the  twelfth  century  by  the  illustrious 
family  of  Lascaris,  Counts  of  Ventimiglia,  who  held  them  as  fiefs  of  the 
Empire ;  but  these  great  tenants  in  chief,  at  a  distance  from  the  Emperor, 
who  was  not  always  able  to  afford  protection,  and  harassed  by  the  Genoese, 
found  themselves  obliged  to  purchase  peace  by  becoming  subject  to  the 
latter,  and  ceding  to  them  in  1200,  among  many  other  castles,  those  of 
Poggio-Pino  (Mentoni)  and  Roccabruna. 

In  1353,  Charles  Grimaldi,  Seigneur  of  Monaco,  purchased  from  William 


1861.]  Monaco  and  its  Princes.  517 

Lascaris,  Count  of  Ventimiglia,  the  seignory  of  Roccabruna  for  16,000 
golden  florins. 

The  Beignory  of  Mentoni,  designated  in  ancient  charters  under  the  name 
of  its  principal  castle,  Poggio-Pino,  (now  completely  destroyed,)  passed  from 
the  counts  of  Ventimiglia  to  the  Genoese  family  of  Vento,  afterwards,  in 
1346,  to  the  Caretto,  Marquesses  of  Savona,  and  to  the  Grimaldis  in  moie- 
ties; and  in  1383  it  became  the  sole  property  of  the  Grimaldis. 

When  the  Visconti,  Dukes  of  Milan,  who  in  1424  had  possessed  them- 
selves of  Genoa,  were  subsequently,  in  1436,  expelled  from  that  state,  the 
Genoese,  intent  upon  establishing  their  power  over  the  important  points  of 
the  Ligurian  shore,  shewed  a  disposition  towards  the  Seigneurs  of  Monaco 
which  caused  them  great  inquietude,  and  accordingly,  John  Griraaldi, 
Seigneur  of  Monaco,  in  order  to  avoid  the  danger  which  threatened  him, 
offered  the  suzerainete  of  such  of  his  dominions  over  which  the  Bepublic  of 
Genoa  had  a  feudal  sovereignty,  to  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  and  in  1448  he 
executed  a  charter  which  may  be  considered  as  the  foundation  of  the  rights 
claimed  by  the  King  of  Sardinia,  and  in  1848  exercised  by  him  over  a  por- 
tion of  the  principality  of  Monaco. 

By  this  Act  of  1448,  John  Grimaldi  transferred  his  moiety  of  Mentoni, 
and  the  entirety  of  Boccabruna,  to  Louis,  Duke  of  Savoy,  who  then  re- 
invested the  same  John  Griraaldi  therewith,  to  hold  to  him  and  to  bis 
children  of  both  sexes,  for  ever,  "  in  feudum  ligium,  nobile,  antiquum  et 
paternum."  The  Duke,  moreover,  granted  to  him  and  his  heirs  200 
florins,  payable  annually  out  of  the  tax  of  Nice,  with  the  condition  that  the 
Prince  should  furnish  the  Dukes  of  Savoy,  when  required,  with  1,000  or 
more  crossbow. men  to  serve  in  Provence  at  the  expence  of  the  Prince,  and 
with  liberty  for  the  Dukes  of  Savoy  to  send  garrisons  to  Mentoni  and  Roc- 
cabruna with  as  many  soldiers  as  they  should  think  necessary. 

In  1477,  Lambert  Grimaldi,  who  had  married  Claudine,  the  only  child  of 
the  last  Prince,  and  who  possessed  in  his  own  right  five-sixths  of  the  re- 
maining moiety  of  Mentoni,  took  investiture  thereof  from  Duke  Philibert, 
(to  whom  he  had  made  a  previous  grant,)  in  like  terms,  and  under  like 
clauses  of  the  Act  of  1448. 

The  House  of  Savoy  became  thus  entitled  to  the  suzerainete'  of  eleven- 
twelfths  of  Mentoni,  and  the  investiture  of  the  Grimaldis  was  "en  fief 
lige,  noble,  ancien,  et  paternel,  avec  tous  les  droits  regalieus  qui  en 
dependaient." 

The  result  of  these  acts  was,  that  the  territorial  jurisdiction  of  Bocca- 
bruna and  Mentoni  appertained  in  its  entire  fulness  to  the  sovereigns  of 
Monaco,  who  might  exercise  it  without  any  interference  by  the  Dukes  of 
Savoy,  the  latter  possessing  the  "  altum  dominium"  of  the  lands,  and  the 
lords  of  Monaco  having  "  la  moyenne  souveraineteY'  the  jurisdiction,  and 
the  "  dominium  utile,"  without  limitations  or  exceptions.  When,  there- 
fore, towards  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  the  question  arose  whether 


518  Monaco  and  Us  Prince*.  IM*y> 

the  King  of  Sardinia  could  capture  the  banditti  who  had  taken  refuge  at 
Mentoni  and  Roccabruna,  the  counsellors  of  the  Grown  advised  that  the 
king  had  not  the  right,  since  he  could  not  exercise  any  territorial  juris- 
diction there. 

The  Prince  Honoratus,  dying  in  1581,  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Charles, 
and  both  having  refused  to  present  themselves  for  investiture,  the  Duke  of 
Savoy  took  proceedings  in  the  Chamber  of  Accounts  of  Turin,  which  m 
1583  declared  the  fiefs  of  Mentoni  and  Roccabruna  to  be  forfeited,  but  the 
King  of  Spain  prevented  the  execution  of  the  decree  when  the  Duke  at- 
tempted to  put  it  in  force. 

By  the  treaty  of  Peronne,  between  Louis  XIII.  and  Prince  Honoratus 
Grimaldi  in  1641,  they  both  repudiated  the  claims  of  the  Duke  of  Savoy, 
the  King  receiving  under  his  royal  protection  the  Prince,  the  Marquis  his 
son,  his  house,  and  subjects,  and  the  places  of  Monaco,  Mentoni  and  Roc- 
cabruna, with  their  territories,  jurisdictions,  and  dependencies ;  but  at  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713,  the  Duke  demanded  that  the  French  king  should 
deliver  up  to  him  the  fortress  of  Monaco,  and  indemnify  the  Prince,  and 
that  the  Prince  should  acknowledge  the  suzerainete  of  the  Duke  over 
Mentoni  and  Roccabruna,  and  receive  investiture  thereof  as  his  ancestors 
had  done. 

These  differences  were  referred  to  the  arbitration  of  the  courts  of  France 
and  England,  and  the  royal  delegates  in  1714  pronounced  "the  Prince  of 
Monaco  bound  to  acknowledge  the  suzerainete*  of  the  Duke  of  Savoy 
(then  King  of  Sicily)  over  eleven-twelfths  of  Mentoni,  and  over  the  en- 
tirety of  Roccabruna ;  to  take  from  him  the  investiture  thereof,  to  render 
fealty  and  homage  as  the  Prince's  predecessors  had  done  in  1448,  and  other 
years,  down  to  1506." 

In  consequence  of  this  sentence,  Anthony  Grimaldi,  Prince  of  Monaco, 
received  from  Victor  Amadeus  investiture  in  August  1716. 

Notwithstanding  this,  the  King  of  France  in  1730  sent  a  garrison  into 
Mentoni,  and  hoisted  the  French  flag,  and  the  Prince  Honoratus  III., 
though  on  his  accession  in  1733  he  had  accepted  investiture  from  the 
Duke,  refused  to  accept  the  200  florins  annually  payable,  until  1761. 

In  1789,  all  these  differences  were  terminated  by  the  French  Revolu- 
tionists seizing  Mentoni  and  Roccabruna ;  and  by  the  treaty  of  Paris  of 
1814  those  communes  were,  as  part  of  the  principality  of  Monaco,  re- 
placed in  the  same  relations  as  they  had  been  before  January  1,  1792. 
The  history  of  the  little  state  now  draws  to  a  close.  In  February,  1848, 
Mentoni  and  Roccabruna,  following  the  example  of  France,  rose  against 
their  sovereign,  formed  a  provisional  government,  and  hoisted  the  national 
flag,  whilst  the  King  of  Sardinia,  profiting  by  the  occasion,  soon  occupied 
the  place  with  his  troops,  and  by  a  decree  of  September  18,  1848,  united 
those  places  "provisionally"  to  his  states.  In  1860,  the  province  of  Nice 
having  been  ceded  to  France  by  Savoy,  it  ensued  as  a  consequence  that 


1861.]  Monaco  and  its  Princes.  519 

Mentoni  and  Roccabruna  should  be  ceded  also ;  accordingly,  in  February, 
1861,  they  were  relinquished  to  the  Emperor  of  the  French  by  the  Prince 
of  Monaco,  for  a  consideration  of  four  millions  of  francs,  and  a  payment  of 
£26,000  sterling  to  the  King  Victor  Emanuel  in  right  of  his  suzerainetl, 
the  Prince  Grimaldi  retaining  Monaco,  the  original  and  most  ancient  pos- 
session of  his  house,  in  independent  sovereignty,  and  to  have  his  duchy  of 
Yalentinois  constituted  an  hereditary  French  peerage, — the  only  instance  of 
such  a  peerage  in  France. 

The  principality  of  Monaco,  though  still  existing  in  name,  is  virtually 
destroyed ;  and  although  the  succession  can  no  longer  be  an  object  of  pur- 
suit to  the  right  heirs,  yet  it  is  a  point  of  historic  interest,  the  real  facts  of 
which  are  not  generally  understood.  A  work  issued  in  1850  by  the  Sar- 
dinian government  •  demonstrates,  from  official  documents,  that  Monaco, 
Mentoni,  and  Roccabruna  were  incontestably  imperial  fiefs;  that  Louisa 
Hypolita  Grimaldi,  married  to  the  Count  de  Matignon  in  1715,  obtained 
possession  of  them  by  a  violation  of  well-known  laws  in  regard  to  succes- 
sions of  that  species  of  fiefs ;  and  that  on  the  death  of  Prince  Anthony,  in 
1731,  there  were  two  branches,  agnates  of  his  family,  that  is  to  say,  males 
descendants  of  males  who  were  then  existing,  namely,  the  Marquis  Grimaldi 
of  Cagnes,  and  the  descendants  of  Luke  Grimaldi  who  lived  in  the  four- 
teenth century. 

These  descendants  of  Luke  have,  by  the  deaths  of  the  Duke  Paul 
Jerome  Grimaldi,  the  Marquis  Jerome  Grimaldi,  and  the  Marquis  Luigi 
Grimaldi,  all  of  Genoa,  without  male  issue,  become  confined  to  that  branch 
of  the  Grimaldis  of  Genoa  which,  after  the  bombardment  of  that  city  by 
Louis  XI V.  in  1684,  settled  and  still  reside  in  England. 

•  "  Memoirs  historiqae  sur  Monaco,  Menton,  et  Roquebrune,  redige*  d'apres  lea  docu- 
ment originaux  existant  a  Turin  dans  lei  archives  du  Royaume,  public*  par  ordre  du 
Gouvernement."    (Turin,  Imprimerie  Royale,  1860.) 


520  [May, 


MOTLEY'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS*. 

We  imagine  that  most  of  our  readers  have  acquired  some  familiarity  with 
the  contents  of  Mr.  Motley's  new  volumes,  and  have  borne  their  share  in 
the  paean  of  praises  with  which  they  have  been  greeted.  We  would  add 
our  willing  tribute  to  this  tumult  of  acclaim.  The  work  certainly  contains 
some  of  the  most  eloquent  passages  that  are  to  be  found  in  historic  pages. 
They  abound  in  those  vivid  pictorial  effects  so  characteristic  of  our  latest 
school  of  historians.  They  are,  moreover,  eminent  examples  of  that  patience, 
diligence,  and  fulness  of  research  which  are  necessary  to  satisfy  the  just 
demands  of  our  modern  age.  In  some  respects  these  volumes  assume  an 
importance  that  is  really  national.  The  grand  events  of  the  Armada  story 
that  loomed  larger  than  human,  and  yet  withal  with  somewhat  of  indistinct- 
ness, are  irradiated  with  sudden  light,  and  daguerreotyped  with  marvellous 
fulness  and  accuracy  of  detail.  One  necessary  result  of  all  this  is  that  we 
have  to  materially  modify  many  of  our  previous  historical  conceptions.  Great 
reputations  are  made,  marred,  or  otherwise  affected  to  an  indefinite  extent. 
The  pure  star  of  Sidney's  fame  is  serene  and  bright  as  ever.  The  calm, 
silent,  monastic  Walsingham  wins  our  admiration  for  his  highminded 
patriotism  and  statesmanlike  qualities.  But  in  this  new  daylight  the  laurels 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  shew  somewhat  tarnished  and  faded,  and  the  portentous 
nod  of  Burleigh  has  lost  all  its  traditional  value.  That  great  villain  of 
history,  Robert  Dudley,  Earl  of  Leicester,  is  found  to  possess  his  redeem* 
ing  points,  and  can  no  longer  be  regarded  with  unmitigated  dislike.  In 
historical  studies  a  roan  is  now  pretty  much  obliged  to  hold  his  opinions  in 
solution.  It  is  scarcely  satisfactory  that  writs  of  error  should  be  so  con- 
stantly moved  for  in  historical  judicature,  and  we  almost  wish  that  our 
literary  tribunals  could  establish  some  sort  of  statute  of  limitations. 

We  are  not  certain  that  Mr.  Motley  has  not  written  a  long  history  for . 
the  same  reason  that  Dr.  South  once  wrote  a  long  sermon— there  was  no 
time  to  write  a  short  one.  The  first  half  of  the  first  volume  is  truly  fasci- 
nating, for  the  interest  centres  in  the  siege  of  Antwerp,  and  this  is  pour- 
trayed  with  a  graphic  power  that  more  than  rivals  Schiller's  description 
of  the  same  events.  The  second  half  of  the  second  volume  is  even  superior 
in  interest,  for  the  most  stirring  portion  of  our  national  epic  is  illustrated 
with  remarkable  fulness  and  with  very  great  ability.  But  if  we  were  to  give 
shape  and  utterance  to  the  feelings  of  the  general  reader,  we  should  venture 

•  "  History  of  the  United  Netherlands,  from  the  Death  of  William  the  Silent  to 
the  Synod  of  Dort.    With  a  full  view  of  the  English-Dutch  Struggle  against  Spain, 
and  of  the  Origin  and  Destruction  of  the  Spanish  Armada.    By  John  Lothrop  Motley, 
DX.L."    Vols.  I.,  II.    (London :  Murray.) 
5 


1861 .]  Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands.  521 

regretfully  to  say  that  the  great  intermediate  mass  is  rather  prolix  and 
wearisome,  that  the  huge  materials  are  not  wrought  into  the  most  finished 
form,  and  are  deficient  both  in  dramatic  interest  and  artistic  ability.     The 
art  of  blotting  would  have  bestowed  a  more  permanent  value  on  the  work. 
Mr.  Motley's  new  volumes  can  only  be  read  aright  in  the  light  of  his 
previous  work,  and  we  are  afraid  that  this  is  scarcely  so  well  known  as  the 
present  and  as  its  own  merits  deserve.     Comparing  these  volumes  with 
those,  we  perceive  that  the  latter  volumes  are  deficient  in  an  element  that 
imparted  great  strength  and  interest  to  the  former.     The  former  work 
was  in  truth  a  biographical  epos.     It  had  a  beginning,  a  middle,  and  an 
end.    It  had  a  hero.    All  events  were  gathered  around  one  object  of  central 
interest.    From  the  hour  when,  on  the  green  sward  and  under  the  swinging 
boughs  of  the  pleasant  forest  of  Vincennes,  by  a  wise  reticence  the  Prince 
of  Orange  mastered  the  secret  of  the  foul  conspiracy  against  liberty  and 
religion,  to  the  hour  when  the  assassination  of  the  saviour  of  his  country 
convulsed  all  good  men  with  sorrow  and  terror,  the  history  of  the  Nether- 
lands is  the  life  of  William  the  Silent.     The  present  volumes  have  no  such 
source  of  unity,  no  central  figure,  no  object  of  absorbing  interest.     If  the 
story  must  have  a  hero,  Alexander  Farnese  is  the  hero  of  the  history  in 
about  the  same  way  that  Satan  may  be  said  to  be  the  hero  of  "  Paradise 
Lost."     Philip  the  Second  is  so  dwarfed  and  stunted  and  caricatured,  so 
different  from  the  Philip  of  poetry  and  romance,  that  he  becomes  a  very 
incongruous  subject  for  a  hero.     The  historians  have  certainly  been  less 
kind  to  him  than  the  poets.     Prescott  and  Motley  have  handled  him  more 
roughly  than  Schiller  and  Alfieri.     Mr.  Motley's  delineation  of  Philip  is 
one  of  the  most  picturesque  and  effective  features  in  his  work,  but  we  are 
not  quite  satisfied  with  the  reality  of  the  portrait.     His  good  men  are 
a  little  too  much  like  angels,  and  his  bad  men  are  a  little  too  much  like 
fiends.     But   Mr.   Motley  gives  the   public  strong  pictures   and  strong 
language ;  not  unlike  Macaulay,  not  unlike  Carlyle ;  and  the  public  like 
this  sort  of  thing.     His  mind  is  forensic  rather  than  judicial.     Mr.  Motley 
is  scarcely  arrayed  in  Hallam's  spotless  ermine,  and  as  we  read  his  eloquent 
pages  we  miss  that  calmness  of  tone,  that  balancing  of  circumstances,  which 
indicate  that  a  new  Chief  Justice  has  taken  his  seat  on  the  great  bench 
of  historians. 

The  labour  expended  upon  these  volumes  has  been  thorough,  conscientious, 
and  prolonged.  Upwards  of  a  thousand  pages  have  been  devoted  to  the 
history  of  half  a  dozen  years.  Time  has  probably  spun  as  fast  as  it  has 
been  unravelled.  Mr.  Motley  has  perhaps  given  a  day  for  a  day  and  a  year 
for  a  year.  If  we  think  that  his  materials  have  been  sometimes  badly 
managed,  we  fully  believe  that  this  has  been  caused  by  the  excess,  not  by 
the  deficiency  of  his  knowledge,  by  overcarefulness,  and  not  by  carelessness. 
He  has  completely  explored  every  available  source  of  information.  The 
State  Paper  Office  and  the  Manuscript  department  of  the  British  Museum 
Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  8  a 


522  Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands.  [May, 

have  prodigally  rewarded  his  well-spent  labour.  He  has  resided  at  the 
Hague,  and  in  that  royal  and  pleasant  village  whole  treasures  of  archives 
and  correspondence  have  been  laid  open  to  him,  and  naturally  enough, 
illustrious  Dutchmen  of  the  present  day  have  been  anxious  to  afford  him 
every  advice  and  facility.  That  portion  of  the  archives  of  Simancas  pre* 
served  in  the  Archives  de  T Empire  in  Paris  has  been  thrown  open  to  him. 
But  the  most  inestimable  advantage  in  this  way  that  our  author  has  enjoyed 
is  nothing  less  than  the  entire  correspondence  between  Philip  II.  and  his 
Ministers  and  Governors  relating  to  the  affairs  of  the  Netherlands  down  to 
the  period  of  his  death.  These  have  been  transcribed  from  the  originals  at 
Simancas  for  the  Belgian  government,  and  during  several  months  Mr. 
Motley  was  occupied  with  their  study  in  Brussels.  There  is  something 
almost  awful  in  the  mode  in  which  what  seemed  the  very  secrets  of  the 
grave  have  had  their  resurrection.  The  faded  handwriting,  that  was  neg- 
lected for  centuries,  has  started  into  life  and  become  eloquent  with  the 
passionate  wrongs  of  men  and  nations.  That  contest  was  the  most  decisive 
contest  of  the  epoch  of  modern  history.  Although  the  issue  involved 
nothing  less  than  the  fate  of  Christendom,  yet  the  contest  was  fought  out 
by  the  caged  combatants  within  the  narrowest  limits,  and  by  a  marvellous 
fatuity,  neither  Philip  of  Spain  nor  Elizabeth  of  England  interfered  with 
sufficient  vigour  to  determine  the  actual  results.  That  north-western 
corner  of  Europe,  the  thin  soil  formed  only  by  the  wash  of  rivers,  half-sub- 
merged by  the  threatening  and  encroaching  sea,  swept  by  desolating  sand- 
drifts  and  by  stormy  winds  of  the  German  waters,  was  the  extremest 
barrier  of  the  world,  the  outermost  ledge  of  Christendom,  to  which  liberty 
clung  with  the  desperate  tenacity  of  a  life  that  possessed  an  inherent 
immortality. 

Our  limits  manifestly  preclude  us  from  giving  anything  like  an  adequate 
analysis  of  the  contents  of  these  massive  volumes.  Nevertheless,  since  they 
are  concerned  with  only  a  brief  compass  of  years,  it  may  be  possible  to 
briefly  indicate  the  main  lines  of  the  programme,  the  main  points  of  the  story, 
and  the  main  personages  concerned.  Mr.  Motley  introduces  us,  in  the  first 
place,  to  an  old  gentleman  in  business,  engaged  in  his  private  room.  The 
portrait  might  serve  for  that  of  an  elderly  clerk  on  the  eve  of  being  super- 
annuated. This  was  Philip  the  Prudent,  of  whose  salient  characteristics 
Mr.  Motley  has  made  so  much  capital, — "  the  small,  dull,  elderly,  im- 
perfectly-educated, patient,  plodding  invalid,  with  white  hair  and  protruding 
under-jaw,  and  dreary  visage,  sitting  day  after  day,  seldom  speaking,  never 
smiling,  seven  or  eight  hours  out  of  every  twenty-four  at  a  writing  table 
covered  with  heaps  of  interminable  despatches,  in  a  cabinet  far  away  beyond 
the  seas  and  mountains,  in  the  very  heart  of  Spain."  History  has  few 
more  striking  portraits  than  of  this  quiet,  remorseless  old  man,  potent  as 
a  Caesar,  invisible  as  a  Grand  Lama,  passing  from  his  quiet  oratory  to  his 
quiet  study,  and  penning  the  irresponsible  commands  big  with  the  fate  of 


1 861 .]  Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands.  523 

millions,  with  which  couriers  are  waiting  to  speed  south  and  north,  and  east 
and  west.  We  must  entirely  decline  to  believe  him  the  feeble  driveller 
whom  Mr.  Motley  describes.  He  considered  himself,  and  not  without 
some  reason,  the  lord  of  the  third  part  of  the  habitable  world.  He  endea- 
voured, and  not  without  some  success,  to  crush  the  whole  Reformed  faith 
and  all  popular  liberties.  His  was  the  great  overshadowing  empire  of  the 
world.  The  diplomacy  of  all  Courts  was  centred  upon  him.  He  alone 
knew  the  secret  of  so  many  mysteries,  so  many  intrigues,  so  many  interests. 
The  threads  of  the  destinies  of  so  many  people  were,  humanly  speaking, 
gathered  up  in  that  one  cold  grasp  alone. 

Let  us  endeavour  to  arrive  at  a  rough  notion  of  that  web  of  wickedness 
and  intrigue  which  constituted  the  European  politics  of  the  day.  The 
Netherlands  were  the  one  great  object  of  Philip's  hate  and  efforts.  He  ab- 
horred them  as  traitors  to  his  crown,  and  as  renegades  from  his  religion. 
The  whole  complex  system  of  European  politics  was  to  be  adjusted,  in  his 
view,  with  a  reference  to  their  final  subjugation  and  punishment.  After 
William  the  Silent  had  fallen  at  his  dining-room  door  in  Delft,  the  fortunes 
of  the  States  were  well  prefigured  by  a  medal  struck  at  this  time  in  Holland 
representing  a  dismantled  hulk  reeling  through  the  tempest,  with  the  motto 
"incertura  qua  fata  ferant."  The  States  were  looking  everywhere  for 
assistance,  and  it  was  a  paramount  object  with  Philip  that  no  assistance 
should  from  any  source  be  given.  And  it  appeared  likely  enough  that 
none  would  be  offered.  The  Emperor  of  Austria  was  awed  by  the  power 
of  his  great  kinsman.  Protestant  Germany  was  rapidly  degenerating  since 
the  peace  of  Passau,  and,  reckless  of  the  imperilled  liberties  of  their  perse- 
cuted brethren,  was  awaiting  to  be  kindled  into  higher  life  by  the  fiery 
baptism  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  The  unhappy  love  of  Truchsess  for  the 
beautiful  Agnes  Mansfeldt  had  thrown  the  electorate  nearest  to  Holland 
into  misery  and  confusion.  The  States  were  willing  to  offer  their  sovereignty 
to  France,  or,  as  the  growing  popular  feeling  rather  inclined,  to  England. 
France  was  a  mighty  realm  with  a  feeble  sovereign,  England  a  mighty 
sovereign  with  a  feeble  realm.  Philip  was  on  the  highway  towards  making 
himself  the  virtual  potentate  of  Europe :  England  must  be  rendered  of 
none  effect  in  the  European  system  and  be  disabled  from  assisting  the 
Netherlands ;  by  rhetoric,  by  negotiation,  by  the  dagger  of  the  assassin, 
by  invasion  on  the  side  of  Scotland,  on  the  side  of  Ireland,  on  the  side  of 
Spain.  In  France  Philip  succeeded  in  making  himself  the  de  facto  monarch 
of  the  country.  The  conflicting  interests  of  the  three  Henries  then  shook 
France,  and  Philip  ruled  through  this  internecine  antagonism.  The  Duke 
of  Guise  was  the  popular  sovereign,  and  Guise  was  only  the  lieutenant  of 
Philip.  France  was  as  if  death-struck  by  those  wars  whose  name  of 
Religious  only  thinly  veils  their  political  origin,  when,  to  use  the  language 
of  Voltaire,  half  France  rose  against  the  other  half  with  a  dagger  in  one 
hand  and  a  crucifix  in  the  other.     On  his  deathbed  Henry  the  Second  had 


524  Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands.  [May, 

warned  his  sons  against  the  designs  of  the  house  of  Lorraine,  and  Henry  of 
the  Scar  through  the  force  of  popular  passions  seemed  likely  to  subvert  the 
Valois  and  create  a  new  dynasty  of  the  house  of  Guise.  The  unkingly  and 
unmanly  creature  that  occupied  the  throne  of  France,  guilty  of  all  high 
crimes  against  the  human  and  divine  nature  alike,  living  in  a  seething 
Tophet  of  murder,  Jesuitry,  and  harlotry,  ruling  through  his  court  of  the 
minions,  sunk  beneath  the  contempt  and  abhorrence  even  of  the  fickle 
Parisians.  Guise,  on  the  contrary,  was  the  idol  both  of  mob  and  burghers, 
and  endowed  with  many  formidable  qualities.  But  Balafre*  and  Madam 
League  were  not  much  better  than  blind  instruments  of  Philip's  will.  So 
assured  was  Philip  of  his  supremacy  over  France,  that  he  used  to  speak 
of  my  town  of  Rouen  and  my  city  of  Paris.  There  is  one  other  potentate 
to  whom  Mr.  Motley  has  devoted  such  meagre  attention  that  we  cannot  but 
deplore  the  omission,  we  mean  Peretti,  Pope  Sixtus  the  Fifth.  This  Pope 
had  many  characteristics  that  remind  us  of  Hildebrand,  and  many  more 
that  we  should  rather  associate  with  the  fame  of  Haroun  Alraschid.  There 
remains  for  mention  the  third  and  greatest  of  the  Henries,  the  Bearnese, 
Henry  of  Bourbon,  king  errant  of  Navarre.  Mr.  Motley  speaks  with 
generous  enthusiasm  of  the  generous  qualities  of  the  young  hero.  He  will 
hereafter  have  to  describe,  in  his  picturesque  and  animated  language,  how 
the  despised  Gascon  became  the  father  of  his  country,  and  how  the  rejected 
of  Paris  became  the  idol  of  France.  Before  long  he  will  be  engaged  in 
events  which  have  been  so  aptly  described  in  the  French  iEneid  of  the 
French  Virgil.  We  hope  Mr.  Motley  will  not  echo  the  commonplace  ap- 
proval of  the  historians  on  Henry's  change  of  religion.  He  indeed  restored 
peace  for  a  time  to  his  country,  but  we  can  now  recollect  the  sad  fortunes 
of  his  successors  and  read  the  narrative  of  the  conversion  by  the  light  of 
the  flames  of  the  revolution.  The  kingdoms  of  this  world  and  the  glory 
thereof  was  a  temptation  too  potent  for  that  mighty  but  fallen  spirit. 

To  Henry  the  Third  the  Dutch  envoys  offered  the  almost  unconditional 
sovereignty  of  the  country.  It  was  an  opportunity  such  as  had  never  been 
presented  to  the  ambition  of  Charles,  of  Louis,  of  the  first  Francis.  While 
an  insincere  and  paltry  negotiation  was  in  progress,  the  fate  of  the  war  was 
rapidly  striding  to  a  decision.  The  south-western  portion  of  the  Nether- 
lands was  now  firmly  re-annexed  to  the  Spanish  crown  :  Holland  and 
Zealand  were  now  firmly  consolidated  into  the  Dutch  republic :  Flanders 
and  Brabant  formed  now  the  great  debate  of  the  war.  The  fate  of  this 
territory  was  bound  up  with  that  of  its  commercial  capital,  Antwerp.  Parma 
had  been  long  concentrating  the  marvellous  resources  of  his  mind  on  the 
subjection  of  Antwerp,  and  now  its  most  powerful  defence  had  fallen  in 
the  fall  of  William  the  Silent.  The  interest  of  the  story  now  centres  on 
the  siege  of  Antwerp.  It  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  sieges  of  that 
or  any  other  age.  All  the  military  science  and  knowledge  of  the  time 
was  concentrated  upon  this  wonderful  spectacle.    Land  was  converted  into 


1861 .]  Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands.  525 

water,  water  was  converted  into  land,  mines  were  dug  beneath  the  sea,  the 

sea  was  let  loose  upon  the  land,  rivers  forsook  their  ancient  channels,  castles 

rose  upon  the  breast  of  rivers,  the  contest  was  waged  not  only  against  fleets 

and  armies,  but  against  the  tides  of  ocean  and  the  icebergs  of  winter. 

In  the  grimmest  chapters  of  war,  and  assuredly  the  siege  of  Antwerp  is 

one  of  the  grimmest,  there  are  not  wanting  touches  of  humour  and  absurdity. 

Mr.  Motley,  with  much  art,  does  not  fail  to  bring  these  out  into  picturesque 

relief.     In  the  first  place,  however,  we  should  endeavour  to  acquire  some 

idea  of  the  nature  of  the  siege.     Neither  will  this  be  difficult.     Antwerp 

stands  upon  the  ample  Scheldt.     It  seemed  almost  an  impossibility,  but 

nevertheless  this  was  a  contingency  in  the  chapter  of  accidents,  that  the 

broad  deep  river  might  be  bridged,  and  then  the  reduction  of  Antwerp 

would  be  probable  enough.     Nevertheless  the  ocean  could  not  be  bridged, 

and  it  was  perfectly  possible  to  convert  Antwerp  into  an  island  of  the  ocean. 

The  plan  was  to  pierce  the  dykes,  and  inundate  the  country.    But  here  civic 

interests   fatally   interposed.     The   guild  of  butchers   began  to  agitate. 

Twelve  thousand  good  oxen  grazed  on  the  fertile  pastures  which  it  was 

designed  to  submerge.  Sixteen  worthy  butchers,  "  hoarse  with  indignation," 

protested  against  the  destruction  of  so  much  solid  beef.     Were  farms  and 

homesteads,  orchards  and  meadows  to  be  converted  to  a  desolation  of  sand  ? 

Was  it  to  be  believed  that  in  the  teeth  of  winter,  in  the  teeth  of  armies  and 

navies,  the  dangerous  Scheldt  could  be  bridged  ?    Would  not  the  municipal 

militia  resist  the  contemplated  atrocity  to  the  death  ?    The  measure  was 

postponed  for  a  tardy  and  too  late  repentance.     Another  incredible  blunder 

was  committed  by  the  municipal  mind.     Although  the  siege  was  imminent, 

grain  was  coming  in  fast  to  Antwerp,  and  the  huge  city  required  all  the 

grain  it  could  obtain.     For  corn,  which  could  be  bought  in  Holland  for 

fifteen  pence  the  bushel,  could  be  sold  in  Antwerp  at  four  shillings  the 

bushel.     The  magistrates  determined  to  regulate  the  tariff,  and  established 

a  maximum  upon  corn.    The  skipper  who  had  run  his  cargo  in  not  without 

great  peril,  found  that  he  could  no  longer  be  remunerated  according  to  the 

natural  laws  of  supply  and  demand.     The  Antwerpers  themselves  stopped 

their  own  supplies  and  effected  their  own  blockade.     Such  are  instances  of 

the  stupendous  follies  that  chequered  and  rendered  nugatory  their  bravery 

and  endurance. 

(To  be  continued.) 


526 


[May, 


FALL  OF  CHICHESTER  SPIRE. 

The  Rev.  Professor  Willis  delivered  a  most  important  lecture,  in  the 
Chichester  Assembly-rooms,  on  the  18th  of  March  last,  (the  Bishop  of 
Chichester  in  the  chair,)  on  the  fall  of  the  Cathedral  Spire,  in  which  he 
established  the  fact  that  the  calamity  was  not  owing,  as  has  been  in  some 
quarters  asserted,  to  certain  recent  alterations,  or  to  any  neglect  on  the  part 
of  the  architect  in  charge,  or  of  the  clerk  of  the  works,  but  was  the  inevitable 
result  of  causes  that  have  been  in  operation  for  centuries.  The  lecturer 
exhibited  ground-plans,  elevations  and  sections,  not  only  of  Chichester,  but 
of  Canterbury,  Tork,  Winchester,  Ely,  Salisbury  and  Wells,  by  means  of 
which  every  detail  was  rendered  perfectly  intelligible,  and  his  explanation 
was  listened  to  with  much  interest  by  a  numerous  audience,  among  whom 
were  the  Very  Rev.  the  Dean,  the  Mayor  of  Chichester,  the  Rev.  the 
Chancellor  of  the  Cathedral,  and  many  of  the  county  gentry. 


The  Professor  said  "  that  many  present 
would  recollect  that  he  delivered,  some 
years  ago,  a  lecture  on  the  architecture  of 
Chichester  Cathedral,  and  was  thus  well  ac- 
quainted with  it.  The  moment  he  heard  of 
the  late  catastrophe  he  visited  the  sacred 
edifice,  and  carefully  inspected  the,  ruins ; 
he  would  now  treat  on  the  fall  of  Chichester 
spire  and  others  that  had  preceded  it,  and 
he  earnestly  trusted  the  observations  which 
he  intended  to  make  might  tend  to  explain 
the  causes  of  such  deplorable  events.  He 
would  observe  that  the  fall  of  towers  was 
by  no  means  unusual  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
and  he  would  instance  that  of  Winchester 
Cathedral,  which  came  to  the  ground 
shortly  after  the  burial  of  William  Rufus, 
and  was  immediately  rebuilt.  Winchester 
was  built  by  Bishop  Walkelin.  Ely  was 
about  the  age  of  Winchester,  and  was  built 
by  Simeon  the  Abbot,  brother  of  Wal- 
kelin, and  that  tower  also  fell,  but  at 
a  much  later  date — 1341.  At  Winchester, 
when  the  tower  was  rebuilt,  the  piers 
were  made  unusually  large,  as  would  be 
seen  by  any  visitor.  At  Ely,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  rebuilding,  the  plan  was  entirely 
altered,  and  the  lost  tower  replaced  by  a 
more  spacious  octagonal  lantern.  Though 
they  produced  very  noble-looking  struc- 
tures, the  ancient  builders  were  not  well 


acquainted  with  the  principles  of  construc- 
tion ;  and  though  they  built  their  piers  of 
very  large  and  massive  proportions,  the 
masons'  work  was  radically  bad,  being 
merely  an  outer  casing  of  cat  stone  and 
ashlar,  and  the  inside  filled  up  with  chalk, 
flints,  and  large  boulders  from  the  sea 
beach,  and  rough  rubble,  the  whole  ce- 
mented together  with  liquid  lime  or  grout. 
Generally  there  were  no  bond-courses  in 
this  work,  and  when,  as  in  Chichester 
Cathedral,  chalk-lime  mortar  was  used, 
the  walls  fractured  and  settled,  and  were 
liable  to  crumble  and  fall  at  any  time; 
indeed  as  many  of  them  did  shortly  after 
their  erection. 

"It  was  important  to  observe  that 
spires  did  not  exist  in  the  middle  of  the 
twelfth  century,  and  the  low  Norman 
towers  of  that  period  were  not  intended 
to  carry  any  heavy  weight.  When  in 
the  next  age  lofty  towers  became  general, 
and  at  a  still  later  period  tower-spires  were 
superadded,  the  original  designers  were 
dead,  and  those  who  then  had  the  care  of 
the  buildings  knew  little  or  nothing  of 
their  faulty  construction;  hence  the  un- 
sightly fissures  which  so  many  Norman 
buildings  present,  and  hence  also  the  many 
ingenious  contrivances  adopted  to  prevent 
the  fall  of  central  towers.    But  these  pre* 


1861.] 


FaU  of  Chichester  Spire. 


527 


cautions  did  not  always  avail,  and  he  in- 
stanced the  north-west  tower  of  Gloucester 
in  1170,  which  fell  when  the  bishop  was 
giving  his  benediction  after  his  sermon; 
the  congregation  had  crowded  round  him 
in  the  choir  at  this  timo,  and  so  escaped 
injury.  The  tower  of  Worcester  fell  in 
1175;  that  of  Evesham  in  1213;  two 
towers  of  Dunstable  Priory  in  1221 ;  two 
small  towers  of  Worcester  in  1222;  the 
tower  of  Lincoln  in  1240.  The  belfry  of 
Norwich  was  blown  down  by  a  hurricane 
in  1361 ;  and  the  fall  of  Selby  Church,  in 
Yorkshire,  took  place  in  1690 ;  the  west 
front  of  Hereford  fell  in  1806.  The  cen- 
tral tower  of  Wells  was  in  a  state  of  decay 
in  1321,  almost  as  soon  as  it  came  out  of 
the  hands  of  the  builder,  and  to  prevent 
its  falling,  low  arches,  the  height  of  the 
pier  arches,  with  inverted  arches  over 
them,  were  turned  within  the  great  arches 
of  the  central  tower.  It  was  true  that 
this  contrivance  prevented  the  piers  from 
collapsing,  but  it  shut  out  much  of  the 
view  of  the  interior  and  marred  the  beauty 
of  the  building.  Canterbury  and  Salisbury 
were  also  familiar  examples  of  the  inability 
of  tower  piers,  to  bear  the  enormous  weight 
built  upon  them ;  there  are  now  bridging 
arches  built  between  the  piers,  which  pre- 
vent their  approaching  each  other,  but 
exhibit  very  unsightly  masses  of  masons' 
work,  and  greatly  detract  from  the  beauty 
of  the  interiors." 

The  Professor  then  referred  to  some  well- 
executed  diagrams  of  Chichester  Cathedral, 
shewing  the  nature  of  the  fall  and  damage 
done,  the  portions  injured,  and  the  portions 
remaining  intact.  "  He  had  been  favoured 
with  accurate  information,  and  he  hoped 
to  put  on  record  the  mechanism  of  the 
fall  and  the  reasons  which  he  supposed  led 
to  it.  At  the  instant  of  falling,  a  slight 
movement  was  perceptible  about  the  top 
of  the  spire,  irregular  fissures  ran  along 
the  face  of  both  tower  and  spire;  in 
sinking,  the  spire  retained  its  perpen- 
dicular for  a  few  seconds,  when  it  leaned 
over  to  the  south- west,  ana*  about  thirty 
feet  of  the  top  fell  across  the  roof  of  the 
Record-room,  the  cap-stone  bounded  over 
the  room,  and  fell  across  one  of  the  flying 


buttresses,  on  to  the  roof  of  the  south 
porch,  but  the  spire  righted  itself,  col- 
lapsed, and  settled  itself  down  in  a  heap 
of  ruins.  As  one  of  the  causes  of  the  fall 
he  would  mention  that  the  mediaeval 
masons,  especially  the  Normans,  con- 
structed their  walls  of  rubble,  enclosed  in 
two  walls  of  ashlar,  the  whole  wall  being 
from  five  to  seven  feet  thick.  There 
were  no  bond-stones  running  through 
and  through  the  wall,  as  in  later  times,  so 
as  to  form  ties  binding  the  whole  together. 
The  weight  which  pressed  on  these  piers 
was  so  great  that,  considering  the  careless 
way  in  which  the  foundations  were  pre- 
pared, it  was  not  surprising  to  find,  in 
most  instances,  Norman  towers  descend- 
ing bodily  into  their  foundations,  several 
inches ;  indeed,  he  bad  never  seen  a  Nor- 
man tower  not  exhibiting  this  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree.  On  examination  it  would 
be  found  that  the  .Chichester  piers  had 
gone  down  three  or  four  inches.  They 
might  remember  that  in  the  history  of 
the  cathedral  was  the  record  of  a  fire  in 
1186 ;  in  consequence  of  that  fire  various 
alterations  had  to  be  made,  and  the  clere- 
story to  be  rebuilt,  because  the  fire  had  so 
destroyed  the  roof.  This  sinking  of  the 
Norman  piers  took  place  before  the  tower 
was  built,  let  alone  the  spire,  as  was 
proved  by  an  ingenious  contrivance  in  the 
stringcourse  of  the  clerestory,  to  continue 
it  level  along  the  part  which  had  given 
way.  After  the  fire  the  sinking  of  the 
piers  continued,  the  effect  of  the  whole 
being  to  detach  them  from  the  adjacent 
walls,  thus  depriving  them  of  support,  as 
far  as  crushing  inwards  was  concerned.  In 
addition  to  this  they  set  upon  it  a  lofty 
spire,  which,  of  all  things  in  the  world,  was 
the  most  dangerous  thing  to  set  on  an  edi- 
fice of  extreme  height,  from  the  leverage 
caused  by  the  action  of  the  wind.  He  in- 
stanced the  vibration,  by  adducing  the 
case  of  a  flag-staff  on  a  lofty  building 
causing  the  building  to  vibrate.  He 
then  spoke  of  the  contrivance  of  Sir 
Christopher  Wren,  and  of  his  putting  in 
the  spire  the  curious  pendulum  stage  to 
counteract  the  effect  of  the  wind.  Unless 
a  building  was  extremely  firm,  the  vibra- 


528 


Fall  of  Chichester  Spire. 


[May, 


tion  from  a  spire  shook  it  as  much  as  the 
vibration  of  bells. 

"  It  was  a  curious  fact,  that  if  they  took 
a  short  cylinder,  pat  it  into  a  press  and 
crashed  it,  the  crash  would  cause  one  or 
more  diagonal  fissures,  dividing  it  into 
slant  pieces,  the  upper  pieces  gliding  down 
the  others.  That  was  the  case  with  the 
cathedral;  the  excessive  weight  of  the 
tower  and  spire  acting  thus,  the  piers  were 
crushed  and  dislocated,  tbe  walls  having 
been  sinking  from  century  to  century,  the 
detached  piers  becoming  more  and  more 
isolated,  and  too  weak  to  sustain  the  weight; 
they  therefore  began  to  crush.  Mere  dis- 
location could  be  arrested,  but  when  crush- 
ing came  on  no  human  power  could  pre- 
vent the  ruin. 

"  He  believed  this  to  be  the  real  history ; 
he  believed  that  the  spire  and  tower  had 
been  merely  suspended  over  their  heads 
for  centuries,  only  waiting  some  concus- 
sion, like  the  hurricane  of  Feb.  20th, 
to  bring  it  down,  and  that,  therefore, 
all  the  precautions  that  could  be  taken 
were  useless. 

"He  must  remark,  however,  that  the 
precautions  taken  were  those  ordinarily 
employed,  and,  as  such,  considered  to  be 
the  most  effectual.  The  same  were  used  at 
Hereford — that  had  been  in  a  bad  state; 
the  west  front  fell  down  in  1806,  and 
was  soon  after  rebuilt  by  Mr.  Wyatt ; 
after  this,  in  1841,  Mr.  Cottingham  was 
called  on  to  devise  means,  and  succeeded 
in  supporting  the  trembling  central  tower ; 
but  then  this  was  low,  and  there  was  no 
spire  on  the  top.  The  spire  was  a  dan- 
gerous element,  and  Salisbury  Cathedral 
had  long  threatened  extremely  from  this 
cause.  It  was  quite  absurd  to  say  that 
any  of  the  works  in  progress  had  any- 
thing to  do  with  the  ruin  of  Chichester. 
He  had  heard  it  said  that  the  removal  of 
the  Arundel  shrine  assisted  the  falL  This 
was  wrongly  called  a  shrine,  it  was  merely 
a  screen  or  porch ;  it  was  not  connected  in 
any  way  with  the  piers,  it  was  only  a  vault 
between  two  other  vaults.  If  it  had  been 
erected  to  prop  up  the  piers,  as  in  Wells, 
Salisbury,  and  Canterbury,  it  would  have 
been  carried  up  so  as  to  protect  the  piers. 
6 


If  they  had  consented  to  the  erection  of 
a  range  of  such  unsightly  arches  as  those 
in  the  above  cathedrals,  they  might  have 
averted  the  catastrophe,  bat  he  felt  sore 
they  would  never  have  submitted  to  that, 
they  would  rather  it  were  rebuilt.  This 
sort  of  propping  up  was  to  be  respected 
only  as  curious  and  as  a  specimen  of 
mediaeval  work,  but  in  all  cases  we 
would  gladly  see  it  taken  away.  No- 
thing short  of  each  a  system  could  have 
prevented  the  falling  in  of  Chichester 
tower;  it  was  in  such  a  state  of  disin- 
tegration. 

"  Thus  he  would  say  that  his  conclusion 
was,  from  all  he  had  seen,  that  no  blame 
could  possibly  be  attached  to  any  indi- 
vidual connected  with  the  alterations  in 
the  structure  from  beginning  to  end.  The 
clearing  away  the  choir-screens  and  throw- 
ing these  edifices  more  open  was  a  good 
work,  a  fashion  of  the  day  which  had 
been  found  to  do  good  to  the  cause  of 
true  religion.  Other  objections  had  been 
started  by  persons  ignorant  of  the  laws 
of  mechanics,  but  they  were  hardly  worth 
discussion. 

"  He  had  thus  endeavoured  to  shew 
that  the  very  construction  of  these  Nor- 
man cathedrals  necessarily  brought  them 
to  ruin ;  had  also  shewn  them  how  other 
tottering  edifices  had  been  bolstered  up  in 
a  most  awkward  manner.  He  observed 
these  fissures  presenting  themselves  at 
Carlisle  and  in  other  buildings;  they  were 
so  familiar  to  him  that  he  always  looked 
for  the  tower  detaching  itself  from  the 
walls. 

"Having  endeavoured  to  impress  this 
on  his  audience,  he  hoped  his  impressions 
would  be  received  by  thein  as  the  result 
of  a  careful  examination.  It  was  fortunate 
for  them  that  the  works  of  alteration  had 
led  the  gentleman  who  had  so  ably  filled 
the  post  of  architect  to  take  accurate  and 
minute  drawings  of  every  portion  of  tbe 
edifice,  from  a  pure  love  of  art,  and  thus 
had  fully  qualified  himself  to  restore  the 
building.  For  how  could  they  have  re- 
stored the  tower  which  had  vanished,  un- 
less such  records  of  its  form  and  details 
had  been  made.    The  Professor  stated  bis 


1 861 .]  Fall  of  Chichester  Spire.  629 

own  desire  and  wish  to  be  that  they  might  Might  they  soon  see  it  rise  stronger  and 

thus  restore  it.    He  believed  they  could,  better  than  ever ! 

and  would  find  means  to  do  so.   Let  them  "  In  conclusion,  he  felt  they  must  all 

look  at  York,  restored  after  two  fires.  The  acknowledge  the  Divine  mercy  that,  atten- 

gpire  of  Chichester  was  characteristic,  not  dant  on  this  catastrophe,  there  had  been 

only  of  Chichester,  but  of  Sussex  at  large,  no  loss  of  life,  limb,  or  property." 

In  acknowledging  a  vote  of  thanks,  the  Professor  observed  that  "  in  all 
the  mediaeval  cases  of  ruin  that  he  had  cited,  when  repairs  had  to  be  made, 
the  architecture  of  the  then  prevalent  style  of  the  day  had  been  adopted.  He 
believed  they,  in  their  present  state  of  knowledge,  would  act  differently  from 
this.  He  hoped  they  would  not  be  satisfied  without  a  complete  restoration 
of  the  cathedra],  not  allowing  a  consideration  as  to  whether  this  or  that  was 
ugly  or  not  in  the  building,  now  a  ruin,  to  have  weight  with  them.  He 
trusted  they  would  restore  the  exact  forms  of  the  old  spire  and  tower, 
the  work  being  carried  out  in  its  construction  with  all  the  contrivances  and 
ingenuities  of  modern  science  and  of  modern  times  V 

Three  days  after  this  lecture  was  delivered,  a  public  meeting  was  held  at 
Brighton  under  the  presidency  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  when  it  was  re- 
solved to  restore  the  spire,  and  a  large  amount  of  subscriptions  for  that 
purpose  was  raised.  The  work  was  committed  to  Mr.  George  Gilbert 
Scott,  but  it  is  understood  that  that  gentleman  will  only  act  in  conjunction 
with  the  cathedral  architect,  Mr.  Slater ;  and  we  trust  that  this  may  be  true, 
as  such  a  testimony  to  his  merits  from  the  first  architect  of  the  age  cannot 
but  be  most  soothing  to  the  feelings  of  a  most  talented  man,  who  has  been 
unjustly  blamed  because  a  public  misfortune  has  occurred  in  his  day  which 
might  equally  well  have  had  place  in  the  time  of  Wren. 

•  At  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects  on  April  8th,  Professor 
Willis  delivered  a  lecture  the  same  in  substance  as  the  above,  but  more  complete  in  its 
details,  which,  we  understand,  will  form  the  Introduction  to  his  long-promised  "  Archi- 
tectural History  of  Chichester  Cathedral,"  now  about  to  be  published. 


(tor?.  itAfe  Vol.  CCSL  8  • 


530  ^  [May, 


0i'fgfnal   Documents 


WILLS  and  INVENTORIES,  CORK,  temp.  ELIZABETH. 

Mr.  Urban, — The  following  collection  of  Wills  and  Inventories  is  taken 
from  a  MS.  preserved  in  the  Registry  Office,  St.  Einn  Barrs,  Cork,  which 
also  contains  some  early  presentations  to  benefices  in  the  dioceses  of  Cork, 
Cloyne,  and  Ross.  The  paper  on  which  this  MS.  is  written  is  17  in.  by  12, 
the  water-marl^  two  arrows  in  sal  tire,  and  on  the  top  of  a  line  running  up- 
wards from  the  point  of  intersection  a  star  of  six  points.  On  the  fly-leaf, 
of  the  MS.  is  the  following  note : — 

"  This  booke  of  laste  Wills  and  testaments,  conteyninge  in  it  thirtie  foure  leaves, 
wrytten  as  aforesaid  and  the  above  written  seaven  lynes,  I  John  Travers,  Register, 
rcceaved  of  M™  EUine  Goulde,  wydowe  of  Mr  Phillip  Goulde,  late  Archdeacon  and 
officiall  Gen'all  to  the  Right  rev'nd  Father  in  god  WilPm  Lord  Bishope  of  Corke, 
Cloine  and  Rosse,  in  the  diocesses  of  Corcke  and  Clone,  this  viijth  day  of  Januarie, 
An'o  d'ni  one  thousand  sixe  hundred  and  twelve,  after  the  computac'on  of  the 
Church  of  England  and  Ireland,  in  p'nee  of  the  p'ties  undernamed. 

"Jo.  Travers,  Register.     Testes.  Thomas  Davies  cl'icus  vicarius  de  Garraclone,. 
Emanuel  Phayer  cPicus  vicarius  de  Kilshanny,  Robert  Travers,  John  Roche 
brother  to  the  said  Ellen  Goolde,  Phi.  Sarsfelde  brother  to  the  said  Ellen  Goolde. 
Note  that  the  word  '  foure'  in  the  second  lyne  was  written  before  the  acknowledgm' 
of  the  receit  of  this  booke.    Jo.  Travers,  Regist." 

Most  of  the  wills  were  executed  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
and  they  throw  much  light  on  the  social  condition  of  the  citizens  of 
Cork  during  that  period;  the  dress,  armour,  personal  ornaments,  plate, 
furniture,  charitable  bequests  for  religious  purposes,  farm  stock,  shop  goods, 
and  general  merchandise  are  here  accurately  enumerated.  We  see  that 
some  of  the  wealthiest  of  the  landed  gentry  at  thi6  time  also  ranked  among 
the  shopkeepers,  and  we  have  here  the  lordly  possessor  of  many  castles  and 
townlands  counting  in  his  inventory  "  knyves  with  other  smale  wares,  as 
hatts,  cappes,  and  other  thryfles  amonge  my  shopp ;"  but  we  must  remember 
that  a  shopkeeper11  was  then  a  privileged  person,  retail  trade  being  confined 
to  those  possessed  of  the  freedom  of  the  city.     In  the  following  abstracts 

■  All  traders,  whether  wholesale  or  retail,  formerly  had  shops ;  at  least,  such  is  the 
usual  opinion  of  antiquaries.  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  of  London,  the  principal  instance 
adduced,  is,  however,  not  quite  in  point,  for  he  was  a  mercer  as  well  as  a  merchant. 
It  seems  more  to  the  purpose  to  advert  to  the  case  of  Milton's  father,  who  followed 
the  profession  of  a  scrivener,  and  whose  shop  and  sign  over  it  are  expressly  noticed. 
In  some  old  law  reports  we  find  mention  of  open  shops,  as  if  there  was  some  distinction 
between  them  and  others. 


1861.]         Wills  and  Inventories,  Cork,  temp.  Elizabeth.  531 

some  legal  repetitions  and  the  boundaries  of  the  messuages  have  been 
omitted,  but  the  denominations  of  land,  the  genealogical  particulars,  and 
the  inventories  have  been  carefully  retained. 

The  wills  will  be  arranged  in  alphabetical  order,  thus  grouping  together 
those  of  the  same  name  ;  and  where  two  or  more  wills  of  different  branches 
of  the  same  family  occur,  a  chronological  order  will  be  observed. 

In  conclusion,  I  beg  to  express  obligations  to  the  Venerable  Sam.  M. 
Kyle,  LL.D.,  Archdeacon  of  Cork,  Chancellor  and  Vicar-General  of  the 
united  dioceses,  who  kindly  afforded  every  facility  for  the  examination  of 
these  testamentary  records,  which  will  be  the  first  series  of  Irish  wills  that 
have  been  presented  to  the  public. 

Cork,  March  18,  1861.  Richard  Caulfield. 

WILL  of  WILLIAM  BATES,  op  KINSALE,  proved  Feb.  8, 1581. 
In  Dei  nomine  Amen.  Ego  Willielmus  Baies  de  Kinsale,  mercator,  seger 
corpore,  sanus  mente,  imprimis  providere  saluti  animae  meae  et  considerans  quod 
nihil  est  certius  morte  et  nihil  incertius  hora  mortis,  meum  testamentum  condo, 
corpusque  sepeliendum  intra  ecclesiam  Sancti  Multosi b  de  Kinsale,  in  capella  nostri 
Salvatoris  Jesu  Christi.  Inprimis  habeo  unum  messuagium  intra  muros  de  Kinsale, 
quondam  Bicardi  Roche  fitz.  Edwardi,  in  pignore  sumra®  argenti.  Item  habeo 
unum  castellum  cum  domo  sibi  annexa  in  superiori  vicu  fratrum  in  Kinsale,  quod- 
quidem  castellum  cum  domo  dedi  uxori  meae  ad  terminum  vitae  suae  duntaxat. 
Item  habeo  unum  cyphum  argenteum  cum  alio  parvo  cypho  vocato  tastur.  Item 
habeo  duo  dolia  (non  satis  plena)  vini  vocati  bollock*,  inter  me  et  germanum 
Morianum  equaliter  dividenda.  Lego  germano  meo  Moriano,  villam  vocatam 
Ballynymona  et  Ballyny-collopa  in  patria  de  Barry  Rwo,  sicut  ego  babui  ex  here- 
ditate  patris  mei.  Item  lego  uxori  meae,  partem  sibi  debitam  secundum  cunsuetu- 
dinem  et  usum  hujus  villa?  et  dispositionem  executorum  meorum.  Item  sorori 
meae  Joannae  Baies,  decern  marcas  si  Joannes  Browne  duxerit  earn  in  uxorem,  si 
vero  non,  eidem  Joannae  quinque  marcas.  Item  Ellynae  Moyran,  duo  coria  bovialia, 
et  EUiciae  Donati  duo  alia  coria  bovialia.  Item  Davidi  Martell,  tres  marcas  et  ejus 
uxori,  tres  marcas.  Item  do  germano  meo  Joanni  Edmundi  Baies,  reversionem 
supradicti  castelli  et  domus  uxori  concessorum;  habendum  predictum  castellum. 
et  doroum  prefato  Joanni  a  morte  meae  uxoris  in  perpetuum.  Item  volo  quod 
lervus  meus  Donaldus  Thadei d  sit  liber  ab  omni  actione  computi e  et  quod  parvus 

i  -  ■-■■■■■■ 

b  The  name  of  this  saint  is  an  instance  of  the  incorporation  of  the  prefix  mo  with 
the  real  name.  His  day  is  December  11,  at  which  we  have  him  thus  noticed  in  the 
calendars :  Elliin  6  chionn-tsaile  in  deisccrt  Erenn.  Ala  Melteog  confessor  indug. 
•Eltin  of  Chinn-Saile  in  South  of  Ireland.  He  is  Melteog  the  confessor  hodie;' — »o- 
Eltin,  and  then  the  termination  tit  familiarized  by  og,  thus,  Mo-Eltog,  or  Multog.  He 
was  son  of  Flannan,  of  the  race  of  Lnghaidh  son  of  It  a.  Eltinus  is  given  by  O'Clery 
as  the  Latin  form. 

c  A  kind  of  sweet  wine ;  it  is  mentioned  in  Gascoigne's  "  Delicate  Diet/'  Lond. 
1576;  Florio,  p.  17  (Halliwell). 

d  This  is  one  of  the  few  instances  we  have  met  with  of  men  without  surnames  at 
this  period. 

e  See  some  interesting  rt marks  on  the  meaning  of  this  word  in  Notes  and  Queries, 
2nd  Ser.,  ix.  pp.  62,  232. 


532  Original  Documents.  [May, 

computus  adhuc  iestat  faciendus  inter  me  et  ipsuro,  sit  ad  discretionem  predicti 
famuli.  Item  lego  eidem  servo  Donaldo,  decern  marcas  in  coropensationem  mer- 
cedis,  laboris  et  operis  sui.  Item  constituo  Henricum  Browne,  Jacobum  Baies, 
Joannem  Baies  et  David  Martell  executores  meos. 

WILL  op  JAMES  BROWNE  FITZ  ANDREW,  pkoyed  Nov.  11, 1582. 

In  Dei  nomine  Amen.  I,  James  pitz  Andrew  Browne,  now  bound  for  Bur* 
deauxe  the  10tk  Oct.  1578,  do  make  my  last  will.  I  make  mj  son  James  my  heir, 
also  said  James  and  Andrew  my  executors.  To  my  heir  the  stone  house  I  have  in 
mortgage  of  Michell  Tyrry,  the  south  shopp  under  my  house  which  I  bought  of 
Patrick  fitz  David  Tyrry.  Item  three  cupps  of  silver,  and  another  which  I  have 
in  pledg  of  nyne  cowe  hides  and  half  of  James  Galwey,  my  best  tastor  of  silver  and 
all  my  household  stuff,  so  that  he  devide  with  his  brother  Andrew.  Item  the  best 
two  crosses  of  gold  that  I  have  and  a  ring  of  gold.  Item  to  my  second  son,  Andrew, 
the  house  which  I  bought  of  Patrick  fitz  Davy  Tyrry,  and  two  cups  of  silver  not 
the  best.  Item  to  my  son  John  a  tastor  of  silver.  Item  whereas  Patrick  Loise 
was  my  partner,  and  by  our  consent  we  agree  to  stand  to  the  arbitrament  of  James 
Galwey  and  James  Clowse  of  Corcke,  merchants,  concerning  division  of  goods  be- 
twixt us,  which  goods  did  amount  to  the  sum  of  fourescore  seventeen  pounds  eight 
shillings  and  two  pence,  whereof  comes  to  my  part  xlviii/i.  xvii.  id.  Item  to  my 
cosin  John  Gold  fitz  Edmund  my  best  ring  of  gold,  my  cloack,  and  my  best  pair  of 
hoast,  and  to  his  bedfellow  a  crowne  of  the  sunne '.  To  George  Gold  fitz  Edmund 
a  pair  of  hoast.  To  Mr.  Andrew  Skiddy  my  second  best  ring  of  gold,  to  his  bed- 
fellow a  crowne  of  the  sunne.  To  Morris  Roche  fitz  Richard  my  third  best  ring 
of  gold.  To  my  gosshipp  Walter  fitz  Andrew  Galwey,  a  little  cross  of  gold,  with 
Justice  Miaghe  a  ring  of  gold  and  with  his  wife  a  crowne  of  the  sunne,  with  James 
Clowse  a  cross  of  gold  and  three  pounds  ster.  To  Christian  Gold  fitz  Edmund 
a  crown  of  the  sunne.  To  William  Roche  fitz  Domynick  a  crown  of  the  sunne. 
To  Ellice  Meskellxx*.  To  Richard  Roche,  goldsmith,  and  his  wiff  Ellice  Walshe,  x#. 
To  James  Gold  fitz  Edmund  half  a  crown  of  the  sunne.  To  Adam  Gold  fitz 
Stephen  and  his  brother  Nicholas  a  crown  of  the  sunne,  with  Alson  Gold  half 
a  crown  do.,  with  Lettice  my  brother  Harrys  daughter  a  crowne  do.  To  my  bed- 
fellow Christian  Gold  fitz  John  xxiv/i.  And  my  will  is  if  I  should  miscarry  my 
said  bedfellow  Christian  shall  bestow  upon  the  poor  for  my  soule;  and  if  said 
Christian  be  delivered  of  a  man  child  or  a  woman  child  alive,  said  child  to  have 
a  fourth  of  all  such  moveable  goods  as  I  have  bequeathed  to  my  sonns.  And  if  my 
sonn  James  die  without  heires  males,  remainder  to  Andrew ;  rem*  to  the  child  of 
which  my  bedfellow  shall  be  delivered;  rem*  to  my  lawful  heir.  And  finally  I  be- 
queath to  Ivane  Brenaghe  tenn  shillings. 

1  This  must  have  been  some  foreign  coin  then  in  circulation  in  Cork.  No  English 
coin  occurs  with  the  son,  but  in  the  Irish  coinage  of  Edward  IV.  there  are  groats  with 
the  sun  and  rose  in  centre,  which  were  called  sun-groats. 

(To  be  continued.) 


1861.]  533 


antiquarian  anti  gUterarg  JhUelltgcncer. 


[Correspondents  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  not,  unless  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  may  be  forwarded  to  them."] 

SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  LONDON. 

March  21.     John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  T.  GL  Bayfield  exhibited,  by  the  hands  of  B.  B.  Woodward,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  a  reliquary  which  was  stated  to  have  been  brought  by  an  English 
officer  from  the  Peninsula.  As  a  monument  of  female  costume,  and  more 
especially  of  head-dress,  it  seemed  to  possess  some  interest  in  spite  of  its 
very  coarse  workmanship  and  dilapidated  condition. 

The  Rev.  Edwabd  Tkollope,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  iron  implement  which 
had  been  dug  up  in  the  parish  of  Cranwell,  Lincolnshire.  It  had  all  the 
appearance  of  a  boat-hook. 

Charles  Reed,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  remarks  upon  an  exhibition 
of  leaden  objects  which  have  been  made  to  bear  the  name  of "  Pilgrims' 
signs/'  together  with  plaster  models  which,  it  was  contended,  were  moulds 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  such  objects.  It  was  the  almost  unanimous 
opinion  of  the  meeting,  after  hearing  Mr.  Reed's  account  of  the  researches 
he  had  made  or  caused  to  be  made,  that  no  ready  way  presented  itself 
of  approaching  those  conclusions  in  favour  of  the  genuineness  of  these 
leaden  objects,  at  which  some  amateurs  and  even  some  antiquaries  had 
shewn  more  zeal  than  judgment  in  arriving.  Equally  general  was  the 
opinion  that  great  credit  was  due  to  Mr.  Reed  for  the  energy  with  which 
he  had  prosecuted  his  enquiries.  It  was  stated  by  one  of  the  Fellows  that 
similar  articles  had  been  manufactured  in  France. 

Mr.  Reed  also  exhibited  a  round  medallion  in  horn-stone  representing  a 
man  in  armour,  with  the  following  inscription,  **  George  Tetzel,  iEtatis  Sua) 
xxii.  anno.'1  The  face  had  the  appearance  of  a  far  more  advanced  age.  On 
the  back  had  been  cut  the  date  1 552. 

John  Williams,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  some  remarks  of  great 
interest  to  those  engaged  in  such  pursuits  on  a  process  of  his  own  for 
rubbing  brasses,  with  its  application  to  lithography.  To  judge  from  the 
copious  illustrations  with  which  Mr.  Williams  lined  the  meeting-room,  no 
doubt  could  be  entertained  either  of  the  industry  or  the  success  with  which 
Mr.  Williams  had  applied  his  own  invention. 

The  Chairman  announced  that  the  meetings  of  the  Society  would  be 
adjourned  over  Passion  week  and  Easter  week. 


534  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer.  [May, 

April  11.     John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

The  ballot  was  taken  for  Robert  Taylor  Pritchett,  Esq.,  who  was  declared 
to  be  duly  elected  Fellow. 

The  Report  of  the  Auditors  was  read  by  one  of  their  number,  B.  B. 
"Woodward,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  and  was  received.  The  thanks  of  the  Meeting 
were  voted  to  the  Auditors  for  their  trouble,  and  to  the  Treasurer  for  his 
long  and  faithful  services.  The  ballot  was  then  taken  on  the  expulsion  of 
those  Fellows  whose  subscriptions  for  three  years  and  upwards  were  still 
in  arrear,  in  spite  of  repeated  notices.  The  ballot  in  favour  of  such  expul- 
sion was  declared  to  be  unanimous. 

John  Irving,  Esq.,  exhibited  an  Anglo-Roman  ladder  consisting  of  a 
thick  oak  plank  six  feet  in  length,  with  holes  perforated  for  the  foot  at 
convenient  intervals.  It  had  been  found  in  the  Forest  of  Dean  at  a 
depth  of  300  feet  from  the  surface,  at  the  junction  of  the  old  and  modern 
workings  of  an  iron  mine.  It  was  stated  by  the  exhibitor  to  illustrate 
the  expression,  "  a  hole  in  a  ladder."  Where  does  the  expression  itself 
occur  ?  Mr.  Irving  also  exhibited  two  bronze  implements  found  in  Kilcol 
"Wood,  Gloucestershire :  one  of  them  had  a  chevron  pattern.  Mr.  Irving 
considered  they  had  an  Irish  character,  but  the  Director  pointed  out 
that  bronze  implements  of  a  precisely  similar  character  had  been  found 
in  Yorkshire. 

W.  Belcher,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  license  of  alienation  of  lands  in  the 
manor  of  Bulmershe,  granted  {temp.  Jacob.  I.)  by  Sir  Johu  Blagrave  to 
John  Blacknoll. 

J.  Y.  Akerman,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  some  additional  notes  on 
the  excavations  at  Long  Wittenham. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Shephard  of  Canterbury  communicated  to  the  Society,  through 
Mr.  Akerman,  an  interesting  account  of  the  recovery  and  identification  of 
the  two  ancient  columns  of  Reculver,  which  have  been  missing  ever 
since  1810,  when  different  portions  of  the  dilapidated  church  were  dis- 
persed. Repairs  and  restoration  were  not  considered  expedient  in  conse- 
quence of  the  mouldering  condition  of  the  cliff  on  which  the  building  stood, 
and  on  which  a  remnant  still  stands.  Mr.  Shephard's  recognition  of  these 
two  columns  in  the  orchard  of  Mr.  Frances  was  entirely  owing  to  a  wood- 
cut in  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  "  Reculver,"  copied  from  a  drawing  by  Mr.  R. 
Gandy,  A.R.A.,  made  on  the  spot  before  the  demolition  of  the  church. 
They  stood  at  the  west  end  of  the  chancel,  supporting  the  rood- beam,  and 
are  remarkable  as  being  of  Roman  architecture  in  a  church  of  the  four- 
teenth century.  No  doubt  was  left  on  this  point  by  the  drawings  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Shephard.  As  it  appeared  that  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Canter- 
bury had  acted  on  the  occasion  with  great  liberality  and  promptitude,  the 
thanks  of  the  Meeting  were  voted  to  that  body  generally,  and  especially  to 
the  Rev.  Canon  Robertson. 

Joshua  Butter  worth,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  two  portraits :   one  of 


1861.]  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  535 

them  purported  to  be  a  portrait  of  John  Kailes,  the  founder  of  Coventry 
Grammar-school,  and  was  stated  to  have  been  painted  by  Holbein  in  the 
year  1554;  the  other  was  a  portrait,  by  Vanderbank,  of  Thomas  Guy. 
These  two  pictures  were  bequeathed  by  the  late  Henry  Butterworth,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  to  Coventry  Grammar-school  and  Guy's  Hospital  respectively. 

B.  B.  Woodward,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited,  by  permission  of  H.R.H.  the 
Prince  Consort,  an  extremely  interesting  original  drawing  of  St.  Peter's 
Chair,  executed  by  Carlo  Fontana  in  the  year  1705.  On  this  famous  chair, 
which  tradition  alleges  to  have  been  given  to  St.  Peter  by  a  senator  named 
Pudens,  much  discussion  has  arisen,  in  a  host  of  pamphlets  and  newspaper 
articles,  which  one  of  the  writers  called  the  "  Battle  of  the  Chairs."  These 
discussions  were  carefully  passed  under  review  in  a  very  elaborate  paper 
laid  before  the  Society  by  Arthur  Ashpitel,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  In  this  drawing 
we  have  a  new  and  unexceptionable  witness  in  court,  and  Mr.  Ashpitel  drew 
out  of  him  all  the  evidence  in  his  power.  This  exhibition  added  one  more 
to  the  debts  of  gratitude  which  the  Society  owes  to  a  distinguished  per- 
sonage. One  point  seemed  to  be  clearly  established  by  the  drawing  and 
description  of  Fontana,  viz.,  the  un-Mohammedan  character  of  the  chair. 
Mr.  Ashpitel  was  of  opinion  that  Lady  Morgan  had  unwittingly  jumbled 
together  Denon's  account  of  the  two  chairs,  that  at  Rome  and  that  at 
Venice.  It  is  not  improbable  that  at  an  early  period  more  light  will  be 
thrown  on  this  moot  point  through  the  exertions  of  the  Director. 

April  18.     John  Bruce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

The  ballot  was  taken  for  Baron  Charles  Czoernig,  President  de  la 
Commission  Centrale  pour  la  Conservation  des  Monuments  at  Vienna, 
who  was  declared  to  be  duly  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the 
Society. 

Joseph  Beldam,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  announced  the  discovery  at  Orwell, 
Cambridgeshire,  of  a  Saxon  cemetery  or  battle-field, — he  was  not  certain 
which,  and  exhibited  some  of  the  remains  which  had  been  found  there, 
such  as  fibulae,  &c. 

J.  B.  Heath,  Esq.,  F.S.A. ,  Consul-General  to  his  Majesty  the  King 
of  Italy,  exhibited  an  exceedingly  beautiful  portrait  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  which  he  had  procured  many  years  ago  at  Bologna,  and  which  had 
never  been  engraved.  The  character  of  the  face  and  of  the  costume  left 
no  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  the  portrait,  while  its  exquisite  painting 
excited  universal  admiration. 

The  Director  exhibited,  by  permission  of  Mr.  Webb,  two  carvings  in 
ivory,  which  possessed  peculiar  interest  as  being  of  English  workmanship. 
The  style  of  the  work  was  what  first  led  the  Director  to  this  conclusion ; 
and  his  view  was  corroborated  not  only  by  the  opinion  of  several  French 
antiquaries,  but  also  by  heraldic  details  discernible  on  the  carvings.  One 
of  these  ivories  possessed  additional  interest  as  having  arrived  that  day  in 


536  Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer*  [May, 

London  from  the  Soltikoff  collection,  where  it  had  been  purchased  by 
Mr.  Webb. 

Richajld  Almack,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  document  which,  as  at  all 
times,  so  especially  now  deserved  the  most  attentive  consideration.  It 
was  the  original  Charter  of  the  Liberties  of  Pennsylvania,  granted  by 
William  Perm,  and  bearing  his  signature  and  his  arms.  Its  date  is  the 
25th  of  April,  1682.  From  enquiries  which  have  been  instituted  by  its 
fortunate  possessor,  it  appears  that  in  the  United  States  no  trace  can  be 
found  of  any  duplicate  or  copy  of  this  most  important  deed.  Nor  is  this  all. 
The  printed  copies  circulating  in  America  are  evidently  taken  not  from  the 
original  deed,  but  from  a  pamphlet  of  Penn's.  Mr.  Vice-President  Bruce 
called  attention  to  the  extreme  importance  and  interest  of  this  document, — 
subjects  on  which  the  modesty  of  its  possessor  had  left  everything  unsaid. 
We  understand  that  a  thousand  pounds  have  been  offered  for  it.  We 
trust  that  it  may  be  published  in  the  Archaologia.  For  even  Penn's 
pamphlet  has  some  inaccuracies,  and  omits  altogether  the  names  of  thirteen 
attesting  witnesses,  some  of  whom  were  men  of  mark.  Mr.  Almack  had 
known  this  deed  about  twenty-five  years;  the  last  owner,  from  whose 
bounty  he  had  it,  died  in  his  94th  year,  aud  Mr.  Almack  had  no  certainty 
how  it  became  his  property.  Of  its  genuineness,  however,  no  one  out 
of  Bedlam  could  entertain  a  doubt. 

Dr.  Keller,  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Society,  communicated  an  in- 
teresting account  of  a  window  at  Xonigsfelden,  near  Zurich,  drawings 
of  which  were  exhibited  by  W.  M.  Wylie,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  The  window 
dates  from  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  the  portion  exhibited 
was  figured  with  scenes  from  the  life  of  Saint  Francis.  The  convent  of 
Konigsfelden,  in  the  choir  of  which  this  window  stands,  was  consecrated 
in  the  year  1320,  and  was  suppressed  in  the  year  1548,  and  more  recently 
converted  into  a  hospital. 

Notice  was  then  given  from  the  chair  that  Special  Exhibitions  would  be 
held  on  the  evenings  of  May  2  and  June  6,  each  of  which  would  remain 
open  for  a  week.  That  on  May  2  would  consist  of  original  matrices  and 
seals  attached  to  deeds ;  that  on  June  6  would  consist  of  illuminated 
manuscripts. 

April  23.  This  being  St.  George'a-day,  the  Anniversary  meeting  of  the 
Society  was  held  at  the  hour  of  2  p.m.  John  Bbuce,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  took 
the  chair,  until  the  arrival  of  the  President  (Eajsll  Stanhope),  at  the  usual 
hour  of  2.30.  W.  Durrant  Cooper,  Esq.,  and  William  Tayler,  Esq.,  Fellows 
of  the  Society,  were  requested  by  Mr.  Bruce  to  discharge  the  office  of 
Scrutators  in  the  ballot  for  the  election  of  the  council  and  officers  of  the 
Society,  which  was  forthwith  proceeded  with,  and  which  remained  open  till 
the  hour  of  3.15  p.  m.     The  result  of  the  ballot  was  as  follows : — 

Eleven  Members  from  the  Old  Council. — The  Earl  Stanhope,  President ; 
7 


1861.]  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  587 

8ir  John  P.  Boileau,  Bart,  V.-P. ;  the  Marquess  of  Bristol,  V.-P.;  William 
Tite,  Esq.,  M.P.,  V.-P.,  and  Auditor;  Frederic  Ouvry,  Esq.,  Treasurer; 
Augustus  Wollaston  Franks,  Esq., Director;  William  Salt, Esq.,  Auditor; 
Beriah  Botfield,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  Robert  Lemon,  Esq. ;  George  Scharf,  Esq.; 
William  Sandys  Wright  Vaux,  Esq. 

Ten  Members  of  the  New  Council. — C.  Octavius  Morgan,  Esq.,  M.P., 
Auditor;  Bolingbroke  Bernard  Woodward,  Esq.,  Auditor;  John  Evans, 
Esq. ;  William  Henry  Hart,  Esq. ;  John  Henderson,  Esq. ;  Alexander 
Nesbitt,  Esq. ;  Edmund  Oldfield,  Esq. ;  Sir  James  Prior ;  Evelyn  Philip 
Shirley,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  the  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide. 

Secretary. — Christopher  Knight  Watson,  Esq. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  President,  the  first  step  taken  was  the  election 
of  one  of  the  "  Additional  Trustees"  of  the  Soane  Museum  in  the  room  of 
the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  deceased.  The  right  of  election  is  vested  in  the 
President  and  Council  of  the  Society ;  and  the  Act  further  requires  that 
the  election  shall  take  place  "  at  the  annual  meeting."  The  choice  on 
the  present  occasion  fell  unanimously  on  John  Bruce,  Esq.,  whose  Vice- 
Presidency  lapsed  on  that  day.  Mr.  Bruce  carries  with  him  the  good 
opinion  of  all  those  who  have  had  opportunities  of  witnessing  the  gentle- 
manlike spirit  in  which  he  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office. 

The  President  then  proceeded  to  deliver  his  annual  address.  His 
notices  of  deceased  Fellows,  whether  on  the  foreign  or  on  the  home  list  of 
Fellows,  was  characterised  by  that  elegance  of  diction  and  severity  of  style 
which  the  historian  of  England  and  the  biographer  of  Mr.  Pitt  has  made  so 
peculiarly  his  own.  His  lordship  departed  from  his  usual  practice  in  call- 
ing attention  to  the  proceedings  of  the  Society  during  the  past  winter.  He 
could  not  fail  to  be  struck  with  the  very  remarkable  and  very  interesting 
features  which  those  proceedings  presented  in  the  shape  of  one  short 
month,  as  set  forth,  for  example,  in  the  last  number  of  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine. 

The  Marquess  of  Bristol  proposed  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  President, 
followed  by  a  request  that  the  address  might,  as  usual,  be  printed. 

W.  Tite,  Esq.,  M.P.,  seconded  the  motion,  and  in  the  course  of  re- 
marks, expressed  the  great  satisfaction  he  felt  at  the  election  of  his  friend 
Mr.  Bruce  as  Soane  Trustee.  A  great  deal  had  to  be  done  at  the  Soane 
Museum,  and  Mr.  Bruce,  he  believed,  was  the  man  to  do  it 

The  President,  in  language  full  of  good  feeling  and  good  taste,  returned 
thanks  to  the  Meeting  for  the  vote  they  had  passed,  and  expressed  hit 
readiness  to  allow  the  address  to  be  printed  in  the  usual  form. 

The  Scrutators  handed  in  their  report,  the  result  of  which  has  already 
been  stated,  and  a  vote  of  thanks  to  them  for  their  trouble  terminated  the 
proceedings  of  the  anniversary. 

Gmrr.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  8  t 


538  Antiquarian  and  Literary  InteiUgtnber.  [H*7» 

ARCH^OLOGICAl  INSTITUTR 

March  1.    Octayiub  Moboah,  Esq*  curious  objects  were  probably  talismankw 

M.P.,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Scrope  announced  hia  intention  of  pre- 

In  opening  the  proceedings,  Mr.  Morgan  aenting  the  antiquities  he  had  disinterred 
allnded  with  deep  regret  to  the  sad  event  to  the  British  Museum.  He  brought  aha 
which  had  occurred  since  the  hut  assembly  for  exhibition  a  very  uncommon  object  of 
of  the  Society,  and  the  loss  sustained  Roman  times  found  in  the  course  of  his 
through  the  sudden  death  of  one  of  their  excavations  in  Wilts,  namely*  a  glass  runnel 
vice-presidents,  Lord  Braybrooke ;  his  zea-  in  most  perfect  preservation, 
lous  interests  in  archaeological  researches  Professor  Westwood,  keeper  of  the  Hope 
and  his  persevering  intelligence  had  for  collection  at  Oxford,  then  read  a  detailed 
years  past  eminently  conduced  to  the  exten-  narrative  of  an  archaeological  tour  in  the 
sion  of  antiquarian  science.  Mr.  Morgan  Netherlands  and  Western  Germany,  and 
observed  that  few  had  possessed  such  re-  some  parts  of  France,  during  the  last  sum* 
markable  sagacity  in  the  selection  of  local-  mer.  He  described  numerous  manuscript 
fties,  where  rich  stores  of  antiquity  lay  treasures  and  works  of  mediaeval  art  which 
concealed,  or  the  indefatigable  energy  had  attracted  his  special  notice  at  Brussels, 
which  that  lamented  nobleman  had  for  Liege,  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Ac*  and  exhibited 
so  many  years  evinced,  in  prosecuting  the  a  large  series  of  beautiful  drawings  of  Ala- 
discoveries  which  he  had  constantly,  with  urinations,  sculptures  in  ivory,  with  other 
the  greatest  kindness,  brought  before  the  interesting  objects  of  art  preserved  in  mu- 
Institute,  and  in  preserving  the  numerous  scums  in  Belgium ;  he  also  described  the 
relics  now  deposited  in  the  invaluable  curious  gold  plates,  once  the  covering  of 
Museum  of  Essex  and  Cambridgeshire  the  imperial  tomb,  and  other  rich  relics  of 
Antiquities,  at  Audley  End,  created  wholly  Charlemagne  at  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
through  Lord  Bray brooke's  personal  in-  Mr.  Albert  Way  gave  a  sketch  of  the 
vestigations.  history  and  characteristics  of  bronze  anti- 
Mr.  G.  Poulett  Scrope,  M.P.,  gave  an  quitiesofthe  period  termed  Celtic,  found  ia 
account  of  the  discovery  of  an  extensive  Great  Britain,  and  throughout  the  north- 
Roman  dwelling,  with  baths,  hypocausts,  era  countries  of  Europe.  A  very  exten- 
and  extensive  appliances  of  luxury,  on  sive  classified  series  of  these  remains 


Lord  Methuen's  estates  in  Wiltshire.  The  exhibited,  consisting  of  celts  and  palstaves, 
excavations,  made  under  Mr.  Scrape's  di-  swords,  spears,  bridle-bits,  personal  orne- 
reotion,  brought  to  light  some  ancient  menta,  Ac*  with  other  implements  and 
relics  of  unusual  occurrence,  which  he  weapons,  in  great  variety,  contributed 
now  exhibited;  especially  a  crescent-  from  the  collections  of  Mr. Brackstone  of 
sbaped  pendant,  formed  of  two  large  tusks  Bath,  Mr.  Fortnum,  Mr.  Henderson,  Mr. 
of  a  boar,  mounted  in  metal,  with  rings  C.  Tucker,  Dr.  Kendrick,  Mr.  Stevens  of 
for  suspension,  probably  on  the  breast  of  Salisbury,  Mr.  Arthur  Trollope,  and  other 
a  horse,  as  still  in  use  in  the  East.  He  friends  of  the  Society.  The  exemplification 
produced  a  precisely  similar  ornament  of  the  history  of  bronze,  the  special  object 
obtained  at  Beyrout,  in  Syria,  such  as  are  of  the  previous  meeting,  would  have  been 
usually  appended  to  the  trappings  of  the  incomplete  without  a  series  of  these  pre- 
Arab  steeds.  No  example,  however,  of  historic  vestiges.  Although  so  far  inferior 
this  precise  description  had  been  found  in  grace  and  attractiveness  to  productions 
among  Roman  remains;  crescent  pendants  of  classical  art,  such  as  had  afforded  a 
are  seen  upon  the  imperial  charger,  as  re-  theme  to  Professor  Westmacott  on  that 
presented  on  Trajan's  column,  and  Mr.  occasion,  namely,  the  striking  relics  of 
Scrope  cited  passages  in  the  "  Eclogues"  of  the  sculptor's  skill  exhibited  by  him  and 
Calpurnius  Siculus,  and  in  Statius,  in  others,  or  the  fine  fragment  attributed  to 
which  mention  occurs  of  crescent  pendants  Lysippus,  the  bronze  head  of  a  horse  con- 
formed of  snow-white  boars'  tusks.   These  tribated  by  Dr.  Guest,  yet  celts  and 


1861.] 


British  Arch&ological 


689 


pons  of  bronse,  which  are  almost  the  only 
vestiges  of  the  races  occupying  Britain  at 
a  very  early  period,  are  full  of  interest  in 
ethnological  and  historical  investigations. 
Mr.  Way  called  attention  especially  to  the 
fret  that  the  objects  of  bronze  of  this  age 
appear  to  the  practised  eye  to  have  a  dig- 
tinetive  fashion  and  character  in  different 
countries.  They  were,  moreover,  actually 
manufactured  in  Britain  and  other  coun- 
tries of  Europe,  as  proved  by  moulds  of 
■tone  and  bronse,  found  in  England,  in 
Anglesey,  and  other  places:  of  these  cu- 
rious moulds  an  extensive  collection  was 
exhibited. 

Mr.  James  Yates,  Professor  Westma- 
cott,  the  Very  Rev.  Canon  Rock,  Professor 
Westwood,  and  others,  discussed  certain 
Interesting  questions  connected  with  this 
subject — the  ancient  Phoenician  and  Car- 
thaginian trade,  the  supply  of  tin  from 
the  Cassiterides,  and  the  wide  diffusion  of 
the  valuable  alloy,  bronse,  the  essential 
element  in  the  composition  of  which  had 
probably  been  obtained  from  Britain. 

Mr.  Winston  displayed  a  very  skilful  re* 
production  of  some  painted  glass  in  North 
Morton  Church,  Berks,  a  valuable  example 
of  the  time  of  Edward  II.  A  subscription 
having  been  made  some  time  since  by  the 
members  of  the  Institute,  and  liberal  aid 
given  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  these 
windows  were  successfully  restored  under 
Mr.  Winston's  direction,  the  deficient  parts 
faring  been  renewed  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  be  readily  distinguished  from  those 
which  are  of  value  to  the  student  of  art, 
through  their  authentic  originality. 

A  very  curious  brass  vessel,  probably  an 


ewer,  in  form  of  a  mounted  warrior,  armed 
in  the  usual  defences  worn  during  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.  or  Richard  IL,  was 
exhibited  by  Dr.  Kendrick,  of  Warrington. 
Brass  objects  of  this  description  exist  in 
the  British  Museum,  and  several  curious 
examples  are  found  in  Denmark,  and  other 
northern  countries,  some  of  which  are  to 
be  seen  in  the  Royal  Museum,  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  are  figured  in  Worsaae's  beau* 
tiful  illustrations  of  that  collection. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Bernhard  Smith  brought  for 
inspection  some  remarkable  Milanese  ar- 
mour of  the  time  of  Elisabeth,  which  had 
long  remained  neglected  in  the  minstrels' 
gallery  at  the  hall  of  the  Middle  Temple* 
The  engraved  and  gilded  ornaments,  which 
are  of  great  elegance,  and  display  heraldic 
and  other  devices,  were  concealed  by  paint 
and  rust.  The  specimens,  of  rare  and 
beautiful  character,  were  sent  to  the  In- 
stitute by  kind  permission  of  the  Treasurer 
and  Masters  of  the  Bench. 

Mr.  Scharf  exhibited  drawings  of  two 
varaahle  portraits  in  the  royal  collection 
at  Windsor  Castle,  one  of  them  represent- 
ing Prince  Arthur,  son  of  Henry  VII.  It 
appeared  to  bear  a  certain  resemblance  in 
the  features  to  the  portrait  of  that  Prince 
in  the  painted  glass  at  Great  Malvern 
Church. 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Archdeacon 
of  Hereford,  stating  that  the  ancient 
Town-hall  at  Hereford  had  been  entirely 
removed  about  three  weeks  since.  Ori- 
ginally a  timbered  structure  of  most  pic* 
turesque  aspect,  it  had  suffered  so  severely 
that  its  character  was  wholly  lost,  and  its 
demolition  could  not  be  regretted. 


BRITISH  ARCBLEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


March  13.  Gsobgb  Gonwnr,  F.R&, 
FJS.A^  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Syer  Cuming  made  an  interesting 
communication  regarding  the  seal  of  which 
impressions  are  sold  at  Holyrood  Palace 
as  being  that  of  Mary  Stewart  and  Henry 
Darnley,  and  by  which  evidence  has  been 
presumed  to  be  afforded  of  Mary  having 
used  the  English  royal  arms.  Mr.  Cuming 
shewed  that  the  conjoined  letters  M.  and 
BL  ace  those  of  Henrietta  Maris*,  wife  of 


Charles  I.  This  accounts  for  the  seal 
having  been  in  the  possession  of  Bishop 
Juxon.  The  signet  was  not  made  until  forty 
years  after  the  decease  of  Mary.  It  was 
purchased  by  Dr.  Wiseman  at  the  recent 
sale  of  the  effects  of  the  Earl  of  Buchan. 

Dr.  Copland  exhibited  two  fine  portraits 
of  Mary  executed  by  Paris  Bornone,  which 
Prince  Labanoff  declares  to  be  the  only 
portraits  of  which  he  has  been  able  to  ob- 
tain a  pedigjoee,     Dr.  Copland  detailed 


540 


Antiquarian  and  literary  Intelligencer. 


[M»r, 


their  history,  and  the  channel  through 
which  they  came  into  hit  possession. 

Mr.  Gordon  Hills  delivered  a  lecture  on 
the  Archeology  of  Chichester  and  of  its 
Cathedral,  of  which  from  numerous  draw- 
ings and  plans  he  detailed  its  structure. 
Having  been  present  on  occasion  of  the 
fall  of  the  spire  he  narrated  the  particu- 
lars, which  gave  rise  to  an  interesting 
discussion. 

March  27.  T.  J.  PxTTHHttW,  F.R.a, 
F.S.A.,  V..P.,  in  the  chair. 

Lord  Boston,  M.  Adderley,  Esq.,  and 
J.  H.  Holdsworth,  Esq.,  were  elected  As- 
sociates. 

The  Ber.  T.  Wiltshire  exhibited  two 
forged  flint  implements  from  Yorkshire, 
one  of  a  grey,  the  other  a  black  colour. 
They  strikingly  resembled  the  celts  ob- 
tained from  the  drift,  gravel,  Ac,  at  Ab- 
beville and  other  places. 

Mr.  Ainslie  exhibited  a  brass  spoon,  a 
portion  of  a  leaden  toy,  and  a  female 
figure  in  bone,  recently  found  in  the 
Thames.  They  were  all  of  the  seventeenth 
century. 

Mr.  Syer  Cuming  read  a  paper  on  the 
ChAtelaine  and  the  Etui,  and  exhibited  a 
variety  of  beautiful  specimens  obtained 
from  the  collections  of  the  late  Mr.  Beck- 
ford  and  others.  Mr.  Cuming  also  exhi- 
bited numerous  examples  of  watch  chains 
from  his  own  collection,  and  those  of  Dr. 
Hh%  Mr.  A.  Thompson,  and  Mr.  Wood. 

A  paper  on  the  History  of,  and  Associa- 
tions connected  with,  Ludlow  Castle, 
written  for  the  Shropshire  Congress  by 
Dr.  Beattie,  was  read. 

The  Chairman  produced  the  first  part 
of  the  first  volume  of  the  Collectanea 
Archaologica,  just  completed  by  the  As- 
sociation, containing  various  papers  de- 
livered at  the  Shropshire  Congress  by 
Mr.  Botfield,  the  President,  the  Hon.  and 
Rev.  Mr.  Bridgeman,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Eyton, 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Petit,  Mr.  Planche\  Mr. 
Gordon  Hills,  Mr.  T.  Wright,  and  a  most 
valuable  Itinerary  of  Edward  II.  compiled 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hartshorne.  The  volume 
is  highly  illustrated. 

The  Chairman  announced  that  the 
Annual  General  Meeting  would  be  held 


on  the  10th  of  April,  and  that 
would  be  then  read  of  the  Associates  de- 
ceased in  1860. 

April  10.  Ammal  General  Meeting. 
Jambs  Coplajtd,  M.D.,  P.R&,  V.-P.,  in 
the  chair. 

The  Auditors,  Capt.  W.  E.  Amiel  and 
John  Savory,  Esq,  delivered  in  the  balance- 
sheet  of,  and  report  upon,  the  accounts  and 
condition  of  the  Association,  by  which  it 
appeared  that  during  the  past  year  there 
had  been  received  the  sum  of  £614 18s.  IdL, 
and  payments  made  to  the  amount  of  £876 
18s.  6d.,  leaving  a  balance  in  favour  of  the 
Association  of  £187  19s.  7d.,  which  added 
to  the  balance  of  the  previous  audit  of 
£97  2s.  Id.,  increased  the  amount  to 
£235  Is.  8d.  This  sum  included  various 
contributions  paid  in  aid  of  the  Collec- 
tanea Archaologica,  the  first  part  of 
which  is  just  issued,  and  the  accounts 
for  which  are  not  yet  rendered.  During 
the  year  sixty  new  Associates  had  been 
elected,  nineteen  had  withdrawn,  and  by 
death  the  Society  had  lost  ten  members. 

Thanks  were  voted  to  the  President, 
Vice-Presidents,  Officers,  Council,  Audi- 
tors, contributors  of  papers  and  exhibi- 
tions to  the  Association;  and  obituary 
notices  of  the  deceased  members  were 
read  by  Mr.  Pettigrew,  the  Treasurer. 
They  comprised  Lord  Londesborough ;  Sir 
W.  J.  Browne  Folkes,  Bart;  Capt  Lei- 
cester Vernon,  M.P.;  Sir  Fortunatus 
Dwarris;  G.  P.  R.  James,  Esq.;  Gen. 
Sir  Robert  Harvey,  C.B.;  Major  J.  A. 
Moore ;  Thomas  Smith,  Esq. ;  Christopher 
Lynch,  Esq. ;  and  J.  Adey  Repton,  Esq. 

A  ballot  was  taken  for  officers  and 
council  for  the  ensuing  year,  and  the  fol- 
lowing were  returned  as  elected : — 

President.— Beriah  Botfield,  Esq.,  M.P. 
[now  Sir  Stafford  Northcote,  Bart, 
C.B.,  Mi  A.,  M.P.jj 

Vice  President*. — James  Copland,  M.D* 
F.R.S. ;  George  Godwin,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.; 
N.  Gould,  F.S.A. ;  J.  Hayward,  F.R.S., 
F.S. A. ;  George  Vere  Irving ;  John  Lee, 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. ;  T.  J.  Pettigrew, 
F.R.&,  F.S.A.;  Sir  J.  Gardner  Wilkin- 
son, D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

Treaenrer.— T,  J.  Pettigrew,  P.R.a,  F  JSUL 


1861.] 


Ecclesiological  Society. 


541 


Secretaries.  —  J.  R.  Planche*,  H.  Syer 
Cuming.  For  Foreign  Correspondence. 
— W.  Beattie,  M.D. 

Paleographer.— W.  H.  Black,  F.S.A. 

Curator  and  Librarian.— Q.  R.  Wright, 
F.S.A. 

Draftsman. — H.  C.  Pidgeon. 

Council.— George  Ade;  John  Alger;  W. 
H.  Bayley,  P.S.A. ;  J.  Evans,  F.S.A. ;  J. 
O.  Halliwell,  F.RS.,  F.S.A.;  Gordon 
M.  Hills;  T.  W.  King,  F.SJL,  York 
Herald;  Edward  Levien,  M. A.,  F.S.A. ; 
W.  Calder  Marshall,  R.A. ;  J.  W.  Pre- 
vite* ;  Rev.  J.  Ridgway,  M.A.,  F.S.A.; 


E.  Roberto,  F.S.A. ;  8.  R.  Solly,  MJL, 
F.R.S.,  F.S.A.;  Robert  Temple ;  Alfred 
Thompson;  Albert  W.  Woods,  F.SJL, 
Lancaster  Herald;  Thomas  Wright, 
JA..A.,  F.S.A. 
Auditors. — Cecil  Brent,  J.  Sullivan. 

The  Society  afterwards  dined  together 
at  St.  James's- hall. 

The  Annual  Congress  will  be  held  at 
Exeter,  commencing  on  August  19.  Sir 
Stafford  Northcote,  Bart.,  C.B.,  M.A., 
M.P.,  who  has,  since  the  General  Meeting, 
accepted  the  Presidency  of  the  Associa- 
tion, will  preside  over  the  Congress. 


ECCLESIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


March  19.  A  committee  meeting  was 
held  at  Arklow-house,  present,  A.  J.  B. 
Bebispord-Hopb,  Esq.,  President,  in  the 
chair,  J.  S.  Forbes,  Esq.,  Rev.  S.  S. 
Greatheed,  Rev.  T.  Helmore,  Rev.  H.  L. 
Jenner,  Rev.  J.  H.  Sperling,  J.  G.  Talbot, 
Esq.,  Rev.  W.  Scott,  and  Rev.  B.  Webb. 

R.  J.  Johnson,  Esq.,  of  10,  Belgrave- 
street,  South,  was  elected  an  ordinary 
member. 

Mr.  Slater  laid  before  the  committee 
accurately -measured  drawings  of  the  Chi- 
chester spire,  taken  just  before  the  fall. 
He  mentioned  that  Professor  Willis  had 
been  lecturing  on  the  accident,  explaining 
its  cause,  and  shewing  it  to  have  been  in- 
evitable. Mr.  Slater  exhibited  various 
drawings  of  the  college  at  Lancing,  Sus- 
sex ;  and  in  that  for  the  hall,  it  was  ad- 
vised to  leave  out  a  circular  window  in 
one  gable,  in  order  to  give  ample  room 
lor  a  fresco-painting,  and  not  to  interfere 
with  its  light 

Mr.  Bodley  met  the  committee,  and 
urged  the  importance  of  some  steps  being 
taken  by  English  ecclesiologists  to  protest 
against  the  wholesale  destruction  of  ori- 
ginal architecture,  and  especially  sculp- 
ture, of  the  finest  French  churches,  under 
pretence  of  restoration.  After  much  dis- 
cussion, it  was  agreed  that  the  officers 
should  be  appointed  a  sub-committee,  to 
draw  up  a  memorial  to  the  Royal  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects,  requesting  them 
to  make  a  formal  appeal  to  their  French 


brethren  on  the  subject.  The  committee 
examined  Mr.  Bodley's  designs  for  the 
new  church  of  All  Saints,  Cambridge,  to 
be  built  opposite  the  gate  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege. A  strong  opinion  was  expressed 
against  moving  the  site  of  the  church; 
and  in  favour  of  an  alternative  design  for 
the  tower,  which  had  a  lofty  spire  instead 
of  a  gabled  capping.  Mr.  Bodley  stated 
that  it  was  proposed  to  make  a  kind  of 
campo  santo,  with  cloisters  and  a  central 
cross,  on  the  site  of  the  present  church. 

Mr.  Withers  exhibited  his  designs  for 
a  chapel-school  at  Castell,  Cardiganshire ; 
for  rebuilding  the  church  of  S.  Nicholas, 
Monnington,  Pembrokeshire;  for  the  re- 
building of  S.  DogfaeTs,  Meline,  Pem- 
brokeshire ;  for  the  rebuilding  of  S.  Teilo, 
Eilcheyden,  Pembrokeshire;  for  the  re- 
modelling and  partial  rebuilding  of  S. 
Mary  the  Virgin,  West  Torrington,  Lin- 
colnshire; for  a  new  school  and  master's 
house  at  Burgh-le-Marsh,  Lincolnshire; 
and  for  a  monument  to  the  lord  of  the 
manor  of  Little  Cawthorpe,  Lincolnshire. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Teulon  exhibited  his  designs 
for  a  private  mortuary  chapel  at  Bryn  y 
Pys,  near  Wrexham,  and  for  a  well-house 
at  Rossington,  Yorkshire. 

The  Rev.  J.  H.  Sperling  exhibited  pho- 
tographs of  his  church  at  Wicken,  near 
Bishop's  Stortford,  which  was  restored 
and  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  a  western 
tower  and  spire  from  his  own  designs. 
He  also  shewed  photographic  views  «f  the 


543 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  InUUigeneer. 


P&fc 


rectory-house  built  there,  in  which  he  was 
hit  own  architect. 

Mr.  Barges  met  the  committee,  end 
stated,  in  conversation  with  respect  to 
the  French  mania  for  destructive  restora- 
tion, that  Avignon  was  about  to  be  taken 
in  hand  by  M.  Viollet-le-Duc. 

The  committee  examined  some  aped- 
mens  of  a  method  of  needle-work,  inde- 
pendently invented  by  Mr.  A.  Bell,  which 
proved  to  be  of  the  same  kind  exactly  as 
that  used  at  Cologne,  for  the  hangings 
behind  the  stalls.  The  work  sent  was 
part  of  a  pianoforte-hanging,  fancifully 
designed  with  singing-birds,  and  also  a 
more  ambitious  design,  for  a  banner,  of 
the  Annunciation,  which  was  unfinished, 
but  shewed  the  method  of  working.  Mr. 
Bell  announced  that  he  had  taken  the  ad- 
vice of  the  committee,  and  meant  to  ex* 
hibit  the  specimens  at  the  Architectural 
Exhibition,  in  friendly  rivalry  with  the 
Cologne  specimens  brought  over  by  Mr. 
Beresford-Hope*,  and  sent  by  him  for 
exhibition  in  the  Conduit-street  Gallery. 

Letters  were  read,  inter  alia,  from  J. 
P.  St.  Anbyn,  Esq.,  (announcing  that 
nothing  more  had  been  done  about  the 
Temple  Church  porch,)  and  from  E.  R. 
Robson,  Esq.,  (urging  the  committee  to 
depute  one  of  their  body  to  visit  Hexham, 
Brinkburn,  and  Durham). 

The  Rev.  R.  P.  Coatee,  of  the  Precinct, 
Rochester,  wrote  respecting  a  discovery 
on  the  south  side  of  the  sanctuary  in  Cob- 
ham  Church,  Kent  He  was  requested  to 
famish  the  particulars  to  the  next  number 
ef  the  *  Ecelesiokgist." 

The  committee  examined  the  designs  by 


Mr.  St.  Anbyn  for  an  inexpensive 
church,  estimated  at  only  £700,  to  be 
built  at  South  Thringstone,  Whitwick, 
Leicestershire;  as  also  some  drawings  by 
Mr,  O.  Traefitt,  for  a  Pointed  hone*  now 
building  at  Muswell-hill,  at  a  cost  of 
£800.  Mr.Tmefitt  also  sent  a  series  of  de- 
signs for  works  in  brass,  which  have  best 
executed  by  Messrs.  Johnston  Brothers, 
and  which  will  be  exhibited  in  the  Arch* 
tectural  Exhibition  for  the  present  year. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  R.  J.  John- 
son concerning  a  series  of  beautiful  archi- 
tectural drawings  of  Hexham  Church  mads 
by  him  before  the  recent  "restoration;" 
and  the  committee  could  not  but  wish 
very  strongly  that  these  admirable  draw- 
ings might  be  published.  They  also  ex- 
amined some  cartoons  of  stained  glass  by 
Messrs.  Lavers  and  Barrand,  for  the  ml* 
lowing  churches:  a  window  at  Broms- 
grove  Church,  Worcestershire,  containing 
medallions  of  fourteen  scenes  from  on? 
Lord's  life;  a  window,  just  completed, 
for  Landford  Church,  Wilts;  two  car* 
toons  from  windows  lately  sent  out  to 
Baltimore  j  sketches  and  photographs 
from  windows  for  Cobham  and  Wrothaa 
Churches  in  Kent.  The  designs  of  these, 
by  Mr.  Barraud,  Mr.  Allen,  and  Ma  V«* 
lake,  are  of  high  excellence. 

It  was  agreed  to  hold  the  Anniversary 
Meeting  at  the  rooms  of  the  Architectural 
Union  Society  in  Conduit-street  oa  June 
5th  or  6th:  and  the  subject  lor  discission 
was  settled  to  be  the  Deetruotive  Church 
Restoration  encouraged  by  the  French 
Government. 


NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY. 


March  21.  W.  &  W.  Vaux,  Esq., 
President,  in  the  chair. 

James  Sprent  Virtue,  Esq.,  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  Lockhart  exhibited  a  barbarous 
third-brass  coin,  (struck  in  imitation  of    used  as  tokens  for  interchange  hotwooai 


other  relics  of  the  Roman  period  in  an 
excavation  made  for  a  sewer  at  the  corner 
of  Blomfield-street,  Finsbury. 

Mr.  Lockhart  also  exhibited  a  number 
of  Chinese  medals,  some  of  whioh 


those  of  Tetricus  the  Younger,  with  the 
sacrificial  instruments  on  the  reverse,) 
which  he  had  lately  picked  up  with  some 

*  Gun.  Mif .,  Mar©*,  lMl»p>  Ml. 


lovers  during  their  courtship.  These  west 
of  brass,  some  four  or  five  inches  hi 
diameter,  highly  ornamented,  and  like 
hraoteates  in  their  character,  the  work 
teing  ftpoeW.     Other  •fiecimens  ex- 


1861.]    London  and  Middx.,  and  Surrey  Arctueol.  Societies.    548 


hibited  the  manner  in  which  collection! 
of  medals  were  preferred  among  the 
Chinese,  and  the  method  in  which  the 
"  cash"  or  brats  coins  of  that  nation  are 
oast.  Some  Buddhist  medals,  with  San- 
skrit inscriptions,  and  usually  placed  in 
the  foundations  of  houses,  were  also  ex- 
hibited. 

Mr.  Evans  read  a  short  paper  on  the 
Medallions  of  Cpmmodus,  which  exhibit 
his  head  with  the  attributes  of  Hercules 
on  the  obverse,  and  the  Emperor  (also  in 
the  character  of  Hercules)  ploughing  with 
a  joke  of  oxen  on  the  reverse,  which  pre* 
seats  the  legend  hsbo.  bom.  oofditobi, 
with  the  year  of  the  consulate  and  tri- 
bunitian  power.    Mr.  Evans  remarked  on 


the  causes  which  led  Commodus  to  assume 
the  character  of  Hercules,  and  gave  some 
account  of  the  gladiatorial  exploits  which 
he  had  performed  in  justification  of  this 
assumption.  He  then  proceeded  to  com- 
ment on  the  reverse,  which  he  shewed 
commemorated  the -insane  desire  of  Corn- 
modus  to  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of 
Borne,  to  which  city  he  gave  the  name 
of  Colonia  Commodiana,  and  the  pom*- 
Hum  of  which  he  is  represented  as  plough- 
ing out  with  a  yoke  of  milk-white  oxen 
on  these  medallions.  Mention  is  made 
in  history  of  a  golden  statue  of  Commo- 
dus ploughing  with  a  yoke  of  oxen,  from 
which,  possibly,  the  design  was  taken. 


LONDON  AND  MIDDLESEX,  AND  SURREY  ARCKEOLOGICAL 

SOCIETIES. 


March  19.  Aunum  White,  Esq.,  P.L  A, 
in  the  chair. 

Joseph  J.  Howard,  Esq.,  F»S.A-,  exhibited 
a  massive  silver  ring  found  in  the  parish 
of  Purfleet,  near  Spalding,  a  merchant's 
mark  (somewhat  similar  in  design  to  the 
Pelham  buckle)  between  the  initials  H.  B. 
being  engraved  on  its  lozenge-shaped  facet. 
The  ring  is  of  Italian  workmanship,  and 
may  be  ascribed  to  the  fifteenth  century. 

Mr.  J.  Sachs  exhibited  a  drawing  of  a 
portion  of  the  mural  paintings  recently 
discovered  at  St.  John's  Church,  Chester. 
It  appears  that  on  removing  the  white- 
wash from  a  pillar  at  the  north-west 
corner  of  the  church,  traces  of  a  very  fine 
painting  were  discovered,  which,  on  inves- 
tigation, was  found  to  embellish  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  column.  The  principal 
figure  represents  a  man  (probably  intend- 
ed for  St.  John,  the  patron  saint  of  the 
Church)  holding  in  his  hand  a  large  book, 
on  the  cover  of  which  rests  a  lamb  with 
a  banner,  on  which  is  emblazoned  a  red 
cross,  and  at  the  top  of  the  flag  there 
is  another  cross,  still  shewing  traces  of 
gilding.  The  mouth  of  the  chief  figure 
is  open.  Various  buildings  and  a  forest, 
in  which  are  roaming  a  herd  of  stags, 
are  represented  in  the  back  ground. 

John  Faulkner,  Esq.,  exhibited,  by  per- 


mission of  Mr.  Deputy  Godson,  the  mace 
and  cup  belonging  to  the  Ward  of  Alders- 
gate.  The  mace,  which  is  of  silver  gilt,  is 
surmounted  by  an  arched  crown ;  on  the 
head  are  embossed  the  royal  arms,  viz. 
1  and  4,  France  and  England  quarterly, 
2»  Scotland,  3,  Ireland,  surrounded  by  a 
gaxterNrith  legend  HOira80iT,&c.,&e.  j  on 
esch  side  of  the  royal  arms  are  the  initials 
C.  R.  Bound  the  head  of  the  mace  are 
embossed  the  fleur-de-lis,  harp,  rose,  and 
thistle,  each  surmounted  by  an  imperial 
crown.  The  following  inscription  is  on 
the  handle:  "The  gift  of  S*  John  Wol- 
laston,  Knt.  and  Alderman  of  the  Ward  of 
Aldersgate,  for  .the  use  of  succeeding  In- 
quests of  the  saide  Ward,  1652." 

The  silver  cup  is  thus  inscribed :  "  This 
Boole  was  made  for  the  use  of  the  Ward 
Mot  Inquest  of  Aldersgate  1681,  att  the 
charge  of  the  Inhabitants  of  the  aforesaid 
Ward."  Fourteen  Shields  of  arms  of  City 
companies  are  engraved  on  the  bowl,  num- 
bered as  follows:  1st,  arms  of  Pewterer** 
Company,  the  name  of  Gabriell  Botcher 
Forma  being  engraved  on  a  label  above 
the  shield;  2nd,  of  the  Stationers'  Com. 
pany,  with  the  name  of  John  White;  3rd, 
Haberdashers'  Company,  with  name,  Giles 
Willoughby ;  4th,  Cordwainers'  Company, 
with    name    Butolphe  Brabrooke;    6th, 


544 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[May, 


Grooen\  with  name  Thomas  Jackson;  6th, 
Skinners',  with  name  Caleb  Rawlines ;  7tb, 
Goldsmiths',  with  name  Wm.  Cooke;  8th, 
Clothworkers*,  with  name  Thomas  Spake- 
man;  9th,  Weavers',  with  name  Joshua 
Johnson ;  10th,  Drapers',  with  name  Rich* 
ard  Coze;  11th,  Weavers',  with  name 
Thomas  Yates;  12th,  Plumbers',  with  name 
Ralphe  Massy;  13th,  Pewterers',  with 
name  Thomas  Batcher;  14th,  Cutlers',  with 
name  Thomas  Playford. 

Charles  J.  Shoppee,  Esq.,  exhibited  a 
curious  pedigree  on  vellum,  of  the  fflywe- 
lin  family,  drawn  ont  by  "Thomas  Jones, 
principalle  Heranlde  for  all  Wales,"  and 
dated  1606.  The  pedigree  is  illustrated 
with  thirty  coloured  shields  of  arms  and 
quarterings,  and  commences  with  "  Gwr- 
gan  the  sonne  of  Ithel  Prince  of  Gladmor- 
gan  and  Morganwy,  the  sonne  of  Morgan 
fwyn  yawr  Prince  of  Gladmorgan,  and  soe 
lineally  descended  from  Camber  2,  sonne 
of  Brute  the  flrste  Emp'or  of  Greate  Bryt- 
taine."  This  Gwrgan  married  "  Engharad 
d.  to  Edynowein  ap  Bleddyn,  Prince  of 
Ardydwy." 

The  arms,  as  emblazoned  at  the  end  of 
the  pedigree,  may  be  thus  described: 
Quarterly,  1  and  4,  gules,  three  chevrons 
argent,  (JJlpoelin)  /  2  and  3,  argent,  a  feat 
sable  between  three  mullets  pierced,  gules, 
(Davie*)  /  over  all  a  crescent  or,  for  differ- 
ence; impaling  quarterly  of  5;  1st,  sable, 
three  boys'  heads  oouped  argent  crined  or, 
having  snakes  about  their  necks  proper, 
a  crescent  for  difference,  or,  (Vaughan); 
2nd,  argent,  a  lion  rampant  sable,  ducally 
crowned  or,  armed  and  langued,  gules, 
(Beei) ;  3rd,  argent,  a  chevron  gules  be- 
tween 3  hurts,  (Batkervile)  ;  4th,  gules,  a 
fees  between  three  escallops,  argent;  5th, 
or,  two  lions  couchant,  gules,  (Brethoardin). 
Crests:  1st,  a  lamb  bearing  a  banner 
charged  with  a  cross  of  St.  George,  a  glory 
round  the  head,  (fflywelin)  ;  2nd,  a  boy's 
head  oouped  at  the  shoulders  proper, 
crined  or,  having  a  snake  enwrapped  about 
the  neck  vert,  a  crescent  gules  for  differ- 
ence, (Vaughcm). 


John  Williams,  Esq.,  F.SJL,  described 
a  method  (invented  by  himself)  of  taking 
impressions  from  incised  slabs  and  monu- 
mental brasses.  Mr.  Williams  exhibited 
many  interesting  specimens  in  illustration 
of  his  remarks. 

Mr.  Henry  S.  Richardson  exhibited  a 
rubbing  of  the  palimpsest  brass  in  Cobham 
Church,  Surrey,  the  original  brass  repre- 
senting a  priest  in  eucharistie  Testmeots 
holding  a  chalice,  date  c  1510;  on  the 
reverse  side  of  which  has  been  engraved 
the  figure  of  a  man  in  armour,  date  about 
1560.  Mr.  Richardson  also  exhibited  an 
illuminated  rubbing  of  the  Newdegate 
brass  from  Merst ham  Church,  Surrey;  one 
of  the  shields  of  arms,  Gules,  8  lions  gambs 
erased  argent,  was  only  represented  in  the 
rubbing,  the  other  shield,  as  also  a  portion 
of  the  inscription,  being  concealed  by  the 
communion-rails. 

Charles  Baily,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  most 
careful  rubbing  of  a  very  interesting  brass 
in  Bruges  Cathedral.  On  an  oblong  plate, 
the  ground  diapered  with  hounds  sejant, 
collared,  and  the  legend  MOT,is represented 
the  figure  of  the  deceased,  bareheaded,  his 
hands  clasped  in  prayer,  dressed  in  a  ta- 
bard, on  which  are  the  following  arms: 
Semee  of  crosses  bottonnee  fitchee,  two 
fishes  addorsed ;  his  feet  resting  on  a  lion; 
above  his  head  on  a  helme  is  the  crest, 
viz.  out  of  a  ducal  coronet  a  fish  erect  be- 
tween two  wings.  The  following  legend 
surrounds  the  figure: — "Hier  licht  be- 
grauen  maertin  heerebandercapelle  reud- 
dere  die  sclaerf  int  jaer  ons  heere  dunst 
viere  hondert  twee  ende  viehrtich,  den 
ixvii  dach  van  maerte,  voor  paesschen  bitt 
ouer  de  ziele ;"  which  may  be  thus  literally 
translated:  "Here  lies  buried  Martin, 'pa- 
tron of  the  chapel,'  Knight,  who  slept  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  1442,  on  the  27th 
day  of  March  before  Easter,  Pray  for  the 
soul."  At  the  four  corners  of  the  plate  are 
the  evangelistic  emblems,  and  on  either 
side  two  small  shields  charged  with  the 
arms  of  the  deceased. 


1861.] 


545 


KILKENNY  AND  SOUTH-EAST  OF  IKElAND  ARCTLEOLO- 

GICAL  SOCIETY. 


April  3.  The  April  meeting  was  held  in 
the  Society's  apartments,  William-street* 
the  Very  Rev.  the  Dkax  of  Lhghlin  in 
the  chair.  Thomas  Prendergast,  Esq*  St. 
James's-square,  Loudon,  and  nine  other 
gentlemen,  were  elected  members.  The 
Secretary  reported  that  the  January  part 
of  the  Society's  "  Journal"  had  been  issued, 
and  was  now  in  the  hands  of  members.  A 
good  deal  of  the  subscriptions  for  the  cur- 
rent year  had  been  already  got  in,  and  a  sum 
of  between  £20  and  £25  had  been  subscribed 
by  various  members,  in  addition  to  their 
ordinary  subscriptions,  towards  the  "  Ulna* 
tration  Fund,"  which  was  a  very  satisfac* 
tory  beginning  in  that  way. 

The  Chairman  suggested  the  propriety 
of  getting  oat  a  Catalogue  of  the  very  in- 
teresting objects  in  the  Society  V  Museum, 
on  the  plan  of  Dr.  Wilde's  Catalogue  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy's  Museum.  Dr. 
Demny  fully  coincided  in  the  Chairman's 
opinion. 

The  Rev.  Luke  Fowler  mentioned  that, 
when  recently  at  Caen,  he  had  been  present 
at  a  meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Archa> 
ological  Society  of  Normandy,  who  seemed 
to  take  some  interest  in  Irish  antiquities* 
He  begged  leave  to  move  that  friendly  re- 
lations should  be  established  between  the 
Kilkenny  and  the  Normandy  Archaeologi- 
cal Societies,  and  that  an  exchange  of  pub- 
lications should  be  effected  between  tbem. 
The  proposition  was  unanimously  agreed  to. 

A  member  of  the  Society  wrote  offering 
a  prize  of  £3,  for  an  Essay  on  the  best 
mode  of  writing  and  publishing  a  History 
of  Ireland  from  the  earliest  period  to  the 
year  1609.  The  conditions  will  be  made 
known  at  the  July  meeting  of  the  Society. 
The  proposer  of  this  prize,  writing  to  the 
Rev.  James  Graves,  Hon.  Sec,  suggested 
the  necessity  of  an  exertion  being  made 
for  obtaining  the  preparation  of  a  copious 
history  of  Ireland  down  to  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  as  to  that  period 
there  would  be  a  greater  concord  of  feel- 
ing between  all  sections  of  Irishmen,  and, 
besUes,  alter  that  the  materials  for  history 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  OCX. 


were  more  copious*  It  appeared  to  him 
that  the  great  effort  should  be  to  have 
men  of  sufficient  skill  in  the  Irish  lan- 
guage, such  as  Dr.  O'Donovan  and  Mr. 
Eugene  Curry,  engaged  to  search  out  the 
Irish  manuscripts  existing  throughout  Eng* 
land  and  the  Continent.  It  might  be  con- 
sidered that  the  offering  of  a  prize  of  a  few 
pounds  for  a  pamphlet  on  the  best  course 
to  be  pursued  for  carrying  out  such  an 
undertaking  would  be  likely  to  prove  use- 
ful, and  therefore  he  made  the  offer. 

The  Secretary  laid  on  the  table  a  num- 
ber of  publications  of  kindred  Societies, 
presented  to  the  library  since  last  meeting  ; 
and  amongst  other  new  works,  the  Rev* 
Bearer  H.  Blacker*!  "  Brief  Sketches  of 
the  Parishes  of  Booterstown  and,  Denny- 
brook,in  the  County  of  Dublin/'  presented 
to  the  Society  by  the  author — a  work 
which  the  Chairman  and  several  of  the 
other  members  present  spoke  of  in  very 
high  terms. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Robertson  presented  an  archi- 
tectural drawing  of  the  outer  arch  of  St. 
James's-gate,  Kilkenny,  by  Mr.  H.  Patter- 
son, from  measurements  made  by  Mr* 
Robertson  himself,  shortly  before  the  gate- 
way had  been  taken  down  by  the  Corpo- 
ration, last  year. 

The  Venerable  Archdeacon  Cotton  pre- 
sented a  manuscript  "Rent  Roll  of  the 
Estate  of  the  Mayor  and  Citizens  of  the 
City  of  Kilkenny  for  two  years,  ending 
Lady  Day,  177V  together  with  an  ac- 
count of  "  Disbursements  by  the  Treasurer 
out  of  the  foregoing  Rents."  The  rental 
mentioned  several  names  of  places  long 
changed  or  gone  out  of  use  in  the  city, 
and  the  disbursements  presented  some 
curious  items.  Among  them  were  the 
wages  of  an  officer  not  now  known  to  the 
corporation  :— 

M  Paid  John  Somers,  Wbipbeg- 

gar,  to  26th  March,  1772  £6  10  0 
"  Paid  Stephen  Rix,  Whipbeg- 

gar,  to  14th  November,  1770    0  10   0 

There  were  numerous  "  City  Pensioners1* 
at  that  period,  it  appearing  to  be  the 

3u 


546 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[May, 


torn  not  merely  to  superannuate  the  offi- 
cers of  tbe  Corporation,  but  to  give  annui- 
ties to  the  widows  or  daughters  of  de- 
ceased officials.  The  pensions,  chiefly  paid 
at  the  time  to  females,  amounted,  for  the 
space  over  which  the  account  went,  to 
£210  Is.  Several  of  these  annuitants 
were  the  descendants  of  foreign  settlers,  if 
not  settlers  themselves,  such  as  "Jane 
Vantreight,  2  years*  pension,  £20;"  "Ca- 
therine Vantreight,the  like,  £12;"  "Ori- 
ana    Danbichen,   1   year,   £6;"   "John 


Ximenes,  2  years,  £16."  The  last-named 
was  a  musician,  and  had  been  or  was  at 
the  time  organist  of  St.  Mary's  Church. 

Some  Irish  tradesmen's  tokens  were 
presented,  including  two  from  Youghal, 
hitherto  inedited,  which  were  described  by 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Hay  man;  and  a  tran- 
script by  J.  P.  Prendergast,  Esq.,  of  Notes 
of  a  Tour  from  Dublin  to  Kilkenny,  in 
1709,  by  the  celebrated  Dr.  Thomas  Moly- 
neux,  tbe  MS.  of  which  is  in  the  library  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin. 


LEICESTERSHIRE  ARCHITECTURAL  AND  ARCHAEOLOGICAL 

SOCIETY. 


March  25.  The  monthly  meeting  was 
held  in  the  -Town  Library,  Guild-hall, 
Leicester,  the  Rev.  R.  Bubnaby  in  the 
chair. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Neale  exhibited  two  fine 
medals,  the  first  commemorating  the  de- 
feat of  the  Spanish  Armada.  It  is  the 
work  of  a  Dutch  artist,  and  dated  1588. 
On  the  obverse  are  seated  in  council  the 
Pope  wearing  his  triple  crown ;  cardinals, 
bishops,  and  other  ecclesiastics,  having 
their  eyes  bandaged,  and  their  bare 
feet  placed  upon  prickles.  Above  is  the 
inscription,  O  coecas  hominum  mentes! 
O  pectora  coeca ! — "Oh  the  blind  minds 
of  men !  Oh  their  blind  breasts!"  Between 
two  beaded  circles  we  read,  Durum  est 
contra  stimuios  calcitrare  —  "It  is  hard 
to  kick  against  the  pricks."  On  the  re- 
verse is  represented  the  destruction  of  the 
Armada :  some  of  the  ships  have  struck 
upon  the  rocks  and  are  sinking  in  the 
deep ;  their  sails  are  swelled  and  riven  by 
the  wind ;  and  men  are  floating  on  pieces 
of  the  wreck,  or  struggling  in  the  waves. 
Above  is  a  play  on  the  memorable  words 
of  a  more  successful  invader  than  Philip, 
Vent,  vide,  vive —  "Come,  see,  live." 
Whilst  the  Spanish  monarch  and  his 
courtiers  ascribed  the  dispersion  of  the 
mighty  fleet  to  the  weather,  or  as  a 
judgment  from  heaven  for  allowing  the 
Moors  to  dwell  in  Spain,  the  Queen  of 
England  and  her  subjects  piously  expressed 
their  feelings  in'  the  inscription  which  en- 
circles this  medal : — Tu  Deus  magnus  et 
magna  fads  tu  solus  Den*.     The  other 


was  a  medallion  of  Queen  Anne,  engraved 
by  Croker,  and  struck  to  commemorate 
what  is  described  as  "  Great  Anne's  reign, 
long  accounted  the  Augustan  age  of  Eng- 
land." The  obverse  has  a  magnificent 
bust  of  the  queen,  boldly  struck  and  finely 
delineated.  The  head  is  crowned,  and  the 
hair  tied  back  with  strings  of  pearls.  Tbe 
drapery  is  rich  and  jewelled,  and  several 
orders  are  worn  upon  or  suspended  from 
the  breast.  The  inscription  is  the  same 
as  on  the  coins  of  the  reign,  Anna  Dei 
gratia,  Ac  On  the  reverse  is  represented 
Minerva ;  in  one  hand  she  holds  a  spear, 
tbe  other  rests  upon  a  shield,  on  which  is 
engraved  the  head  of  Medusa,  not  beauti- 
ful as  described  by  the  Greeks,  or  as  seen 
upon  amulets,  but  hideous,  with  large 
open  mouth,  great  teeth,  lolling  tongue, 
and  hair  transformed  into  snakes.  The 
figures  on  Etruscan  vases  answer  to  this 
description.  In  the  plume  surmounting 
the  helmet  of  Minerva  we  observe  an  owl, 
the  substituted  symbol  of  the  goddess. 
The  inscription  above  is  Nova  Palladium 
Iroja.  A  well-preserved  coin  or  medal 
of  Queen  Anne  is  scarce,  as  the  bust  is 
raised  so  far  from  the  field  or  level  sur- 
face, that  the  figure  is  generally  much 
abraded. 

Mr.  James  Thompson  exhibited  a  curious 
small  chest  or  casket,  oblong  in  shape,  and 
.about  seven  inches  in  length,  probably 
a  reliquary:  it  was  found  in  sinking  a 
shaft  in  a  cellar  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Oakham.  It  was  made  of  copper,  enamelled, 
and  inlaid  with  figures  of  saints,  and  from 


1861.] 


Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 


547 


its  style  of  ornamentation  and  general  ap- 
pearance was  probably  the  work  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  Mr.  Thompson  farther 
laid  before  the  meeting  many  fragments 
of  pottery  and  some  Roman  coins,  which 
had  been  found  within  the  past  seven 
months,  in  excavations  in  the  space  lying 
between  North  Bond-street  and  South 
Bond-street,  in  Leicester.  The  pottery 
exhibited  no  marked  peculiarity.  The 
coins  consisted  of  a  first-bronze  of  Hadrian, 
with  the  laureated  head  on  the  obverse, 
and  a  female  figure,  holding  her  right 
hand  over  an  altar,  on  the  reverse;  a 
second-bronze,  apparently  of  Caesar  Au- 
gustus; a  second-bronze,  of  Domitian; 
a  second-bronze,  apparently  having  on  the 
obverse  the  profile  of  Hadrian,  and  on  the 
reverse  a  scaled  figure,  with  spear  and 
shield,  and  beneath  her  the  word  "Bri- 
tannia ;"  and  two  or  three  smaller  bronzes. 
A  small  bronze  fibula  (complete)  was  also 
turned  up. 

The  Rev.  J.  H.  Hill  read  a  notification 
from  the  Lincoln  Diocesan  Architectural 
Society,  that  their  honorary  acting  secre- 
tary, the  Rev.  Edward  Trollope,  has  been 
collated  by  the  Bishop  of  the  diocese  to  a 
prebend  in  Lincoln  Cathedral,  and  that  in 
bestowing  this  mark  of  favour  his  lordship 
was  pleased  to  make  special  reference  to 
Mr.  Trollope's  services  in  his  capacity  of 
Secretary  to  the  Diocesan  Architectural 


Society.  As  Mr.  Trollope  is  general  edi- 
torial secretary  to  the  whole  of  the  Asso- 
ciated Societies,  this  is  thought  a  fitting 
opportunity  of  expressing  the  obligations 
all  the  Societies  are  under  to  him  in  that 
capacity;  it  is  proposed  to  do  this  by  ex- 
ecuting some  work  in  Lincoln  Minster, 
with  the  approbation  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter,  in  commemoration  of  his  ad- 
mission into  one  of  its  stalls.  It  was 
resolved  that  a  donation  of  a  similar 
amount  to  that  of  the  Northamptonshire 
Society  be  paid  to  the  Treasurer  to  the 
Trollope  Testimonial  Fund. 

Mr.  North,  Hon.  Sec.,  presented  a  re- 
port of  the  proceedings  of  the  Society  for 
the  past  year,  which  shewed  good  progress 
in  church  restoration  in  Leicestershire 
during  the  past  year,  and  contained  some 
interesting  notes  upon  St.  Martin's,  St. 
Mary's,  and  St.  Andrew's  Churches,  in 
Leicester;  Belgrave,  Skeffington,  Pick- 
well,  Welby,  Fenny  Drayton,  &c.,  in  the 
county. 

The  Report  having  been  adopted,  several 
new  members  were  elected,  and  it  was 
resolved  that  a  memorial  read  by  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  Hill,  advocating  the  adoption 
of  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture  in  the 
erection  of  the  new  Foreign  Offices,  be 
forwarded  by  the  Secretary  for  presenta- 
tion to  the  Government* 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES  OF  SCOTLAND. 


March  11.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Society, 
Professor  J.  Y.  Simpson,  Vice-President, 
in  the  chair,  the  Right  Hon.  R.  C.  Nisbet 
Hamilton,  Mr.  Adam  Sim  (Cultermains), 
and  Mr.  Alexander  Auchie  were  admitted 


shew  the  earlier  appearance  of  Saxon  in- 
vaders in  Britain  than  that  commonly  be- 
lieved in,  and  that  so  far  from  having 
arrived  for  the  first  time  iu  449,  they  had 
actually  completed  the  conquest  of  the 


Fellows ;  and  a  committee,  consisting  of    island  eight  years  earlier ;  and  while,  ac- 


Profeasor  Simpson,  Mr.  Burton,  Mr.  Drum- 
mond,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Robertson,  was  ap- 
pointed for  conference  with  a  committee 
of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  on  the 
subject  of  the  proposed  restoration  of  the 
Market  Cross  of  Edinburgh. 

The  following  communications  were  then 
read: — 

I.  On  the  Early  Frisian  Settlement  in 
Scotland.  By  Mr.  William  F.  Skene, 
F.S.A.  Scot.    This  paper  was  intended  to 


cording  to  Nennius,  one  part  of  the  Saxons 
under  Hengist  settled  in  Kent,  another 
body  of  them  under  Octa  and  Ebissa,  his 
son  and  nephew,  settled  in  Scotland.  One 
of  these  bodies,  it  is  stated  by  Nennius, 
alter  sailing  round  the  Picts  and  laying 
waste  the  Orkney  Islands,  settled  in  re- 
gions beyond  the  Mare  Fresicum,  by  which 
was  meant  the  Firth  of  Forth.  Mr.  Skene 
gave  reasons  for  identifying  this  body  as 
an  offshoot  from  the  Frisii,  or  Frisians, 


648 


Antiquarian  and  IMerary  Intelligencer. 


[Mij, 


and  suggested  that  they  were  called  by 
the  native  population  Comgalls,  and  their 
settlement  the  Comgalls,  a  locality  pre- 
served in  a  notice  of  St.  Serf  of  the  ninth 
century,  where  it  is  said  that  Culross  ie 
situated  in  the  Comgalls  between  the 
Ochills  and  the  Sea  of  Guidan. 

Mr.  Skene  was  inclined  to  assign  other 
two  localities  as  settlements  of  the  Frisians, 
one  on  the  coast  of  East  Lothian,  near 
North  Berwick,  and  another  in  Dumfries- 
shire. This  opinion  was  based  on  passages 
from  old  chronicles,  charters,  and  on  topo- 
graphical deductions. 

Mr.  Robertson  and  Professor  Simpson 
made  some  remarks  on  the  curious  subject 
treated  of  by  Mr.  Skene,  the  latter  re- 
marking that  the  paper  was  one  of  the 
most  valuable  which  had  been  read  to  the 
Society. 

II.  Notice  of  Patrick  Chalmers,  M.D., 
of  Hazlebead  and  Fedderat,  Professor  of 
Medicine  in  Aberdeen,  and  of  his  Practice 
as  a  Physician  in  Aberdeen  in  the  end  of 
the  Seventeenth  and  beginning  of  the 
Eighteenth  Centuries.  By  John  Inglis 
Chalmers  of  Aldbar,  F.S.A.  Scot.  From 
this  notice  it  appeared  that  Patrick  Chal- 
mers studied  medicine  at  the  Universities 
of  Leyden,  Paris,  and  Padua,  and  took 
-degrees  at  each  of  them,  and  that  he  com- 
menced to  practise  as  a  physician  in  Aber- 
deen about  1684.  His  income  from  his 
practice  varied  from  £384  16s.  Scots  in 
that  year,  to  £1,084  2s.  2d.  Scots  in  1694, 
when  it  attained  its  maximum.  In  1700 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Medicine  in 
the  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen.  Among 
his  patients  were  most  of  the  lending  peo- 
ple of  the  north  of  Scotland,  while  even 
from  a  distance  people  seem  to  have  come 
to  consult  him.  The  Earl  of  Aberdeen, 
who  for  two  years  was  Lord  Chancellor  of 
Scotland,  seems  to  have  been  a  steady 
patient,  and  yet  survived  to  the  age  of  83. 
Lady  Haddo,  Lady  Frendraugh,  Count 
Leslie,  Burnett  of  Leys,  the  Lairds  of  El- 
sick,  Finzean,  Fasque,  Pitfoddels,  Bognie, 
and  many  others  in  the  same  rank,  appear 
in  the  Doctor's  ledger. 

Mr.  Stuart  read  some  notices  from  the 
ledger,  which  was  sent  by  Mr.  Chalmers 
for  exhibition,  as  illustrative  of  the 


eases  and  manners  of  the  period.  Ague, 
rheumatism,  scrofula,  pleurisy,  cholera, 
flux,  smallpox,  and  hydropaie  occur  fre- 
quently. The  sums  seem  to  have  been 
in  payment  of  accounts  rendered*  till  to- 
wards the  end,  when  fees  of  a  guinea  are 
occasionally  entered.  Besides  the  stated 
turns,  there  is  an  entry  at  the  end  of  the 
accounts  of  some  years  shewing  the  value 
of  the  gifts  which  bad  been  offered  by 
patients.  Thus,  in  1690,  the  "  propynes  of 
meil  and  malt  are  estimated  at  £26 13*.4d.; 
and  in  1692  they  included  a  hat."  Dr. 
Sibbald,  a  clergyman,  paid  for  two  at- 
tendances in  the  year  £14  10s.  Scots.  My 
Lady  Banff  paid  for  a  Lent  fever  £37, 
and  Lord  Haddo  paid  for  his  lady's  child- 
birth £59  2s.  James  Smith,  for  madness 
and  enchantment,  paid  £14  10a,  The 
ladies  frequently  had  to  be  cured  of  the 
vapours  i  and  "  Mrs.  Durrit,  maid  to  mj 
Lady  Dunfermline,''  paid  for  her  vapours 
£5  16s.  People  with  sore  eyes  and  "scro- 
fulous chouks"  occasionally  turn  up,  and 
the  Sheriff  of  Moray  seems  to  have  in- 
curred dangers  in  his  duties  which  it  may 
be  hoped  do  not  now  exist.  He  paid  "far 
the  itch"  £6  9a ;  while  the  Doctor  got 
from  Mrs.  Duncan,  "  in  gratitude  for  her 
salvation,'4  twice  as  much,  viz.  £12  18s. 
Mrs.  Ellen  Leslie  had  both  vapour*  and 
itch,  for  which  she  paid  £6  6s.  In  1697, 
a  person,  who  is  called  "the  Prior  of  Mony- 
musk,"  paid  for  his  daughter,  who  waa 
scrofulous,  £6 12s.  The  salary  of  Professor 
of  Medicine  was  £124,  and  the  fee  for  gra- 
duating two  Doctors  of  Physic  was  also 
£124.  All  the  sums  mentioned  are  Soots 
money. 

Several  donations  to  the  Museum  and 
Library  were  announced,  including  a  clay 
urn  and  human  bones  fouud  at  Inveram- 
say,  in  the  parish  chapel  of  Gariooh,  Aber- 
deenshire, presented  by  Patrick  Irving, 
Esq.,  of  Inveramsay ;  drawings  of  a  cist 
in  a  cairn  at  Duffiis,  and  of  sculptured 
stones  at  Burghhead,  Elginshire— by  Lady 
Dunbar,  of  Duffus ;  piece  of  bone,  orna- 
mented with  incised  circles,  stone  in- 
scribed with  figure  of  a  sun-dial,  stone 
with  sculptured  letters,  stone  cup,  iron 
bill,  pickaxe,  Sue.,  found  in  excavating  at 
Broughty  Castle,  by  Colonel  Skyring,  R.E. ; 


1861.] 


Society  of  Antiqwtriet  of  Scotland, 


549 


•ilver  circular  Highland  brooch — by  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  P.llexfeu,  Colchester;  gold 
St.  Andrew  of  James  I.;  gold  Ton  of 
James  II.,  found  near  the  ruins  of  Caddex 
Castle,  Lanarkshire,  in  the  year  1815 — by 
Robert  Duudas,  Esq.,  of  Arniston. 

April  8.  James  T.  Gibson-Cbaio, 
Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair.  The  following 
gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows,  viz, 
Colonel  Jonathan  Forbes  Leslie,  of  Rothie, 
Aberdeenshire,  and  Mr.  George  Rowe, 
B.A.,  Master  of  John  Watson's  Hospital, 
Edinburgh. 

The  following  communications  were  then 
read : — 

I.  Notices,  Historical  and  Architectural, 
of  the  Round  Tower  of  Brechin.  By  Mr. 
R.  R.  Brash,  architect,  Cork.  Mr.  Brash 
gave,  in  the  first  place,  the  early  history  of 
Brechin,  from  which  it  appeared  that 
towards  the  end  of  the  tenth  century, 
Kenneth,  the  son  of  Malcolm,  "tribuit 
magnam  civitatem  Brechne  Domino ;"  and 
that  Hector  Boece,  in  describing  the 
burning  by  the  Northmen  of  the  town  of 
Brechin  and  its  great  church,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  next  century,  excepts  from  the 
general  destruction  the  round  tower, 
which  is  described  as  "turrim  quandam 
rotundam  mini  arte  constructam."  Mr. 
Brash  paid  a  visit  to  Brechin  in  1858,  and 
gave  the  result  of  his  examination  of  this 
tower,  pointing  out  in  detail  its  close  re* 
semblance  in  plan  to  the  round  tower  at 
Clondalkin,  in  the  county  of  Dublin,  and 
some  common  features  which  it  bore  to 
those  at  Oran,  in  the  county  of  Ros- 
common, and  to  the  towers  at  Kildare, 
Kilmacduagh,  and  Killala.  The  most  re- 
markable feature  in  the  tower  at  Brechin 
is  the  doorway,  which  is  ornamented  with 
sculptures  of  the  Crucifixion,  and  other 
figures.  Mr.  Brash  gave  various  reasons 
for  considering  the  doorway  an  insertion, 
made  at  a  time  subsequent  to  the  erection 
of  the  tower;  and  having  exarriued  in 
detail  the  appearance  of  the  doorways  in 
Irish  towers  where  Christian  symbols  ap- 
pear, he  expressed  his  belief  that  in  these 
cases  the  sculptured  doorways  were  sub- 
sequent additions.  Mr.  Brash  thm  gave 
a  very  interesting  account  of  diggings  in 


Irish  round  towers,  which  had  in  moat 
cases  brought  to  light  sepulchral  remains, 
consisting  of  human  skeletons,  generally 
under  layers  of  hard  concrete  and  paving- 
stones.  In  the  tower  at  Kilkenny  was 
found  a  complete  skeleton  in  the  centre; 
at  one  side  were  the  remains  of  two 
children  enc'osed  in  one  oak  coffin,  put 
together  without  nails  or  metal  fastenings, 
the  whole  covered  by  the  usual  floor  of 
hard  concrete  and  flags.  The  result  at 
which  Mr.  Brash  arrived  was,  that  the 
towers  were  sepulchral  monuments,  and 
ofa  pre-Christian  age;  but  to  the  solution 
of  their  era  and  builders  Mr.  Brash  is  to 
devote  a  subsequent  paper. 

Mr.  Stuart,  in  expressing  the  acknow- 
ledgments of  the  Society  to  Mr.  Brash  for 
his  laborious  paper,  stated  that  he  was  not 
disposed  to  accept  his  arguments  or  con- 
clusions. He  examined  the  question  of 
the  supposed  insertion  of  the  doorway,  for 
which  he  could  see  no  solid  reason,  and 
which  was  against  all  the  analogies  of  a 
somewhat  later  architecture,  where  the 
doorways  of  old  churches  were  frequently 
preserved  when  the  rest  of  the  building 
was  renewed.  He  referred  to  the  styles 
of  masonry  of  British  walls,  as  recently 
illustrated  by  Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson,  to 
the  walls  of  underground  chambers,  and 
other  early  buildings  in  Scotland,  and  to 
those  of  Cashels,  Duns,  and  Cloghauns  in 
Ireland,  where  a  recognised  style  ap- 
peared; but  it  seemed  to  him  to  be  en- 
tirely different  from  the  architecture  of 
the  round  towers,  nor  did  he  believe  that 
the  early  Irish  were  acquainted  with  the 
construction  of  the  arch,  and  the  use  of 
mortar,  both  of  which  were  found  in  the 
towers,  until  the  knowledge  of  these  had 
been  brought  from  the  great  reservoir  of 
knowledge  at  Rome  by  the  Christian 
missionaries.  He  believed  that  the  sub- 
sequent use  of  the  towers  must  be  allow*  d 
to  determine  their  original  design.  Now, 
it  abundantly  appeared  from  the  Irish 
annals  that  they  had  been  used  as  belfries, 
and  as  places  of  abode  or  refuge  for  the 
ecclesiastics  of  the  churches,  in  the  vicinity 
of  which  (and  sometimes  incorporated  with 
them)  every  tower  in  Ireland  had  been 
placed.  The  lofty  position  of  the  doorway, 


650 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[May, 


to  like  to  the  entrances  of  our  ancient 
keeps,  would  alone  suggest  their  use  as 
places  of  refuge.  The  occurrence  of  sepul- 
chral deposits  in  these  towers  was,  in  his 
view,  only  a  development  of  the  taste  for 
burying  in  churches,  their  porches,  and 
other  buildings  connected  with  them, 
which  was  so  strong  at  an  early  period  of 
our  Christian  history;  but  he  could  not 
see  any  reason  for  recognising  a  heathen 
connection  in  this.  The  modes  of  Pagan 
interment  in  Ireland  were  known  from 
descriptions  in  early  manuscripts,  and 
from  the  many  remains  still  to  be  found 
in  the  country,  and  bore  no  analogy  to 
that  of  burial  in  the  towers. 

The  same  view  as  to  the  supposed  inser- 
tion of  the  doorway  was  maintained  by 
Dr.  IJuie  and  Mr.  Joseph  Robertson — the 
latter  of  whom  adverted  strongly  to  a 
school  of  antiquaries  who  seemed  to  over- 
look the  accumulated  evidence  which  had 
already  been  brought  to  bear  on  this  sub- 
ject by  Dr.  Petrie,  whose  position  had  not 
yet  been  seriously  impugned,  and  which, 
indeed,  he  believed  to  be  unassailable.  He 
also  strongly  condemned  the  views  of 
those  by  whom  the  round  towers  were 
regarded  as  Priapeian  monuments,  and 
pointed  out  the  many  Romanesque  fea- 
tures which  were  clearly  to  be  discovered 
in  them. 

II.  Note  on  Scottish  Curing  Stones  and 
Amulets.  By  Professor  J.  Y.  Simpson,  V.-P. 

Dr.  Simpson,  after  pointing  out  the  fre- 
quent references  by  Pliny,  in  his  "  Natural 
History,"  to  the  use  of  charms  among  the 
Gaulish  nations,  and  to  their  use  in 
Eastern  countries,  gave  an  account  of  the 


earliest  known  Scotch  curing  stone,  in 
the  time  of  St.  Columba,  and  then  came 
down  to  many  examples  of  such  stones  in 
mediaeval  times,  such  as  the  Clack-na- 
bratach  of  the  clan  Donnochy,  which,  by 
the  kind  permission  of  Strowan  Robertson, 
the  chief  of  the  clan,  was  exhibited  to  the 
meeting.  The  celebrated  jewel  called  tbe 
Lee  Penny  was  adverted  to,  and  its  his- 
tory detailed ;  and,  through  the  kindness 
of  Lady  Lockhart  of  Lee,  it  was  exhibited, 
as  also  careful  drawings  of  the  Clack  dearg 
of  Ardvoirlich,  the  Glenlyon  charm,  and 
that  of  Ballochyle.  Various  stones  still 
in  use  in  Perthshire  for  curing  diseases  in 
cattle  were  likewise  produced. 

Mr.  Joseph  Robertson  was  inclined  to 
trace  the  use  of  stones  as  charms  to  a 
Celtic  origin.  Among  others,  he  gave  a 
curious  illustration  of  the  use  of  the  relics 
of  St.  Marnan  in  the  Middle  Ages  for  the 
cure  of  disease. 

Colonel  Robertson  gave  some  further 
information  about  the  stone  of  Strowan, 
and  added  that  such  stones  were  not  un- 
freqnent  in  Perthshire. 

Mr.  Stuart  drew  attention  to  the  oc- 
currence in  Saxon  tombs  of  globes  of 
rock-crystal  similar  to  the  stone  of  Strowan. 
Many  of  them  were  mounted  with  silver 
rings,  so  as  to  admit  of  their  being  sus- 
pended ;  and  suggested  that  they  had  pro- 
bably been  originally  personal  ornaments. 

A  valuable  collection  of  relics  of  stone 
and  bronze  from  the  north  of  Scotland, 
collected  by  the  late  Sir  Thomas  Dick 
Lauder,  was  exhibited  by  the  Dowager 
Lady  Dick  Lauder,  and  several  donations 
to  the  Museum  were  announced. 


1861.]  551 


CoiTfgpontintct  of  ioglbamid  Btbmu 


[Correspondent*  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  not,  unless  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  may  be  forwarded  to  them.'] 

LINCOLN  CATHEDRAL. 

Mb.  Urban, — I  expected  from  what  I  had  heard  in  England  to  find  at 
Lincoln  the  French  style  of  architecture,  that  is  to  say,  some  constructions 
of  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century  and  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth 
which  would  shew  the  evident  influence  of  a  French  architect.  But  after 
the  most  careful  examination,  I  could  not  find  in  any  part  of  the  cathedral 
of  Lincoln,  neither  in  the  general  design,  nor  in  any  part  of  the  system  of 
architecture  adopted,  nor  in  the  details  of  ornament,  any  trace  of  the  French 
school  of  the  twelfth  century,  (the  lay  school  from  1170  to  1220),  so 
plainly  characteristic  of  the  cathedrals  of  Paris,  Noyon,  Senlis,  Chartres, 
Sens,  and  even  Rouen.  The  part  of  the  cathedral  of  Lincoln  in  which  the 
influence  of  the  French  school  has  been  supposed  to  be  found,  has  no 
resemblance  to  this.  I  speak  of  the  choir.  On  the  exterior  the  choir  of 
the  cathedral  of  Lincoln  is  thoroughly  English,  or  Norman  if  you  will :  one 
can  perceive  all  the  Norman  influence ;  arches  acutely  pointed,  blank  win- 
dows in  the  clerestory,  reminding  one  of  the  basilica  covered  with  a  wooden 
roof ;  a  low  triforium ;  each  bay  of  the  aisles  divided  into  two  by  a  small 
buttress ;  shafts  banded.  In  the  interior,  vaults  which  have  not  at  all  the 
same  construction  as  the  French  vaults  of  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century ; 
arch-mouldings  slender,  and  deeply  undercut ;  the  abacus  round ;  the  tooth- 
ornament  ;  which  do  not  at  all  resemble  the  ornaments  which  we  find  at 
Paris,  Sens,  St.  Denis,  &c. 

As  to  the  large  rose  window  of  the  north  transept,  which  is  said  to  have 
been  executed  between  1190  and  1200,  without  disputing  that  date,  which 
appears  to  me  rather  an  early  one  for  it,  I  cannot  consider  it  as  a  French 
composition.  In  the  first  place,  I  do  not  know  a  rose  window  of  that 
period  in  France  which  is  divided  into  four  compartments ;  the  centre  of 
this  window  does  not  resemble  the  arrangement  adopted  in  France;  and 
as  to  the  decoration  with  small  roses  which  cover  the  mouldings,  they  are 
a  very  characteristic  English  ornament. 

Nowhere  in  France  do  we  find  between  1190  and  1200  pillars  similar  to 
those  at  Lincoln,  with  the  crockets  placed  between  the  shafts ;  nowhere  in 
France  do  we  find  crockets  carved  like  these ;  nowhere  shafts  with  hex- 
agonal concave  section;  nowhere  capitals  or  abacus  similar  to  those  of 
these  pillars. 


552  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [May, 

Moreover,  I  confess  that  I  cannot  believe  readily  in  the  date  of  1190  to 
1200  for  the  different  parts  of  this  choir;  but  that  the  date  of  1220,  or 
1210  at  the  earliest,  seems  to  me  to  agree  better  with  the  architectural 
character.  We  have  in  Normandy,  especially  in  the  cathedral  of  Rouen 
and  the  church  of  Eu,  architecture  of  the  date  of  1 190 ;  it  is  purely  French, 
that  is  to  say,  it  corresponds  exactly  with  the  architecture  of  the  "  Isle  do 
France,"  except  in  certain  details.  At  Eu,  at  the  cathedral  of  Le  Mans, 
at  Seez,  we  have  architecture  which  resembles  that  of  the  choir  of  Lincoln, 
but  that  architecture  is  from  1210  to  1220,  it  is  the  Norman  school  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  There  is,  indeed,  at  Lincoln,  an  effort  at,  a  tendency  to 
originality,  a  style  of  ornament  which  attempts  to  emancipate  itself;  never- 
theless, the  character  is  purely  Anglo-Norman. 

The  construction  is  English,  the  profiles  of  the  mouldings  are  English, 
the  ornaments  are  English,  the  execution  of  the  work  belongs  to  the  Eng- 
lish school  of  workmen  of  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

I  am,  &c.  E.  Yiollbt-le-Duc. 

Paris,  April  15,  1861. 


THE  GODDESS  FECUNDITAS. 

Mb.  TJbbah, — In  the  last  number  of  your  Magazine,  under  the  heading 
"  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London/'  in  a  report  (official,  I  infer)  of  a 
meeting  held  on  Feb.  14,  are  the  following  words: — "The  statuette  here 
mentioned  bore,  as  Mr.  Brent  remarked,  a  great  resemblance  to  one  figured  in 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  December,  in  a  notice  of  M.  Tudot's  work 
on  Gaulo-Roman  pottery.  We  do  not  believe  they  have  anything  to  do 
with  the  'Roman  goddess'  Fecunditas,  simply  because  such  a  goddess 
never  existed."  Are  we  to  include  this  assertion  among  the  "  important 
communications"  referred  to  at  the  end  of  the  report  ?  I  should  hope  not, 
for  the  credit  of  antiquarianism. 

Tacitus  (Ann.,  lib.  xv.  cap.  23)  states  that  among  the  public  testimo- 
nials of  gratitude  to  the  gods  for  the  safe  delivery  of  the  Empress  Poppaea  of 
a  daughter,  the  senate  voted  a  temple  to  Fecundity : — "  Et  additae  suppli- 
cationes  templumque  Fecunditati."  At  least  a  reason  should  be  given  why 
the  Society  makes,  or  is  made  to  seem  to  endorse,  an  assertion  utterly  at 
variance  with  this  statement  of  Tacitus.  Not  only  does  Fecunditas  appear 
on  the  coins  of  Faustina  the  younger,  but  also  on  those  of  Lucilla,  Julia 
Domna,  and  Otacilia.  I  presume  I  shall  not  stand  alone  in  agreeing  rather 
with  the  opinion  given  in  the  December  number  of  the  Magazine,  supported 
as  it  is  by  Tacitus,  than  with  the  assertion  that  "  such  a  goddess  never 
existed."  I  should  like  to  see  the  Society  give  some  instances  of  Matuta 
being  represented  as  Fecunditas  /  or  rather  to  know  why  this  oft-recurring 
figure  with  children  should  be  Matuta  in  preference  to  Fecunditas. 

The  same  report  proceeds  thus :  "  We  suspect,  however,  that  these 
9 


1861.]  Ancient  Tomb  at  Malta.  858 

figures  have  little  to  do  with  anything  Roman  whatsoever.  They 
belong  to  a  period  when  Christianity  was  casting  a  backward  glance 
at  paganism,"  &c. 

I  have  excellent  drawings  and  engravings  of  all  the  varieties  of  these 
fgurineg  en  arrfile  before  me;  and  if  they  have  "little  to  do  with  any- 
thing Roman  whatsoever,"  then  it  is  to  be  hoped  the  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries will  justify  the  euloginm  it  assumes  to  itself,  publish  in  full  the  "  im- 
portant communications,"  and  enlighten  M.  Tudot,  M.  Longpericr,  the 
antiquaries  of  France  in  general,  and  those  in  this  country.  I  believe  the 
entire  collection  of  figures  round  near  Moulins  are  pagan,  without  the 
slightest  indication  of  the  influence  of  Christianity. — I  am,  Etc. , 

Temple-place.  Strood,  C.  Roach  Smith. 

April  Uth,  1861. 

ANCIENT  TOMB  AT  MALTA. 

Mr.  "Cripsn,  —  1  send  yon,  with  this,         There  exist  at  Malta,  on  the  Bengennna 

drawings  from  sketches  which  I  took  some  hills,  a  number  oF  tombs,  which  are  only 

time  ago  of  a  very   interesting    and,  in  to  be  detected  by  the  practised  eye,  as  the 

net,  uniquo  ancient  tomb  at  Malta,  at  ploughshare  has  for  centuries  pawed  over 

tbe  opening  of  which  I  had  the  good  for-  them.     Their  supposed  date  is  the  flnt  or 

tune  to  bo  present     As  no  other  drawing  second  century  before  Christ.  The  persons 

has  ever  been  made  of  it,  and  as  the  tomb  buried  appear  to  have   been  quite  poor, 

has  been  covered  up  again,  some  of  your  both  from  the  character  of  the  pottery, — of 

readers  may  be  glad  that  it  should  be  which  a  good  deal  has  been  found  and 

saved  from  oblivion,  by  being  engraved  which  is  scarcely  ornamented  at  all,  though 

for  tbe  Gentleman's  Magazine.  of  graceful  shape, — and  from  tbe  fact  that 


scarcely  any  personal  ornaments  of  metal  three   urns  containing  ashes.     These,   I 

or  other  precious  substance  have  hitherto  imagine,  were  very  probably  brought  from 

occurred ;  the  only  thing  of  the  kind  with  another  country  by  some  family  settling 

which   I  am   acquainted  being  a  brouio  in   Malta,  the  rest  of  the  family  being 

armlet  of  plain  design.    The  bodies  were  buried  in  the  same  grave,  but  not  burnt. 

buried  unburnt,  though  we  found  two  or  The  mode  of  m>V'ng/  a  tomb  was  to  sink 

Uibt.  Mas.  Vol.  CCX  8  x 


554                     Correspondence  of  Sylvanu*  Urban.  [May, 

H  shaft  in  the  rock,  and  then  tunnel  oat  the  body ;  by  its  held  wu  a  paters,  ot 
■  hollow  tomb,  sometimes  only  large  flat  wine-cup ;  retting  on  tbe  floor,  in 
enough  to  receive  one  body,  at  other  a  stand  cut  on  purpose,  ni  a  large  am- 
timee  as  many  as  seven  or  eight.  The  phora  with  cover;  at  the  feet,  on  a  atand, 
aperture,  in  all  canes,  waa  imall,  covered  also  cut  out  of  the  rock  and  on  a  level 
over  by  a  single  stone,  reminding  one  of  with  the  atone  couch,  was  another  vessel, 
the  great  stone  rolled  to  the  door  of  the  which,  I  think,  probably  contained  corn; 
holy  sepulchre.  This  particular  tomb,  in  the  wall  opposite  the  feet  was  a  little 
whicb  was  the  beat  formed  one  we  opened,  niche  containing  a  lamp.  The  whole  ar- 
ts more  than  usually  interesting  as  giving  rangement  will  be  easily  understood  by 
an  explanation  of  the  reason  tor  patting  reference  to  the  drawings.  It  may  be 
so  much  pottery  into  these  tombs.  Here,  remarked  that  all  the  pottery  was  of  clay 
no  question,  the  survivors  put  corn  and  of  a  greyish  colour,  sometimes  ornamented 
wine  for  the  benefit  and  honour  of  the  de-  with  horizontal  lines  of  red  or  black. 
ceased  person.  Raised  above  the  floor  was  I  am,  &c.  J.  C-  J. 
a  sort  of  bed  hollowed  out  so  m  to  receive  March  11, 1861. 


[Inilluatrationoftheletterandsketchcs  exhibited  there  are  one  or  two  with  rude 

of  our  correspondent  we  reprint  a  portion  I"1™  an°  dot*,  indicating  the  early  stage 

of  tbe  Transactiona  of  the  Society  of  Anti-  f  ornament ;  but  moat  of  them  are  per- 

,  „  .,  m.  recti y  plum,  and  formed  of  a  coarso  clay, 

quane.  of  Newcastle- upon-Tyne.  though  not  destitute  of  elegance  of  shape: 

"  May  2,  I860.    Dr.  Charlton  presented  Indeed,  in  these  early  vases,  which  may 

a  nnmber  of  vases  from  Malta,  which  be  probably  be  ascribed  to  a  period  not  later 

thus  described : —  than  two  or  tbree  centuries  before  the 

" '  The  vasea  were  all  excavated  within  Christian    era,    and    perhaps    are    much 

the   last   few   years   from    tombs    in   tbe  earlier,  we  find  the  types  of  some  of  tbe 

island  of  Malta.     That   island   has  pro-  best  later  productions.     We  cannot,  how- 

dnced  but  very  few  of  the  richly-painted  ever,  always  accurately  determine  the  age 

vasea  ao  frequently  discovered  in  Greece  ot  antiques  from  tbe  type  of  art  they  pre- 

and  Italy.     Indeed,  tbe  character  of  Mai-  sent)  especially  when  they  are  found  in 

tese  fictile  art  is  that  of  a  rude  and  early  islands  lying  somewhat  out  of  tbe  track 

period,approachingnearertotheEgyptian  of  communication.      In  tbese  localities, 

and  Phoenician  type  than  that  of  Greece  the  early  types  are  perpetuated  for  gene- 

anrt  Southern  Italy.  Among  the  vases  here  rations  after  they  have  ceased  to  be  em- 


1861.] 


Grants  of  Arms. 


555 


ployed  in  more  civilised  states ;  and  it  is 
therefore  quite  possible  that  the  Egyptian 
and  Tyriau  types  that  are  found  in  Malta 
are  not  older  than  the  Greek  vases  of  the 
finest  period. 

" '  The  tombs  in  which  these  vases  are 
found  in  Malta  are  extremely  numerous; 
and  from  an  examination  of  them  we  can 
form  some  idea  of  the  age  of  their  con- 
tents. The  distribution  of  these  tombs 
seems  to  shew  that  in  early  times  the 
hill-country  about  Citta  Yecchia,  and  the 
range  towards  Marsa  Scirocco,  were  the 
most  populous  parts  of  the  island;  and 
in  those  districts  the  marks  of  wheels 
deeply  worn  in  the  rocks  may  still  be 
traced  where  no  roads  exist  at  the  pre* 
sent  day 

" '  Among  the  vases  here  before  us,  we 
have,  first,  the  huge  amphora,  with  its 
ear-like  handles,  and  pointed  base  for  set- 
ting in  the  earth.  These  were  the  wine- 
casks  of  early  times,  before  they  were 
superseded  by  the  cooper's  art ;  and  they 
were  placed  in  the  soft  earth  of  the  cellars, 
and  supported  by  reeds  and  withes,  of 
which  their  sides  often  bear  the  marks  at 
the  present  day.  They  were  destined  to 
contain  corn,  oil,  wine,  and  other  articles 
of  domestic  consumption.  Whole  stacks 
of  these  amphorae  have  been  discovered  in 
Apulia ;  and  within  the  last  three  months 
a  range  of  them  of  enormous  size  has  been 
disinterred  at  Nantes  in  France.  Each  of 
the  Nantes  amphora?  is  said  to  have  been 
capable  of  containing  eight  to  ten  hecto- 
litres, (a  measure  of  twenty-two  gallons 
English).  There  is  another  aingularly- 
ahaped  amphora  upon  the  table,  its  form 
being  that  of  an  inverted  pear,  the  narrow 
part  being  obviously  intended  to  be  fixed 
in  the  ground.  Another  vase,  here  ex- 
hibited, approaches  nearly  to  the  shape 
of  the  stamnos  of  the  old  writers;  while 
another,  of  rather  more  elegant   form, 


with  ribbed  handles,  contains  human  bones 
and  ashes,  and  has  therefore  been  a  cine- 
rary urn  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead 
were  deposited  after  cremation.  Some 
of  the  smaller  vases  have  evidently  been 
lecythae  and  lachrymatories.  Some  may 
have  held  the  unguents  the  dead  used 
when  in  life.  There  are  also  two  or  three 
lamps — none,  however,  of  peculiarly  ele- 
gant or  rare  form.  As  to  the  age  of 
these  vases,  it  may  be  observed  that  in  the 
island  of  Malta  the  original  types  were 
probably  long  perpetuated  after  more 
elegant  forms  and  richer  ornamentation 
had  been  adopted  in  Magna  Gnscia  and 
elsewhere.  Malta  has  afforded  few  of 
those  splendid  vases  that  adorn  many  of 
,  the  greater  collections,  and  especially  the 
museums  of  Naples  and  Rome.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  contiguity  of  site  be  abso- 
lute proof,  numerous  vases  of  the  kind 
here  shewn  have  been  discovered  in  Malta 
along  with  Phoenician  inscriptions.  Thus, 
the  Canon  Bonici,  at  Malta,  possesses  a 
fine  and  quite  perfect  Phoenician  inscrip- 
tion of  six  lines,  which  was  found  near  the 
hospital  at  Rabbato,  in  an  excavation  like 
a  tank;  which  contained  also  a  large 
number  of  vases  filled  with  the  bones  of 
animals  and  birds.  Similar  vases  contain- 
ing similar  remains  have  been  frequently 
met  with  in  Egypt.  We  think  it  extremely 
probable  that  the  Maltese  vases  are  of 
very  early  date,  coeval  wUfr  Phoenician 
rule  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  that  they 
consequently  belong  to  a  period  of  several 
centuries  anterior  to  the  Christian  era. 
They  exhibit  the  partial  transition  from 
the  rude  forms  of  Egyptian  to  the  refined 
shapes  of  the  highest  period  of  Grecian 
art,  and,  as  such,  even  though  we  cannot 
positively  fix  the  date  of  their  manufac- 
ture, are  of  high  interest  to  the  archaeo- 
logical student.'"] 


GRANTS  OF  ARMS. 


Mb.  Urban, — Your  correspondent  ••  E.w 
asks  concerning  the  relative  number  of 
applications  for  grants  of  arms  to  the 
Heralds'  College  before  and  since  a.d.  1600. 
I  believe  that  up  to  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century  most  arms  were  re- 
gistered at  the  Heralds'  College,  but  since 
the  discontinuance  of  visitations  that  in- 
stitution has  been  practically  dormant. 
At  the  present  day  there  are  hundreds  of 
families  bearing  arms  of  whom  it  knows 
nothing.    A  great  majority  of  these  fami- 


lies are  of  foreign  extraction,  who  have 
settled  in  this  country  during  the  last 
two  centuries,  bringing  their  arms  with 
them.  As  an  example  out  of  many  may 
be  mentioned  that  of  the  Sperling  family. 
A  younger  son  of  this  then  noble  family 
in  Swedish  Pomerania  settled  as  a  mer- 
chant in  London  in  1650,  and  made  a 
large  fortune.  The  Sperlings  have  during 
the  last  two  centuries  married  into  many 
families  noble  and  gentle,  acquired  con- 
siderable landed  property  in  several  conn- 


556 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[May 


ties,  and  now  quarter  many  English  coats 
with  their  old  medieval  shield  brought 
over  by  their  ancestor  in  1650.  Now  of 
this  family  nothing  whatever  is  known  at 
the  Heralds'  College.  About  the  middle 
of  the  last  century  the  then  head  of  the 
family  applied  to  the  Heralds'  College  to 
register  his  arms  and  pedigree,  but  as 
they  wished  to  make  some  alteration  in 
the  former,  in  token  of  the  arms  being  as 
it  were  Anglicanized,  the  negotiation  was 
broken  off.  The  arms  of  Sperling  are  given 
incorrectly  by  Burke  under  the  name  of 
Spurting,  but  this  is  the  only  printed 
form  of  them.  They  should  be,  Argent,  on 
a  mount  vert,  3  gillyflowers  proper;  on 
a  chief  az.,  four  mullets  argent ;  and  for  a 
crest,  a  pair  of  wings  displayed  arg.,  tipped 


az.,  between  them  a  mullet  suspended  or. 
This  coat  can  be  traced  back  to  a.d.  1450. 
"  Sapiens  qui  assiduus." 

For  several  years  past  I  have  collected 
monumental  arms  from  churches  in  various 
counties,  and  the  number  of  arms  found 
which  are  not  officially  regisfe  red  or  re- 
cognised is  remarkable.  I  have  nearly 
completed  a  visitation  of  the  London  city 
churches,  a  work  which  ought  to  have  been 
done  long  ago  by  the  Heralds  themselves, 
and  the  number  of  arms  borne  by  the  mer- 
chants of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries  is  considerable :  of  these  but  few 
can  be  found  in  Edmondson  or  Burke,  and 
I  presume  them  to  be  equally  unknown 
on  College-hill. — I  am,  &c 

April,  1861.  S. 


CALENDRIER  NORMAND. 


Mb.  Urban, —  I  am  much  obliged  to 
you  for  the  favourable  notice  of  my  Nor- 
man Calendar  in  your  last  number ;  your 
recommendation  carries  great  weight  with 
it.  Permit  me,  however,  to  point  out  to 
you  that  you  have  been  led  into  an  error 
by  the  absence  of  any  introduction  or  pre- 
fatory notice  to  my  work  explaining  its 
object.  My  little  work  being  essentially 
Nobilan,  I  have  admitted  into  my  Ca- 
lendar only  those  saints  who  belong  to 
Normandv,  either  by  their  birth,  their 
death,  their  residence,  or,  still  more,  by 
some  special  worship.  But  you  must  not 
conclude  from  this  that  the  Apostles,  for 
instance,  do  not  figure  in  our  ecclesiastical 
Calendar.  I  have  omitted  them  because 
they  have  no  claim  for  admission  as  Nor- 
mans. St.  Peter  and  St.  Andrew  appear 
as  the  patrons  of  the  dioceses  of  Lisieux 
and  Avranches ;  in  this  manner  they  are 
connected  with  Normandy.  St.  Lucian, 
St.  Hilary,  St.  Agnes,  and  St.  Fabian,  whom 
you  cite,  are  honoured  by  us  as  by  you, 
but  they  are  no  more  Norman  than  Eng- 
lish ;  therefore  they  do  not  enter  into  my 
plan.  As  to  the  public  observation  of 
festivals,  or  village  feasts,  it  is  certain 
that  their  number  has  been  successively 
reduced,  but  the  office  for  the  saint 
remains. 


Allow  me  to  add  a  few  lines  respecting 
your  article,  p.  439,  signed  by  a  name 
which  is  known  to  me.  I  had  already 
cited  on  this  subject  Dom  Claude  de  Vert, 
who  has  attributed  the  sudarium  to 
bishops  as  well  as  abbots,  and  does  not 
recognise  any  mystical  origin  in  this 
custom.  Qrancolas,  in  his  Commentaire 
Historique  turle  Breviaire  Bomain,  p.  186, 
has  also  treated  of  this  question.  I  also 
find  the  following  in  my  own  notes : — "At 
Aumale,  (t  parish  and  town  in  the  diocese 
of  Rouen,)  the  cross  at  funerals  is  always 
accompanied  by  a  napkin ;  this  is  attached 
to  the  cross-piece,  allowing  the  two  ends 
to  hang  down  behind.  This  custom  is 
continued,  because  the  fabrique  (church- 
wardens) receive  hxlf-a-franc  on  returning 
the  napkin,  unless -the  family  prefer  to 
abandon  the  piece  of  linen.  When  several 
crosses  are  carried  by  different  brother- 
hoods, there  is  the  same  number  of  nap- 
kins, and  the  payments  are  increased  in 
proportion." 

Permit  me  also  to  point  out  a  misprint ; 
p.  374,  Manvieux  is  printed  for  Mauvieux. 

I  am,  &c.        M.  A.  Z.  E.  Maxais, 

Cure*  de  S.  Martin- Eglise. 

Infesto  S.Leonis  Magni,  1861. 


1861.]  557 

£8c  fiotf-fiooft  of  &glbami<i  Mttan. 


[  Under  this  title  are  collected  brief  note!  of  matleri  of  current  antiquarian  interett 
which  do  not  appear  to  demand  more  formal  treatment.  SylVaitch  Ubban  invitee 
the  kind  co-operation  of  hit  Friendi,  who  may  thue  prctcrvt  a  record  of  many  thing! 
that  would  otherwiit  pott  away.[_ 


The  Ckomlkcn  at  Pagan. — Mr.  Urban,— Few  subjects  of  antiquity  have 
been  so  much  written  upon,  and  with  so  little  satisfactory  result,  as  that  of  crom- 
lechs. It  is  not  my  intention  to  give  any  opinion  as  to  their  origin,  but  to  call 
your  readers'  attention  to  a  cromlech  at  Pagan,  described  by  Captain  Henry  Yule, 
in  his  "  Narrative  of  the  Mission  to  the  Court  of  Ava  in  1855."  I  here  give  the 
author's  words  on  the  subject,  in  speaking  of  the  remains  at  Pagan : — "  On  the  east 
side  of  the  Sliwe  San-dau  was  a  small  cromlech,  of  unmistakeablc  character,  used 
as  a  depository-table  for  offerings.    It  is  the  only  thing  of  the  kind  I  have  heard 


of  in  the  Burmese  countries,  and  is  perhaps  an  accidental  construction,  and  no 
relic  of  primeval  customs.  The  whole  of  the  ground  about  tbe  base  of  Shw£  San- 
dau  on  that  side  was  paved  with  Bimilar  masses  of  sandstone,  and  this  may  both 
have  afforded  the  material  and  suggested  tbe  erection."  I  wish  to  call  the  atten- 
tion of  your  readers  to  the  use  to  which  this  cromlech  is  applied,  and  ask  them  to 
notice  the  vessel  at  its  side,  which  is  so  very  similar  in  shape  to  the  font  at  Little 
Billing,  Northamptonshire,  of  which  engravings  are  given  in  Baker's  History  of  the 
county,  and  also  in  Paley'a  "  Illustrations  of  Baptismal  Fonts."  If  our  travellers 
in  various  countries  would  notice  any  custom  used  hy  the  people  relative  to  crom- 
lechs, we  might  obtain  a  clue  to  their  origin,  and  give  a  new  interest  to  these  relics 
of  antiquity.  P. 

[As  our  correspondent's  letter  requires  an  illustration,  we  have  copied  the  en- 
graving to  which  he  refers  from  Capt.  Tule's  book,  which  is  a  li 
volume,  published  by  Messrs.  Smith  and  Elder,  in  1858.] 


558 


[May, 


HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


A  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Flemish 
Literature  and  Us  celebrated  Authors, 
from  the  Twelfth  Century  down  to  the 
Present  Time.  By  Octave  Delepierbe, 
LL.D.  (Murray.) — We  like  to  see  nation- 
ality  preserved,  being  convinced  that 
there  is  more  loss  than  gain  when  an 
ancient  tongue  is  banished  from  any 
country,  and  its  old  literature  lost.  This 
feeling  is  now  strong  in  Belgium,  and  it 
has  shewn  itself  in  a  decided  tendency  to 
uphold  the  Flemish  tongue  and  Flemish 
literature  against  all-encroaching  France. 
M.  Delepierre,  who  is  well  known  as  the 
author  of  many  valuable  works,  chiefly  re- 
lating to  the  history  of  Flanders,  comes 
forward  as  an  earnest  supporter  of  the 
movement,  and  gives,  to  our  mind,  good 
reason  for,  it.  The  neglect  which  the  old 
language  has  experienced  has  been  such, 
that  the  explanation  with  which  he  com- 
mences his  work  is  by  no  means  uncalled 
for : — 

"  Flemish  is  not  the  obscure  remains  of 
an  extinct  idiom,  like  the  Basque  and  Bas 
Breton  languages ;  it  is  not  either  a  dia- 
lect of  the  widely  spread  Germanic  tongue. 
It  forms  a  part  of  tbe  two  principal 
branches  of  this  last  idiom,  made  use  of 
along  the  coasts  of  the  Northern  and 
Baltic  Seas,  from  Dunkirk  to  Kdnigsberg, 
and  from  Flensborg  in  Denmark  to  the 
Hartz  Mountains. 

"  It  is  called  Low  Dutch  (Niederdeutech) 
because  it  was  and  is  spoken  in  the  Low 
Countries  and  in  Low  Germany;  while 
the  other  branch  of  the  same  mother 
tongue  which  extends  over  the  higher  and 
mountainous  parts  of  those  countries,  in 
Switzerland,  Austria,  Saxony,  &c,  is  called 
High  Dutch  (Hochdeutsch). 

"  This  is  not  only  proved  by  the  study 
of  the  general  history  of  the  literature  of 
Europe,  but  by  the  fact  that  the  people 
in  the  North  as  well  as  in  the  South  had 
formerly  only  one  word  to  express  their 
idiom,  Dietsch  or  Deutsch.  The  word 
Flemisch  (Vlaemsch)  is  posterior  to  the 
sixteenth  century;  and  the  word  Hoi- 
landsch,  made  use  of  to  express  the  name 
of  the  language  spoken  in  Holland,  is  al- 
together of  modern  origin.  1111  the  end 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  the   idiom 


spoken  in  Holland  as  well  as  in  Belgium 
was  called  Flemish.  The  English  have 
still  only  one  word,  Dutch,  for  the  lan- 
guage spoken  in  Holland  as  well  as  in 
Flanders. 

"  It  is  rather  a  curious  fact  that  a  coun- 
try which  has  produced  in  modern  times 
a  very  popular  novel-writer*,  and  poets 
known  all  over  Germany  b  in  olden  times, 
a  far-famed  satirical  poemc,  medissval 
romances d,  fables,  proverbs,  and  emblems 
in  verse  c,  historical  rhymed  chroniclers ', 
and  ko  forth,  should  not  orcupy  even  the 
smallest  place  in  the  vast  range  of  Eng- 
lish sketches  of  the  various  literatures  of 
Europe.  Hallam,  in  his  introduction  to 
The  Literature  of  Europe,  has  in  a  great 
measure  overlooked  Dutch  authors,  quot- 
ing only  a  few  names  of  European  cele- 
brity, of  comparatively  recent  times,  and 
he  has  altogether  omitted  Flemish  writers 
and  their  works. 

"The  well-merited  fame  of  his  book, 
and  its  great  authority,  suggested  to  us 
the  idea  of  making  up  in  some  degree  for 
this  omission,  and  of  giving  to  the  English 
public  a  sketch  of  these  neglected  au- 
thors  

"  The  coexistence  of  the  Low  Dutch  and 
of  the  High  Dutch,  or  what  we  call  Ger- 
man, is  historically  proved  since  the  eighth 
century.  The  form  in  which  the  Pagans 
renounced  their  old  creed  and  became 
Christians,  a  form  prescribed  in  the  Coun- 
cil of  Liptines  (742),  is  so  like  the  dialect 
of  the  Netherlands  that  it  hardly  requires 
the  alteration  of  a  few  letters  to  make  it 
perfectly  intelligible  to  the  Flemings  *. 

"  It  is  perhaps  well  to  state  here,  once 
for  all,  with  Dr.  Bosworth,  that  when  we 

•  "  Conscience,  whose  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English,  German,  French,  and  Danish, 
and  form  pari  of  the  English  and  French  railway- 
library  books. 

b  «  van  Duyse,  Snellaert,  Willems,  &c. 

0  "  Renard  the  Fox,  of  which  the  scene  is 
principally  laid  in  Flanders,  the  oldest  manu- 
script known  written  in  Low  Dutch,  and  ascer- 
tained by  the  latest  philological  discussions  to 
belong  to  Belgium. 

«  "  Flori*  and  Blanehefioer,  the  Knight  of  the 
8wan,  &c. 

0  "Jacob  Cats,  whose  emblems  and  proverbs 
have  lately  been  presented  to  the  public  in  an 
English  dress  by  Messrs.  Longman  and  Co. 

'  "Van  Maerlant,  Van  Helu,  &e. 

f  "The  Origin  of  the  English,  Germanic,  and 
Scandinavian  Languages  and  Nations,  *o^  p.  II. 


1861.]  Delepierre's  History  of  Flemish  Literature. 


559 


speak  of  Flemish  we  designate  the  language 
called  in  general  Dutch  by  the  English. 
Flemish  and  Dutch,  especially  in  their 
earliest  form,  may  be  considered  the  very 
same  language.  In  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury— because  of  the  flourishing  state  of 
the  Flemings,  and  the  care  of  their  writers 
to  observe  great  purity  in  their  diction, 
and  to  express  correctly  the  gender  and 
inflection  of  words — this  improved  form 
of  the  Dutch  language  was  denominated 
Flemish.  Even  at  the  pit-sent  day  it  is 
nothing  more  than  the  Dutch  of  the  pre- 
ceding century." — (pp.  1 — 6.) 

Such  is  the  language  which  serins  in 
danger  of  perbhing,  but  which  commends 
itself  to  Englishmen  as  originally  a  kin- 
dred tongue.  The  pagan  ancestors  of  the 
Flemings  received  missionary  instruction 
from  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and  at  a  much 
later  period  an  unmistakeable  resemblance 
is  to  be  traced  in  the  languages  of  the 
two  countries.  Hence  M.  Delepierre 
lightly  conjectures  that  an  account  of  the 
works  of  the  principal  ancient  Flemish  au- 
thors will  be  acceptable  in  this  country. 

His  researches  are  pushed  very  far  back, 
and  he  claims  a  Flemish  origin  for  "  Rey- 
nard the  Fox/'  and  other  works  long  as- 
signed by  common  consent  to  the  High 
Dutch  (or  German).  The  earliest  exam- 
ples that  he  mentions  of  Flemish  litera- 
ture are  a  fragment  of  a  prose  translation 
of  the  Pcalms,  which  he  ascribes  to  the 
Carlovingian  era,  and  two  poems,  called 
"Charles  and  Elegast,"  and  "Floris  and 
BUnchefloer,"  of  which  the  date  is  uncer- 
tain. From  the  beginning  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  documents  drawn  up  in 
the  Flemish  language  exist  which  are  per- 
fectly intelligible  to  the  common  people 
of  the  present  day;  but  it  is  from  the 
middle  of  that  century  that  the  ri-e  of  a 
Flemish  literature  is  more  correctly  dated. 
At  that  period  Jacques  van  Maerlant  ap- 
peared, who  is  still  distinguished  as  a 
poet,  a  philosopher,  and  an  orator.  He  is 
fondly  styled  the  father  of  Flemish  poetry. 
Originally  destined  for  the  Church,  he 
quitted  it,  and  wandered  about  as  a  min- 
nesinger, but  when  arrived  at  a  mature 
age.  he  devoted  his  talents  to  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  people : — 

"  Van  Maerlant  undertook  to  publish  for 
the  people  a  sort  of  encyclopedia,  long  before 


that  word  had  been  invented.  He  wrote 
it  in  verse,  in  order  that  its  precepts  might 
be  the  more  easily  engraved  on  the  minds 
of  all.  The  first  part  is  entitled  Flower* 
of  Nature  h.  After  this,  he  composed  his 
greatest  work,  The  Historical  Mirror, 
where,  in  four  parts  and  thirty-one  books, 
he  gives  the  history  of  the  world  from  the 
Creation  to  the  thirteenth  century.  It 
appeared  in  1283,  and  although  taken  in 
a  great  measure  from  the  Speculum  His- 
toriale  of  Vincentius  Bellovacensis,  Van 
Maerlant  aimed  at  a  very  different  result. 
Vincentius  treated  his  subject,  as  he  says, 
ad  fidei  nostra  dogmatis  instructionem. 
Our  author,  on  the  contrary,  eschewed  all 
that  was  scholastic  and  dogmatic,  selecting 
only  such  matter  as  would  possess  an  in- 
terest for  laymen,  and  for  the  people. 
His  Bym  bibel1,  or  Bible  in  verse,  written 
some  years  previously,  caused  him  to  be 
persecuted  by  the  clergy,  and  he  had  to 
justify  himself  before  the  Pope.  But  not- 
withstanding, he  persevered  in  the  attain- 
ment of  the  great  object  he  had  in  view, 
viz.,  the  education  of  the  people. 

"  The  three  great  works  which  we  have 
just  mentioned,  contain  the  epitome  of  all 
that  is  most  useful,  and  of  a  practical  in- 
terest for  mankind,  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury."—(pp.  39,  40.) 

Beside  his  great  works,  Van  Maerlant 
wrote  many  smaller  ones,  in  some  ot 
which  he  laments  the  hardships  of  the 
poor,  and  satirizes  the  corruption  into 
which  the  clergy  had  fallen.  Thus,  in 
a  poem  styled  "  The  Complaint,"  he  ex- 
claims : — 

"  Is  Antichrist  already  come  into  the 
world,  and  have  his  disciples  prepared  the 
way  be'ore  him  ?  It"  I  darrd,  I  would  say 
yes !  Lee  a  ennui'  g  serf  become  a  judge, 
and  if  he  be  only  possessed  of  gold,  he  will 
be  listened  to  in  the  council  of  princes. 
Does  a  fool  become  a  grain  the  wiser  by 
increasing  the  size  of  his  tonsure  even  to 
his  ears  ?     .    .     .    . 

How  many  wolves  have  become  shep- 


a 


k  "  It  contains  sixteen  books,  divided  as  fol- 
lows: 1,  of  Men;  2,  of  Quadrupeds ;  3,  of  Birds; 
4,  of  the  Marvels  of  the  Sen ;  5,  of  Fishes ;  6,  of 
Serpents ;  7,  of  Insects ;  8,  of  Trees ;  9,  of  Medical 
Plants;  10,  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom;  11,  of 
Fountains ;  12,  of  Precious  Stones ;  13,  of  the 
seven  Metals.  The  work  was  translated  from 
Cantipratanus  dt  Naturia  Rerum. 

>  "  Taken  from  the  Biblia  Scholastica,  by  Pe- 
trus  Comt*tor%  to  which  Van  Maerlant  added  the 
New  Testament,  and  the  War  of  the  Romans 
against  the  Jews  under  the  Emperor  Titus. 


560 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[M*y, 


herds  to  the  precious  flock  for  which  Christ 
shed  His  blood!  They  have  adopted  short 
clothing,  large  swords,  long  beards,  sump- 
tuous garments,  and  ride  fine  chargers. 
They  make  use  of  the  sacred  possessions 
of  the  Church  for  the  purposes  of  personal 
pride  and  vanity. 

"  They  go  and  gather  grapes  in  the  vine- 
yard of  the  Lord,  and  reap  for  themselves 
the  richness  of  the  harvest.  It  is  they, 
and  such  as  they,  who  preach  benevolence 
to  the  people,  but  they  care  not  if  their 
flock  tremble  with  cold,  and  cry  out  from 
hunger,  owing  to  their  lack  of  charity. 
From  this  cause  proceed  the  lamentations 
of  the  poor,  'Ah,  Lord,  wilt  Thou  not 
have  pity  upon  me,  that  I  starve  not  ? ' 
So  do  they  call  out,  hungry,  sick,  and 
naked.  And  you,  you  in  the  meanwhile, 
who  are  seated  in  the  enjoyment  of  your 
braziers,  suffer  them  not  to  warm  them- 
selves  in  your  presence.  Tou  thrust  from 
you  those  whom  you  are  bound  to  protect, 
and  you  appropriate  the  property  of  the 
holy  Church,  to  which  you  have  never  had 
any  right. 

"  Listen  to  your  sentence.  Tou  are  ac- 
cused. Your  limbs  are  clothed  in  gar- 
ments belonging  to  the  poor;  all  your 
efforts  are  strained  for  the  acquisition  of 
wealth.  Your  hands  are  always  closed. 
The  poor  complain  that  you  refuse  them 
when  they  come  to  you  for  alms.  You 
wish  to  walk  in  the  steps  of  the  nobles. 
But  your  pride  shall  be  humbled.  How 
severe  was  the  retribution  of  the  rich 
man,  when  he  entreated  the  beggar  Laza- 
rus to  cool  his  lips  !" — (pp.  41--43.) 

To  Maerlant  succeeds  a  royal  bard, 
John  I.,  Duke  of  Brabant,  the  author  of 
many  amorous  poems,  and  John  van  Helu, 
apparently  one  of  his  court,  who  wrote  an 
epic,  called  the  "Battle  of  Woeringue,"  and 
dedicated  it  to  the  Princess  Margaret  of 
England,  the  betrothed  of  his  sovereign, 
in  order,  as  he  says,  that  "the  wish  to 
become  acquainted  with  the  deeds  of  her 
father-in-law  might  inspire  her  with  the 
desire  to  learn  the  Flemish  language." 
Next  we  have  Melis  Stoke,  the  priest  of 
Utrecht,  and  author  of  the  "Poetical 
Chronicle;"  and  after  him  John  de  Klerk, 
who,  beside  a  Brabant  Chronicle  of  seve- 
ral thousand  pages,  sang  "  The  Deeds  of 
King  Edward  HI.  of  England."  From 
this  time  downward  Flemish  literature  is 
rich  in  every  department ;  books  on  medi- 
cine, on  chiromancy,  prose  romances,  and 
legends  abound,  and  even  theatrical  pieces 
10 


are  found,  one  manuscript  of  which  M . 

Delepierre  ascribes  to  the  middle  of  the 

fourteenth  century : — 

"In  the  manuscript  above  mentioned, 
the  pieces  are  found  already  prepared  for 
the  stage,  so  that  a  long  tragedy  is  always 
followed  by  a  little  farce.  They  are  pre- 
ceded by  a  prologue  common  to  both, 
which  gives  rise  to  the  supposition  that 
they  might  have  belonged  to  a  Spreker, 
who  represented  them  with  his  Gezelleu. 
We  will  not  discuss  the  manner  in  which 
these  pieces  were  performed.  The  author 
tells  us  that  the  representations  took  place 
in  the  upper  part  of  a  house,  that  the 
time  between  the  principal  piece  and  the 
farce  was  sufficient  to  enable  the  specta- 
tors to  take  refreshment,  and  that  they 
returned  the  next  day,  probably  for  the 
two  Huccessive  representations.  The  three 
principal  pieces  are  entitled  Esmoreit  of 
Sicily,  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  and  Lan- 
celot of  Denmark." — (pp.  53,  64.) 

In  a  country  that  has  witnessed  such 
fierce  commotions  between  the  nobles  and 
the  people  as  has  been  the  case  in  the 
Netherlands,  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that 
satirical  songs  and  poems  can  be  wanting. 
M.  Delepierre  gives  a  prose  version  of 
one,  composed,  as  it  appears,  by  a  member 
of  the  privileged  order  against  his  ad- 
versaries, of  which  one  stanza  will  be 
enough  : — 

"  The  Churls  (Kerls)  are  the  theme  of 
our  song.  They  are  evil-minded,  and  wish 
to  lord  it  over  the  knights.  They  wear 
long  beards,  and  their  clothes  are  ragged. 
Their  hoods  are  all  awry  on  their  heads, 
and  their  stockings  and  shoes  are  in  holes. 
They  eat  clotted  milk  and  bread  and 
cheese  all  the  duy  long,  and  that  is  why 
the  Churl  is  so  stupid.  He  over-eats  him- 
self."—(p.  69.) 

-  In  a  pleasant  discursive  way  more  than 
a  hundred  Flemish  writers  are  brought 
before  the  English  reader,  many  of  them 
for  the  first  time.  The  decline  of  the 
language  is  clearly  traced,  from  the  time 
that  the  dukes  of  Burgundy  became  sove- 
reigns of  the  Netherlands ;  under  the  Spa- 
nish domination  to  speak  Flemish  and  he 
a  heretic  appeared  much  the  same  thing, 
and  afterwards  French  influence  acted 
most  fatally.  But  it  was  reserved  for  the 
French  Republic  and  the  French  Empire 
to  attempt  the  hopeless  task  of  formally 
proscribing  the  old  language  of  Flanders. 


1861.] 


Troytm's  Habitation*  Lactutres. 


661 


In  1803,  all  official  documents  were  or- 
dered to  be  drawn  up  In  French,  and  in 
1812,  the  Flemish  newspapers  were  made 
to  publish  a  French  translation  of  their 
articles.  These  restrictions  were  swept 
away  at  the  formation  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands,  but  the  benefit  to  the 
Flemish  language  was  but  temporary. 
Willems,  one  of  its  best  writers,  proved 
but  too  conclusively,  that  the  Flemish  and 
the  Dutch  were  but  one  language,  and  as 
there  arose  in  Belgium  a  party  which 
desired  above  all  things  to  distinguish 
Itself  from  the  Hollanders,  this  gave  great 
offence,  and  they  readily  sacrificed  their 
language  rather  than  share  it  with  their 
rivals.  The  same  feeling  prevailed  long 
after  the  formation  of  the  new  state  of 
Belgium,  and  it  was  not  until  the  year 
1841  that  the  revival  of  the  Flemish  lan- 
guage was  commenced  in  earnest.  An  ener- 
getic protest  was  in  that  year  addressed 
to  the  Legislature  by  the  chambers  of 
rhetoric  which  had  been  formed  anew  in 
the  principal  towns,  against  the  virtual 
proscription  of  the  old  tongue ;  a  linguis- 
tic congress  followed  at  Ghent,  at  which 
the  members  of  the  Government  gave  in 
their  adhesion,  by  speaking  in  Flemish ; 
and,  more  powerful  still,  an  energetic 
writer  had  arisen,  wholly  devoted  to  the 
task  of  upholding  his  native  language, 
and  well  qualified  to  effect  his  purpose- 
Henri  Conscience,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
Where  he  was  born  in  1812 : — 

"  Self-educated,  he  made  himself  re- 
markable from  his  youth  by  his  poetical 
improvisations.  His  first  work,  published 
at  twenty-five  years  of  age,  shewed  that 
his  soul  was  fired  by  an  ardent  love  for 
his  fatherland,  and  in  his  numerous  pub- 
lications since  then  he  has  ever  made  her 
the  guiding  star  of  his  imagination  and  of 
his  pen.  Freshness  of  ideas,  and  exacti- 
tude in  the  details,  are  his  great  qualities. 
Bis  novels  have  received  an  honour  rarely 
bestowed  upon  works  of  that  kind, — they 
have  been  translated  into  French,  English, 
German,  and  Swedish."— (p.  218.) 

M.  Delepierre  thus  concludes  his  valu- 
able work : — 

"We  do  not  intend  to  enter  the  field  of 
modern  literature,  and  therefore  will  not 
■peak  of  the  many  other  prose  writers  and 
poets  whose  works,  published  during  the 

Gmtt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


last  twenty-five  years,  shew  that  the  love 
of  their  mother-tongue  is  still  as  vivid  is 
Flemish  hearts  as  in  olden  times. 

"We  will  only  add,  that  Flemish  li- 
terature, constantly  attacked,  has  been 
obliged  to  apply  its  resources  rather  tor 
combat  its  enemies  than  to  raise  an  edifice 
of  its  own ;  that  in  its  moments  of  repose 
it  has  rather  sought  to  captivate  the 
heart  than  to  shine  by  intellectual  power. 
But  its  great  merit,  which  cannot  be  con- 
tested, is  that  of  being  essentially  national ; 
this  is  the  only  distinctive  character  which 
it  had  the  power  to  make  thoroughly  ap- 
parent. Will  this  vital  principle  save  the 
Flemish  language,  and  thus  realise  the 
maxim, '  God  helps  those  who  help  them- 
selves4 P  or  will  the  Government  effectually 
second  the  literary  efforts  in  Flanders,  and 
so  restore  sufficient  energy  to  its  people, 
to  enable  them  to  surmount  the  ma- 
terial and  moral  obstacles  which  prevent 
Flemish  authors  from  resuming  the  rank 
which  they  formerly  occupied,  and  of  which 
they  are  certainly  still  worthy  ?  Time  will 
solve  these  questions,  which  are  of  greater 
importance  for  the  country  than  at  first  it 
would  seem."— (pp.  218,  219.) 


Habitation*  Lacustres  des  Temps  An* 
eiens  ei  Modern**.  Par  Fbbdeeic  Tboyon; 
(Lausanne,  1860.) — It  is  now  some  seven 
years  since  Dr.  Keller  made  the  first  dis- 
covery of  the  reliques  of  pre- historic  races 
of  men,  which  had  been  preserved  intact 
in  the  lakes  of  Switzerland,  above  whose 
waters  whole  populations  are  proved  to 
have  dwelt  in  pile-supported  cabins.  In 
this  short  period  it  is  remarkable  how  wide 
a  development  this  discovery,  by  far  the 
most  important  of  modern  archaeology, 
has  attained.  Dr.  Keller's  own  zeal  and 
that  of  his  colleagues  have  already  fur- 
nished him  with  matter  for  a  series  of 
learned  works,  in  the  German  language, 
on  pfahlbauten ;  and  now  M.  Troy  on, 
at  the  instance  of  the  Soci£te*  d'Histoire 
de  la  Suisse  Bomande,  has  produced  the 
very  pretty  work  before  us,  in  French. 
This  is  a  reenmS  of  many  detached  publi- 
cations by  the  same  author  on  a  subject 
which  must  be  peculiarly  interesting  to 
the  English  archaeologist  from  the  analogy 
it  possesses  with  our  own  Scottish  and 
Irish  crannoges.  The  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries of  London,  indeed,  has  had  several 
communications  on  the  Habitation*  La- 

31 


562 


MitceUaneous  Revietos. 


[Majr, 


eustres  from  M.  Troyon,  who  is,  we  believe, 
a  Fellow  of  that  learned  body. 

In  the  number  of  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  for  December  last,  we  gave 
some  account  of  the  progress  of  discovery 
of  the  pfahlbauten,  or  habitations  locus' 
tres  of  Switzerland,  up  to  the  present 
period.  To  this  essay,  therefore,  we  will 
now  refer,  in  order  to  avoid  a  needless 
repetition,  and  proceed  at  once  to  give 
a  slight  sketch  of  the  plan  of  M.  Troyon's 
volume. 

The  habitations  lacustres  divide  them- 
selves, according  to  the  character  of  their 
remains,  into  establishments  of  the  stone, 
bronze,  and  what  M.  Troyon  terms  the 
first  iron  periods,  and  their  respective 
transitions.  After  a  complete  resume  of 
the  whole  of  the  discoveries  in  Switzer- 
land, M.  Troyon  leads  us  into  the  very  in- 
structive field  of  comparative  archeology. 
HerodotuB  tells  us  distinctly  of  the  pfahl- 
bauten establishments  of  Lake  Prasias  in 
Thrace,  while  Hippocrates,  and,  at  a  long 
interval,  Abdlfeda,  point  respectively  to 
those,  existing  in  their  days,  in  the  marshes 
pf  the  Phasis  and  the  Orontes.  The  cran- 
noges  of  Ireland  and  Scotland,  as  distinctly 
tangible  material,  are  of  course  brought 
strongly  forward ;  but  the  marshes  also  of 
Denmark,  Germany,  Holland,  Italy,  and 
France,  though  as  yet  but  little  explored, 
promise  a  rich  field,  of  discovery  in  this 
branch  of  archaeology.  There  appears,  in- 
deed, no  slight  analogy  between  the  very 
remarkable  wooden  constructions  (assises 
de  bois)  discovered  by  M.  Boucher  des 
Perthes  in  the  peat  fields  of  the  Somme, 
during  his  quest  of  the  hachettes  dilu- 
viennes,  and  those  existing  in  the  ancient 
bed  of  the  Swiss  lake  of  WauwyL  Every 
thing,  in  fact,  tends  to  shew  that  at  a  very 
early  period  there  was  a  widely-spread 
race  of  men  who  strongly  affected  this 
peculiar  system  of  constructing  their 
habitations ;  and  M.  Troyon's  chapter  en- 
titled Considerations  Generates  is  very 
instructive  as  a  sort  of  pfahlbauten  phi- 
losophy. This  early  race,  probably  one  of 
the  many  waves  of  Asiatic  emigration* 
may  have  brought  into  Europe  the  custom 
of  fixing  their  abodes  above  waters  which 
still  appears  to  predominate  in  the  Indian 


Archipelago — "  oe  systeme ....  caracteriM 
en  general  la  race  Malayo-Tongala." 

No  doubt  the  ruling  idea  in  works  of 
this  nature  was  a  desire  for  perfect  secu- 
rity, but  such  a  mode  of  life  probably  hat 
also  its  peculiar  charms.  The  pile-sup- 
ported huts  of  the  Turkish  fishers  still  line 
the  shores  of  the  Bosphorus ;  and  the  float- 
ing islands,  or  rafts,  of  the  Chinese  lakes 
continue,  as  of  old,  the  ever-moving  homes 
of  a  numerous  population.  Aztec  Mexico, 
and  Venice,  must  have  been  the  culmi- 
nating points  of  the  pfahlbauten  art. 
"  Mexico,  au  milieu  des  eaux,  n'etait  pas 
sans  rapport  avec  Venise,  et  ces  villes  sont, 
a  plus  d'un  regard,  pour  les  temps  mo- 
dernes,  ce  que  furent  les  cites  lacustres 
pour  les  ages  primitifs." 

M.  Troyon  is  disposed  to  attribute  the 
destruction  of  the  pfahlbauten  to  the  ir- 
ruption of  the  Helvetii,  whom  he  considers 
a  Keltic  race.  Our  brief  limits  will  not 
allow  us  to  enter  on  this  difficult  subject, 
nor  to  follow  M.  Troyon  in  his  examina- 
tion of  sepulchral  remains,  or  his  essay  on 
le  premier  6ge  de  fer.  These  portions  of 
his  work,  however,  contain  matter  of  great 
interest,  though  archsologists  may  pot* 
sibly  hesitate  to  adopt  his  conclusions. 

The  volume  concludes  with  some  valu- 
able extracts  from  the  works  of  Dr.  Bttti- 
meyer  and  Professor  Oswald  Heer  on  the 
fauna  and  flora  of  the  ancient  pfahlbau- 
ten. There  is  also  the  very  useful  result 
of  an  extensive  analysis  of  ancient  bronzes 
by  Professor  Fellenberg. 

We  cannot,  however,  rise  from  our 
pleasant  task  without  a  feeling  of  regret 
at  our  own  inactivity  in  similar  labours. 
We  have  seen  what  has  been  done  in 
Switzt  rland  in  a  few  brief  years.  Some 
twenty  years  have  passed  since  the  first 
discovery  of  our  Irish  crannoges,  and  none 
of  our  archaeologists  have  as  yet  given 
us  a  national  work  upon  them,  in  their 
unity,  that  may  rank  with  the  PfahU. 
bauten  of  Dr.  Keller,  or  the  Habitations 
Lacustres  of  M.  Troyon, 


An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Gothic 
Architecture.  By  John  Henry  Pabxbb, 
F.S.A.,  &c.  (Oxford  and  London :  J.  H. 
and  Jas.  Parker.) — This  is  a  new  and  en- 


1861.]    Parker's  Introduction  to  Study  of  Gothic  Architecture.    563 


Urged  edition  of  a  very  useful  little  work 
which  first  appeared  about  a  dozen  yean 
ago.  The  alterations  and  additions  are  so 
great  that  it  is  substantially  a  new  publi- 
cation, and  its  size  and  very  numerous  il- 
lustrations render  it  one  of  the  most  com- 
plete and  really  serviceable  Architectural 
Handbooks  that  have  ever  been  produced. 
Mr.  Parker  is  essentially  a  practical  man, 
and  hence  he  has  risked  "dryness,"  in 
order  to  produce  a  book  of  facts,  and  not 
of  fancies  or  theories.  The  great  bulk 
of  these  facts  are  from  his  own  personal 
observation,  and  hence  they  are  stated 
with  clearness,  and  a  distinct  perception 
of  their  real  bearing.  Thus  we  have  the 
results,  and  the  results  only,  of  the  most 
recent  investigation ;  a  firm  substructure 
for  a  tempting  amount  of  theorizing; 
bat  to  keep  this  theorizing  within  rea- 
sonable limits,  our  author  supplies  a 
large  amount  of  historical  information, 
the  want  of  which  has  before  now  led  the 
writers  of  architectural  works  of  high  pre- 
tensions into  egregious  blunders.  Indeed, 
one  great  object  with  him  evidently  is 
to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  the  asser- 
tion, that  architecture  is  history  cut  in 
Stone,  and,  consequently,  that  the  study  of 
either  one  cannot  be  satisfactorily  pursued 
while  the  other  is  neglected.  The  work 
has  above  170  engravings,  mostly  executed 
by  Jewitt,  a  sufficient  proof  of  their  qua- 
lity, and  they  range  from  the  Roman  Ba- 
silica to  the  domestic  architecture  of  the 
Tudors,  while  some  twenty  examples  are 
also  given  of  French  architecture,  which 
is  shewn  to  be  more  closely  connected 
with  English  architecture  and  English 
history  than  writers  are  in  general  willing 
to  allow.  A  book  of  this  kind  does  not 
admit  of  extract,  its  value  consisting  in 
its  truth  as  a  whole,  but  we  may  pro- 
perly call  attention  to  the  descriptions  and 
figures  of  the  so-called  Saxon  churches  of 
Earl's  Barton,  Sompting,  and  others,  which 
Mr.  Parker  ascribes  to  the  Danes  in  the 
time  of  Canute,  (pp.  16 — 29).  . 


the  Peak  Minstrel,  with  a  copy  of  a  por- 
trait of  him  by  Chantrey ;  a  good  account 
of  Newstead  Abbey,  under  its  correct  title 
of  the  Austin  Priory  of  St.  Mary  of  the 
New  Place  in  Shirwood ;  the  Pillory,  and 
who  they  put  in  it ;  Notes  on  the  Parish 
Registers  of  Barrow  and  Twyford;  Ori- 
ginal Documents ;  Poems,  Notes,  Queries 
and  Gleanings,  Ac.,  all  agreeably  treated 
and  well  illustrated. 


The  East  Anglian,  No.  IX.,  (Lowes- 
toft :  Tyroma,)  has  a  curious  enumeration 
of  the  inscriptions,  devices,  &c.,  on  the 
church  bells  in  the  deanery  of  Black- 
bourne  ;  a  list  of  Coats  of  Arms  in  Essex 
Churches  (Dunmow  Hundred) ;  Notes  and 
Queries,  Replies,  Ac.  But  perhaps  the 
most  valuable  feature  is  the  commence- 
ment of  what  would  be  a  very  useful 
matter  if  carried  out  generally,  as  it  easily 
might  be,  viz.  an  Index  of  Names  occurring 
in  parish  registers.  Both  the  Kent  and 
the  Sussex  Archaeological  Societies  have 
made  collections  of  this  kind,  and  other 
Societies  might  well  imitate  them.  The 
list  in  the  "  East  Anglian"  is  for  the  parish 
of  Kirstead  with  Langhale,  in  Norfolk, 
from  1663  to  1749. 


The  Reliquary,  No.  IV.,  (London:  J. 
R.  Smith,)  well  supports  the  character 
established  by  its  earlier  Numbers.  The 
present  has  a  notice  of  William  Newton, 


The  Cotton  Manufacture  of  Cheat  Bri- 
tain Investigated  and  Illustrated.  By 
the  late  Andbew  Ubb,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 
With  a  Supplement,  completing  the  Sta- 
tistical and  Manufacturing  Information  to 
the  present  Time.  By  P.  L.  Simmonds, 
F.S.S.  2  vols.,  small  8vo.  (H.  Q.  Bohn.) 
Dr.  Ure  has  long  been  regarded  as  the 
standard  authority  on  the  cotton  branch 
of  our  factory  system,  and  now  that  the 
supply  of  raw  material  has  rather  a  dubi- 
ous aspect,  Mr.  Bonn's  republication  is 
well-timed.  The  work,  of  course,  bristles 
with  statistics,  and  uninviting  mechanical 
figures,  but  we  presume  that  both  are 
necessary  to  the  full  comprehension  of  the 
matter,  and  the  dryness  of  the  theme  is 
relieved  by  some  quaint  statements  on  all 
manner  of  subjects.  The  learned  Doctor 
was  a  man  of  encyclopaedic  information, 
and  he  is  as  ready  to  discuss  a  disputed 
passage  of  the  Georgics,  or  enter  into  a 
contest  with  an  Edinburgh  Reviewer,  as 


664 


MisceUdneous  Bevievs. 


P&fc 


to  laud  the  new  Poof  Law  for  a  the  master* 
piece  of  human  legislation,''  and  to  de- 
clare the  self-acting  mule-jenny  a  finer 
specimen  of  exquisite  mechanical  skill 
than  any  which  "  academical  philosophers 
employ  for  their  most  minute  researches 
in  pneumatics,  optics,  or  astronomy."  So 
his  hook  is  hy  no  means  uninteresting 
even  to  the  non-political  economist. 


The  Life-boat,  or  Journal  of  the  Na- 
tional Life-boat  Institution.  No.  40.  We 
have  on  more  than  one  occasion  noticed 
the  operations  of  the  very  meritorious 
Society  which  issues  this  useful  little  pub* 
lication.  The  number  now  in  our  hands 
contains  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Society, 
made  on  the  21st  of  March  in  this  year,  to 
the  Meeting  over  which  the  Right  Hon. 
the  Earl  of  Hardwicke  presided.  A  brief 
resume*  of  this  document  is  all  that  we  can 
find  room  for,  but  it  tells  so  well  the  tale 
of  the  usefulness  of  the  Society  that  no 
other  advocacy  of  its  claims  ought  to  be 
required. 

"By  its  Charter  of  Incorporation  the 
Institution  was  now  legally  entitled,  by 
J,he  bequests  of  deceased  persons,  to  pos- 
sess landed  property  to  the  extent  of 
£2,000  per  annum.  Her  Majesty  the 
Queen,  who  since  1837  had  been  the 
Patroness  of  the  Society,  had  become  an 
annual  subscriber  of  £50.  During  the 
past  year  it  had  established  17  new  life- 
boats on  the  coast,  and  others  were  in 
course  of  construction  for  several  other 
places.  The  Institution  now  possesses  no 
less  than  1 10  life-boats.  Some  of  them 
had  been  directly  instrumental  in  saving 
two  hundred  and  ten  lire*  from  84  vessels 
during  the  preceding  year.  Since  the  1st 
of  January  last,  the  life-boats  of  the  Society 
had  also  saved  no  fewer  than  162  persons. 
The  Committee  had  taken  steps  to  provide 
the  life-boat  stations  of  the  Institution, 
wherever  desirable,  with  standard  baro- 
meters, properly  fitted  up,  and  the  daily 
indications  of  which  would  be  registered 
on  a  chart  or  diagram  by  the  side  of  the 
Instrument. 

"The  total  number  of  wrecks  on  the 
coasts  of  the  United  Kingdom  during  the 
past  year,  was  1,379,  the  average  of  the 
last  seven  years  being  1,184;  whilst  the 
total  loss  of  lives  in  1860  was  536,  the 
average  for  the  last  seven  years  being  800. 
The  number  of  lives  saved  during  the  year 
1860  by  the  life-boats  of  the  Institution, 


the  rocket  apparatus,  and  other 
was  3,697.  The  total  number  of  persons 
saved  from  shipwreck,  from  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Institution  to  the  end  of  the 
year  1860,  either  by  its  life-boats,  or  for 
which  it  had  granted  rewards,  is  11,856. 
During  the  past  year,  the  Institution  had 
granted  16  silver  medals,  14  votes  of 
thanks  inscribed  on  vellum,  and  the  sum 
of  £1,111  12s.  4d.  in  pecuniary  rewards, 
for  saving  455  shipwrecked  persons. 

"  The  operations  of  the  Institution  may 
be  thus  briefly  stated :— Since  its  forma* 
tion,  it  has  expended  on  life-boat  est** 
blishments  £46,350  8s.  3d.,  and  has  voted 
82  gold  and  673  silver  medals  for  dis- 
tinguished services  for  saving  life,  besides 
pecuniary  awards,  amounting  together  to 
£14,015  19s.  lid.  Its  medals  and  other 
honorary  awards  were  much  coveted  by 
the  coast  boatmen,  and  men  of  the  Coast- 
guard service,  and  the  amount  and  prompt 
payment  of  its  pecuniary  rewards  afforded 
general  satisfaction.  Its  medals  were  not 
nnfrequently  presented  at  public  meetings. 
The  total  receipt*  during  the  year  1860 
amounted  to  £14,027  lis.  2d.;  of  this 
sum  no  less  than  £2,721  had  been  given 
by  philanthropic  individuals  to  defray  the 
cost  of fourteen  life-boats.  Legacies  had 
also  been  left  to  the  Institution  during 
the  past  year  by  several  benevolent  per* 
sons.  The  expenditure  during  the  same 
period  had  been  £13,085  8s.  lld„  of  which 
sum  £6,834  17s.  4d.  was  expended  on  ad- 
ditional life-boats,  carriages,  boat-houses, 
and  necessary  gear;  and  £3,056  3s.  on 
the  necessary  expenses  of  repairs,  painting, 
and  refitting;  £1,266  15s.  lOd.  in  rewards 
for  services  to  shipwrecked  crews;  and 
£1,665  6s.  2d.  on  coxswains'  salaries,  and 
for  the  quarterly  practice  of  the  boats' 
crews.  The  Institution  had  incurred  fur- 
ther liabilities  amounting  to  £4,419  for 
various  life-boat  establishments,  Ac 

"  Whilst  the  Committee  were,  happily, 
able  to  report  so  favourable  and  encourag- 
ing a  state  of  the  financial  department  of 
the  Institution,  they  felt  that,  looking  at 
the  vicissitudes  of  the  future,  and  the  un- 
foreseen magnitude  which  the  operations 
of  the  Society  had  assumed,  they  must 
not  for  a  moment  relax  their  endeavours 
to  enlist  that  co-operation  and  pecuniary 
assistance  of  all  classes  of  their  country- 
men which  can  alone  secure  the  per- 
manent efficiency  of  the  important  work 
which  they  had  undertaken  to  superintend. 
They  therefore  appealed  to  the  country  at 
large  to  assist  them  to  maintain,  in  a  state 
of  thorough  efficiency,  the  numerous  life- 
boat establishments  of  the  Institution." 


1861.] 


566 


APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS. 


The  dates  are  those  of  the  Gazette  in  which  the  Appointment  or  Return  appeared. 


Cnm,  Natal,  axd  Military. 

March  29.  Grant  to  the  Right  Hon.  Henry 
John  Viscount  Palmerston,  K.G.,  of  the  office  of 
Constable  of  Her  Majesty's  Castle  of  Dover,  and 
also  the  office  of  Warden  and  Keeper  of  Her 
Majesty's  Cinque  Forts  and  the  office  of  Ad- 
miral within  the  same,  in  the  room  of  James 
Andrew  Marquis  of  Dalhousie,  deceased. 

April  5.  Colonel  the  Lord  James  Charles  Plan- 
tagenet  Murray  to  be  an  Extra  Groom  in  Wait- 
ing to  Her  Majesty. 

The  I*dy  Augusta  Frederic*  Elisabeth  Bruoe 
to  be  Resident  Woman  of  the  Bedchamber  to  Her 
Majesty. 

Augustus  Percy  Wood,  esq.,  to  be  Receiver- 
General  of  Revenue  for  Her  Majesty's  Forts  and 
Settlements  on  the  Gold  Coast. 

Charles  Alex.  Winchester,  esq.,  now  British 
Vice-Consul  at  Canton,  to  be  H.M.'s  Consul  at 
Hakodadi. 

Don  M.  B.  Sampson  to  be  Consul  in  London, 
and  Don  Samuel  Phibbs  to  be  Consul  at  Liver- 
pool, for  the  Argentine  Republic 
.  April  16.    Amendment  on  the  Roll  of  Sheriffs 
for  the  year  1861,  viz. : — 

Dorsetshire— Robert  "Hassell"  Owen  8waf- 
fleld,  of  West  Down-lodge,  Wyke  Regis,  esq., 
made  Robert  "HassaU"  Swaffleld,  of  West 
Down-lodge,  Wyke  Regis,  esq. 


Henry  James  Lynch,  esq.,  to  be  one  of  H.H. 
Inspectors  of  Schools. 

William  Sharpey,  esq.,  M.D.,  to  be  a  Member 
of  the  General  Council  of  Medical  Education  and 
Registration  of  the  United  Kingdom,  in  the  place 
of  William  Baly,  esq.,  M.D.,  deceased. 

George  Hunter  Cary,  esq.,  to  be  Attorney- 
General  for  the  Island  of  VanoouTor. 

April  23.  Mr.  8igismund  Cahlmann  to  be  Con- 
sul in  London  for  his  Serene  Highness  the  Prince) 
of  Reuss  Greiz. 

MXXBXXS  UTTO2TXD  TO  BZBVI  IX  PaXUAXZNT. 

April  5.  Borough  of  Tiverton.— Henry  John 
Viscount  Palmerston,  of  Broadlands,  eo.  South- 
ampton, Constable  of  Her  Majesty's  Castle  of 
Dover,  and  Warden  and. Keeper  of  Her  Majesty's 
Cinque  Ports. 

County  of  Sutherland.— The  Bight  Hon.  Sir 
David  Dundas,  of  Oehtertyre,  eo.  Perth,  in  the 
room  of  George  Granville  William  LevesonGower, 
commonly  called  Marquis  of  Stafford,  now  Eaxl 
of  Sutherland,  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland. 

April  19.  Borough  of  MaryUboni.—Jobtt: 
Harvey  Lewis,  of  Grosrenor-etreet,  oo.  Middle- 
sex, esq.,  in  the  room  of  Edwin  John  James* 
esq.,  who  has  accepted  the  office  of  Steward  of 
Her  Majesty's  Manor  of  Northstead. 


BIRTHS. 


FA.  4.  At  Caledon,  South  Africa,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  J.  C.  Waugh,  B.A.,  Trin.  Coll.,  Oxford, 
a  son. 

Feb.  7.  At  Shanghae,  China,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  John  Hobson,  British  Chaplain,  a  son. 

Feb.  8.  At  Bcrhampore,  Bengal,  the  wife  of 
Colin  A.  R.  Browning,  esq.,  late  of  St.  Catharine's 
College,  Cambridge,  a  son. 

Feb.  12.  At  Malabar-hill,  Bombay,  the  wife  of 
Sir  A.  Grant,  bait.,  a  son  and  heir. 

Feb.  19.  At  Jullundcr,  the  wife  of  Philip 
Sandys  Melvill,  esq.,  Commissioner  Trans-Sutlej 
States,  a  son. 

Feb.  22.  At  Muttra,  Bengal,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Robert  Alexander,  2nd  European  BL  Lt.  Cavalry, 
a  dau. 

Feb.  24.  At  Shahjehanpore,  the  wife  of  Major 
H.  Finch,  H.M.'s  31st  Bengal  Light  Infantry, 
a  son. 

Feb.  26.    At  Benares,  East  Indies,  the  wife  of 


Capt.  George  Ward,  AJD.O.  to  General  G.  Camp- 
bell, Commanding  the  Division,  a  dau. 

Feb.  27.  At  Punchal,  Madeira,  the  wife  of 
Francis  James  Coleridge,  esq.,  a  dau. 

Feb.  28.  At  Barbados,  the  wife  of  T.  H.  Sher- 
wood, Lieut.  21st  Fusiliers,  a  son. 

March  4.  At  Rawul  Pindee,  Ponjaub,  the  wife 
of  Lieut. -Col.  A.  Taylor,  C.B.,  Bengal  Engineers, 
a  dau. 

March  5.  At  Malta,  the  wife  of  Capt.  and 
Adjutant  Rich.  Oldfleld,  Royal  Artillery,  a  son. 

March  6.  At  Umballa,  the  wife  of  Capt.  David 
Philip  Brown,  7th  Hussars,  a  son. 

At  Meean  Mear,  the  wife  of  Lt.  Forbes,  Bengal 
Engineers,  a  son. 

March  9.  At  Malabar-hill,  Bombay,  Lady 
Arnould,  a  dan. 

At  Corfu,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Bridge,  R.E.,  a  son. 

March  11.  At  Kurraehee,  Sdnde,  the  wife  of 
LieuU-CoL  Neville  Shute,  a  dan. 


566 


Births. 


[May, 


At  St.  George's,  Bermuda,  the  wife  of  Charles 
T.  Abbott,  esq.,  8urgeon  80th  Regt,  a  son. 

March  12.  At  Burcott-house,  near  Wells,  the 
wife  of  Capt.  Thelwall,  a  son. 

March  16.  At  Mountfield  Vicarage,  Sussex, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Reginald  Margesson, 
aeon. 

In  Myddelton-eq.,  the  wife  of  the  Iter.  Robert 
Maguire,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of  ClerkeDwell,  a  son. 

March  17.  In  Woburn-sq.,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Newdigate  Borne,  a  son. 

At  Park-lodge,  Albany-st,  Regent's-park,  the 
wife  of  Captain  Garrard,  5th  Dragoon  Guards, 
adau. 

March  18.  At  Dover,  the  wife  of  William 
8ingleton,  esq.,  H.M.'s  47th  Regt.,  a  dau. 

At  Kilmarnock,  Ayrshire,  the  wife  of  Major 
Champion,  Royal  Artillery,  a  son. 

March  19.  At  Argyll-house,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Gordon,  a  son. 

At  Bath,  the  wife  of  Major  Balmain,  Madras 
Artillery,  a  son. 

March  20.  At  Lauriston-house,  Dover,  the 
wife  of  Capt.  W.  G.  E.  Webber,  42nd  Royal 
Highlanders,  a  dau. 

In  Portland-place,  W.,  Mrs.  Archibald  Peel, 
a  son. 

At  Hoveringham,  Notts.,  the  wife  of  Captain 
flolden,  a  dau. 

At  Eton,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Edw.  Hale,  a  dau. 

March  21.  In  Eaton -sq.,  the  wife  of  T.  M. 
Weguelin,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Christ  Church  Parsonage,  Trussley,  Derby, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  C.  Cameron,  a  dau.  . 

At  Madeira,  the  wife  of  David  H.  Erskine, 
esq.,  H.B.M.  Consul  there,  a  dau. 

March  22.  At  Glenarm  Castle,  North  Ireland, 
the  Countess  of  Antrim,  a  son. 

At  Callingwood,  Staffordshire,  the  wife  of  Col. 
J.  A.  Ewart,  C.B.,  78th  Highlanders,  a  son. 

March  23.  At  Birchfield,  Handsworth,  Staf- 
fordshire, the  wife  of  the  Rev.  William  Lin  wood, 
M.A.,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Romsey,  of  White- 
stock-hall,  North  Lancashire,  a  dau. 

At  Mailing  Deanery,  the  wife  of  Edmund  Chas. 
Currey,  esq.,  a  dau. 

March  24.  In  Cadogan-pl.,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Hay,  a  dau. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  D.  Knowles  Rawdon, 
adau. 

At  Huntingdon,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Francis 
Synge,  a  dau. 

At  Fairford  Vicarage,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  F. 
W.  Rice,  a  son. 

At  Forton,  Gosport,  the  wife  of  Col.  J.  Mit- 
chell, Royal  Marines,  a  son. 

March  25.  At  Rachills,  Dumfriesshire,  Mrs. 
R.  G.  Hope  Johnstone,  a  son. 

March  26.  In  Eaton-place,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Frederick  Byron,  a  son. 

In  Belgrave-sq.,  Mrs.  Callander,  of  Preston- 
hall,  a  dan. 

At  the  Manor-house,  Wcstcott  Barton,  Oxon, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Jenner  Marshall,  a  son. 

At  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  the 
wife  of  Col.  Wm.  Napier,  a  dau. 


March  27.  At  Malnes-house,  Chirnside,  Ber- 
wickshire, the  Lady  Susan  Grant  Suttie,  a  dau. 

At  Brecon,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  H.  Gore  Lindsay, 
a  son. 

In  Connaught-place,  Hyde-park,  the  wife  of 
Major  Thellusson,  a  dau. 

March  28.  At  Richmond,  Surrey,  the  wife 
of  Richard  Hassall,  M.D.,  a  dau. 

March  29.  At  Tonbridge,  Kent,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Edward  Ind  Wellden,  of  twin  sons. 

In  Brook-st,  the  wife  of  Lieut. -CoL  Barnard, 
Grenadier  Guards,  a  son. 

March  30.  In  Lowndes-st,  Lady  Edwin  Hill, 
adau. 

At  Wcllwood,  Isle  of  Wight,  the  wife  of  Major 
Tattnall,  a  son. 

At  8privers,  Horeemonden,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
G.  Faithfull,  a  son. 

March  31.  In  Eastbourne-terr.,  the  wife  of 
Major  Medley,  Bengal  Engineers,  a  son. 

At  the  Rectory,  Chetwynd,  Newport,  Salop, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  Elliot,  a  son. 

April  1.  At  St.  Leonard's-on-Sea,  Mrs.  Clinton 
Dawkins,  a  son. 

.At    Dallington  Vicarage,   Northamptonshire, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Christopher  Cookson,  a  son. 

April  2.  At  Methwold,  Norfolk,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  James  Allan  Park,  a  dau. 

In  Albany-st.,  Edinburgh,  the  wife  of  Captain 
Alfred  Wickham  Pym  Weekes,  78th  Highlanders, 
adau. 

At  Walthamstow,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Mortimer 
Lloyd  Jones,  a  son. 

At  Denton  Rectory,  Huntingdonshire,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  Edward  Bradley,  a  son. 

At  Crookham-end,  near  Newbury,  the  wife  of 
Commander  G.  C.  Fowler,  R.N.,  a  dau. 

April  3.  At  Cheltenham,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
E.  B.  Wawn,  a  son  and  dau. 

At  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  the  wife  of  Lieut -CoL 
Falconar,  a  son. 

April  4.  At  Hill-st,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Augustus 
Halford,  a  dau. 

At  Rix,  Tiverton,  the  wife  of  Colonel  Morris, 
Royal  Artillery,  a  dau. 

At  Bright  Waltham  Rectory,  Berks,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  F.  L.  Currie,  a  son. 

April  5.  In  Grosvenor-placc,  the  Lady  Lilford, 
a  son. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Cherry  Hinton,  Cambridge, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  S.  Parish,  a  son. 

In  Glocester-st.,  Eccleston-sq.,  the  wife  of 
William  Goodenough  Hayter,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Oxford,  the  wife  of  the  Very  Rev.  George 
Hen.  Sacheverell  Johnson,  Dean  of  Wells,  a  son. 

In  Great  Cumber land-st.,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Edw.  G.  Arnold,  of  Stapleford  Rectory,  a  son. 

April  6.  At  Cranmer-hall,  Norfolk,  the  wife  of 
Sir  Willoughby  Jones,  bait.,  a  son. 

At  Wiesbaden,  the  wife  of  Lieut. -Col.  C.  F. 
Maxwell,  a  dau. 

At  Mylnbeck,  Windermere,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Paslcy,  Royal  Navy,  a  dau. 

At  Staines,  the  wife  of  Capt  P.  S.  Fearon,  late 
of  the  Bombay  Army,  a  son. 

In  Ebury-st.,  Pimlico,  the  wife  of  Capt  W. 
Parker,  a  son. 


1861.] 


Births.— Marriage*. 


567 


The  wife  of  the  Ber.  Frederick  W.  Baker, 
Bcaulieu  Rectory,  New  Forest,  Hants,  a  son. 

April  7.  At  Acton  Place,  8uffolk,  the  Lady 
Florence  Barnardiston,  a  dan. 

At  Ballinclea,  Kingstown,  co.  Dublin,  the  lion. 
Mrs.  Talbot,  a  dau. 

At  Wanstead,  Essex,  the  wife  of  Henry  C. 
Bichardaon,  esq.,  of  Bengal  Civil  Service,  a  son. 

In  Cadogan-place,  Mrs.  Arthur  Holme  Sumner, 
a  dau. 

At  Fermoy,  co.  Cork,  the  wife  of  Capt.  A.  B. 
Wallis,  33rd  Regt.,  a  dau. 

April  8.  At  Bath,  the  wife  of  the  Ber.  Dr. 
Magee,  a  son. 

At  Beech  Holme,  Wimbledon-common,  the  wife 
of  Joseph  Toynbee,  esq.,  F.R.S.,  a  son. 

In  Cambridge-st.,  Eccleston-sq.,  the  wife  of 
Sydney  P.  A.  Towmsend,  esq.,  a  dau. 

April  9.  At  Pipewell-hall,  Northamptonshire, 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  A.  Hambrough,  a  son,  stillborn. 

At  Bath,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Frederick  Carroll, 
a  son. 

April  10.  At  Windsor,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Edward 
Wingfield,  a  son. 

At  Allerton-hall,  near  Liverpool,  the  wife  of 
Capt.  Ingleflcld,  K.N.,  H.M.S.  "Majestic,"  a  ton. 

At  the  Grammar-school,  Solihull,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bennett,  a  son. 

At  Brasted  Rectory,  Sevenoaks,  the  wife  of  the 
Bev.  VV.  B.  Holland,  a  dau. 

April  11.  At  Barnham  Broom  Rectory,  Nor- 
folk, the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Gurdon,  a  son. 

April  12.  In  Glocester-pl.,  Portman-eq.,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  C.  J.  D'Oyly,  Chaplain  of 
Lincoln's-inn,  a  son. 

At  Ilomerton,  the  wife  of  David  Craven,  esq., 
a  son. 

At  Dublin,  the  wife  of  F.  C.  Annealey,  esq., 
Staff-Surgeon-Major,  a  son. 


April  13.  At  the  Parsonage,  Wainfieet  St. 
Mary,  Lincolnshire,  the  wife  of  the  Ber.  D.  ft. 
Matthew,  a  son. 

April  14.  At  Ampney-park,  the  Lady  Gilford, 
a  son.  • 

In  the  Castle-yard,  Dublin,  the  wife  of  Col.  H. 
Atwell  Lake,  C.B.,  a  dau. 

At  Milton-bank,  Laugharne,  South  Wales,  the 
wife  of  Seton  Lionel  Smith,  ess].,  late  Major  54th 
Regt.,  a  dau. 

April  15.  At  Finborough-hall,  Stowmarket, 
the  Lady  Frances  Pettiward,  a  dau. 

At  Callipers,  Herts,  the  wife  of  the  Ber.  C.  A. 
Johns,  a  son. 

In  Hackney-road,  the  wife  of  A.  Crossfield, 
esq.,  solicitor,  a  son. 

April  16.  At  Hollybrook,  Skibbereen,  Ireland, 
the  Lady  Emily  Becher,  a  dau. 

In  Eccleston-sq.,  the  wife  of  W.  P.  Adam,  esq., 
M.P.,  a  son. 

In  Eaton-pL,  Mrs.  Ferguson,  of  Raith,  a  dau. 

April  17.  At  Stoke,  Devonport,  the  wife  of 
Lieut. -Col.  Mann,  a  son. 

At  Lee,  the  wife  of  the  Ber.  Andrew  Wood, 
a  son. 

At  Windlesham-hall,  near  Bagshot,  the  wife 
of  Arthur  B.  Kenyon,  esq.,  a  dau. 

In  Ebury-st.,  the  wife  of  C.  R.  Beauolerk,  esq., 
a  dau. 

April  IS.  At  Kedleston,  Derbyshire,  the  Lady 
Searsdale,  a  dau. 

At  8urbiton,  the  wife  of  Commander  W.  N.  W« 
Hewett,  R.N.,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  T.  Maraland  Hopkins, 
M.A.,  Incumbent  of  St.  Saviour's,  Paddmgton, 
a  son.  * 

April  19.  At  her  father's  residence,  Hale-hall, 
Cumberland,  the  wife  of  Robert  Arthur 'Brooke, 
esq.,  a  son. 


MARRIAGES. 


Feb.  2.  At  Agra,  Lieut-Col  Charles  Vernon 
Oxendcn,  Rifle  Brigade,  only  son  of  the  Rev. 
Charles  Oxendcn,  of  Barham,  Kent,  to  Norah  L., 
only  dau.  of  Martin  H.  Gubbins,  esq.,  B.C.S, 

At  Ferozepore,  Punjaub,  Capt.  Henry  Moubray 
Cadcll,  Bengal  Artillery,  fourth  son  of  John 
Cade  11,  esq.,  of  Tranent,  N.B.,  to  Jessie  Ellen, 
dau.  of  the  late  Wm.  Nash,  esq.  of  London. 

Feb.  7.  At  Barbados,  John  Thomas  Dalyell, 
Major  21st  R.N.B.  Fusiliers,  son  of  the  late 
Lieat.-Col.  Thomas  Dalyell,  42nd  N.I.,  to  Con- 
stance Louisa,  fifth  dau.  of  the  Right  Rev.  Thos. 
Parry,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Barbados. 

At  the  Cathedral  Church,  Grahamstown, 
South  Africa,  the  Rev.  William  Greenstock,  of 
St.  Matthew's  Mission,  Keiskama  Heek,  to 
Frances  Ellen,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Right  Rev.  the 
Lord  Bishop  of  Grahamstown. 

At  Funcbal,  Madeira,  the  Rev.  E.  H.  Landon, 
M.  A.,  to  Mary  Jane,  eldest  surviving  dau.  of  the 
late  John  Forbes,  esq.,  of  Castle  New  and  Eding- 


glassie,  Aberdeenshire,  and  sister  of  the  late  Sir 
Charles  Forbes,  bart. 

Feb.  12.  At  Jutwarpore-house,  Tirhoot,  British 
India,  W.  Gordon  Alexander,  esq.,  93rd  Suther- 
land Highlanders,  Adjt.  17th  Bengal  Irregular 
Cavalry,  to  Joan  M.,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late 
William  Crawford,  esq.,  of  Cartsburn,  Renfrew- 
shire. 

Feb.  18.  At  Seeunderabad,  Harvey  Rhodes 
Faber,  esq.,  Madras  Engineers,  to  Maria  Georgina, 
dan.  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Broadley  Fookes,  D.C.L., 
of  Thame,  Oxfordshire. 

Feb.  28.  At  Pyle,  Glamorganshire,  Arthur 
Champion  Philips  Willyama,  esq.,  of  Truro,  and 
Carmanton-pk.,  Cornwall,  to  Charlotte  Elisabeth 
Longueville,  second  dau.  of  the  Rev.  H.  Longue- 
ville  Jones,  of  Ty-Maen,  H.M.'s  Inspector  of 
Schools  for  Wales. 

March  9.  At  Trlchinopoly,  Lieut.  A.  G.  D. 
Logan,  87th  Grenadiers  H.M.'s  Madras  Army, 
son  of  Major -Gen.  Archibald  Logan,  Madras 


668 


Marriage*. 


iP&fc 


Army,  to  Maria  Eugenia,  ae«ond  dan.  of  T.  Harris, 
esq.,  Civil  and  Sessions  Jwdge  of  Tricbinopoly. 

March  16.  At  Dinapore,  Walter  Colquhoun 
Grant,  eaq.t  Capt.  2nd  Dragoon  Geards,  to  Jane 
Eliza,  eldest  dan.  of  the  late  Yen.  John  Williams, 
Archdeacon  of  Cardigan. 

March  21.  At  Mauldslie  Castle,  Lanarkshire, 
Handle  Joseph  Feilden,  Major  60th  Rifles,  seoond 
■on  of  Joseph  I%ilden,  esq.,  of  Wttton-park, 
Lancashire,  to  Jane  Campbell,  eldest  dan.  of 
James  Hosier,  esq.,  of  Mauldslie. 

March  25.  At  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Chester, 
Francis  Hallowell  Ingiefleld,  esq.,  Lieut.  88th 
Regt  B.N.I.,  fourth  son  of  the  late  Admiral 
Ingiefleld,  C.B.,  to  Hannah  Moore,  third  dau. 
of  the  late  8amuel  Johnston,  esq.,  of  Liscard, 
Cheshire. 

March  26.  At  Kingston,  John  Wynter  James 
Gilford,  esq.,  Capt.  21st  Fusiliers,  eldest  son  of 
the  Rer.  J.  G.  Gifford,  to  Margaret  Hamilton^ 
dan.  of  the  late  Rev.  Frederic  Urquhart,  Rector 
of  West  Knighton  with  Broadmayne,  Dorset. 

March  27.  At  the  British  Legation  in  8tutt- 
sjardt,  Alexander  Graham-Dxmlop,  esq.,  Attacbi 
to  H.M.'s  Embassy  at  the  Court  of  Austria,  eldest 
fjon  of  John  Dunlop,  esq.,  of  Gairbraid,  Lanark- 
shire, to  Mary  Elizabeth  Guise  Gordon,  widow  of 
the  late  Patrick  Spence,  esq.,  of  St.  James's, 
Jamaica,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Hon.  William 
Gordon,  Member  of  Council  in  that  island,  and 
niece  of  General  Gordon,  of  Culdraine,  Aber- 
deenshire. 

March  28.  At  Trinity  Church,  Westbourne- 
terrace,  Robert  Metcalfe,  esq.,  M.A.,  of  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Rev.  William  Metcalfe,  Rector  of  Foulmire, 
Cambridgeshire,  to  Minna  Helen,  dan.  of  John 
Jteoke,  esq.,  of  Northampton. 

March  $0.  At  St.  Saviour's,  South  Hempstead, 
Alfred  Constantino  Cross,  esq.,  of  the  War-office, 
youngest  surviving  son  of  Maurice  Cross,  esq.,  of 
Dublin,  to  Jemima,  relict  of  Richard  Hodge, 
esq.,  and  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Francis 
Buckell,  esq.,  of  Ford,  Isle  of  Wight. 

April  2.  At  Hove,  near  Brighton,  the  Hon. 
J.  8.  Pomeroy,  only  son  of  'Viscount  Harberton, 
to  Florence  Wallace,' only  dau.  of  William  Wal- 
lace Legge,  esq.,  Malone-house,  co.  Antrim. 

At  Black  Rock,  near  Dublin,  the  Right  Hon. 
Richard  Deasy,  Baron  of  H.M.'s  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer in  Ireland,  to  Monica,  younger  dau. 
of  the  late  Hugh  O'Connor,  esq.,  of  SackviUe- 
«t,  Dublin. 

At  Marylebone  Church,  Alexander  Young1, 
eldest  son  of  8ir  Alexander  Spearman,  bart,  of 
Hanwell,  Middlesex,  to  Louisa  Ann  Caroline 
♦Amelia,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Edward  Pellew 
Mainwaring,  esq.,  and  granddau.  of  Rear-Adm. 
Mainwaring,  of  Whitmore-haU,  Staffordshire. 

At  St.  John's,  Kensal-green,  Arthur  Pearson, 
youngest  son  of  Robert  Perfect,  esq.,  Wolstone- 
house,  Somersetshire,  formerly  M.P.  for  Lewes, 
•o  Fanny  Maria,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Arthur 
Gore  Pemberton,  Incumbent  of  8t  John's,  Ken- 
sal-green. 

At  East  Quantoxhead,  John,  only  surviving 
•on  of  the  late  Lieut-Gen.  Bkanmart,  of  WUlett- 

11 


■house,  Somerset,  to  Fanny  Harriett,  dan.  of  the 
Rev.  Alexander  Fownes  Lutterell,  Rector  of  East 
Quantoxhead. 

At  Cheltenham,  Col.  G.  I.  Jameson,  of  H»M.1i 
Bombay  Army,  to  Ellen,  widow  of  the  late  Capt. 
W.  Hore,  18th  Bengal  N.I. 

At  St.  Stephen's,  Bayswater,  Samuel  New* 
man,  esq.,  of  Granville-lodge,  Lewiaham,  to 
Eliza  Maria,  only  dan.  of  the  late  lieut-Qen. 
Richard  West,  Madras  Army. 

April*.  At  St. Peter's, Bayswater,  Capt  H. 
M.  Nepean,  H.M.'s  Indian  Army,  son  of  the  late 
Ueut-Col.  C.  W.  Nepean,  Indian  Army,  to  June 
Hannah,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  Capt.  Samuel 
Hughes  (Indian  Army),  of  Cheltenham. 

At  Edinburgh,  William  Robertson,  esq.,  of 
Aucbinroath,  Morayshire,  to  Jane,  eldest  dau.  of 
the  Hon.  Lord  Ardmillan,  of  Ardmillan,  Ayr* 
ahire. 

At  All  Souls',  Langham-pL,  the  Rer.  Alfred 
Birley,  Incumbent  of  Astley-bridge,  Bolton-le- 
Moors,  to  Mary  Alicia,  youngest  dau.  of  the  Rot. 
Canon.Master,  Rector  of  Chorley,  Lancashire. 

At  Oceold,  Suffolk,  the  Rev.  Lewis  Clarke, 
B.A.,  of  Oswestry,  Salop,  to  Elizabeth  St.  Leger, 
third  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Horatio  Todd,  M.A.,  Rec* 
tor  of  Oceold. 

At  Northenden,  George  Chapman,  eldest  son 
of  George  Peel,  esq.,  of  Brookfleld,  Cheadle,  to 
Agnes,  third  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Wool- 
nough,  Rector  of  Northenden,  and  Honorary 
Canon  of  Chester. 

April  4.  At  St.  Nicholas,  Brighton,  the  Rev. 
Morris  Edgar  8tanbrough,  M.A.,  to  Augusta 
Henries,  youngest  dau.  of  Sir  Alexander  Young 
Spearman,  bart. 

At  King's  Worthy,  Hants,  Charles  Joachim 
Baron  Hambro,  of  tfilton  Abbey,  Dorsetshire, 
and  of  Roehampton,  Surrey,  .to  Eliza  Frances, 
widow  of  Hervey  Harris  Greathed,  esq.,  and 
eldest  dau.  of  T.  J.  Turner,  esq.,  of  Worthy- 
park,  near  Winchester, 

At  Leixlip,  co.  Kildare,  Edward  Campbell 
Stuart,  son  of  Lady  Henry  Moore  and  the  late 
Edward  Henry  Cole,  esq.,  to  Olivia  Anne,  se- 
cond dau.  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  8tevenson,  Rector 
of  Clonfeacle,  co.  Tyrone. 
•  At  St.  James's,  Paddington,  the  Rev.  J.  & 
Baird,  M.A.,  to  Louisa  Fitz-Gerald,  dan.  of  the 
late  Sir  Daniel  Keyte  8andfbrd,  D.C.L.  Oxford. 

At  8t.  James's,  Piccadilly,  Edgar,  youngest 
son  of  the  late  William  Bury,  esq.,  of  Bury, 
Lancashire,  to  Cicely  Abigail,  relict  of  the  late 
Henry  Bullock,  esq.,  of  Faulkborne-hall,  Essex, 
end  dau.  of  the  late  Sir  Edward  Bowyer  Suujth, 
bart,  of  Hill-hall,  Essex. 

At  Harrow-on-the-Hill,  Decree  W.  Wise,  esq., 
H.M.'s  3rd  Bengal  Light  Cavalry,  son  of  the  late 
Charles  Furlong  Wise,  esq.,  of  the  New  Forest, 
to  Mary  Caroline,  dau.  of  Benjamin  Tayler,  esq., 
late  of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service. 

At  Prestbury,  Gloucestershire,  R,  F.  Eaton 
Edeveain,  esq.,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  son  of  the 
late  Capt.  Edeveain,  R.N.,  and  nephew  of  Capt*. 
W.  and  C.  Forsyth,  R.N.,  to  Elizabeth  Zilpah, 
widow  of  Sir  Arthur  de  Capell  Broke,  bart,  of 
Great  Oakley-hall,  Northamptonshire. 


1861.] 


Marriages. 


56$ 


At  Honington,  8uffolk,  the  Her.  Henry  Hasted, 
Rector  of  Pitsea,  Essex,  to  Georgina  Villiers, 
second  dan.  of  the  Rer.  George  Caesar  Hawkins, 
Rector  of  Honington,  and  granddau.  of  Sir  John 
Caesar  Hawkins,  hart. 

At  St.  James's,  Capt  Lewis  Northcote,  late  of 
H.M.  39th  Regt,  to  Isabella  M.  A.,  only  dan* 
of  John  Weguelin,  esq. 

At  Leamington,  John  Scarlett  Campbell,  esq., 
Bengal  Civil  Service,  youngest  son  of  the  late 
Sir  George  Campbell,  of  Edenwood,  Fife,  to 
Emma  Benyon,  dau.  of  the  late  Thoe.  Ferguson, 
esq.,  of  Greenville,  co.  Down. 

At  Walcot,  Bath,  Wm.  Whyte,  esq.,  of  Weat- 
bourne-park-terr.,  London,  son  of  the  late  James 
Whyte,  esq.,  of  Newton  Msnor,  co.  Leitrim,  tor 
Emma,  eldest  dan.  of  the  late  Henry  George 
Heard,  esq.,  one  of  the  six  clerks  of  the  High; 
Court  of  Chancery  in  Ireland. 

At  Norton,  near  Malton,  Yorkshire,  Lieut- 
Col.  Robert  Boyle,  R.M.L.I.,  to  Lucy  Margaret, 
eldest  dan.  of  Robert  Bower,  esq.,  of  Welham. 

At  Rugby,  Major  Jordan,  34th  Regt.,  to  Louisa, 
eldest  dan.  of  the  late  Lieut. -Col.  Alex.  Fraser. 

At  St  Martin-in-the-Fields,  Captain  Monies 
Eden,  Royal  Artillery,  son  of  Lieut-Gen.  M. 
Eden,  to  Georgina  Louisa  Helen,  youngest  dam 
of  Col.  Pester,  Royal  Artillery. 

At  Walcott,  Bath,  Major  Wm.  George  Arrow, 
H.M.'s  28th  Regt  Bombay  N.I.,  to  Mary  Ann, 
only  surviving  child  of  the  late  Capt  J.  J.  Ar- 
row, R.N. 

At  York,  Major  William  Fletcher  Gordon,  of 
the  1st  Bombay  Fusiliers,  youngest  son  of  the 
late  Capt  Gordon,  of  Minmare,  Banffshire,  to 
Katharine  McCann,  third  dan.  of  the  late  Jarrard 
Edward  Strickland,  of  Loughglyn-ho.,  Ireland. 

At  St  Sepulchre's,  London,  Henry  John  Buck, 
surgeon,  of  Cromer,  Norfolk,  to  Charlotte  Au- 
gusta, youngest  surviving  dan.  of  the  late  John 
Richards,  esq.,  of  Charterhouse-square. 

At  Ashton-under-hill,  Gloucestershire,  Thos. 
Fourmy,  esq.,  of  Torkington-hall,  Cheshire,  to, 
Mary,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Stephen  Baldwyn,  esq. 
April  5.  At  Holy  Trinity,  Marylebone,  the 
Rev.  J.  Amos,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of  St  Stephen's, 
South wark,  to  Frances  Karr,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
late  Rev.  R.  Snape,  Rector  of  Brent  Ely,  Suffolk. 
April  6.  At  Chew  Magna,  the  Rev.  Edward 
Octavius  Tyler,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Portbury,  Somer- 
set, son  of  Adm.  Sir  G.  Tyler,  K.H.,  of  CottrelL, 
Glamorganshire,  to  Charlotte  Georgians,  dau. 
of  the  Rev.  Edward  A.  Ommanney,  M.A.,  Vicar 
of  Chew  Magna  and  Prebendary  of  Wells. 

April  8.  At  Brighton,  the  Baron  de  Teissier, 
to  Catharine  Margaret,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
Thomas  Walpole,  esq.,  and  Lady  Margaret  Wal- 
pole,  of  Stagbury,  8urrey. 

At  St.  Andrew's,  Clifton,  the  Rev.  Edward 
Mannaduke  Stanley,  Vicar  of  Middtezoy,  to 
Kathleen  Jane,  third  dau,-  of  the  late  Rev.  John 
James  Skally,  of  Newent,  Gloucestershire. 

At  the  British  Consulate,  Nice,  John  Bagnell, 
esq.,  of  Marlhill,  Tipperary,  to  Elizabeth  Harriet, 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  Somers  Cocks,  Leigh 
R.-ctory,  Worcestershire,  and  widow  of  Captain 
H.  Tomkinson,  R.A. 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


April  9.  At  Crickhowell,  Breoonshire,  Sir 
Joseph  Russell  Bailey,  hart,  of  Glanusk-park,' 
to  Mary  Ann,  eldest  surviving  dau.  of  Henry 
Lucas,  esq.,  M.D.,  of  Glan-yr-afon. 
.  At  All  Saints*,  Knightsbridge,  John,  youngest 
ton  of  the  late  Thomas  Barrett  Lennard,  esq., 
M.P.,  to  Isabella  Jane,  second  dan.  of  the  late* 
Sir  John  Lambton  Loraine,  bart ,  of  Kirke  Harle, 
oo.  Northumberland. 

At  St.  George's,  Hanover-«q.,  Frederick  Cecil, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Sir  E.  H.  Alderson, 
Baron  of  the  Exchequer,  to  Katharine  Gwladye, 
second  dau.  of  the  late  Sir  J.  J.  Guest,  bart, 
M.P.,  ofDowlais. 

At  St  James's,  Paddington,  Lieut-Col.  Lock-< 
hart,  C.B.,  78th  Highlanders,  second  surviving* 
son  of  the  late  Robert  Loekhait,  esq.,  of  Castle* 
hill,  Lanarkshire,  to  Emily  TJdny,  dan.  of  James 
Brebner,  e*q.,  advocate,  Aberdeen. 

At  St  Margaret's,  Dunham  Massey,  the  Rev. 
Edw.  Allen,  M.A.,  Rector  of  the  Sacred  Trinity 
Church,  8alford,  to  Ellen  Mary,  eldest  dau.  on 
J.  Alien,  esq.,  Oldneld-hall,  Altrineham,  Cheshire. 
At  East  Markham,  Notts,  Edward  Mason 
Wrench,  esq.,  12th  Royal  Lancers,  to  Anne 
Eliza,  elder  dan.  of  the  late  William  Kirke,  esq., 
the  Hall,  Markham,  and  niece  of  Sir  Thomas 
Woollaston  White,  bart,  Wallingwelis,  Notts.  » 
At  Preatbury,  near  Cheltenham,  the  Rev.  Robt* 
Faulkner  Wood,  Rector  of  Moreton  Corbet,  Salop, 
to  Marianne  Sophia,  only  surviving  dan.  of  John 
Edward  Moaley,  esq.,  of  Sane  Sonci,  in  the  same 
pariah. 

At  Kensington,  William  Matthew,  only  son  of 
the  late  William  Denison  Wilkinson,  esq.,  to 
Frances  Emily,  second  dau.  of  the  late  John 
Hill,  esq.,  Attorney-Gen.  for  the  Palatinate  of 
Chester. 

At  Dublin,  George  Warbnrton  Drought,  of 
Cargins,  co.  Roscommon,  late  Capt  in  the  51st 
Light  Infantry,  to  Anna  Sophia,  dan.  of  the  late 
Rev.  Thomas  Acton. 

At  St  John's,  Kensington,  the  Rev.  James 
Wilson,  M.A.,  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
Curate  of  Denton,  Norfolk,  to  Ellen,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Samuel  Silver,  M.A.,  Vicar 
of  Fulbourne,  Cambridgeshire. 

At  Bathwick  Church,  Bath,  Henry  Welchmaa 
King,  esq.,  to  Mary  Sophia,  dau.  of  the  Rev. 
William  Hawks,  of  New  Sidney-place,  Bath. 

At  St  Michael's,  Stockweli,  the  Rev.  George 
Floyd,  M.A.,  of  Gonville  and  Caiua  College, 
Cambridge,  to  Ellen  Timbrell,  elder  dau.  of 
Samuel  Fisher,  esq.,  of  Montague-place,  Clap- 
ham-road,  Surrey,  and  Merchant  Taylors'-halL; 
London. 

At  St.  John's,  Upper  Holloway,  the  Rev.  Albert 
Augustus  Isaacs,  M.A.,  Minister  of  Laura  Epi- 
scopal Chapel,  Bath,  to  Henrietta  Emily,  elder 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Henry 
Causton,  Incumbent  of  St  Michael's,  Highgafte. 
At  St  James's,  Maidenhead-thicket  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Bacon,  Rector  of  Kingsworthy,  near 
Winchester,  to  Harriet  Sophia,  widow  of  James 
Prinsep,  esq.,  of  Calcutta,  and  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  Lieut-CoL  Aubert,  of  the  Bengal 
Army. 

8Z 


570 


Marriages. 


[May, 


At  Wltham,  the  Iter.  B.  8.  Tolland,  M.A.,  of 
Earl's  Colne,  to  Ehretia,  dau.  of  the  Rev.  J.  B. 
Carwardine,  and  niece  of  H.  H.  CJarwardine,  esq., 
of  Earl's  Colne  Priory,  Essex. 

April  11.  At  All  Saints',  Fulham,  the  Rev. 
Edmund  Batty,  eldest  eon  of  William  B»tty>*H 
of  Woodham-lodge,  Wandsworth,  to  Franeei 
Beatrice,  youngest  dan,  of  Major-Gen.  Sir  Joshua 
Jebb,  K.C.B. 

At  Holy  Trinity,  Msryiebone,  Captain  Fife, 
Bombay  Engineer*,  youngest  ton  of  8tr  John 
Fife,  to  Katharine  Alice,  second  dan.  of  the  late 
Bobert  Wharton,  esq.,  of  Upper  Harlcy-et. 

At  St.  Peter's,  fEaton-eq.,  Qnintin  William 
Francis,  only  son  of  the  late  Hbraee  Twin,  esq., 
to  Fanny  Shelley,  second  dmn.  of  W.  H.  Covey, 
esq.,  of  Wilton-si.,  Belgrave-eq. 

At  Woolton,  near  Liverpool,  the  Ber.  Reginald 
Gunnery,  M.A.,  Secretary  to  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land Education  Society,  and  Inenmbent  of  St. 
Mary's,  Horneey-rlse,  to  Catherine,  elder  dan. 
of  F.  L.  Hamburg,  esq.,  of  Bosenfels,  Woolton. 

At  Batbmines,  Dublin,  John  Bsmonde,  esq., 
M.P.,  of  Battynestrag h,  co,  Wexford,  and  Pem- 
brokestown,  eo.  Waterford,  to  Louisa,  fourth 
dan.  of  the  late  Henry  Grattan,  esq. 

At  Neston,  Cheshire,  Charles  Geoffrey  Stanley, 
eeq.,  S3d  light  Infantry,  to  Agnes  Nina,  young* 
est  dan.  of  the  late  Honoratas  Leigh  Rigby,  esq., 
of  Ha  warden,  Flintshire* 

At  St.  Mary's,  Honley,  near  Hadderaneld,  the 
Ber.  Biou  George  Benson,  Rector  of  Hope 
Bowdler,  Salop,  second  son  of  M.  G.  Benson,, 
esq.,  of  Lutwyehe-hall,  to  Mary,  third  dan.  of 
the  late  Thomas  Brooke,  esq.,  of  Northgate- 
Wase,  Honley. 

At  St.  Alphage'a,  Greenwieh,  Gustavo*  C. 
Cornwall,  esq.,  Secretary  to  the  General  Post* 
•flee  in  Ireland,  son  of  John  Cornwall,  esq.,  of 
Bfownsten-house,  oo.  Heath,  to  Elisabeth  Grace, 
youngest  dan.  of  Sir  William  Cunningham  C« 
Dalyeil,  bark,  of  Binns,  Linlithgowshire. 

At  Gerrans,  Cornwall,  the  Ber.  W.  B.  Drewe, 
M.A.,  Vicar  of  Longstoek,  Hants,  to  Elisabeth 
Duncan,  eldest  dan.  of  the  Ber.  W.  D.  Long* 
lands,  M.  A.,  Beetor  of  Oerrans. 

April  U.  At  Llanfoist,  Monmouthshire,  Robert 
Eden,  esq.,  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  to  Agnes 
Abigail,  dan.  of  the  late  William  Sayee,  esq.,  of 
the  Knoll,  near  Abergavenny* 

April  U.  At  81  Bene?*  Cambridge,  the  Ber. 
Bobert  Hudson,  eldest  son  of  Robert  Hudson, 
eeq.,  Cmpham-eommon,  Surrey,  to  Marian,  young* 
eat  dau.  of  the  late  George  Fisher,  esq.,  banker, 
Cambridge. 

April  16.  At  Mamhead,  Devon,  the  Bight 
Hon,  Lord  Churston,  to  Caroline,  second  dan.  of 
the  late  Sir  Robert  Wm.  Newman,  hart.,  and 
sister  of  the  present  Sir  Lydstone  Newman,  hart., 
•f  Mamhead. 

AX  Oreattord,  Iineolnshire,  the  Ber.  WUliam 


Amos,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Bneebdrotfgh,  eldest  pen 
of  the  late  Andrew  Amos,  esq.,  formerly  Legisla- 
tive Member  of  the  Supreme  Council  of  India,  to 
Anna  Sophia,  second  dau.  or  Wilkinson  Peacock, 
eeq.,  of  Greatford-hall,  near  Stamford* 

At  St.  George's,  Hanover-eq.,  Pnrefby,  third 
eon  of  the  late  Thomas  FteGereld,  eeq.,  of  Shal- 
stone,  Bucks,  to  Henrietta  Mary,  only  child  of 
the  hUe  Ber.  Anthony  Chester,  of  Chkheley- 
hall,  Bucks. 

At  St.  Mark's,  Torwood,  Henry  M.  James, 
esq.,  of  Exeter,  to  Felicia,  third  dau.  of  the  late 
Ber.  George  Hole,  Beetor  of  Chuhnlelgh,  and 
Prebendary  of  Exeter. 

At  Albury,  Burrey,  the  Rev.  Frederick  Harvey 
Freeth,  Perpetual  Curate  of  Lyss,  Hants,  fourth 
■on  of  Lieut -Gen.  Freeth,  K.H.,  to  Catharine 
Mary,  eldest  dau.  of  Henry  John  King-Church, 
esq.,  of  Albury,  Surrey. 

At  8tapleton,  the  Rev.  Edward  James  How- 
man,  Vicar  of  Exhall,  Coventry,  to  Sarah  Frances, 
dau.  of  Charles  Albrecht,  esq. 

At  St.  James's,  Plceadffly,  Capt.  F.  D.  Wyatt, 
90th  Regt.  L.I.,  to  Catherine  Tyrrell,  dan.  of 
Tyrrell  Knapp,  esq.,  of  Headington-hfll,  Oxon. 

April  17.  At  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  Capt. 
Blackett,  Coldstream  Guards,  to  Georgiana 
Frances,  youngest  dan.  of  the  late  Sir  Andrew 
Corbet,  bart,  of  Acton  Beynald,  Shropshire. 

At  St.  Peter's,  Dublin,  George  Winter,  eldest 
ton  of  George  Bomfbrd,  esq.,  of  Oakley-park,  eo. 
Meath,  to  Flora  Mary  McVeagh,  second  dau.  of 
Hie  Rev.  F.  SadHer,  D.D.,  Beetor  of  Reddens- 
town,  co.  Meath. 

At  Christ  Church,  Bayston-hill,  the  Rev.  Lionel 
Corbett,  son  of  TJvedale  Corbett,  esq.,  of  Aston* 
hall,  Salop,  to  Frances  Harriet,  dau.  of  the  Rev. 
Bobert  Hornby,  of  Lyth wood-hall,  in  the  same 
county. 

April  18.  At  Edmonton,  the  Rev.  Bobert 
Heap,  Incumbent  of  St.  James's  Church,  Walt* 
hamstow,  to  FJisa,  only  dau.  of  Thomas  Knight, 
esq.,  of  Edmonton. 

At  8utton,  Surrey,  Capt.  L.  H.  Dense,  Royal 
Horse  Artillery,  eldest  son  of  David  Denne,  esq., 
of  Lydd,  Kent,  to  Maria  Elizabeth,  second  dan. 
Of  the  late  Francis  Gosling,  esq. 

At  the  British  Embassy,  Paris,  Thomas  Sher- 
lock Gooch,  esq.,  Lieut.  Royal  Navy,  only  son  of 
Capt.  T.  L.  Gooch,  R.N.,  to  Catherine  Lydia 
Mackenzie,  third  dau.  of  the  late  John  James, 
esq.,  ft5th  Regt.  King's  Light  Infantry. 

April  19.  At  Melford,  Suffolk,  the  Rev.  Arthur 
Barnardiston,  third  son  of  N.  C.  Bernardtston, 
esq.,  of  the  Ryes,  near  8udbury,  to  Emma,  dau. 
of  Richard  Almack,  esq.,  of  Melford. 

April  90.  At  St.  John's  Episcopal  Chapel, 
Edinburgh,  Major  R.  J.  Hay,  R.A.,  second  son 
of  the  late  Admiral  Hay,  of  Belton,  Bast  Lothian, 
to  Georgina  Harvey,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late 
Sir  Alexander  Bamsay. 


1861,] 


571 


<®bitunt%. 


[Relative*  or  Friends  supplying  Memoirs  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  in 
order  that  a  Copy  of  the  GmrTLBiurt  Maoazot  containing  their  Communication* 
may  be  forwarded  to  them."] 


••■r 


LORD  LlLPOBJ). 

March  15.  At  Lilford  -  hall,  near 
Oundle,  aged  59,  Thomas  Alberton  Powys, 
Baron  Lilford,  of  Lilford,  co.  Northamp- 
ton. 

The  deceased  peer  was  the  eldest  of  the 
six  sons  of  Thomas,  second  Lord,  by  Hen- 
rietta Maria,  eldest  daughter  and  co-heir 
of  Robert  Atberton,  esq.,  of  Atherton-hall, 
Lancashire.  He  was  born  the  2nd  of  De- 
cember, 1801,  and  succeeded  to  the  title 
and  estntes  on  the  death  of  his  father  in 
July,  1825.  He  married,  the  24th  of  May, 
1830,  the  Hon.  Mary  Elizabeth  Fox, 
daughter  of  Henry  Richard,  third  Lord 
Holland,  and  sister  of  the  late  Lord.  By 
her  Ladyship,  who  survives  him,  he  leaves 
issue  four  sons  and  six  daughters.  He 
was  for  several  years  one  of  the  Lords  in 
Waiting,  and  is  succeeded  in  the  family 
honours  and  large  estates  in  Northamp- 
tonshire and  Lancashire  by  his  son,  the 
Hon.  Thomas  Lyttleton  Powys,  born  the 
18th  of  March,  1833,  and  married  in  1859 
to  Emma  Elizabeth,  youngest  daughter  of 
the  late  Robert  William  Brandling,  Esq,, 
of  Low  Qosforth,  Northumberland. 


Job*  Bbowv,  Esq^  F.R.G.S.,  F.R.8.N.A. 
Feb.  7.  At  his  house,  Scaleby-lodge, 
Camden-road,  aged  63,  John  Brown,  Esq., 
a  well-known  and  active  associate  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society. 

.  Mr.  Brown  was  in  many  respects  a  re- 
markable man.  He  was  mainly  self-taught, 
and  while  his  energy  led  him  to  success 
iu  almost  all  he  undertook,  his  integrity 
and  warm-heartedness  secured  him  many 
friends.  He  was  born  Aug.  2,  1797,  at 
Dover,  of  an  old  Kentish  family,  and 
chose  the  sea  as  a  profession;  and  in 
1811,  through  the  interest  of  Sir  John 


Jackson,  got  an  appointment  as  mid- 
shipman to  the  H.EJ.C.'s  ship  "  Surrey," 
Capt.  Beadle.  In  1813  he  removed  to 
the  H,E.I.C.'s  sbip  "  Scaleby  Castle,"  Capt. 
Harrington,  in  which  he  went  to  China, 
and  then  for  a  cruise  to  Ternate  and  the 
Spice  Islands,  the  particulars  of  which  he 
delighted  to  relate  in  after  life.  He  left 
this  ship  in  Nov.  1815.  After  that  period 
we  find  him  in  a  revenue  cutter,  and  sub- 
sequently in  the  merchant  service;  until, 
from  a  defect  in  his  eyesight,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  leave  the  sea  in  March,  1819. 
Thrown  thus  upon  the  world  at  the  age 
of  twenty-two,  without  a  calling,  we  find 
him  trying  many  pursuits,— among  others, 
that  of  assistant  to  a  surgeon.  Ultimately 
he  took  up  a  business,  that  of  wholesale 
goldsmith  and  diamond  merchant,  of  which 
in  the  outset  he  knew  positively  nothing, 
but  which  ultimately  led  him  to  compe- 
tency. Notwithstanding  the  cares  and 
intense  application  required  to  secure  a 
position,  be  made  the  friendship  of  many, 
including  the  artists  Etty,  Northcote,  and 
Hoggins,  and  also  of  the  Antarctic  pio- 
neer, James  WeddelL  In  1828  he  married. 

Amid  the  absorbing  nature  of  a  business 
vigorously  panned,  he  found  time  for  the 
study  of  geology,  mineralogy,  ethnology, 
and  especially  of  geography,  with  which 
he  afterwards  more  particularly  allied  him- 
self. Upon  the  decease  of  his  friend  Wed- 
dell,  he  zealously  endeavoured  to  preserve 
his  memory,  (vide  "Literary  Gazette,** 
March  10, 1839.)  as  his  great  merits  as  an 
explorer  had  certainly  not  been  then  ac- 
knowledged, and  an  encomium  upon  Mr. 
Brown's  enthusiasm  and  the  justice  of  hfa 
cause  was  passed  by  the  editor. 

In  1836  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
invited  opinion  on  the  best  means  of  de- 
ciding the  question  of  a  North-west  passage. 


572 


Obituary. — John  Brown,  Esq.,  F.R.G.S. 


[M»j, 


and  completing  the  survey  of  the  north 
coast  of  America.  Mr.  Brown  advanced 
his  opinions,  and  the  reasons  for  them,  on 
this  his  favourite  subject.  It  required 
the  influence  of  such  a  powerful  and  inde- 
pendent body  as  that  Society  to  present  to 

jthe  Government  the  concentrated  views 
and  opinions  of  most  men  of  science.  The 
result  was  the  expedition  of  the  "  Terror" 
under  Capt,  (now  Sir  George)  Back,  which, 
however,  was  destined  to  disappointment. 

,The  correspondence  with  the  president, 
Sir  John  Barrow,  led  to  Mr.  Brown's  pro- 
posal as  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographi- 
cal Society  by  Capt.  Washington,  R.N.,  in 

'1837.  In  1843  he  was  among  the  founders 
of  the  Ethnological  Society;  and  in  the 
same  year,  finding  that  his  late  friend, 
Capt.  Weddell's  family,  still  neglected, 
were  in  need  of  assistance,  he  earnestly 
took  their  case  in  hand.    He  wrote  to  Sir 

'Robert  Peel,  then  Prime  Minister,  stating 
their  claims  and  merits,  which  drew  forth 
the  following  considerate  reply : — 

"  March  25, 1843. 
"  Sib, — I  beg  leave  to  acknowledge  the 
receipt  of  your  letter  of  March  15th,  and 
I  thank  you  for  calling  my  attention  to 
'  the  unrequited  services  of  the  late  Mr. 
WeddelL    Sir  John  Barrow,  one  of  the 
.Secretaries  of  the  Admiralty,  has  fully 
.confirmed  your  testimony  of  his  merits. 
I  am  prepared  to  grant,  from  a  small 
fund  at  my  disposal,  pecuniary  aid  to  the 
-widow,  whom  you  mention,  should  it  be 
•  acceptable  to  her,  and  I  shall  be  happy  to 
have  it  in  my  power  to  place  her  son,  who 
Js  unemployed,  in  some  suitable  situation. 
But  my  powers  in  the  latter  respect  are 
'limited;  and  before  you  make  any  com- 
'  munication  to  the  family,  I  request  that 
'you  will  call  on  my  private  secretary,  Mr. 
.Stephenson,  in  Downing-street,  and  give 
him  whatever  information  you  are  possessed 
of  in  respect  to  age,  character,  and  quali- 
fications of  the  party. — I  am,  Sir,  your 
obedient  servant,  "  Bobt.  Pxsl." 

The  application  thus  courteously  met, 
procured  a  pension  for  the  widow,  and  an 
appointment,  with  a  donation,  to  the  son. 
Thus  Capt.  Weddell's  enterprise  was  fully 
acknowledged  through  Mr.  Brown's  zeal : 
his  voyage  to  the  Antarctic  regions  still 
.stands  unrivalled  as  being  the  result  of 
jprivate  enterprise. 

In  1847  he  had  some  communications 


with  the  Royal  Society  of  Northern  Anti- 
quaries of  Copenhagen,  and  in  1851  was 
unanimously  elected  a  membre  fomdateur 
of  that  body.  In  1852  a  singular  and 
unique  runic  inscription  of  the  tenth  or 
eleventh  century  was  found  on  the  south 
side  of  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  and  a  cast 
and  description  furnished  by  Mr.  Brown 
to  Professor  Rafn  made  the  subject  of 
a  very  interesting  memoir  by  that  learned 
man  in  1854. 

The  spirit  of  Arctic  enterprise,  after  the 
voyage  of  the  "  Terror,"  was  only  main- 
tained by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  till 
the  year  1845,  when  Sir  John  Franklin 
and  his  137  companions  started  on  that 
voyage  now  memorable  in  the  world's  his- 
tory. Up  to  this  period  these  Arctic  ex- 
peditions had  been  carried  on  without 
serious  casualty,  and  the  experience  gained 
had  not  only  enabled  our  countrymen  to 
contend  safely  against  the  tremendous 
climate  and  formidable  dangers  of  these 
ice-bound  regions,  but  even  to  substitute 
comfort  for  the  privations  formerly  en- 
dured. When,  however,  two  years  had 
passed  without  any  tidings  of  Sir  John, 
England  began  to  arouse  herself,  and  in 
January,  1848,  an  expedition  was  sent  to 
Behring's  Strait;  and  in  the  spring  the 
ill-fated  expedition  of  Sir  Jas.  Ross  was 
sent  on  its  fruitless  mission,  and  brought 
to  a  most  unfortunate  conclusion,  as  at 
this  time  a  large  portion  of  the  missing 
expedition  was  alive.  Conjecture  as  to 
the  position  of  the  missing  party  was  now 
forced  to  the  extent  of  human  ingenuity, 
and  every  quarter  of  the  compass  was 
boldly  advocated  as  the  proper  one  for 
search.  Mr.  Brown,  with  the  confidence 
of  careful  study  and  sound  reasoning,  en- 
deavoured to  confine  attention  to  the  pro- 
per limits  amid  this  confusion  of  ideas, 
and  on  Dec  9, 1850,  he  addressed  a  paper 
on  the  subject  to  Admiral  Smyth,  then 
President  of  the  Royal  Geographical  So- 
ciety, advocating  what  he  continued  firmly 
and  consistently  to  maintain  was  the  pro- 
per direction  for  search.  Mr.  Brown's 
view  was  a  very  simple  one :  it  was  that 
Franklin,  having  sailed  under  specific  in- 
structions first  to  sail  to  the  S.W.  from 
Cape  Walker,  that  in  that  direction  we 


1861.]        John  Brown,  Esq. — Francis  Danby,  Esq.,  R.A.  573 


ought  to  have  looked  for  him.  In  this  paper 
he  defined  the  area  in  which  the  expedi- 
tion was  ultimately  found.  Mr.  Brown's 
advice  seems  to  have  been  lost  amid  the 
confusion  of  ideas  which  then  prevailed, 
as  every  quarter  but  the  right  one  was 
well  searched. 

The  gigantic,  though  ill-directed,  efforts 
which  England  nobly  made  to  find  her 
missing  countrymen  in  the  subsequent 
years  are  familiar  to  everybody.  The 
indomitable  courage  and  fortitude,  the 
matchless  intrepidity  and  bold  emulation 
shewn  by  all  who  were  engaged,  will  make 
one  of  the  brightest  pages  in  England's 
history,  and  the  recitals  of  English  spirit, 
familiar  to  all  from  the  greatest  to  the 
humblest,  will  more  than  repay  the  na- 
tion for  its  cost.  Further,  it  was  the 
school  which  drew  forth  and  tested  the 
qualities  of  those  officers  who  afterwards 
so  well  distinguished  themselves  in  the 
Russian  and  Chinese  wars,  the  foremost  in 
those  having  been  in  the  van  of  Arctic 
enterprise.  During  all  this  period  of  en- 
tangled controversy,  Mr.  Brown  enjoyed 
the  friendship  of  most  of  the  Arctic  officers 
then  engaged  in  his  favourite  field  of  re- 
search, and  the  kindness  and  cordiality  of 
Lady  Franklin  and  those  who  were  aiding 
in  her  good  cause  gave  Mr.  Brown  much 
gratification ;  but  he  never  swerved  from 
his  first  opinion,  unexpectedly  verified  by 
the  return  of  his  friend,  Dr.  Rae,  in  Oc- 
tober, 1854. 

Fully  impressed  with  the  conviction 
that  the  enigma  was  not  even  then  com- 
pletely solved,  and,  moreover,  that  some 
of  the  ill-fated  expedition  might  still  sur- 
vive, Mr.  Brown  produced  his  well-known 
book,  "  The  North-west  Passage,  and  the 
Plans  for  the  Search  for  Sir  John  Franklin : 
a  Review,"  published  in  1858.  This  elabo- 
rate work,  a  risume*  of  all  that  had  been 
written  on  the  subject,  and  a  complete 
index  to  Arctic  bibliography,  had  for  its 
immediate  object  the  renewal  of  the  search 
for  part  of  the  expedition  still  unaccounted 
for,  as  "  while  the  area  to  which  they  were 
specially  directed  it  yet  unsearched,  the 
British  nation's  character  for  honour  and 
humanity  suffers."  It  is  a  very  singular 
fact  that  the  words  printed  in  italics  were 


then  literally  true,  and  have  only  been 
partially  qualified  since.  In  the  laborious 
digest  made  by  Mr.  Brown  of  what  was 
Jtnown,  and  notwithstanding  that  official 
evidence  appeared  to  disprove  the  possi- 
bility, he  argued  that  there  was  a  strait 
between  Prince  of  Wales'  Land  and  Vic* 
toria  Land,  and  marked  it  so  on  his  illus- 
trative chart,  and  that  it  was  down  this 
strait  that  the  "Erebus"  and  ''Terror" 
proceeded, — an  opinion  still  held  by  many* 
The  noble  expedition  sent  by  Lady  Frank- 
lin, under  Sir  L.  M'Clintock,  proved  that 
the  strait  thus  argued  for  and  marked  by 
Mr.  Brown  does  exist,  being,  in  fact,  that 
now  named  M'Clintock  Channel,  but  which 
ought  perhaps  to  have  Mr.  Brown's  name 
in  some  way  connected  with  it.  The 
news  brought  by  the  "  Fox"  also  proved 
the  ships  were  lost  and  abandoned  in  the 
area  marked  from  the  first  by  Mr.  Brown. 
,  The  work  was  very  favourably  reviewed, 
and,  among  others,  the  author  had  the 
gratification  of  receiving  a  complimentary 
letter  on  it  from  the  venerable  Humboldt, 
then  in  his  eighty-ninth  year,  and  one  of 
the  last  he  ever  penned.  A  second  edition 
of  his  "Review"  appeared  in  1860,  and 
accompanied  by  a  "Sequel"  bringing 
down  tye  information  to  that  period. 

Mr.  Brown  in  his  business  was  very  suc- 
cessful, and  in  the  prospect  of  enjoying 
his  competency  among  his  scientific  circle, 
when  he  lost  his  wife  in  1859,  and  after- 
wards his  failing  health  led  to  a  prema- 
ture decease,  to  the  great  regret  of  many 
who  valued  his  friendship.  He  leaves 
three  sons  and  two  daughters. 


Frutcis  Dabby,  Esq.*  R*A. 

Feb.  17.  At  Exmouth,  Francis  Danby, 
Esq.,  one  of  the  oldest  members  of  the 
Royal  Academy. 

Mr.  Danby  was  the  son  of  a  small 
farmer  near  Wexford,  and  his  first  pro- 
ductions were. exhibited  in  Dublin,. but  in 
1820  he  visited  London,  and  soon  became 
a  regular  exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
though  he  was  not  elected  an  Associate 
until  1835.  The  first  picture  he  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  was  called  "  Dis- 
appointed Lore." .  This  was  followed,  in 


674 


Obituary. — Dr.  Fronds  Adams. 


[May, 


1828,  by  "Warriors  of  the  Olden  Time 
Listening  to  their  MinstreL"  In  1824 
his  M8nnset  at  Sea  after  a  Storm"  ap- 
peared, and  his  reputation  was  estabhahed. 
The  picture  was  bought  by  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence,  who  immediately  became  the 
young  painter's  friend  and  patron.  His 
Subsequent  pictures  were  chiefly  in  the 
style  of  Martin,  whom,  however,  he  sur- 
passed  in  correctness  of  drawing  and  parity 
of  colour.  The  best  known  of  his  world 
are  "The  Delivery  of  Israel  out  of  Egypt;" 
'"The  Embarkation  of  Cleopatra  on  the. 
Cydnus,"  from  Shakespeare;  "The  Open- 
ing of  the  Seventh  Seal,'*  from  the  Apo- 
calypse (bought  by  Beekford);  "The 
Passage  of  the  Bed  Sea,"  and  "The 
Deluge."  AH  these  hare  been  engraved 
— some  of  them  several  times  over.  In 
1829  he  went  to  Switzerland,  wandered 
from  place  to  place,  and  did  not  return 
till  1841,  when  he  settled  in  Ezmonth. 
He  did  not  produce  any  picture  of  note 
either  during  his  absence  or  after  his  re- 
turn,  and  thus  he  had  almost  entirely 
faded  from  public  recollection  before  his 
death ;  but  his  two  sons,  J.  and  T.  Danby, 
are  rising  artists,  who  have  at  the  present 
day  several  meritorious  works  in  the  ex* 
hibition  at  the  British  Institution* 


supplied  the  French  stage,  but  through 
translations,  adaptations,  and  suggestions, 
the  stages  of  the  greater  part  of  Europe, 
and  especially  that  of  England. 


1L  EuoKin  Scum, 

•  Feb.  20.  At  Paris,  suddenly,  of  apo- 
plexy, aged  69,  M.  Eugene  Scribe,  a  very 
prolific  dramatic  writer. 

•  Augustiu  Eugene  Scribe  was  bom  at 
Paris,  Dec  »4,  1791.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  merchant,  from  whom  he  inherited  a 
considerable  fortune  at  a  very  early  age. 
His  first  studies  were  directed  to  the  law, 
but  his  dramatic  talent  was  so  strongly 
indicated,  that  his  guardian,  the  Advocate 
Bonnet,  recommended  him  to  abandon  the 
bar  for  the  stage  His  first  drama  was 
produced  in  conjunction  with  his  school- 
fellow, Germain  Delavigne.  It  was  en- 
titled "  The  Dervise,"  and  was  performed 
in  1811  with  great  applause.  His  course 
lias  been  equally  successful  ever  since,  and 
the  number  of  his  productions  is  very 
great ;  of  course  also  they  are  of  very  dif- 
ferent degrees  of  meajt.    He  has  not  only 


"  Scribes  productions,"  says  a  writer  in 
Knight's  "  tyclopadfa,"  "are  of  a  peculiar 
character.  He  is  by  no  means  a  dramatic 
poet;  though  he  possesses  facility  of  in- 
vention, it  is  shewn  more  in  the  clever 
development  of  his  plots  than  in  the  ima- 
gining of  the  higher  and  nobler  descrip- 
tion of  character.  Where  he  has  attempted 
this  he  has  iVded.  His  distinguishing 
merits  are  a  remarkable  ingenuity  and  in- 
exhaustible vai-iety  in  the  construction  of 
his  plots,  a  lightness  and  ease  in  their  d*» 
velopmenfc,  the  conversational  fluency  and 
point  of  his  dialogue,  and  a  coiTect  concep- 
tion and  vigorous  delineation  of  cliaracter 
in  what  may  be  called  the  outside  circles 
of  civilised— or  rather  Parisian— life.  In 
bis  operas,  for  many  of  which  he  baa  pro* 
duced  librettos,  he  lias  well  adapted  bis 
language  to  the  music,  but,  as  we  have 
said  of  his  other  writings,  he  does  not 
reach — probably  be  does  not  aim  at — the 
poetical.  His  success  has  been  not  leas 
than  his  industry,  and  be  is  said  to  have 
received  immense  sums  for  many  of  his 
pieces,  and  to  have  realised  considers!  la 
wealth.  It  would  not  be  easy  to  enu- 
merate all  his  pieces,  and  many  of  them, 
vaudevilles  especially,  were  originally  is- 
sued under  assumed  names;  but  among 
those  by  which  he  will  be  known  to  Eng- 
lish readers,  we  may  mention  '  Le  Comte 
Ory,'  'Le  plus  beau  Jour  de  ma  Vie/ 
•La  Muette  de  PorticV  «Fra  Diavolo/ 
'Robert  le  DiaUie/  *Les  Diamans  de  la 
Couronne,'  'Bertrand  et  Baton,'  «La 
Verre  d'Eau,'  all  of  which,  as  well  as 
numerous  others,  have  been  reproduced  at 
English  theatres.  A  selection  from  his 
works  was  published  in  1845,  in  seven 
volumes,  and  a  romance  of  his  has  been 
translated  and  published  in  England,  called 
<  The  Victim  of  the  Jesuits.' " 


Ds.  Pbakoib  Adaxs. 

JFeb.  26.  At  Banchory  Ternan,  aged 
64,  Dr.  Francis  Adams,  well  known  as  the 
translator  of  Paulus  iEgineta. 

The  deceased  was  born  in  the  year  1797, 
at  Lumphanun,  in  Aberdeenshire,  of  hum- 
ble parentage,  but  his  friends  managed  to 
support  him  for  a  time  at  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.,  after  which  he  adopted  medicine  as 
his  profession,  and  at  length  he  established 


J861.]     Obituary.— Dr.  F.  Adams.^Rev.  Dr.  G.  Oliver.  675 

himielf  in  the  then  Tillage  of  Banchory,  strument  to  him  j  and  physiology  formed 

where  the  remainder  of  his  life  was  passed,  a  large  part  of  his  study.     He  was  a 

He  had,  while  at  college,  been  remarkable  very  frequent  contributor  to  the  medical 

for  his  classical  attainments,  and  ere  he  journals  on  various  professional  subjects, 

graduated  he  published  a  tasteful  English  and  it  was  only  a  weak  before  his  death 

version  of  Musaras.    In  the  intervals  that  that  a  paper  of  his  appeared  in  the  "  Medi* 

he  could  snatch  from  a  most  laborious  cal  Times,"  proving  that  it  was  a 


country  practice  he  studied  deeply  the  to  hold  the  newly -got -up  Turkish  bath 

works  of  the  Greek  physicians,  and  he  as  identical  with  the  ancient  Roman  bath, 

worked  assiduously  to  bring  them  to  the  as  many  would-be-learned  people  are  doing, 

notice  of  the  profession.    This  he  found  He  was  a  good  naturalist  in  all  its  de* 

could  only  be  done  by  translation,  and  he,  pertinents;   and  the  pleasant  paper  he 

for  this  purpose,  fixed  on  Paulas  JSgineta,  read  at  the  late  meeting  of  the  British 


a  physician  of  the  sixth  or  seventh  cen-  Association  at  Aberdeen  shewed  that,  when 
tury,  as  one  who  had  incorporated  in  his  riding  over  the  hills  or  by  the  brook  side, 
work  all  the  best  portions  of  his  prede-  or  making  his  way  by  some  near  cut 
cessors'  labours,  and  who  would  therefore  through  the  wood,  his  eyes  and  his  ears 
give  the  best  idea  of  ancient  medicine,  were  open,  and  the  feathered  tribe  of  his 
He  published  the  first  volume  of  a  trans-  much-loved  Deeside,  and  all  the  living 
lation  of  this  author,  but  it  was  not  renin-  things  humming  and  singing  and  moving 
nerative,  and  the  work  was  not  continued,  around  him,  were  his  companions,  and 
Some  years  after,  the  Sydenham  Society  their  habits  his  study.  His  career  affords 
Was  formed,  for  the  publication  of  rare  *  valuable  fgamplA^  With  much  to  strug- 
and  valuable  medical  works,  and  one  of  gle  against  in  early  life,  and  with  a  most 
their  earliest  acts  was  to  bring  out  the  laborious  profession  to  follow  for  his  daily 
translation  of  Paulus  JSgineta  by  Dr.  bread,  he  yet  was  enabled,  by  the  exercise 
Adams.  It  was  published  in  three  volumes,  of  real  genius  and  untiring  industry,  to 
including  the  commentary  by  the  editor,  place  himself  in  the  front  rank  of  the 
the  latter  being  a  lasting  monument  of  most  eminent  scholars  in  Scotland. 
Dr.  Adams'  vast  erudition  and  intimate  •__ 
acquaintance  with  the  whole  field  of  Greek  ♦ 
and  Latin  literature.  A  translation  of  RlT.  Db.  Gbobgb  Olttib. 
Hippocrates  for  the  same  Society  followed;  March  23.  At  St.  Nicholas  Priory, 
and  then  one  of  Aretauis,  the  latter,  how-  Exeter,  aged  80,  the  Rev.  George  Oliver, 
ever,  being  accompanied  with  a  corrected  D.D.,  for  more  than  fifty-three  years  a 
edition  of  the  original  text,  in  the  pre-  resident  in  that  city, 
paring  of  which  Dr.  Adams  spent  much  Dr.  Oliver  was  born  at  Newington 
time  and  trouble  visiting  the  Bodleian  Butts,  London,  on  Feb.  9,  1781,  and 
Library  at  Oxford,  and  also  the  library  of  received  his  education  at  Sedgley  Park, 
the  eccentric  Mr.  Phillips,  the  greatest  and  Stonyhurst  College,  in  which  latter 
book  collector  in  Britain,  perhaps  in  establishment  he  taught  Humanities  for 
Europe,  for  the  purpose  of  collating  some  five  years.  In  May,  1806,  he  was  ad- 
obscure  and  disputed  passages.  mitted  to  holy  orders  by  Dr.  Gibson, 
It  was  not,  however,  simply  as  a  scholar  Bishop  of  Acanthus,  at  Durham ;  and  in 
that  Dr.  Adams  was  held  in  esteem.  As  October,  1807,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
a  medical  practitioner,  whether  in  surgery  Roman  Catholic  Mission  in  Exeter,  where 
or  medicine,  he  was  highly  distinguished,  he  continued  to  discharge  the  duties  of 
and  few  surgeons,  not  connected  with  a  his  office  for  forty-fire  years,  enjoying 
hospital,  have  operated  oftener,  or  done  during  that  lengthened  period  the  warm 
so  with  more  boldness,  coolness,  and  sue-  regard  of  those  of  his  own  faith,  and 
cess.  He  was  equally  at  home  in  modi-  the  high  esteem  of  his  fellow  -citisens 
cine  and  its  collateral  sciences.  The  of  every  other  denomination.  His  ser- 
modern  microscope  was  no  unknown  in-  vices  in  Exeter  during  the  visitation  of 


576 


Obituary. — Rev.  Dr.  George  Oliver. 


jlfcqr, 


the  cholera  in  1832  will  not  be  soon  or 
easily  forgotten.    In  1844,  without  his 
knowledge,  the  degree  of  D.D.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  Pope  Gregory  XVI, 
Dr.  Oliver  is,  however,  more  generally 
known  in  the  field  of  antiquarian   re- 
search ;  and  his  various  publications  con* 
nected  with  the  western  counties  remain 
as  monuments  of  painstaking  research  and 
practical  ability;   nor  should  it  be  for- 
gotten that  these  labours  were  commenced 
at  a  time  when  but  slight  attention  was 
bestowed  on  archaeological  studies.    The 
doctor's  first  work  was  "Historical  Col- 
lections relating  to  the  Monasteries  of 
Devon,"  8voM  1820;  which  was  followed,' 
in  1821,  by  "The  History  of  Exeter."  In 
1828  appeared  " Cliffordiana,"  for  an  ex- 
tended edition  of  which  we  believe  the 
author  had  made  large  collections;  and 
during  the  same  year,  in  conjunction  with 
the  late  Rev.  J.  P.  Jones,  of  North  Bovey, 
Dr.  Oliver  published  "The  Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities  of  Devon  and  Cornwall," — a 
series  of  papers  first  contributed  to  the 
"Exeter  and  Plymouth  Gazette,"  under 
the  signatures  of  "  Curiosus"  and  "  Devoni- 
ensis :"  this  work  was  subsequently  en- 
larged -and  published  by  Dr.  Oliver,  in 
3  vols.,  8voM  1840-2.    Id  1838  the  Doctor 
first  printed  a  volume  of  "  Collections  to- 
wards Illustrating  the  Biography  of  the 
English,  Irish,  and  Scottish  Members  of 
the  Society  of  Jesus;"  only  a  small  im- 
pression was  however  printed,  and  the  work 
was  subsequently  reprinted  with  large  ad- 
ditions, and  some  alterations,  (London, 
1845).    This  volume  embodies  much  cu- 
rious and  interesting  information,  and  is 
less  known  than  it  deserves  to  be.    The 
work  by  which  Dr.  Oliver  has  acquired  the 
most  extended  reputation  is  the  MonasH- 
con  Dkeceris  Exomentit,  folio,  1846;  and 
this  was  rendered  more  complete  by  an 
additional  supplement,  printed  in  1854. 
Without  this  volume,  the  possessors  of  Sir 
H.  Ellis  and  Dr.  Bandinel's  edition  of  the 
Moncu&icon  may  still  consider  their  libra- 
ries incomplete.    In  1857  Dr.  Oliver  pub- 
lished "Collections  towards  Illustrating 
the  History  of  the  Catholic  Religion  in 
the  Western  Counties,  Historical  and  Bio- 
graphical."   In  the  latter  portion  of  this 

12 


volume,  the  author  gives  a  short  biogra- 
phical notice  of  himself,  adding,  "He  can 
truly  say  that  his  only  ambition  is,  that 
his  name  may  be  written  in  the  book  of 
]ih,—quodfaxit  Drt»." 

During  the  latter  years  of  his  life,  Dr. 
Oliver  was  actively  engaged  in  writing 
the  history  of  the  cathedral  and  city  of 
Exeter,  on  an  extended  scale.  The  first 
portion  of  the  work,  comprising  the  "Lives 
of  the  Bishops  and  History  of  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Exeter,"  appeared  only  a  short 
time  before  his  lamented  decease,  and  we 
believe  that  the  "Civil  History  of  the 
City"  will  shortly  be  issued  as  a  companion 
volume.  In  a  note  addressed  to  the  writer 
of  this  notice  in  March,  1859,  the  worthy 
Doctor  writes, — 

"I  continue  very  busy  with  my  civil 
history  of  this  city,  to  which  I  shall  add 
a  biography  of  its  worthies,  but  I  am  an 
old  man  now,  in  my  79th  year,  and  may 
not  witness  its  completion.  God's  holy  will 
be  done." 

Among  other  literary  labours,  Dr.  Oliver 
contributed  for  many  years  a  valuable 
aeries  of  letters,  under  the  signature 
"Curiosus,"  to  the  columns  of  the  "  Exeter 
Flying  Post."  He  also  edited  a  small 
volume,  "  Merrye  Englaunde ;  or,  The 
Golden  Dayes  of  Good  Queene  Bess ;"  and 
his  name  stands  first  as  one  of  the  three 
editors  of  "  Westcote's  Survey  of  Devon," 
first  printed  in  1845;  with  his  friend, 
Mr.  Pitman  Jones,  he  compiled  a  History 
of  Exeter  Guildhall  in  1845 ;  and  he  ren- 
dered valuable  aid  to  Mr.  Ralph  Barnes 
in  the  editorship  of  Bishop  Lacy's  Liber 
Pontifical*,  8vo„  1847. 

Dr.  Oliver's  last  illness  was  of  short 
duration ;  on  the  19th  of  March  he  was 
seized  with  paralysis,  and  on  the  23rd  he 
passed  from  among  us,  and  entered  into 
his  rest.  It  is  not  a  little  singular  that 
the  day  before  his  seizure  a  report  was 
circulated  in  Exeter  of  his  sudden  decease. 
On  several  of  his  friends  repairing  to  his 
house  to  make  enquiries,  they  were  received 
by  the  Doctor,  (who  always  enjoyed  a  little 
pleasantry,)  and  who  assured  them,  on  his 
word  as  a  Catholic  divine,  that  he  was 
neither  dead  nor  speechless,  and  that  they 
might  take  the  assurance  in  the  plain 


1861.] 


Obituabt. — Mr.  John  Pface,  qf  Bristol. 


577 


literal  meaning  of  the  words,  there  being 
neither  mental  reservation  nor  any  desire 
to  paas  himself  off  felsel y  as  a  man  still 
living. 

His  funeral,  which  took  place  on 
April  2,  was  attended  by  many  desirous 
of  paying  the  last  token  of  respect  to  one 
they  had  long  and  worthily  loved.  His 
mortal  remains  lie  interred  near  the  high 
altar  in  the  chapel  he  served  so  long  and 
so  faithfully ;  but  his  amiable  and  Christian 
character  will  long  survive  in  the  memories 
of  his  friends,  and  few  names  will  remain 
more  pleasingly  connected  with  the  past 
history  of  Exeter  than  that  of  George 
Oliver. 


Mb.  Johh  Peace,  op  Bristol. 
March  28.  At  his  residence  on  Durd- 
ham-down,  aged  75,  Mr.  John  Peace,  for 
many  years  City  Librarian  of  Bristol. 

"  Many  of  our  readers,"  says  "  Felix  Par- 
ley's Journal,"  —  "certainly  the  general 
public,  will  ask  what  there  was  remarkable 
io  Mr.  Peace  that  calls  for  a  special  notice 
from  the  pen  of  the  local  journalist.  We 
answer  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word, 
nothing  remarkable;  for  if  there  was  one 
man  more  than  another  unostentatious, 
undemonstrative,  and  retiring,  almost  to 
a  degree  of  shyness,  it  was  John  Peace. 
He  bad  a  few  intimate  attached  friends, 
but  his  fellow-citizens  generally  he  did  not 
know,  neither  did  they  know  him.  Still, 
in  the  little  circle  in  which  he  moved  for 
many  years,  and  the  members  of  which 
regarded  the  upright,  amiable,  and,  we 
might  say,  studious  hermit  with  affection, 
were  Southey,  and  Wordsworth,  and  Cole- 
ridge, whom  he  had  known  when  they 
were  struggling  into  literary  fame,  and  were 
frequent  visitors,  and  even  sojourners  in 
this  city;  and  who  in  after  time,  when 
they  were  in  the  fulness  of  their  reputa- 
tion, never  came  into  the  west  of  England 
without  calling  at  the  Library  in  King- 
street,  and  speuding  some  time  with  their 
old  friend. 

"  Mr.  Peace,  however,  was  not  merely 
the  friend  of  authors,  but  an  author  him- 
self. We  are  not  aware  that  he  ever 
wrote  more  than  one  book,  but  that  has 
an  excellence  sufficient  to  make  the  lite- 
rary reputation  of  any  man.  With  cha- 
racteristic modesty — we  might  say  shy- 
ness— Mr.  Peace  never  placed  his  name 
on  the  title-page  of  *  An  Apology  for  Ca- 
thedral Service'  (1839),  wUich  he  dedi- 

Gskt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


cated  to  Wordsworth,  but  it  was  well 
known,  even  at  the  time,  that  the  writer 
was  the  regular  and  decorous  worshipper 
at  our  old  College,  the  quiet,  thoughtful 
attendant  who.  for  many  years,  was  never 
missed  at  either  of  the  Sunday  services 
from  his  place  in  the  stalls  by  the  side  of 
the  bishop's  throne.  We  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  saying  that  a  book  written  in  more 
beautiful  or  true  spirit,  or  shewing  a  juster 
appreciation  and  understanding  of  the  pro- 
per application  of  music  to  the  worship  of 
God,  we  have  never  read.  It  is  a  specimen 
of  the  best '  English  undented,'  such  Eng- 
lish as  his  friend  Southey  delighted  to 
read  and  write  in ;  it  is  learned  without 
pretension,  and  there  breathes  throughout 
its  pages  a  tone  of  harmonious  piety,  like 
the  subdued  music  of  the  old  organ  he 
loved  to  listen  to.  Indeed,  the  character 
of  the  '  Apology'  and  its  author  are  best 
and  most  happily  described  by  the  late 
Professor  Walmisley,  in  his  *  History  of 
Cathedral  Musio'  (1845)— a  book  of  great 
ability  and  justly  high  authority,  reprinted 
in  an  enlarged  form  from  the  '  British  and 
Foreign  Review.'  The  Doctor  plainly 
enough  indicated  who  the  writer  of  the 
'  Apology'  was  in  the  following : — 

"•The  «*  Apology  for  the  Cathedral 
Service"  is  written  by  a  man  of  whose 
class  and  character  we  did  not  think  there 
was  a  living  example.  He  has  the  feelings, 
the  spirit,  almost  the  language  of  George 
Herbert,  "who  made,  twiee  a  week,  a 
thankful  pilgrimage  from  Bemerton  to 
Salisbury  for  the  sake  of  enjoying  the 
cathedral  service,  which,  when  well  and 
reverently  performed,"  adds  the  author  of 
the  "Apology,"  "is  one  of  the  purest 
feasts  to  be  enjoyed  on  earth.  ...  He 
enters  upon  these  musings  with  no  hostile 
feelings  towards  any  part  of  the  universal 
Church,  but  surely  with  especial  love  for 
that  branch  of  it  which  God's  own  right 
hand  hath  planted,  and  which  hath  been 
watered  with  the  dew  of  His  blessing  in 
this  most  favoured  kingdom."  The  author 
of  this  unpretending  volume  must  surely 
dwell  under  the  shadow  of  the  cathedral — 
perhaps  the  quiet  inmate  of  some  library, 
for  his  knowledge  of  books  is  large  and 
general.  There  is  such  a  holy  calm,  such 
unaffected  piety,  such  Christian  seal  per- 
vading the  work,  that  no  dignitary  of  the 
Church  but  might  envy  the  spirit  that 
could  prompt  and  the  taste  that  could 
utter  language  so  pure  and  so  eloquent. 
This  work,  like  that  of  Mr.  Latrobe,  has 
excited  little  attention;  the  clamorous 
pulpiteers  and  conflicting  partisans  in  the 
Church  have  no  sympathy  with  such  a 
writer,  and  we  never  remember  to  have 

4a 


578       Obituary. — Mr.  John  Peace.— Mr.  John  Tayleure.    [May, 


seen  the  <(  Apology"  mentioned  or  quoted, 
except  by  Mr.  Jebb  and  the  author  of  the 
«•  Choral  Service." ' 

"  Mr.  Peace's  book  fully  justifies  all 
that  is  here  said  of  it ;  yet  even  this  high 
praise,  and  the  encomiums,  equally  warm, 
subsequently  bestowed  upon  it  by  other 
and  leading  reviews,  could  never  induce 
the  shy  and  studious  man  to  emerge  from 
his  incognito  and  privacy  among  the  old 
black  oak  shelves  and  black-lettered  books 
in  the  ancient  City  Library,  founded* '  ad- 
joining the  wall  of  Bristol,'  by  the  lettered 
munificence  of  Archbishop  Matthews.  John 
Peace  never  had  his  name  printed  In  the 
rubricated  title  of  the  work  issued  from 
Bonn's  press. 

"Mr.  Peace,  who  was  a  BristoHan, — 
and  had  two  brothers  respectable  trades- 
men in  Bristol, — succeeded  the  Rev.  — 
Carter,  of  Bathampton,  as  keeper  of  the 
City  Library,  and  continued  in  the  pott 
until  the  separation  of  the  Bristol  and 
City  Libraries,  previously  held  under  one 
roof,  when  the  former  was  removed  to  the 
top  of  Park-street,  and  the  latter  became 
a  perfectly  '  Free'  Library,  and  was  com* 
mitted  by  the  Corporation  to  the  care  of 
Mr.  Pryce,  its  present  active  and  intelli- 
gent superintendent.  Mr.  Peace  then 
retired  from  the  old  house  in  King-street, 
not  without  a  pang  at  leaving  his  ancient 
tomes,  which,  like  household  gods,  had 
surrounded  him  with  their  familiar  bind- 
ings for  so  many  years;  seated  in  the 
midst  of  which,  and  at  the  massive  oak 
reading-table,  under  the  beautiful  and 
elaborate  mantel-piece,  carved  by  Grinling 
Gibbons,  he  felt  happy  and  tranquil,  with- 
out a  moment's  feeling  of  envy  for  the 
wealthier  lot  of  those  rich  traders  whose 
wagons  of  merchandise  rolled  by  the  li- 
brary from  morning  till  night. 

"The  librarian  was  a  perfect  type  of 
the  old  Church  and  King  man,  some  would 
call  him  in  these  days  a  '  fossil  Tory ;'  yet, 
strange  to  say,  for  thirty  years  he  never 
read  a  newspaper,  having  made  a  promise 
to  himself  that,  considering  the  time  de- 
voted to  such  ephemeral  reading  wasted, 
he  would  husband  his  hours  for  more  solid 
study.  The  old  bachelor  indeed  was  not 
without  his  peculiarities,  and  this  was  one 
of  them;  still,  somehow  he  contrived  to 
be  acquainted  with  the  progress  of  public 
matters ;  for  though  he  would  not  read  it, 
he  was  never  above  hearing  the  news  from 
some  friend  who  would  look  in  for  a  daily 
chat  with  him.  Mr.  Peace  bad  attained 
at  the  time  of  his  death  the  '  allotted  age' 
of  threescore  and  ten,  and  for  some  years 
resided  in  a  pretty  cottage  on  the  skirts 
of  the  Downs,  whose  sylvan  beauties  he 


enjoyed  in  his  own  thoughtful,  simple  way, 
on  the  principle,  perhaps,  of  the  motto 
which  he  prefixes  to  the  first  chapter  of 
his  'Apology,'  'God  made  the  country, 
and  man  made  the  town.'  We  cannot, 
perhaps,  more  appropriately  close  our  no- 
tice of  the  late  librarian  than  by  copying 
the  last  page  of  his  work  on  cathedral 
service : — 

" '  Seeing  the  incertitude  of  all  human 
knowledge  and  science — what  shadows  we 
are,  and  what  shadows  we  pursue — how 
great  is  the  privilege  of  being  called  daily 
to  listen  to  the  oracles  of  truth  itself !  to 
find  a  sanctuary  for  ever  open,  whither 
we  may  find  a  refuge  from  that  tumult  of 
the  world,  in  which  so  great  a  portion  of 
mankind  is  involved,  and  where  we  may 
breathe  on  earth  the  air  of  paradise !  Who 
shall  set  bounds  to  the  blessed  conse- 
quences that  would  follow  from  there 
being  assembled  in  each  of  our  cities,  as 
often  as  the  sun  rises  and  sets,  a  large 
congregation  of  devout  worshippers,  drawn 
to  God's  house  by  the  solemn  and  dignified 
performance  of  a  service  established  there 
for  His  honour?  The  effect  would  not 
be  confined  to  the  place,  nor  to  the  hour  of 
prayer.  It  would  be  expansive.  There  is 
nothing  to  forbid  the  hope  that  such  wor- 
shippers, upon  leaving  the  temple,  might 
carry  into  society  at  large  some  portion  of 
that  benign  influence  which  came  over 
them  upon  entering  it,  when  as  yet  all 
lips  were  closed,  and  they  were  only  ad- 
monished by  its  eloquent  silence : — 

Hark !  how  the  sacred  calm  that  breathes  around 
Bids  every  fierce  tumultuous  passion  cease ; 

In  still  small  accents  whispering  from  the  ground , 
A  grateful  earnest  of  eternal  peace  1' " 


Mb.  John  Taylxtob. 

March  28.  In  Adelaide-street,  Strand, 
aged  79,  Mr.  John  Tayleure,  picture  and 
print-seller.    , 

Mr.  Tayleure  was  born  at  Pontefract  in 
Yorkshire  on  the  26th  of  March,  1782. 
At  an  early  age  he  was  initiated  in  the 
drama,  and  in  1807  he  was  engaged  at  the 
Liverpool  Theatre,  where,  and  at  Manches- 
ter, he  continued  for  fourteen  years,  and 
became  a  very  popular  favourite.  The 
characters  he  performed  were  such  as  were 
personated  by  Liston,  Emery,  and  Fawell 
in  London,  and  he  was  particularly  suc- 
cessful as  Baillie  Nicol  Jarvie.  In  1821 
he  was  engaged  by  Mr.  Morris  for  the  new 
Haymarket  Theatre,  where  he  made  his 
first  appearance  as  Acres  in  the  "Rivals. 


>» 


1661.] 


Obituary. — W.  Patrick,  Esq.,  W.S. 


579 


He  was  afterwards  engaged  at  Drury- 
kne  and  the  Lyceum,  where  he  was 
the  original  representative  of  Kiilian  in 
Weber's  Opera  of  Der  Freischutz. 
'  About  thirty  years  ago  he  commenced 
business  as  a  printseller  in  the  house  in 
which  he  died,  and  after  a  few  years  he 
entirely  relinquished  the  stage,  and  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  fine  arts,  to 
which  he  had  been  attached  from  boyhood. 
He  was  curious  not  only  in  prints,  but  in 
paintings  and  autographs,  and  obtained  a 
considerable  share  of  the  patronage  of 
collectors.  He  retained  to  his  advanced 
age  not  only  the  faculties  of  his  mind,  but 
the  full  possession  of  his  vocal  powers, 
particularly  in  his  favourite  song,  "The 
Birks  of  Aberfeldie." 

He  married  in  1821  Miss  Grant,  of  the 
Liverpool  Theatre,  who  was  engaged  with 
him  at  the  Haymarket,  where  she  was 
well  known  to  the  play -going  public  as  a 
Clever  "old  maid."  At  the  Lyceum  they  were 
very  successful  as  Tag  and  Miss  Pickle,  in 
the  duet  of  "  Oh  thou  wert  born  to  please 
me!"  There  is  a  picture  of  him  in  this 
character,  painted  by  Clint,  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Earl  of  Liverpool,  for  which 
the  late  Earl  paid  the  artist  1,100 
guineas. 

Mrs.  Tayleure  survives  her  husband, 
without  children.  He  lived  and  died  much 
respected,  as  an  honest  and  upright  man. 


W.  Patbick,  Esq^  W.S. 

Feb.  28.  In  Albany-street,  Edinburgh, 
aged  91,  William  Patrick,  Esq.,  of  Bough- 
wood,  Ayrshire,  Writer  to  the  Signet,  one 
of  the  oldest  members  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession in  Scotland. 

The  deceased  was  the  youngest  son  of 
Mr.  John  Patrick,  of  Trearne,  in  Ayrshire. 
At  an  age  much  earlier  than  usual  he  en- 
tered the  University  of  Glasgow.  Among 
his  contemporaries  were  the  late  Lord 
Corehouse,  Thomas  Thompson,  Principal 
Clerk  of  Session,  and  Principal  Macfar- 
lane — all  of  whom  he  survived.  After 
finishing  with  honour  his  studies  at  that 
University,  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where 
he  became  an  apprentice  to  the  late  David 
Stewart,  Esq*,  W.S.,  of  Stewarthall,  an£ 


afterwards  succeeded  to  his  business.  Mr. 
Patrick  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Writers  to  the  Signet  June  28, 
1793,  and  continued  until  within  the  last 
ten  or  fifteen  years  in  the  active  practice 
of  his  profession.  At  the  period  of  his 
decease  he  had  been  sixty-eight  years  a 
member,  and  then  stood  at  the  head  of 
the  list,  as  the  father  of  the  Society.  He 
studied  carefully,  whilst  young,  the  prin- 
ciples of  Scottish  law  under  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Hume.  With  the  benefits  of  the 
practical  experience  acquired  during  his 
apprenticeship,  united  with  the  faculties 
of  untiring  application,  a  quick  appre- 
hension, a  powerful  intellect,  a  sound 
judgment,  and  a  wonderful  memory,  Mr. 
Patrick  began  the  battle  of  life,  more  than 
seventy  years  ago,  with  every  prospect  of 
success. 

Nor  were  those  prospects  doomed  to 
be  disappointed.  His  business  rapidly  in- 
creased, through  the  singular  energy, 
skill,  and  capacity  which  he  displayed. 
In  addition  to  much  private  business,  as 
well  as  a  large  ordinary  court  practice,  he 
acquired  a  large  business  of  a  special  kind, 
arising  out  of  the  questions  raised  at  the 
Michaelmas  Head  Courts  among  free- 
holders, relative  to  the  validity  of  the 
votes  made  up.  This  was  before  the  pass- 
sing  of  the  Reform  Act  in  1832.  For 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  was 
employed  by,  and  acted  as  the  agent  of, 
the  Liberal  party  in  the  county  of  Ren- 
frew. His  conveyancing  skill  was  of  the 
greatest  service  to  the  party  for  whom  he 
acted;  and  it  was  universally  conceded 
that  in  this  walk  of  his  profession  he  had 
no  superior. 

The  following  tribute  is  paid  to  Mr. 
Patrick's  character  by  a  writer  in  an 
Ayrshire  paper :— "  Distinguished  by  un- 
common ability,  no  less  than  by  unsullied 
integrity,  he  enjoyed  a  most  extensive 

Eractice,  and  by  the  constant  exercise  of 
is  great  talents  for  so  extended  a  period 
of  time,  it  is  no  wonder  that  he  realized 
a  large  fortune.  A  great  portion  of  it 
was  iuvested  in  the  purchase  of  several 
landed  estates.  The  same  energy  and 
skill  which  distinguished  him  in  his  pro- 
fession he  likewise  exhibited  in  the  many 
judicious  improvements  he  made  upon  his 
properties.    He  was  well  acquainted  with 


580 


Obituary.— #r.  Francis  Macpherson. 


[May, 


practical  agriculture,  and  with  the  various 
and  improved  systems  of  cropping  and 
dairy  management.  He  early  adopted 
and  promoted  the  system  of  tile-draining, 
and  judiciously  sheltered  his  lands  with 
plantations. 

"  The  integrity  of  his  character  was  at- 
tacked at  a  late  period  of  his  life  in  a 
vexatious  lawsuit.  The  case  was  proven 
to  have  had  no  foundation,  hut  the  waut 
of  facts  was  attempted  to  be  supplied  by 
unmeasured  abuse.  The  mark  was  clearly 
overshot.  The  abuse  was  overlaid.  The 
judge  held,  with  respect  to  the  course  of 
conduct  pursued  towards  him,  that  he  had 
been  exposed  to  a  '  persecution'  that  was 
'relentless/  to  'aspersions'  that  were  'un- 
founded/ and  to  litigation  that  was  'most 
unjustifiable/  Not  only  so,  but  the  feel* 
ing  of  indignation  in  the  west  of  Scot- 
land was  so  great,  that  an  address  was 
p  rented  to  him,  congratulating  him  on 
»  successful  termination  of  the  suit,  and 
ei^i .  «sing  the  deepest  respect  for  his  cha- 
racter, private  worth,  and  public  useful- 
ness. This  address  had  above  a  hundred 
names  appended  to  it.  It  included  the 
name  of  the  Lord -Lieutenant  of  the 
county  of  Ayr,  the  members  of  Parlia- 
ment for  the  counties  of  Ayr,  Renfrew, 
and  Bute,  a  great  many  landed  proprie- 
tors, gentlemen,  and  private  and  pro- 
fessional friends  and  acquaintances." 

Though  no  public  speaker  or  hustings 
politician,  Mr.  Patrick  was  a  man  of  large 
and  philanthropic  mind,  and  he  has  be- 
queathed no  less  than  10,0002.  in  aid  of 
various  charitable  and  educational  institu- 
tions in  various  parts  of  Ayrshire  and  in 
Edinburgh.  He  also  raised  a  monument 
in  Ayrshire  at  his  own  expense  to  the 
Scottish  patriot  chief,  and  gave  a  hand- 
some contribution  to  the  Wallace  monu- 
ment recently  erected  near  Stirling. — 
Law  Times, 


Mb.  Frakcis  Macphibson. 

March  80.  In  King  William-street, 
West  Strand,  aged  about  65,  Mr.  Francis 
Macpherson,  bookseller  and  publisher. 

The  deceased  gentleman  was  born  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Aberdeen,  about  the 
year  1795.  He  entered  the  Royal  Navy 
at  an  early  age,  in  which  he  served  for 
some  time  as  secretary's  clerk  to  the  late 
Rear-Admiral  Sir  Harry  Burrard  Neale, 
Bart.,  then  second  in  command  of  the 


Channel  Fleet.  He  saw  some  active  ser- 
vice in  the  blockading  squadron  before 
Brest,  but  being  paid  off  at  the  peace  of 
1814,  he  changed  his  plans  of  life,  and  re- 
solved to  enter  upon  business  as  a  book- 
seller in  London, 

With  this  view  he  entered  the  house  of 
Mr.  Cuthell,  the  well-known  classical 
bookseller  in  Holborn,  whose  business  he 
managed  for  many  years,  and  whom  he 
eventually  succeeded  on  his  retirement. 
Here  he  gained  an  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  various  editions  of  the  ancient 
classics — a  department  in  the  bookselling 
business  in  which  he  was  equalled  by  few, 
and  certainly  excelled  by  none.  It  was 
the  acknowledged  soundness  of  his  in- 
formation upon  classical  literature  which 
led  him  to  remove  to  Oxford  upon  the 
death  of  Mr.  Talboys,  some  twenty- one 
years  ago ;  while  in  Oxford  he  published 
several  of  the  annual  Prize  Poems  and 
Prize  Essays,  and  managed  to  bring  to- 
gether around  him  a  very  fair  share  of 
business.  There  he  remained  until  be- 
tween two  and  three  years  ago,  when  in 
consequence  of  the  great  changes  intro- 
duced into  the  University  system  through, 
the  recommendations  of  the  University 
Commissioners,  his  business  decreased  so 
much  as  to  induce  him  to  resolve  to  re- 
turn to  London. 

.  The  necessity  of  effecting  a  complete 
change  of  stock  upon  each  of  these  occa- 
sions, together  with  the  serious  expences 
of  two  removals  and  the  fitting  up  of  fresh 
places  of  business,  occasioned  large  drains 
upon  his  purse,  which  caused  him  much 
anxiety,  and  told  severely  upon  his  health, 
the  more  severely  because  he  felt  that  it 
was  just  at  a  moment  when  the  addition 
of  a  little  extra  capital  would  have  secured 
him  a  fair  chance  on  re-commencing  busi- 
ness in  the  midst  of  the  competition  of 
this  great  metropolis. 

Mr.  Macpherson  was  a  most  honourable 
and  straightforward  man;  a  man  of  his 
word,  and  of  strict  integrity ;  and  under 
great  roughness  and  coldness  of  manner, 
and  some  eccentricity  of  character,  con- 
cealed a  very  warm  and  generous  heart. 
We  have  it  from  one  who  knew  him  well, 
(and  the  net  deserves  to  be  placed  on 


1861.]    Obituaey.— Francis  Hurt,  Esq.— Patrick  Duff,  Esq.  581 


record  here,)  that  although  his  meant 
were  far  from  abundant,  he  gave  no  less 
a  ram  than  £100  in  aid  of  the  collection 
made  on  behalf  of  the  widow  and  children 
of  the  late  Mr.  Pickering  a  few  years  since. 
Mr.  Macpherson  was  never  married,  and 
we  believe  had  no  near  relative  of  any 
kind. 


F&ahoxs  Hum,  Esq. 

April  1.  At  Alderwasley,  Derbyshire, 
aged  67,  Francis  Hurt,  Esq.,  J.P.  and 
D.L.,  who  last  year  filled  the  office  of 
high  sheriff. 

Mr.  Hart,  who  was  the  representative 
of  an  old  Derbyshire  family,  was  born  in 
1803.  He  married,  in  the  year  1829, 
Cecilia  Emily,  daughter  of  Wm.  Norman, 
Esq.,  of  Melton  Mowbray,  by  his  wife,  the 
Lady  Elizabeth  Manners,  sister  of  the 
Duke  of  Rutland,  and  by  her,  who  sur- 
vives him,  has  had  issue  fifteen  children, 
eleven  sons  and  four  daughters.  He  is 
succeeded  by  Albert  Frederick,  his  eldest 
surviving  son,  who  was  born  in  1885,  and 
is  a  lieutenant  in  the  Wirksworth  Rifle 
Volunteers.  Two  of  his  sons,  officers  in  the 
army,  fell  in  the  Crimean  campaign,  via. 
Francis  Richard,  who  was  killed  in  the 
attack  on  the  Redan  in  1855 ;  and  Henry 
Francis  Eden,  in  the  battle  of  Inkerman 
in  1854. 

Mr.  Hurt,  who  was  highly  respected 
throughout  the  county,  was,  in  every  sense 
of  the  word,  an  English  country  gentle- 
man, and  he  delighted  in  all  that  makes 
a  country  life  pleasant  and  enjoyable. 
Kindly  and  agreeable  in  manners,  frank 
and  open  in  disposition,  evincing  a  desire 
at  all  times  to  see  those  around  him,  or 
with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  happy,  he 
was  beloved  by  all,  and  his  society  was 
much  sought. 

Mr.  Hurt's  father,  Francis  Edw.  Hurt, 
Esq.,  of  Alderwasley  and  Castern,  was 
high  sheriff  in  1814,  and  married,  in  1802, 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  late  Richard 
Arkwright,  Esq.,  of  Willersley  Castle,  by 
whom  he  had  (besides  the  now  deceased 
gentleman)  six  daughters,  one  of  whom  is 
married  to  Lord  Auckland,  Bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells.  His  grandfather,  Francis 
Hurt,  Esq.,  was  high  sheriff  in  1778. 


Patrick  Dim,  Esq. 

April  2.  At  Elgin,  aged  69,  Patrick 
Duff,  Esq.,  town-clerk. 

The  deceased,  a  man  of  note  in  the 
north  of  Scotland,  was  born  at  Elgin  on 
December  2,  1791,  and  was  the  third 
Patrick  Duff  in  regular  descent  in  the 
same  family  who  held  the  office  of  town- 
clerk  of  Elgin— his  grandfather,  his  father, 
and  himself  having  all  held  the  office  in 
succession,  their  united  terms  of  office 
extending  to  nearly  100  years.  His  grand- 
father was  appointed  town-clerk  in  1766 ; 
and  his  father  in  early  life  held  the  office 
jointly  with  his  grandfather.  Upon  the 
resignation  of  the  latter  in  1787,  Mr. 
George  Fenton,  afterwards  Sheriff-sub- 
stitute of  Elginshire,  was  appointed  joirt- 
clerk  along  with  the  second  Mr.  Patr,  3 
Duff.  On  September  14, 1812,  Mr.  &*t»7n 
resigned  the  office  of  joint-clerk ;  add  the 
Council  declining  to  continue  a  joint-clerk- 
ship longer,  at  that  date  appointed  Mr. 
Patrick  Duff,  senior,  town-clerk,  and  his 
son  (the  gentleman  just  deceased)  his 
assistant  and  successor.  He  continued  in 
this  capacity  till  his  father  died,  in  1822, 
when  he  became  sole  occupant  of  the  office, 
by  virtue  of  his  appointment  in  1812. 
The  late  Mr.  Patrick  Duff  had  therefore 
officiated  as  town-clerk,  jointly  and  singly, 
for  the  long  period  of  forty-eight  and 
a-half  years. 

•*  We  have  difficulty  now-a-days,"  says 
the  "  Elgin  Courier,"  "in  realizing  the  im- 
portant influence  of  Mr.  Duffs  family, 
forty  years  ago,  locally  and  politically. 
The  second  Mr.  Patrick  Duff  for  many 
years  wielded  a  more  powerful  influence 
in  Elgin  than  perhaps  any  other  man  ever 
did.  The  Town  Council  of  that  day  was 
not  simply  a  municipal  body ;  its  political 
influence  was  equal  to  the  power  and  in- 
fluence of  the  whole  constituency  of  modern 
times.  To  secure  its  support  was  to  pos- 
sess the  entire  political  influence  in  the 
district.  In  municipal  matters,  too,  its 
affairs  were  practically  transacted  with 
closed  doors.  There  was  no  local  press  or 
other  means  of  bringing  its  proceedings 
before  the  public,  and  it  wielded  all  the 
power  of  a  municipal  corporation,  without 
the  wholesome  influence  that  is  now  ex- 
ercised by  public  opinion.  If  its  actings 
were  not  always  such  as  would  be  tolerated 
now,  the  explanation  will  be  found  in  the 


5«S 


Obituaby,— Df\  William  Conolly. 


C^ay* 


feet  that  it  was  in  a  great  measure  self- 
elected  and  irresponsible.  In  such  a  body, 
the  town-clerk  was  necessarily  an  in- 
fluential and  important  personage;  and 
when  the  second  Mr.  Duff  was  in  his  zenith, 
he  was  unquestionably  the  most  influential 
person  in  the  city.  A  man  of  active  habits, 
of  good  talents,  and  high  social  position, 
he  was  not  only  the  leading,  but  the  ruling 
spirit  in  Elgin.  His  son  and  successor, 
'who  has  just  been  removed  from  us,  had 
only  been  nine  or  ten  years  in  office,  when 
the  Reform  Bill  broke  down  the  old  system, 
created  a  new  constituency,  deprived  the 
Council  of  its  political  power,  and  neces- 
sarily reduced  the  influence  of  its  clerk  to 
that  legitimately  flowing  from  his  office. 
It  deserves  to  be  noticed,  however,  that, 
from  first  to  last,  the  late  Mr.  Patrick 
Duff  faithfully  and  conscientiously  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  his  office,  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  Council  and  community, 
and  lived  on  terms  of  good-will  and  friend- 
ship with  all  classes  in  the  city." 

Mr.  Patrick  Duff  received  his  educa- 
tion at  the  Grammar-school  of  Elgin,  and 
afterwards  attended  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  to  which  he  repaired  at  the 
early  age  of  fourteen.  He  studied  the 
classics  under  Professor  Christison,  and 
was  a  class-fellow  of  the  late  Lord  Ruther- 
ford. He  also  studied  natural  history 
under  Professor  Jamieson,  and  appears  to 
have  imbibed  at  this  time  the  taste  for 
that  science,  and  more  especially  for 
mineralogy,  which  distinguished  him  in 
after  life.  During  the  time  that  he  at- 
tended the  Law  Classes,  he  was  in  the 
office  of  JSneas  Macbean,  Esq.,  Writer  to 
the  Signet,  a  gentleman  who  had  been  at 
one  period  a  clerk  in  his  father's  office  in 
Elgin,  and  in  whose  house  he  had  oppor- 
tunities of  meetiug  some  of  the  most 
eminent  men  in  the  legal  profession — such 
as  the  late  Lord  Cockburn,  Mr.  Thomas 
Thomson,  and  others.  After  completing 
his  studies  at  Edinburgh,  he  returned  to 
Elgin,  and  entered  his  father's  office,  and 
tome  time  afterwards  became  a  partner  in 
the  business;  and,  as  has  been  already 
noticed,  shortly  after  assistant  and  suc- 
cessor to  his  father  as  town-clerk. 

Mr.  Duff  being  from  early  Jife  afflicted 
with  asthma,  took  every  opportunity  of 
cultivating  out-of-door  objects  of  interest. 
Hence  he  held  in  succession  the  farms  of 


Lochinver  and  Bardon.  It  was  the  same 
feeling  which  led  him  to  the  study  of 
geology,  in  which  he  attained  great  emi- 
nence, so  much  so  as  to  become  quite  an 
authority,  being  visited  by  Mr.  Hugh  - 
Miller,  Sir  Roderick  Murchison,  Sir  Philip 
Egerton,  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  Ac, 
when  they  happened  to  come  North  on 
a  geological  tour.  Mr.  Duff's  great  feat 
was  the  discovery  of  a  cast  in  the  Spynie 
quarry,  in  1851,  of  the  remarkable  reptile 
which,  from  the  place  of  its  discovery,  was 
named  Telerpeton  lllgineiue,  and  which 
has  served  to  prove  that  the  strata  of 
rocks,  in  which  it  and  another  remarkable 
fossil,  the  stagonolepis,  are  found,  cannot 
be  separated,  in  their  lithological  character, 
from  the  Old  Red  Sandstone.  Mr.  Duff 
was  unmarried,  and  a  family  long  con* 
nected  with  Elgin  have  no  direct  de- 
scendant bearing  their  own  name. — Banff' 
shire  Journal. 


Db.  William  Conolly. 

[We  have  been  requested  by  a  friend 
of  the  deceased  to  insert  the  fallowing 
brief  notice  of  this  eminent  physician.] 

The  late  Dr.  Conolly,  whose  death  is  re- 
corded in  the  Obituary  of  the  January 
Number  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
ought  not  to  be  allowed  to  pass  from 
among  us  without  at  least  a  brief  mourn- 
ful regard;  for  he  was  one  of  the  orna- 
ments of  Humanity,  and  whilst  warmly 
esteemed  for  his  amiable  social  qualities 
by  a  wide  circle  of  attached  friends,  was 
no  less  highly  appreciated  in  the  profes* 
sion  to  which  he  belonged,  and  especially 
in  that  important  branch  of  it  to  which 
he  directed  his  most  earnest  attention. 
The  name  of  Conolly,  indeed,  is,  and  long 
will  be,  inseparable  from  the  highest  honour 
that  can  attend  the  philanthropic  treat- 
ment of  the  greatest  calamity  that  can 
befall  our  fellow  creatures.  Dr.  William 
Conolly  was  the  brother  of  Dr.  John,  whose 
labours  in  this  interesting  cause  have 
spread  his  fame  throughout  the  world, 
and  entitled  him  to  the  gratitude  of  every 
lover  of  his  kind.  To  him  we  owe  much 
of  that  happily  now  prevailing  and  most 
beautiful  union  of  the  tenderest  cares  and 


1861.] 


Dr.  William  Conolly. — Clergy  Deceased. 


583 


sympathies  with  the  largest  success  in 
the  mitigation  and  cure  of  insanity.  Like 
his  brother,  Dr.  William  devoted  himself 
to  a  similar  course,  and  at  the  head  of 
a  large  establishment  demonstrated  the 
efficacy  of  tenderness,  instead  of  rigour 
and  cruelty,  in  the  control  of  mental 
aberrations;  and  that  most  forlorn  delu- 
sory melancholy,  and  even  outrage,  could 
be  converted  into  a  degree  of  rational 
comfort,  undreamed  of  by  medical  science 
till  within  the  last  thirty  years.  To 
have  fulfilled  this  mission  and  adorned 
this  station  is  a  tribute  due  to  the  me* 
mory  of  the  departed;  and  we  have  only 
to  put  up  a  prayer  that  the  example 
primarily  emanating  from  his  yet  more 
celebrated  brother  may  never  be  lost  sight 
of  by  those  to  whom  the  charge  of  the 
afflicted  is  entrusted,  thus  enabling  them 
to  rank  among  the  benefactors  of  man* 
kind. 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

March  4.  At  Madras,  Dr.  Thomas  Dealtry, 
Lord  Bishop  of  Madras,  He  entered  8t.  Cathe- 
rine's Hall,  Cambridge,  somewhat  later  in  life 
than  is  usually  the  ease,  and  in  1828  received  the 
degree  of  LL.B.,  taking  at  the  same  time  honours 
as  a  first  classman  in  the  Civil  Law  Tripos,  there 
being  but  three  in  the  first  class,  and  Mr.  Dealtry 
being  '*  bracketed  second,"  the  late  Rev.  Lord 
Augustus  Fitzclarence,  LL.B.,  Rector  of  Maple- 
durham,  Oxfordshire,  being  in  the  same  year 
placed  in  the  third  clans  in  the  Tripos.  After 
taking  Holy  Orders,  Mr.  Dealtry  served  in  subor- 
dinate posts  in  the  Church  for  a  few  years,  snd  in 
1833  was  appointed  Archdeacon  of  Calcutta.  This 
post  he  held  for  rather  more  than  thirteen  years, 
and,  on  resigning  it,  returned  to  England.  In 
1846  the  then  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 
He  was  for  some  time  minister  of  St.  John's 
Chapel,  Bedford-row,  after  the  Hon.  and  Rev. 
Baptist  Noel  had  seceded  from  the  Church  of 
England.  He  was  appointed  to  the  bishopric  of 
Madras  in  1849,  on  the  retirement  of  Bishop 
8pencer,  now  Chancellor  of  St.  Paul's. 

March  21.  At  Beneavin,  Finslas,  co.  Dublin, 
aged  69,  Edtcard  John  Evans,  M.A.,  for  forty- 
two  years  Vicar  of  Kilbroney,  Rostrevor. 

March  22.  At  Liverpool,  sged  26,  the  Rev. 
Orlando  Charriere  Balls,  M.A.,  of  St.  Catherine's 
College,  Cambridge,  Curate  of  St.  Mary's,  Edge- 
hill,  and  one  of  the  Musters  in  the  Upper  School 
of  the  Royal  Collegiate  Institution,  Liverpool. 

March  26.  At  Wembley,  Middlesex,  aged  82, 
the  Rev.  Brownlow  Tilliers  Layard,  Rector  of 
TJfflngton  and  Vicar  of  Tallington.  He  was  the 
•Meat;  son  of  Dr.  Layard,  Dean  of  Bristol,  sad 


was  formerly  Domestic  Chaplain  to  H.RJL  the 
Duke  of  Kent. 

March  27.  At  Withington,  Lancaah.,  aged  40, 
the  Rev.  John  Hanson  Hatfield,  M.A. 

March  29.  At  Oakfield,  Oatacre,  near  Liver* 
pool,  aged  61,  the  Rev.  John  Alex.  Wilson,  M.A. 

At  Harker  Orange,  near  Carlisle,  aged  42,  the 
Her.  Joseph  Lowther  Hodgson,  M.A.,  Incumbent 
of  Wetheral  with  Warwick,  Cumberland,  and 
third  son  of  the  late  Wm.  Hodgson,  esq.,  of 
Houghton-house,  in  that  county. 

March  80.  At  the  Rectory,  Hinton  St.  George, 
Somersetshire,  of  apoplexy,  aged  57,  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Jfewbery,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Hinton  8t. 
George  and  8eavington  St.  Michael  cum  Din- 
nington,  and  Domestic  Chaplain  to  Earl  PouletU 

March  81.  At  Genoa,  the  Rev.  Archibald  Ber- 
tram Mounsey,  B.A.,  of  Emm.  Coll.,  Cambridge, 
only  surviving  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Mounsey, 
esq.,  of  Rochdale,  Lancashire. 

April  2.  At  Winterbourne,  Teignmouth,  aged 
88,  the  Rev.  William  Fags  Richards,  LL.D., 
Rector  of  Stoke  Abbas,  Dorset. 

April  6.  At  Bath,  aged  82,  the  Rev.  Michael 
Terry,  Rector  of  Mildenhall,  Wilts. 

April  7.  Aged  53,  the  Rev.  James  Orisdale 
Fawcett,  B.A.,  Vicar  of  Warthill,  and  Perpetual 
Curate  of  8tockton-on-the-Forest,  Yorkshire. 

April  9.  At  WrampUngham,  Norfolk,  aged  78, 
the  Rev.  John  Stephenson  Conn. 

April  10.  Aged  70,  the  Rev.  W.  Hodge,  of 
Great  Berkhampstead,  Herts. 
.  April  11.  At  the  Rectory,  Portumna,  Ireland, 
aged  58,  the  Rev.  Charles  Paul,  Rector  of  Por- 
tumna, and  formerly  Vicar  of  Wellow,  co. 
Somerset. 

April  15.  At  the  Parsonage,  Horspath,  near 
Oxford,  aged  48,  the  Rev.  William  Edwards. 

April  16.  At  the  Rectory,  West  Dean,  near 
Salisbury,  aged  78,  the  Rev.  Francis  Glossop, 
M.A.,  Rector  of  West  Dean. 

April  17.  At  Sutton-on-tbe-Hill,  Derbyshire, 
aged  63,  the  Rev.  German  Buckston. 


DEATHS. 

ARRAKQID  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDHL 

Dec.  — ,  1860.  AtTien-tsin,  China,  Edw.  Wallia, 
Assistant  Surgeon,  Fane's  Horse,  son  of  Charles 
Edward  Wallia,  of  Great  Marlborough-st.,  and 
Meadow-house,  Kensal-green. 

Jan.  17, 1861.  At  Mimosa-farm,  Illawarra,  Tas- 
mania, aged  61,  Cspt.  Alexander  Mackenzie,  of 
Akilibuy,  late  Ordnance  Barrack-Master,  Wool- 
wich. 

Jan.  20.  At  Jaulna,  aged  21,  Mary  Laura, 
wife  of  F.  W.  Bedingfeld,  esq.,  H.M.'s  3rd  Madras 
European  Regt. 

Jan.  25.  At  Debrooghar,  Upper  Assam,  Bengal, 
aged  60,  Col.  Simon  Fraser  Hannah,  second  son 
of  the  late  Henry  Hannah,  collector  of  excise, 
Elgin.  Mr.  Hannah  was  forty  years  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Hon.  East  India  Company,  and  for 
some  time  commanded  the  1st  Assam  Light  In- 
fantry Battalion. 

Jan.il.  At  Seetapore,  Onde,  aged  24,  George 


584 


Obituakt. 


[m*7; 


Russell  Salmon,  ctq.t  Limit.  Royal  Artillery, 
youngest  ton  of  the  late  John  Salmon,  ctq. 

Feb.  3.  At  Victoria,  British  Colombia,  sud- 
denly, of  congestion  of  the  brain,  aged  35,  Edw. 
Napier  Berkeley,  eldest  son  of  Major  Portman, 
Dean's-eourt,  Dorsetshire. 

Feb.  7.  At  8ydney,  New  South  Wales,  aged  21, 
Eleanor  Elisabeth,  third  dan.  of  Sir  Alfred  Ste- 
phen, Chief  Justice ;  and,  shortly  afterwards,  on 
the  same  day,  aged  79,  Eleanor  Martha,  mother 
of  Lady  Stephen,  and  widow  of  the  Her.  William 
Bedford,  D.D.,  8enior  Chaplain  of  Tasmania. 

Feb.  10.  Killed  in  action  at  Huirangi,  New 
Zealand,  Capt.  T.  O.  8trange,  of  the  65th  Regt. 

Feb.  17.  On  board  the  hospital  screw  steam- 
ship "Mauritius,"  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
and  on  his  way  home  from  China,  aged  29,  F. 
Alexander  Lawford,  Lieut.  50th  Bengal  Natire 
Infantry,  and  of  Fane's  Horse,  second  son  of 
Lieut.-Col.  Edw.  Lawford,  H.M.'s  Madras  En- 
gineers. 

Feb.  19.  At  Bombay,  aged  26,  Dr.  Edmund  L. 
M.  Larken,  of  H.M.'s  Indian  Army. 

Near  Congo  Hirer,  West  Coast  of  Africa,  of 
fever,  aged  23,  Lieut.  Chas.  Wm.  Thackeray, 
R.N.,  of  H.M.8.  "  Wrangler,"  youngest  son  of 
the  late  Gen.  Thackeray,  R.E. 

Feb.  28.  At  Frogmore,  aged  72,  Col.  Sir  George 
Couper,  Controller  of  the  Household  of  H.R.H. 
the  Duchess  of  Kent  He  was  born  in  1788,  and 
was  the  son  of  Robert  Couper,  M.D.,  of  Clary, 
near  Wigtoun.  Before  Sir  George  became  con- 
nected with  the  Royal  household,  be  saw  con- 
siderable active  service  in  the  army.  He  was 
assistant-engineer  at  Copenhagen ;  as  captain  in 
the  92nd  he  served  with  General  Sir  John  Moore's 
army  in  Sweden  and  in  Portugal,  and  he  was 
Aide-de-Camp  to  Lord  Dalhousie  in  Walcberen. 
He  served  as  first  Aide-de-Camp  to  General  8ir 
H.  Clinton  in  the  Peninsula  in  1611  and  1812, 
and  in  a  similar  capacity  to  Lord  Dalhousie  from 
1812  to  the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  present  in 
all  the  actions  in  which  those  generals  com- 
manded divisions.  The  gallant  Colonel  was 
Assistant  Quartermaster-Gen.  with  the  army 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  1614-15.  He  had  ob- 
tained the  silver  war-medal  with  four  clasps  for 
Badajos,  Salamanca,  Vittoria,  and  the  Pyrenees. 
Sir  George  was  secretary  to  General  Sir  James 
Kempt  when  Master-General  of  the  Ordnance, 
and  subsequently  accompanied  the  late  Earl  of 
Durham  to  Canada,  on  that  nobleman's  appoint- 
ment as  Governor-General.  On  the  retirement 
of  the  late  Sir  John  Conroy  he  was  selected  to 
fill  the  post  of  Principal  Equerry  and  Controller 
of  the  Household  to  the  Duchess  of  Kent.  In 
1831  he  was  made  a  Companion  of  the  Royal 
Hanoverian  Guelphie  Order,  and  in  1838  nomi- 
nated a  Companion  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath. 
8ir  George,  who  was  created  a  baronet  in  June, 
1841,  married  on  June  1,  1822,  Elizabeth,  dau. 
of  Sir  John  Wilson,  of  the  Home,  Westmoreland. 
He  is  succeeded  in  the  baronetcy  by  his  son  G. 
E.  W.  Couper,  born  April  29, 1824. 

March  1.  At  Madras,  Capt.  W.  C.  I.  F.  Bird, 
of  the  40th  Regt.  M.N.I.,  only  son  of  the  late  W. 
G.  Bird,  esq.,  of  the  Bombay  Civil  Service. 

13 


March*.  At Burrisaul, Bengal, Bkh. Oairnea 
Raikes,  Bengal  Civil  Service,  eldest  son  of  Rich. 
Mee  Raikes,  esq.,  of  Dover. 

March  7.  At  Colaba,  near  Bombay,  aged  30, 
Henry  George  Monk,  esq.,  Lieut.  H.M.'s  66th 
Foot,  only  son  of  the  Rev.  E.  G.  Monk,  Viear  of 
Much  Cowarne,  Herefordshire. 

March  8.  At  Raneegunge,  near  Calcutta,  of 
cholera,  aged  49,  Lieut.-Col.  Edward  KnoUys,  of 
H.M.'s  75th  Regt.,  second  surviving  son  of  the 
late  General  William  KnoUys,  Earl  of  Banbury. 

March  10.  At  8t.  Anne's-hill,  Blarney,  co. 
Cork,  Marianne,  wife  of  Wm.  Denny,  esq.,  D.L., 
of  Tralee,  co.  Kerry. 

March  11.  At  Mhow,  Sophie,  win  of  Major 
Winck  worth  Soott,  13th  Natire  Infantry,  Bombay, 
and  elder  dau.  of  the  late  Jeffery  Amherst  Sin- 
clair, M.D.,  Surgeon-General,  Bombay  Medical 
Board. 

March  12.  At  Point  de  Galle,  aged  39,  Major 
W.  C.  Vanderspar,  Ceylon  Rifle  Regt,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  J.  J.  Vanderspar,  esq. 

March  13.  On  board  the  P.  and  O.  steamer 
"  Bengal,"  between  Aden  and  Sues,  Henry  Fom- 
belle  8iddons,  Capt.  3rd  Madras  light  Cavalry, 
and  Commandant  of  the  Hon.  the  Governor's 
Body  Guard  at  Madras. 

March  15.  At  Lucknow,  of  smallpox,  aged 
25,  Lieut.  Charles  James  Wrench,  of  the  23rd 
Royal  Welsh  Fusileers,  third  son  of  the  late  Rot. 
Dr.  Wrench,  Vicar  of  -Saleuurst,  Sussex. 

At  Melton,  of  consumption,  aged  48,  John 
Holmes,  the  well-known  northern  jockey. 

At  Boun  Island,  Bermuda,  Anne  Elisabeth 
Wood,  wife  of  Capt.  Newland,  R.N.,  Comptroller 
of  H.M.'s  Convict  Establishment,  Bermuda. 

March  16.  At  Coombe,  Teignmouth,  aged  82, 
John  Howard,  esq. 

In  London,  aged  24,  Lady  Matilda  Butler, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  Countess  of  Glengall  and 
the  late  Richard,  Earl  of  Glengall.  She  had 
only  returned  recently  to  town  from  Torquay, 
where  she  had  been  residing  during  the  winter 
with  the  view  to  benefit  her  health,  but  without 
avail.  Lady  Matilda  was  bom  on  the  20th  of 
October,  1836. 

At  Highfleld,  aged  66,  Robert  Pearce,  esq., 
banker,  of  Southampton. 

March  17.  At  Easton,  near  Newbury,  Berks, 
Capt.  Charles  Fraser,  R.N.,  son  of  the  late  Gen. 
John  Henry  Fraser,  of  Ashling-house,  Sussex, 
formerly  of  the  Coldstream  Guards,  and  who  fell 
when  in  command  of  the  troops  at  the  battle 
of  Deeg. 

At  Wenffrwd  Glen,  Miss  Holley,  of  Plas 
Newydd,  Llangollen. 

At  her  residence,  Bank- ground, '  Conistone, 
aged  60,  Miss  Chambre,  only  dau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  Alan  Chambre,  M.A. 

At  Haynes-hill,  Barbados,  sged  16,  Mary  Ogle, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  Hon.  8ir  R.  Bowcher  Clarke, 
C.B.,  Chief  Justice  of  Barbados  and  the  Wind- 
ward Islands. 

March  19.  At  Cheltenham,  aged  64,  Thomas 
Fishburn,  esq.,  for  nearly  30  years  J.P.  and  De- 
puty-Lieut, for  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire. 

Sir  James  Dalrymple  Hay,  bart.  (mentioned  at 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


585 


p.  474),  i*  succeeded  by  bis  son  by  bis  first  mar- 
riage, John  Charles  Dalrymple,  who  was  born 
at  Edinburgh  in  1821,  and  educated  at  Rugby. 
He  entered  the  navy,  and  was  mate  of  the  '*  Ben- 
bow"  at  the  operations  on  the  coast  of  Syria, 
including  the  bombardment  of  Bayrout  and  8t. 
Jean  d'Acre,  and  was  specially  mentioned  for 
commanding  a  boat  at  the  last  place.  As  flag- 
lieutenant  to  Adm.  8ir  Thomas  Cochrane,  he 
participated  in  the  operations  in  Maluday  Bay 
and  on  the  coast  of  Borneo  in  1846 ;  was  com- 
mander of  the  "  Columbine,"  and  senior  officer 
at  the  destruction  of  piratical  vessels  in  Bias  Bay, 
China,  and  Tonquin  River,  in  1849,  for  which  he 
was  promoted  to  captain,  and  received  a  service 
of  plate  from  the  merchants  in  China.  He  com- 
manded the  "  Hannibal "  during  the  late  Russian 
war,  and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Kertch 
and  Kin  burn,  and  at  the  bombardment  and  fall 
of  Sebastopol.  Sir  John  married,  in  1847,  the 
Hon.  Eliza,  dau.  of  the  eighth  Lord  Napier. 

March  30.  At  St.  Paul's  School,  aged  57, 
Hannah,  wife  of  the  Rev.  James  Cooper. 

At  St.  Leonard's-on-Sea,  aged  56,  Maria  Geor- 
gina,  dau.  of  the  late  Gen.  Gent. 

At  Hyeres,  Maria,  dau.  of  the  late  Major-Gen. 
Con  vers,  C.B. 

On  board  the  "  Pera,"  from  Malta,  within  a 
few  hours  of  Southampton,  Richard  Jago  Squire, 
esq.,  surgeon  R.N. 

March  21.  Suddenly,  at  his  residence,  Ashton- 
park,  Preston,  aged  50,  Edward  Peddon,  esq., 
D.L.  and  J.P.  for  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

In  Chichester-road,  Hyde-park,  aged  68,  Capt. 
John  Fraser,  R.N.  He  was  son  of  the  late  James 
Fraser,  esq.,  of  Culduthel,  Inverness-shire,  and 
of  Raven  head,  Lancashire. 

March  22.  Aged  81,  General  Vernon,  C.B.,  of 
Hilton-park,  Staffordshire.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1798,  served  the  campaign  of  1808  and  1809  in 
the  Peninsula  as  a  Deputy-Assistant  Adjutant- 
Gen.,  and  subsequently  in  the  same  capacity  with 
the  Duke  of  Wellington's  army  until  June,  1811, 
and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Talavera.  He 
served  with  the  second  battalion  of  the  66th  at 
the  surprise  of  a  French  division  at  Arroyo  de 
Molino,  and  other  operations,  until  the  capture 
of  Badajos  ;  with  the  Queen's  at  the  reduction  of 
the  forts  and  battle  of  Salamanca,  where  he  was 
slightly  wounded  early  in  the  day,  and  very 
severely  at  the  close  of  the  action,  a  ball  having 
entered  his  breast  and  lodged  near  the  heart. 
He  followed  the  army  again  at  the  expiration  of 
three  weeks,  and  resumed  the  command  of  his 
regiment,  with  which  he  served  in  the  various 
operations  preceding,  during,  and  subsequent  to 
the  siege  of  Burgos.  He  had  received  the  gold 
medal  for  Salamanca,  and  the  silver  war-medal 
and  one  clasp  for  Talavera. 

At  Highgate,  aged  87,  Charlotte  Philippe,  the 
last  surviving  child  of  the  late  Rev.  8.  Furly, 
Rector  of  Roche,  Cornwall. 

At  Boughton,  neax  Faversham,  aged  81, 
Dorothy,  relict  of  the  Rev.  G.  P.  Marsh,  M.A. 

At  Prinsted-lodge,  Emaworth,  sged  78,  Major- 
General  David  Anderson  Gibsone,  Royal  Marine* 
Light  Infantry,  who  formerly  commanded  the 

Gknt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


Royal  Marine  Artillery.  He  entered  the  Royal 
Marines  at  an  early  age,  and  had  seen  consider- 
able service.  In  1804  he  was  landed  from  the 
41  Thunderer"  and  served  on  shore  in  Bearhaven 
Bay,  with  a  body  of  marines ;  in  1811  he  served 
on  board  the  "  Safeguard"  mortar  brig  in  a 
severe  action  with  a  division  of  Danish  gunboats 
off  Anholt,  on  which  occasion  the  vessel  was 
engaged  for  three  hours  and  a-half,  and  had 
nineteen  of  her  crew  killed  or  wounded  out  of  a 
complement  of  twenty-nine.  In  1812  he  was 
engaged  at  Cateria,  on  the  north  coast  of  Spain, 
and  accompanied  Capt.  Parke  with  two  heavy 
guns  intended  for  the  army  besieging  Burgos. 
In  the  two  following  years  he  served  in  the 
American  war,  and  was  present  at  the  attack  on 
Craney  Island,  taking  of  Hampton,  defence  of 
the  lines  of  Chippewa,  and  on  other  occasions  on 
the  Niagara  frontier,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded. 

At  his  residence,  Brunswick -villas,  St.  John's- 
wood,  aged  70,  Capt.  R.  Brockholes  Parker,  R.N. 
Aged  33,  Bernard,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Bernard 
Broeas,  esq.,  of  Beaurepaire,  Hants. 

At  Hammersmith,  Robert,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Robert  Morris,  esq.,  M.P.  for  Gloucester. 

At  Sedgeford-hall,  Norfolk,  aged  71,  Francis 
Cresswell,  esq.,  of  King's  Lynn. 

At  Cefn  Mine,  Pwllheli,  aged  56,  Patrick  Ogilvy 
Carnegy,  esq.,  late  of  the  H.E.I.C.  Civil  8ervice, 
and  a  Deputy-lieu  t.  of  the  county  of  Carnarvon. 
Suddenly,  aged  79,  Thomas  Liversedge  Fish, 
esq.,  of  Walworth,  Surrey,  and  of  Knowle-cottage, 
Sidmoutb.    A  local  paper  endorses  the  following 
notice  of  the   deceased,    from  the  "Morning 
Chronicle :" — "  This  gentleman,  known  from  his 
immense  wealth  as  the  *  Golden'  Fish  of  the 
celebrated    Knowle-cottage,    near    Sidmoutb, 
Devon,  expired  suddenly  at  his  town  residence, 
which,  for  a  gentleman   of  his  great  wealth, 
(about  £20,000  a-year,  besides  considerable  house 
property,)  is  situate  in  an  unaristocratic  locality, 
via.  18,  Penton-row,  Walworth-road,  Newing- 
ton.    His  residing  at  the  latter  spot,  although  in 
all  his  arrangements  therewith  the  same  eccen- 
tricity prevailed,  no  doubt  originally  arose  from 
attachment  to  the  place  of  his  birth  and  the 
residence  of  his  father,  who  was  one  of  the  sitting 
magistrates  at  the  old  Union  Hall  Police-office. 
Though  well  known  to  the  visitors  of  Sidmouth, 
etc.,  the  public  generally  may  not  be  aware  that 
it  is  what  is  called  a  celebrated  show  house,  to 
which  free  access  can  readily  be  obtained.    It 
contains  not  only  a  variety  of  articles  of  great 
magnificence,  but  many  of  great  antiquity,  taste, 
and  vertu.    Singularly  enough,  Mr.  Fish  never 
appeared  himself  to  enter  into  the  full  enjoyment 
of  those  luxuries  at  his  command.    He  scarcely 
was  ever  to  be  seen  abroad,  and  partook  most 
sparingly  of  the  simplest  kind  of  diet,  but  a  good 
table  was  provided  for  his  servants ;  those  in  his 
town  house  consisting  of  a  butler,  ooaehman,  and 
female  servants;   while,  although  keeping  a 
carriage  and  horses,  he  never  used  them,  but 
would  hire  a  vehicle  to  convey  him  to  or  from 
the  railway  station.    Two  of  his  bones  (a  pair 
nearly  milk-white)  might  be  seen  daily  attached 

4.B 


586 


Obitoasy. 


[May, 


to  ■  very  antique  carriole,  driven  by  in  equally 
antique-looking  coachman,  around  the  streets  of 
Walworth,  ^c,  for  exercise.  Mr.  Fish  baa  died 
a  bachelor,  and,  it  it  said,  baa  but  few  relatives, 
and  some  little  interest  is  felt  as  to  what  will  be- 
come of  bis  great  wealth.  -Among  the  property 
are  400  public-houses." 

March  2&.  At  North-lodge,  Ealing,  Middlesex, 
Sarah,  widow  of  the  Hon.-  Hen.  Arthur  Annealey. 
8he  was  the  eldest  dau.  of  B.  Ainsworth,  esq.,  of 
Hallowell,  Lancashire,  and  married,  in  1818,  the 
Hon.  Henry  Arthur  Annettey  (younger  brother 
of  George,  second  Earl  of  Mountnorris,  and 
cousin  of  Viscount  Valentia),  but  was  left  his 
widow  the  same  year  without  issue. 

At  his  residence,  Victoria-terr.,  Exeter,  aged 
61,  William  Christie  Laing,  esq.,  late  of  the 
H.E.I.C.  Medical  Service,  and  the  Nizam's 
Cavalry. 

At  Abden-house,  Prestonfield,  Edinburgh,  aged 
80,  Thomas  Nelson,  esq.,  sen.,  publisher. 

At  St  Nicholas  Priory,  Exeter,  aged  80,  the 
Rev.  George  Oliver,  D.D.    See  Obituary. 

At  Emtisay,  Yorkshire,  Fanny  Esther,  wife  of 
Col.  G.  W.  Horton. 

At  Alverstoke  Rectory,  Hants,  Frances  Mar- 
garet, youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Thos.  Walpole. 

At  Cambridge,  Emma,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
Isaiah  Deck,  esq.,  F.G.8. 

On  board  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Com- 
pany's steamer  "Malta,"  aged  37,  Capt.  Richard 
Milford  John  Toeer,  late  of  the  45th  Regt.  N.I. 

In  Rtephen's-green,  Dublin,  aged  69,  the  Right 
Hon.  Richd.  Wilson  Greene,  late  one  of  the  Barons 
of  the  Exchequer  in  Ireland.  He  was  a  son  of 
the  late  Sir  Jonas  Greene,  Recorder  of  Dublin, 
and  was  born  in  1791 ;  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where  he  graduated  and  ob- 
tained the  gold  meda)  in  1811 ;  was  called  to  the 
Irish  Bar  in  1814,  apd  elected  a  Bencher  of  the 
King's  Inns,  Dublin,  in  1834.  Under  the  Govern- 
ment of  8ir  Robert  Peel  he  was  made  First 
Serjeant.  He  was  Solicitor-General  when  the 
present  Master  of  the  Rolls  filled  the  office  of 
Attorney-General,  and  in  1844  he  was  engaged  in 
the  State  prosecutions,  when  the  law  officers  of 
the  Crown  had  to  contend  with  the  most  for- 
midable bar  ever  mustered  in  the  Dublin  courts. 
O'Connell  used  to  say  that  bis  opinions  bad  "  the 
.sterling  ring  of  legal  power."  In  times  of  great 
political  excitement  he  enjoyed  the  respect  of  all 
parties,  not  only  for  his  judicial  qualities,  but  for 
his  personal  worth.  He  was  elevated  to  the 
Bench  by  Lord  Derby's  Government  in  1852. 
During  the  whole  period  from  that  time  till  his 
retirement  about  two  months  ago  he  suffered  in- 
tensely from  a  painful  malady.  This,  however, 
was  not  the  cause  of  his  death,  which  resulted 
from  gastric  fever,  with  which  he  was  attacked 
about  a  fortnight  since.  His  conduct  as  a  judge 
gave  universal  satisfaction.  Only  a  few  days  be- 
fore his  decease  the  members  of  the  Bar  presented, 
through  their  chairman,  an  address  to  the  late 
Baron,  expressing  their  admiration  of  his  cha- 
racter as  a  judge,  and  their  esteem  and  regard 
for  him  as  a  man.  We  learn  from  the  *'  County 
Families"  that  the  Judge  married  a  daughter  of 


the  late  Thomas  Wilson,  esq.,  of  York.  Hie  only 
son,  Mr.  Richard  Jonas  Greene,  barrister-at-law, 
was  born  in  1824. 

.  March  24.  At  Blackheath,  aged  72,  Thomas 
Troughear  Williams,  M.D. 

At  the  Royal  Naval  Hospital,  Plymouth,  aged 
S3,  John  Trevenen,  Commander  R.N.,  eldest 
eon  of  James  Trevenen,  esq.,  of  Bosahan,  Hel- 
ston,  Cornwall. 

At  Plymouth,  Capt.  F.  D.  Laucun.  The  de- 
ceased was  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  where  he 
acted  as  Aide-de-Camp  to  the  Earl  of  Northesk, 
and  he  was  in  the  "Norge,"74,  Capt.  Rainier, 
when  she  assisted  at  the  embarkation  of  Sir  John 
Moore's  army  at  Corunna. 

At  his  residence,  Cleveland-sq.,  Hyde-park* 
aged  64,  Frederick  Clarkson,  esq.,  of  Doctors' 
Commons.  I 

At  Portobelle,  near  Edinburgh,  aged  HI,  Mrs, 
Ann  Donaldson,  or  Thomson,  gtanddau.  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Lachlan  Shaw,  author  in  1775  of  a 
?•  History  of  Morayshire,"  and  widow  of  Dr. 
John  Thomson,  of  York-place,  Edinburgh. 
.  March  25.  At  the  residence  of  her  brother, 
Grosvenor-pl.,  EUzabeth,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late 
Sir  George  Shee,  hart. 

At  Northampton, -aged  92,  John  Armyt&ge,  esq. 

At  Lyme  Regis,  aged  77,  Thomas  Lisle  Fol- 
lett,  esq. 

March  26.  At  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight,  aged  66, 
Charlotte,  widow  of  Major -Gen.  Sir  Charles 
Bruce,  K.C.B. 

At  Stratford-lodge,  Southsea,  aged  71,  Edmund 
Stokes,  esq.,  many  years  one  of  the  magistrates 
of  the  borough  of  Portsmouth. 

March  27.  In  Great  Stanhope-et.,  aged  62, 
the  Lady  Jane  Peel.  Her  ladyship  was  born  in 
1798 ;  she  was  daughter  of  the  fourth  Duke  of 
Richmond,  sister  of  the  late,  and  aunt  of  the 
present  Duke.  In  1822  she  married  Laurence 
Peel,  esq.  The  "  Brighton  Gazette  "  says,  "  For 
many  years  past  Brighton  was  the  favourite 
residence  of  Mr.  Peel  and  his  estimable  partner, 
and  during  that  period,  by  their  unostentation, 
their  acts  of  munificence,  and  their  private  gene- 
rosity, the  name  of  Peel  has  become  endeared  to 
our  residents  of  all  classes— especially  that  of  the 
noble  lady  now  removed  from  us  by  the  hand 
of  death.  The  town  of  Brighton  may  be  truly 
said  thereby  to  have  suffered  one  of  its  greatest 
losses.  By  her  numerous  acquaintance,  and  in 
the  aristocratic  circles  in  which  her  ladyship 
moved  many  a  sorrowful  regret  will  be  uttered, 
testifying  to  her  private  worth  and  friendship, 
piety,  and  Christian  virtues.  For  the  poor,  espe- 
cially the  young,  she  had  ever  a  kind  word  and 
helping  hand ;  and  to  those  institutions  for  the 
relief  of  the  sick  and  distressed  she  was  of  the 
most  essential  assistance  by  her  countenance 
and  advice,  and  the  liberal  donations  and  sub- 
scriptions of  herself  and  husband,  by  whom 
and  several  children  their  bereavement  will  be 
deeply  lamented." 

March  28.  At  bis  residence,  Adelaide-street, 
Trafslgar-sq.,  aged  79,  Mr.  John  Tayleure.  See 
Obituary. 

At  Blackheath,  aged  62,  Col.  R.  B.  Dawson, 


1861-3 


Obituary. 


&3? 


C.B.,  of  the  Royal  Engineers.  He  was  ori- 
ginally employed  on  the  Ordnance  Survey,  and 
on  the  establishment  of  the  Tithe  Commission 
he  became  connected  with  it.  He  had  been 
assistant -commissioner  and  head  of  the  Survey 
Department  of  the  Commons  Inclosure  and 
Copyhold  Commission,  which  office  becomes 
vacant  by  his  decease.  Col.  Dawson  was  made 
a  Companion  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath  for  his 
Civil  Services. 

In  the  Lunatic  Asylum  of  Vienna,  Josep% 
SUudigl,  the  celebrated  bass  singer.  The  sons 
of  the  great  basso  were  around  his  dying  bed. 
SUudigl  was  born  in  1807,  and  originally  en* 
gaged  himself  in  the  study  of  medicine,  which 
he  soon  abandoned  for  the  vocation  which  he 
followed  with  so  much  success.  He  was,  more- 
over, possessed  of  some  skill  as  a  painter,  and 
was  an  ardent  student  of  chemistry  and  other 
branches  of  science. 

March  29.  At  TouL  France,  Isabella  Fredei  ica, 
wife  of  the  Baron  Victor  d'Huart,  and  dau.  of  the 
late  Lieut.-Col.  Wm.  Granville  Eliot,  B~A. 

At  Colchester,  aged  75,  Margaret,  widow  of 
the  Rev.  Wm.  Wilson,  Vicar  of  Klmstead. 

At  Cheltenham,  Henrietta,  dau.  of  the  late 
Robt.  Co  tea  worth,  esq.,  Commander  of  H.M.'s 
Packet  Service,  Falmouth. 

At  Malvern,  after  two  days'  illness,  Diana 
Sarah,  widow  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Holworthy, 
of  Croxall,  Derbyshire. 

At  Brighton,  Katherine,  relict  of  A.  R.  Prior, 
esq.,  and  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  8ir  John  Call, 
hart,  of  Whiteford-house,  co.  Cornwall. 

Aged  72,  Mr.  Henry  Braine,  landlord  of  the 
New  Inn,  Wimborne,  many  years  the  "crack 
whip"  of  the  Old  Quicksilver  Mail  between 
Salisbury  and  Exeter  and  London. 

March  30.  At  Exeter,  Eleanor  Mary  Eliza- 
beth, widow  of  Edward  Hawke  Locker,  late 
Commissioner  of  Greenwich  Hospital. 

In  King  William-st,  Strand,  Mr.  F.  Macpher* 
son,  bookseller.    See  Obitua*y. 

At  Lydart,  aged  87,  Thomas  Oakley,  esq.,  a 
Magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the  co. 
of  Monmouth. 

At  Cambridge,  Isabella,  widow  of  the  late 
Lieut.-Col.  Preedy,  of  the  90th  Regt. 

At  Lismore,  Ireland,  aged  42,  Henry  Laurence, 
eldest  son  of  the  Von.  Henry  Cotton,  Archdeacon 
of  Cashel. 

March  31.  At  Elsfleld-house,  near  Maidstone, 
aged  58,  Richard  Fiennes,  second  son  of  the  late 
Fiennes  Wykeham  Martin,  esq.,  of  Leeds  Castle. 

In  London,  Robert  Beale  Beale,  esq.,  Lieut. 
R.N.,  fourth  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Beale,  esq., 
of  the  Heath,  Shropshire. 

In  Percy-place,  Bath,  aged  72,  Rich.  Blagden, 
esq.,  F.R.C.S.,  late  of  Albemarle-st,  London, 
Accoucheur  to  the  Queen,  and  Surgeon  Extra- 
ordinary to  her  late  Royal  Highness  the  Duchess 
of  Kent. 

In  London,  aged  68,  Fanny,  widow  of  Rear- 
Adm.  Wise,  C.B.,  of  Iloe-gate-bouse,  Plymouth. 

At  Kippendavie-house,  Perthshire,  aged  90, 
Miss  Penelope  Holland. 

At  Cheltenham,  Susan  Louisa,  wife  of  Lieut* 


Col.  J.  D.  Mein,  Madras  Horse  Artillery,  nnd 
third  dau.  of  the  late  Major-Gen.  Blundell,  C.B., 
Madras  Artillery. 

In  Dublin,  aged  35,  Capt.  Felton  Frederick 
Wm.  Hervey,  an  Inspector -General  of  Prisons 
in  Ireland.    He  was  the  only  surviving  son  of 
Lionel  Charles  Hervey,  esq.1,  (uncle  to  Sir  Fredk 
H.  Hervey-Bathurst,  bart.,  and  a  descendant 
the  first  Earl  of  Bristol,)  by  Frances  Mary,  da 
of  Vice-Adm.  Thomas  Wells.     He  married, 
1855,  Eleanor  Augusta  Killowen  Acheson,  da  . 
of  Acheson  Lyle,  esq.,  of  the  Oaks,  co.  London- 
derry, a  Master  in  Chancery. 

Aged  85,  Lady  Charlotte  Bury.  Her  ladyship 
was  the  youngest  dau.  of  Field-Marshal  John 
fifth  Duke  of  Argyll,  by  Elizabeth  Gunning, 
widow  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  and  conse- 
quently Lady  Charlotte  was  aunt  to  the  present 
Duke  of  Argyll  and  the  Earl  of  Derby.  In  her 
youth  Lady  Charlotte  was  lemarkable  for  her 
personal  beauty,  and  throughout  life  for  the 
charm  of  her  manners.  8he  was  the  author  of 
several  contributions  to  light  literature,  and 
some  of  her  novels  were  once  very  popular, 
though  now  nearly  forgotten.  Lady  Charlotte 
Bury  was  twice  married— first,  in  1796,  to  Col. 
John  Campbell,  of  Shawfield,  who  died  in  1809 ; 
and  secondly,  in  1818,  to  the  Rev.  Edward  Bury, 
who  died  in  1832.  By  her  first  marriage  she  had 
a  numerous  family,  two  of  whom  only  survive — 
Lady  A.  Lennox  and  Mrs.  W.  Russell.  By  her 
second  marriage  she  had  two  daughters,  one  of 
whom,  Mrs.  Lyon,  only  is  living. 

Lately.  Aged  64,  Mr.  William  Hutley,  of 
*  Power* 8-ball,  Witham,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
agriculturists  in  Essex.  Mr.  Hutley  prided  him- 
self on  being  a  **  practical"  farmer,  and  at  the 
meeting-  of  the  Witham  Agricultural  Society 
had  many  a  passage-of-arms  with  his  neighbour 
Mr.  Mechi.  Mr.  Hutley  was  fox  many  years 
an  active  member  of  the  Central  Farmer's  Club, 
but  some  time  since  he  broke  his  arm  by  a  fall 
from  bis  horse,  when  his  system  received  a  severe 
shock,  from  which,  apparently,  he  never  quite 
recovered. 

April  1.  In  Dublin,  aged  72, 8ir  Matthew  Bar- 
rington,  bart.  He  was  born  at  Limerick  in 
1788 ;  succeeded  his  father  Joseph  in  1846.  He 
had  held  during  forty  years  the  lucrative  office 
of  Crown  Solicitor  for  Munster.  In  ordinary 
times  the  office  was  worth  about  4,000/.  a*year. 
In  troubled  times,  when  Crown  prosecutions  and 
special  commissions  were  frequent  in  Munster, 
it  is  said  to  have  been  double  or  treble  that 
amount. 

At  Manaton  Rectory,  Devon,  aged  72,  John 
Jenkins,  esq.,  M.D.,  late  of  Gosport,  Hants., 
and  of  the  East  Suffolk  Light  Infantry. 

At  Perth,  aged  78,  Maroia  Ann  Symson,  widow 
of  Alexander  Ogiivy,  esq.,  (late  Member  of  the 
Bengal  Medical  Board,)  and  eldest  surviving  dau. 
of  the  late  Major-Gen.  the  Hon.  Mark  Napier. 

At  Torquay,  aged  25,  Elisabeth  Isabella,  eldest 
child  of  the  Rev.  John  Monsell,  LL.D.,  of  Sgham 
Vicarage,  Surrey. 

At  Alderwaslcy,  Derbyshire,  aged  87,  Francis* 
Hurt,  esq.    See  Obitvakt. 


588 


Obituary. 


Pfcy, 


'  April  2.  In  Westbonrne-park,  aged  69,  Col. 
G  eorge  8piller,  late  Royal  Artillery. 

In  Circus-road,  St.  John's-wood,  aged  38, 
T.  Marshall,  late  Surgeon  of  H.M.'s  65th  Regt. 

At  Lulworth,  Dorset,  aged  61,  Eliza,  eldest  dau. 
of  the  late  Capt.  Crispin,  R.N. 

At  Sidmouth,  aged  40,  John  Jcrvis  Palmer, 
esq.,  Commander  in  the  Royal  Navy,  eldest  son 
of  the  late  Cant.  Edmund  Palmer,  R.N.,  C.B., 
and  grandson  of  John  Palmer,  esq.,  M.P.,  Comp- 
troller-General of  the  Post-Offlce. 

April  3.  At  Charlerille  Forest,  Tnllamore, 
accidentally  killed  by  a  fall,  aged  7,  Lady  Har- 
riette  Hugh  Adelaide  Bnry,  second  dau.  of  the 
late  Earl  of  Charltville.  Her  brother,  her  sister, 
and  herself  were  wards  of  Chancery,  and  resided 
with  one  of  their  guardians,  the  Hon.  Alfred 
Bury,  in  the  family  residence,  Charlerille  Castle. 

In  St.  James's-place,  aged  80,  Alex.  Milne, 
esq.,  C.B. 

At  Torquay,  Alice,  wife  of  Lieut.-Col.  T.  P. 
Walsh. 

At  BerseDrelincourt,  Wrexham,  aged  76,  Ann, 
widow  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Williams,  of  Shambrwcn, 
Anglesey,  and  late  of  Bryn  Coch,  Mold. 

At  his  residence,  Newark-park,  Gloucester- 
shire, aged  67,  Lewis  Clutterbuck,  esq.,  Deputy- 
Lieut,  of  the  county  of  Gloucester,  and  J. P.  of 
Gloucestershire  and  Wiltshire. 

At  King's  Lynn,  aged  63,  William  Eyerard, 
esq.  Mr.  Everard  was  a  member  of  the  old  Cor- 
poration of  Lynn,  and  was  Mayor  in  1833.  He 
retired  from  the  Council  in  1841 .  He  was  also 
a  Charity  Trustee,  Treasurer  to  the  Mooring 
and  Pilot  Commissioners,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  zealous  supporters  of  the  local  charities. 

In  Cleveland-sq.,  Hyde-park,  the  residence  of 
his  father,  aged  29,  Lieut.  Henry  Hamilton 
Hooper,  13th  Madras  N.L,  third  son  of  G.  S. 
Hooper,  esq.,  late  Madras  Civil  Service. 

At  Ealing,  aged  48,  Major  Henry  Cracroft, 
Retired  List  Bombay  Army. 

In  Princes-st.,  Edinburgh,  Mrs.  Jane  Hep- 
burne  Mitchelson,  relict  of  Col.  Alexander  dim- 
ming, late  of  the  7th  Bengal  Cavalry. 

April  4.  In  Eaton-pl.,  suddenly,  aged  39,  the 
Hon.  Frederick  Byron.  Mr.  Byron  was  the  se- 
cond son  of  Yice-Adm.  Lord  Byron,  by  Elizabeth 
Mary,  dau.  of  Mr.  Sacheverel  Chandos  Pole,  of 
Radbourne,  Derbyshire,  and  was  born  on  the 
3rd  of  February,  1822.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  8chool,  and  graduated  B.A.  of 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  without  taking  honours, 
in  1843.  In  1844  he  waB  elected  Fellow  of  All 
Souls'  College,  and  proceeded  M.A.  in  the  next 
year.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  by  the  Hon. 
Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1848,  was  appointed 
Capt.  of  the  Sherwood  Rangers  in  1859,  and  was 
a  Deputy-Lieut,  of  Essex.  He  married,  August 
19,  1851,  Mary  Jane,  second  dau.  of  the  Rev. 
William  Wescomb,  Rector  of  Langford,  Essex, 
(co-heiress  of  Mr.  John  Eromerton  Wescomb,  of 
Thrumpton,  Nottinghamshire,  and  Langford- 
grove,  Essex,)  by  whom  he  has  issue  several 
children.  Mr.  Byron's  elder  brother  having  no 
issue  by  his  wife,  he  was  heir-presumptive  to  the 
barony  of  Byron. 


In  London,  aged  68,  Sir  James  Caleb . 
bart,  late  of  Buttevant  Castle,  oo.  Cork. 

At  Old  Charlton,  Mrs.  Williamson,  widow  of 
Col.  J.  S.  Williamson,  Royal  Artillery. 

At  the  residence  of  her  son,  Roden-lodge, 
Barking,  Essex,  aged  84,  Ann,  relict  of  Geotfs 
Sage,  esq.  of  Romford. 

At  Park-pl.,  Cheltenham,  aged  25,  Lucie,  dan. 
of  the  late  Col.  C.  F.  Smith,  of  the  Madras  Army. 

At  Dorfold-hall,  Cheshire,  aged  82,  Jutia, 
relict  of  the  Rev.  James  Tomkinson. 

At  his  residence  in  Exeter,  aged  70,  William 
Nation,  esq.,  of  Petherton-park,  Somerset,  and 
Rockbeare-house,  Devon. 

April  5.  At  Rydal-hall,  Westmoreland,  aged 
77,  Anne  Frederica  Elizabeth,  widow  of  Sir 
Daniel  Fleming,  bart.  This  lady,  who  ;was 
born  in  1784,  was  the  only  child  of  Sir  Michael 
Le  Fleming,  bart.,  of  Rydal-hall,  Westmoreland, 
by  Diana  Howard,  only  dau.  and  heiress  of  Thoe., 
14th  Earl  of  Suffolk.  She  married,  February  4, 
1807,  her  cousin,  Sir  Daniel  Le  Fleming,  who 
had  succeeded  to  her  father's  title  the  year  be- 
fore, and,  dying  in  1821,  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother,  the  Rev.  Richard,  Rector  of  Graamere 
and  Windermere. 

In  Bedford-pl.,  Russell-sq.,  aged  65,  Thomas 
Flower  Ellis,  esq.,  barrister-at-law.  He  was 
called  to  the-bar  in  February,  1824,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Recorder  of  Leeds  in  1839.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  also  held  the  office  of  Attorney- 
General  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster.  The  late 
Mr.  Ellis  was  a  man  of  considerable  legal  attain- 
ments, and  is  well  known  to  the  profession  in 
connection  with  the  law  reports  of  "  Adolphus 
and  Ellis,"  and  "  Ellis  and  Blackburn."  He  was 
one  of  the  executors  under  the  will  of  the  late 
Lord  Maoaulay,  and  recently  brought  out  a 
volume  of  essays,  reviews,  poems,  and  other 
literary  fragments  by  that  great  historian. 

In  Gloucester-sq.,  Robert  Jamieson,  esq.  "  As 
an  enlightened  philanthropist  he  had  for  many 
years  devoted  much  time  and  wealth  in  en- 
deavours to  improve,  civilize,  and  raise  the  na- 
tive races  of  Africa  from  barbarism.  This  he 
sought  to  accomplish  by  establishing  commercial 
relations  with  the  country  by  means  of  the  rivers 
that  flow  from  the  interior  into  the  Atlantic. 
In  this  view,  in  1839,  he  built  and  fitted  out  at 
Liverpool,  with  much  care  and  expense,  the 
'Ethiope'  steamship,  appointing  to  her  com- 
mand the  late  Captain  Beecroft,  to  whom  he  gave 
minute  and  ably  written  instructions  for  his 
guidance  in  exploring  and  trading  voyages.  In 
compliance  with  these  instructions  the  '  Ethiope' 
made  numerous  attempts  at  discovery  in  the 
great  rivers  and  their  tributaries,  ascending  to 
higher  points  in  some  instances  than  had  ever 
previouslybeen  reached  by  Europeans.  Narratives 
of  these  voyages  were  published  by  Mr.  Jamieson, 
and  others  are  given  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society.  The  success  of  his  well- 
concerted  plans  was  marred  by  the  well-meant, 
but  ill-judged,  interference  of  Government,  and 
when  the  unfortunate  Niger  expedition  was 
projected,  Mr.  Jamieson,  being  convinced  of  the 
unsoundness  of  the  scheme,  published  two  'Ap- 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


589 


peals  to  the  GoYcrnment  and  People  of  Great 
Britain'  against  the   project.     When  the  dis- 
astrous consequences  followed  which  he  had  fore- 
seen,  the   orders  that   he  had  given   to  the 
'  Ethiope'  enabled  Captain  Beecroft  to  rescue 
from  impending  destruction  H.M.'s  sbip  '  Al- 
bert,' one  of  the  Teasels  employed  in  the  expe- 
dition, while  by  carrying  her  down  to  Fernando 
Po  he  saved  those  on  board  from  perishing  by 
fever.    In  1859  Mr.  Jamieson  published  a  tract, 
entitled  '  Commerce  with  Africa,'  pointing  out 
the  benefits  that  might  be  obtained  by  establish- 
ing a  short  inland  communication  between  Cross 
River  and  the  Niger,  to  avoid  the  swamps  of  the 
Delta ;  but  his  advancing  years  and  failing  health 
precluded  further  active  exertions.    In  1840  the 
Institute  d'Afrique  of  France  proposed  to  Mr. 
Jamieson  to  become  one  of  their  vice-presidents ; 
but  this  honour  he  declined.    He  was  eminently 
successful  as  a  merchant,  and  had  extensive 
transactions  with  South  America,  Brazil,  India, 
and  China.    In  his  private  relations  he  was  most 
amiable.    Modest  and   unassuming,  his   bene- 
volence was  at  once  extensive  and  unostenta- 
tious ;  and  he  was  ever  ready  to  promote,  by  all 
the  means  in  his  power,  the  interests  of  those 
deserving  and  industrious  persons  with  whom  he 
was  acquainted." — Times. 

April  6.  In  St.  James's-place,  aged  72,  Lieut. - 
Col.  Henry  Hawkins,  late  of  the  Fusilior  Guards. 
At  Gillock-hall,  Bridge  of  Earn,  aged  89,  the 
Hon.  Elizabeth  Cecilia,  relict  of  James  Carstairs 
Bruce,  of  Balcrystie,  and  dau.  of  the  seventh 
Baron  Hollo. 

At  Artramont,  co.  Wexford,  aged  75,  Susan, 
widow  of  the  Right  Hon.  Edward  Pennefather, 
formerly  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  Ireland. 

At  Dorchester,  aged  73,  Christopher  Arden, 
esq.,  surgeon,  a  member  successively  of  the  an- 
cient Corporation  and  of  the  Town  Council  of 
the  borough  of  Dorchester,  of  which  he  was  six 
times  mayor. 

At  Brighton,  Mrs.  Henna  b,  relict  of  Richard 
Buckle  Hennah,  esq.,  of  the  East  India  House. 

In  Widcombe-crescent,  Bath,  aged  75,  Rear- 
Admiral  Robertson.  The  deceased  officer  entered 
the  navy  in  1803,  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Trafal- 
gar. After  various  services  afloat  he  accompanied 
Captain  the  Hon.  Robert  Stopford  in  the  "  Spen- 
cer," 74,  in  the  expedition  against  Copenhagen.  He 
was  taken  prisoner,  but  escaped  in  May,  1809,  and 
in  August  the  same  year  he  joined  the  "  Victory," 
100,  the  flag-ship  of  Admiral  Sir  James  Sautnarez, 
in  the  Baltic.  In  January,  1818,  he  joined  the 
"  Isabella,"  Captain  J.  Koss,  in  which  vessel  he 
was  employed  in  exploring  Baffin's  Bay,  and  in- 
quiring into  the  probability  of  effecting  a  north- 
west passage  to  China.  After  serving  on  the  South 
American  station,  he  joined  the  "  Galatea,"  as 
Flag-Lieutenant  to  Admiral  Sir  T.  M.  Hardy,  in 
1828,  under  whom  he  escorted  to  Lisbon  a  body  of 
troops  intended  as  a  reinforcement  to  the  Portu- 
guese Constitutionalists.  The  late  Rear- Admiral 
was  actively  employed  up  to  1837.  His  commis- 
sions bore  date  us  follows :— Lieutenant,  Feb.  10, 
1810;  Commander,  Nov.  12,  1827  ;  Captain,  Jan. 
10, 1837  ;  and  Rcar-Adm.  ^retired),  July  9, 1857. 


April  7.  At  Colcshill,  Warwickshire,  aged  68, 
Lieut.  Charles  Palmer,  R.N.  He  served  in  three 
of  the  Arctic  expeditions  commanded  by  the  late 
Sir  John  Franklin  and  Sir  Edward  Parry. 

At  his  residence,  Glocester-st,  Regent's-park, 
aged  60,  George  Middleton,  esq.,  many  years 
Secretary  of  the  RoyaTSociety  for  the  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Animals. 

At  Hawke-house,  Sunbury,  William  Broackes, 
esq.,  M.D. 

At  Hull,  W.  8.  Cross,  esq.,  barrister-at-law, 
of  the  Inner  Temple  and  Colney  Hatch.  He 
travelled  on  the  Northern  circuit,  and  was  one 
of  the  leading  members  of  the  bar  who  attended 
the  Hull  sessions.  On  the  Thursday  he  was 
pleading  there,  in  his  usual  health.  In  the  even- 
ing he  went  to  the  house  of  a  friend  to  spend  an 
hour  or  two;  and,  while  there,  he  all  at  once 
complained  of  a  curious  sensation  in  the  arm. 
A  few  minutes  afterwards  he  fell  off  his  chair  on 
to  the  floor,  and  it  was  then  found  he  had  been 
seized  by  a  paralytic  fit.  He  was  removed  to 
the  Kingston  Hotel,  where  he  lingered  in  a  state 
of  unconsciousness  until  nine  o'clock  on  Sunday 
evening,  when  Be  expired. 

April  8.  At  Milan,  aged  69,  G.  C.  Carpenter, 
esq.,  of  Ford,  Northumberland,  late  Capt.  15th 
Hussars. 

In  Ainslie-place,  Edinburgh,  Major  William 
Blackwood,  late  of  the  95th  Bengal  Native  In- 
fantry. 

At  Oxenden,  Dunse,  Berwickshire,  General 
Henry  James  Riddell,  K.H.,  Col.  of  the  6th  Regt. 
The  deceased  served  as  deputy  assistant  quarter- 
master-general at  the  capture  of  Copenhagen  in 
1807,  and  as  assistant  quartermaster-general  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Spain  and  at  Genoa,  with 
the  army  under  Lord  William  Bentinck.  His 
commissions  bore  date— Ensign,  March,  1798; 
lieut.,  April  19, 1798 ;  capt.,  Dec.  24, 1802 ;  major, 
Dec.  10,  1807 ;  lieut. -col.,  June  4, 1813 ;  colonel, 
July  22, 1830 ;  major-gen.,  Nov.  23,  1841 ;  lieut.- 
gen.,  Nov.  11, 1851 ;  general,  8ept.  26, 1857  ;  and 
colonel  of  tbe  6th  Foot,  June  25, 1851. 

April  9.  At  Blackheatb,  Lady  Brown,  the  re- 
lict of  Captain  Sir  Samuel  Brown,  R.N.,  of  Van- 
brugh-lodge,  Blackheath,  Kent. 

At  the  residence  of  her  sister-in-law,  Park- 
road,  Haverstock-hill,  aged  44,  Alice  Alison, 
only  dau.  of  the  late  Dr.  Thomas  Trotter,  of 
House  Byres,  co.  Roxburgh,  and  physician  to 
the  fleet  under  Lord  Howe  at  the  battle  of  the 
1st  of  June,  1794. 

At  the  residence  of  his  son,  at  Leamington, 
aged  73,  Thomas  Sherwood,  esq.,  late  of  Sheer- 
water,  Surrey,  and  the  Common  Pleas -office, 
London. 

April  10.  At  Heath-house,  Brislington,  aged  81, 
Isabella,  widow  of  Edward  Long  Fox,  of  Bris- 
lington-h'  use,  near  Bristol,  M.D. 

April  \\.  At  Brampton,  Charlotte,  youngest 
dau.  of  tbe  late  Robert  Hardy,  esq.,  formerly  of 
the  Admiralty. 

Aged  73,  George  James  Nicholson,  esq.,  of 
Gray's-inn,  and  Cowley-halL  Hillingdon. 

At  Plymouth,  Albinia  Harriet,  wife  of  Colonel 
Faddy,  Royal  Artillery. 


690 


Obitdaet. 


EM«r; 


At  Bitterne,  near  Southampton,  aged  73,  Maria, 
widow  of  Capt.  Bead,  R.N.,  of  New  Fishborne, 
Sussex. 

April  12.  At  Cronkhill,  near  Shrewsbury,  aged 
60,  the  Right  Hon.  Richard  Noel  Noel-Hill, 
Lord  Berwick,  of  Attingham.  His  lordship,  who 
was  born  at  Betton,  Shropshire,  Not.  21, 1800,  was 
the  son  of  the  fourth  Lord  Berwick,  (who  was  in 
holy  orders,)  by  Frances  Maria,  dau.  of  William 
Mostyn-Owen,  esq.,  of  Woodhouse.  He  was 
educated  at  Rugby,  and  succeeded  to  the  title 
8ept  28,  1648.  The  deceased  nobleman  took  no  part 
in  polities,  but  devoted  himself  almost  entirely  to 
agricultural  and  mechanical  pursuits ;  he  was  one 
of  the  most  successful  breeders  in  England  of  Here- 
ford cattle,  hit  farm  buildings  are  models  of  order 
and  neatness,  and  he  has  obtained  numerous  prizes 
at  the  shows  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  at 
Birmingham,  at  the  Smithfield  shows,  and  several 
places  in  the  provinces.  His  genius  as  a  mechanic 
was  extraordinary,  and  he  was  a  first-rate  rifle 
shot.  His  lordship,  who  was  unmarried,  is  suc- 
ceeded by  his  brother,  the  Hon.  William,  who 
entered  the  army  in  1817,  served  in  the  first 
Burmese  war,  retired  in  1855,  and  is  now  Lieut.- 
Col.  1st  battalion  Shropshire  Rifle  Volunteers. 

At  his  residence,  St.  George's-st.,  Canterbury, 
Captain  Love,  J. P.,  a  leading  man  in  the  Liberal 
party  in  that  city. 

April  13.  At  Baskerville -house,  Worcester, 
aged  63,  Lieut-Col.  Jasper  Taylor  Hall,  late  of 
the  Coldstream  Guards. 

At  Newsham-grange,  Yorkshire,  aged  82,  Miss 
Cicely  Robinson.  Miss  Robinson,  by  her  will, 
directed  that  82  loaves  of  bread,  of  the  value  of 
one  shilling  each,  should  be  given  to  poor  per- 
sons making  application. 

At  the  Manor-house,  Little  Shelford,  Cambs., 
aged  72,  William  Filkes  Haines,  esq. 

April  14.  At  Chester-house,  Wimbledon,  Surrey, 
Elizabeth,  Dowager  Lady  Forbes,  of  Newe,  Aber- 
deenshire. She  was  the  dau.  of  Major  John  Cot- 
grave,  of  the  East  India  Company's  Service,  and 
married,  Feb.  28,  1809,  Mr.  Charles  Forbes,  of 
Newe,  Aberdeenshire,  a  merchant  in  Bombay, 
who  was  created  a  baronet  in  1823.  By  him  she 
had  issue  four  sons  and  a  dau.  The  eldest  son, 
John  (married  to  a  dau.  of  Mr.  Henry  L.  Hunter, 
of  Beech-hill,  Berks),  died  in  1840,  leaving  issue 
a  son,  who  became  second  baronet  on  the  death 
of  his  grandfather  in  1849,  and  who  died  at  the 
early  age  of  nineteen,  in  1852,  when  the  baronetcy 
was  inherited  by  the  second  son  of  the  deceased 
lady.— Post. 


At  Roche-court,  Winter*lowf  aged  89, 
Thomas  Egerton,  esq.,  Magistrate  and  Dspmlj» 
Lieut  of  Wilts. 

At  the  Rectory,  Bright  Waltbmm,  Berks,  Eta 
Reeve,  wife  of  the  Rev.  F.  L.  Curritv 
In  London,  Vice-Adm.  Aplin. 
At  Bath,  Ellen,  widow  of  Major  J.  Bailie  lose, 
(late  55thRegt.),of  Kilravock  Castle,  Nairnshire. 
April  15.    At  his  residence,  Hampstead,  agei 
71,  the  Lord  Sidney  Oodolphin  Osborne.    Hk 
lordship  was  the  only  son  of  Francis  Godolphia, 
fifth  Duke  of  Leeds,  K.O.,  by  his  second  marriage 
with  Catherine,  dau.  of  Mr.  Thomas  Anguish, 
Accountant-Gen.  of  the  Court  of  Chancery.    He 
was  born  December  16, 1789,  and  was  educated  at 
Eton  .and  Christ  Church.    He  was  half-uncle  ts 
the  late  and  to  the  present  Duke  of  Leeds. 

At  Southsea,  aged  78,  Elizabeth,  widow  oi 
Commander  John  Potenger  Greenlaw,  R.N. 

At  Torquay,  aged  18,  William  T.nth»mt  second 
son  of  the  late  J.  Bailey,  esq.,  M.P.  for  Hereford- 
shire. 

April  1Q.  In  Manchester -et.,  Manehester-eq., 
aged  55,  Emma,  widow  of  William  Dampier, 
esq.,  of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service. 

At  Bourne-park,  near  Canterbury,  aged  1», 
Edward  Shurland,  second  son  of  Matthew  Bell, 
esq. 

April  17.   In  Rusaell-eq.,  Joseph  Collis,  esq., 
'  late  Senior  Registrar  of  the  High  Court  of  Chan- 
cery. 

At  HaywardVheath,  aged  21,  Alexander  Thist- 
lethwayte,  only  son  of  the  late  Rear-Admiral 
Sir  Francis  Augustus  Collier,  C.B. 

At  South-hill,  Henley -on -Thames,  aged  73 
Louisa,  wife  of  Joseph  Gwilt,  esq. 

April  19.  In  Norfolk-crescent,  Hyde-park,  agec 
80,  General  Sir  Charles  W.  Pasley,  K  C.B.,  Royal 
Engineers.  ' 

At  Amington-hall,  Warwickshire,  aged  75, 
Gen.  Charles  Ashe  a  Court  Repington,  C.B.,  Col 
of  the  41st  Regt. 

In  William-st.,  Lowndes-sq.,  Augusta,  wife  ol 
Capt.  Sir  Frederick  Nicolson,  bait.,  R.N. 

In  Langham-st,  Portland-pL,  Anne  Elisabeth 
relict  of  Thomas  Dax,  esq.,  Senior  Master  of  tin 
Court  of  Exchequer. 

April  20.  At  his  seat,  Llanerchydol,  Montgo- 
meryshire, aged  71,  David  Pugh,  esq.,  M.P.  foi 
the  Montgomery  boroughs.  Mr.  Pugh  had  sal 
during  three  Parliaments  for  these  boroughs,  anc 
served  the  office  of  High  8heriff  for  the  county 
In  politics  he  was  a  Liberal-Conservative. 


1861.] 


591 


TABLE  OP  MORTALITY  AND  BIRTHS  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OP  LONDON, 

(From  ths  Return*  issued  by  the  Registrar- General.) 
DEATHS  REGISTERED. 


scrpnrjrTxirDEYT 

RROHTRARS' 

Area 

in 

Statute 

Acres 

Popula- 
tion 
in 
1851. 

Deaths  in  Districts,  Ac.,  in  the  Week 
ending  Saturday, 

BHTBICT8. 

Mareh 

23, 

1861. 

Mareh 

30, 

1861. 

April 

6, 

1861. 

April 

13, 

1861. 

Mean  Temperature        •                • 

41*3 

46-2 

48*5    |   44*2 

78029 

2362236 

1214 

1236 

1220     1209 

1-6.  West  Districts    . 

7-11.  North  Districts  . 

12-19.  Central  Districts 

20-25.  East  Districts     . 

26-36.  South  Districts  . 

10786 

13533 

1938 

6230 

45542 

376427 
490396 
393256 
485522 
616635 
1           • 

182 
271 
156 
272 
333 

213 
275 
182 
271 
295 

186 
241 
203 
262 
328 

191 

252 

162 

,    258 

,    343 

i 

Deaths  Registered. 

j     Births  Registered. 

Week  ending 
Saturday, 

Under 

20  years 

of  Age. 

20  and 
under  40. 

40  and 
under  60. 

60  and 
under  80. 

• 

—  • 

52 
45 
32 
46 

3 

Males. 

i 
a 

fa 

1 

March  23    . 

30    . 

April       6    . 

„        13     . 

647 
647 
624 
587 

151 
154 
149 
174 

180 
163 
196 
203 

181 
220 
189 
199 

1214 
1236 
1220 
1209 

991 
1031 
1012 
1012 

989 
943 
988 
992 

1980 
1974 
2000 
2004 

PRICE  OP  CORN. 


Average  ^    Wheat, 
of  Six     >    s.    d. 
Weeks,   j    55    Q 

Week  ending  \  5q    o 
April  16.     J 

Barley. 
s.     d. 
38    2 

|     43    3 

Oats. 
s.    d. 
23    9 

|    24    5 

Rye. 
s.    d. 
35     2 

1      

Beans. 
s.    d. 

41     0 

|    37    0 

Peas. 
s.     d. 

41    6 

i     33    6 

PRICE  OP  HAY  AND  8TRAW  AT  SMITHPIELD,  April  18. 
Hay,  2/.  10*.  to  U.  5#.  —  Straw,  1/.  12*.  to  21.  5#.  —  Clover,  3/.  10#.  to  67.  6s. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 
To  sink  the  Offal— per  stone  of  81bs. 


Beef Is.  4rf.  to  4*.  lOrf. 

Mutton 4f.  Orf.  to  4*.    Sd. 

Veal 4s.  4rf.  to  5*.    2d. 

Pork 4*.  0<*.  to5#.    Ad. 

Lamb 6#. 


Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  April  18. 

Beasts 740 

Sheep  6,160 

Calves 206 

Pigs 340 


Sd.  to  7s.    Od. 

COAL-MARKET,  April  19. 
Best  Wallsend,  per  ton,  16f.  Od.  to  18*.  Od.    Other  sorts,  12*.  9<*.  to  13*.  84. 


METEOROLOGICAL  DIARY,  by  H.  OOULD,  lata  W.  CART.  181, Snini. 

From  March  34  to  April  23,  inelume. 


m 

..ifii     ,■ 
X! 


DAILY  PKICE  OF  STOCKS. 


ALFRED  WHITMORE, 

Stock  and  Share  Broker, 

19,  Change  Alley,  London,  E.C. 


PART  OF  THE  SOUTH  WALK  OFTHE  CLOISTERS     WESTMINSTER    ABBEY 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE 


AND 


HISTORICAL    REYIEW, 

JUNE,  1861. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 
MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE.-  Ecclesiological  Society.— Roman  Remains  at  the  Mount, 

York.— The  Earldom  of  Derby.— Motto  of  the  Thackwella  594 

Some  Remarks  upon  the  Early  Norman  Remain*  and  the  Later  Outbuildings 

attached  to  Westminster  Abbey 595 

Earl  Stanhope's  Life  of  William  Pitt ;...; 609 

Prefaces  to  the  Editiones  Principes    614 

Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands,  (Second  Notice)   619 

The  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  England    625 

The  Uricomum  Excavation  Fund   630 

Historical  Bearing  of  certain  Local  Names  connected  with  Gloucester 631 

Treasure  Trove 633 

The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  Charles  Abbot,  Lord  Colchester 634 

The  Roman  Wall  of  London  646 

ORIGINAL  DOCUMENT8.— Unpublished  Letters  of  Aubrey  to  Antony  a  Wood 647 

ANTIQUARIAN  AND  LITERARY  INTELLIGENCER— Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London, 
650;  Archaeological  Institute,  052;  British  Archaeological  Association,  656 ;  Lectures 
at  the  Architectural  Exhibition,  657 ;  Ecclesiological  Society,  662 ;  Ethnological  So- 
ciety, 663;  Numismatic  Society — London  and  Middlesex  and  Surrey  Archaeological 
Societies,  665;  Cambridge  Arohitectuial  Society,  666;  Soc.-.ty  of  Antiquaries,  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne, 668;  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  670;  Yorkshire  Philo- 
sophical Society 672 

CORRESPONDENCE  OF  8YLVANU8  URBAN— The  Architect  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  674 ; 
Preservation  of  Stone,  677  ;  Origin  of  the  Name  of  llewett,  and  its  Variations,  678 ; 
English  Heroic  Verse 681 

THE  NOTE-BOOK  OF  8YLVANUS  URBAN  683 

HISTORICAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  RE  VIEWS.- Transactions  of  the  Exeter  Diocesan 
Architectural  Societv,  685 ;  Falkener's  Daedalus,  686 ;  Scott's  Half-hour  Lectures  on 
the  History  and  PraVtice  of  the  Fine  and  Ornamental  Arts,  688 ;  Hutchison's  Mono- 
graph on  the  History  and  Restoration  of  the  Parish  Church  of  S.  Mary,  Calling  ton, 
Cornwall,  689;  Churton's  Me  i.oir  of  Joshua  Watson -The  Numismatic  Chronicle — 
The  Comprehensive  History  of  England— Reader's  Loyal  and  Patriotic  Son^s 690 

APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS   691 

BIRTHS   692 

MARRIAGES 694 

OBITUARY.— The  Duke  of  Bedford,  K.G.— Sir  Hedworth  Williamson,  Bart.,  697  ;  General 
8irC.  W.  Paslcv,  K.C.B.,698;  Sir  George  Jackson,  K.C.  II. —General  A'Court  Reping- 
ton,  699;  the  Rev.  H.  F.  Yeatman,  LL.B.,  700;  Joseph  Hunter,  Esq.,  F.a.A 701 

CLERGY  DECEASED    703 

DEATHS  ARRANGED  IN  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDER    704 

Registrar-General's  Return  of  Mortality  and  Births  in  the  Metropolis— Markets,  711; 

Meteorological  Diary— Daily  Price  of  Stocks    712 


By  8YLYANUS  UEBAN,  Gknt. 


MINOR  CORRESPONDENCE. 


Notice. — Sylvanus  Urban  requests  his  Friends  to  observe  that  Reports,  Corre- 
spondence, Books  for  Review,  announcements  of  Births,  Marriages,  and  Deaths,  ifc, 
received  after  the  20th  instant,  cannot  be  attended  to  until  the  following  Month, 


ECCLESIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Twenty -second  Anniversary  Meet- 
ing  of  the  Ecclesiological  Society  will  be 
held  on  Thursday,  June  13th,  at  eight 
p.m.,  in  the  Galleries  of  the  Architectural 
Union  Company,  now  occupied  by  the 
Architectural,  Exhibition,  9,  Conduit-street, 
Regent-street. 

The  subject  of  discussion  will  be  the 
"Destructive  Nature  of  Modern  Church 
Restoration  in  France." 

ROMAN  REMAINS  AT  THE  MOUNT, 

YORK. 

Singe  the  date  of  our  last  report  from 
the  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society,  some 
very  interesting  remains  have  been  found 
near  Monk  Bar,  in  digging  the  foundation 
for  a  house  on  the  Mount. 

Among  the  articles  are  various  pieces 
of  pottery,  either  sepulchral  urns  or  ves- 
sels for  domestic  use.  A  very  perfect 
and  beautiful  example  was  also  found  of 
the  glass  jar  which  sometimes  took  the 
place  of  pottery  as  a  receptucle  for  the 
ashes  of  the  dead.  When  extracted  from 
the  earth  it  was  half  filled  with  bones. 
The  glass  is  partially  opalized  by  long 
lying  in  the  ground,  but  it  has  happily 
escaped  fracture.  The  most  interesting, 
however,  of  the  antiquities  discovered  is 
a  tablet  of  grit  stone,  dedicated  by  her 
father  to  the  manes  of  Corellia  Optata, 
who  died  at  the  age  of  13.  It  is  in 
hexameter  verse,  and  the  father,  bewail- 
ing his  hard  lot,  declares  that  he  has 
placed  an  image  of  his  daughter  over  the 
handful  of  ashes  which  alone  remained  of 
her.  The  upper  part  of  the  tablet  which 
contained  this  figure  has  been  broken  off, 
only  the  feet  remaining. 


THE  EARLDOM  OF  DERBY. 

Mr.  Urban, — Allow  me  to  correct  an 
error  into  which  Mr.  Freeman  has  fallen 
in  his  letter  to  you  on  the  architect  of 
Lincoln  Cathedral  in  your  March  number, 
(p.  314).  Mr.  Freeman  says  the  Earl  of 
Derby  does  not  take  his  title  from  the 
most  famous  Derby,  but  from  West  Derby 
in  Lancashire.  Jealous  for  the  honour  of 
our  good  old  town,  whose  earldom  has 
passed  down  for  eight  centuries  through 
the  Ferrari,  the  Dukes  of  Lancaster,  and 
the  Stanleys,  I  wish  to  assure  Mr.  Freeman 
and  the  readers  of  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  that  the  title  is  not  derived 
from  West  Derby  in  Lancashire,  but  from 
the  county  town  of  Derbyshire. 

lam,  Ac. 

Ll.  Jewitt. 

Derby,  April,  1861. 

MOTTO  OF  THE  THACKWELLS. 

Mb.  Ubban,— The  motto  "  Mihi  solici- 
tudo  futuri,"  mentioned  in  my  former 
communication,  (Minor  Correspondence, 
May,  1861,)  was  not,  as  there  stated, 
granted  by  the  Heralds'  College  in  1824 
to  the  descendants  of  John  Thackwell, 
Esq.,  of  Morton  Court  and  Rye  Court, 
Worcestershire.  It  had  been  assumed 
(and  used  on  seals,  Ac.)  some  time  before 
by  the  descendants  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Thackwell,  Vicar  of  Waterperry,  Oxon, 
who  held  that  living  for  sixty-one  years, 
and  dieil,  aged  88,  in  1668 ;  and  who  was  . 
the  great-great-grandfather  of  the  grantee. 

E. 


Several  Reviews  and   Obituaries    are 
unavoidably  postponed. 


THE 


(^tntltmnn's  mznznint 


AND 

HISTORICAL    REYIEW. 


SOME  REMARKS  UPON  THE  EARLY  NORMAN  REMAINS 

AND  THE   LATER  OUTBUILDINGS  ATTACHED  TO 

WESTMINSTER  ABBEY. 

There  is  something  specially  interesting  in  the  traces  of  any  remains  of 
an  age  long  passed  away.  Whether  it  be  a  fossil  bone  of  some  extinct 
species  of  animal,  or,  again,  a  fragment  of  Etruscan  pottery,  or  the  broken 
frieze  or  mutilated  capital  of  some  Greek  temple— in  its  day  the  central 
object  of  that  small  section  of  the  human  family,  who  "  ignorantly  worship- 
ping" the  great  "  Unknown"  felt  after  Him  in  the  material  expression  of 
that  ideal  beauty  which  they  sought  to  realize  in  their  great  works  of  art ; — 
in  whichever  of  these  manifold  forms  it  be  that  traces  still  occur  to  us  of 
what  was  once  the  animal  type  on  the  earth,  or,  again,  of  what  was  the 
cast  of  the  mind  of  man  in  the  earlier  ages  of  our  race,  there  cannot  fail  to 
attach  to  such  material  reminiscences  an  interest  of  no  ordinary  character. 

In  their  works  we  recognise  the  inner  life  of  the  generations  that  are 
gone.  Of  these,  perhaps  few— even  including  the  Egyptians  of  old  and  the 
two  classical  nations  of  ancient  Europe — impress  the  mind  so  strongly,  in 
proportion  at  least  to  the  short  period  [of  their  distinct  national  life,  as  the 
Norman  portion  of  the  great  Teutonic  family.  The  stern  and  simple  gran- 
deur of  their  architecture,  its  uniformity  and  regularity,  its  disdain  of  orna- 
ment in  the  earlier  specimens  remaining  to  us,  (and  it  is  of  these  that  we 
are  now  chiefly  speaking,)  the  largeness  of  their  ideal  conception,  the  solid 
character  of  their  masonry,  the  long  vista  of  their  abbatial  and  cathedral 
churches,  bounded  laterally  by  pillars  and  arches,  all  of  vast  proportions ; 
the  strength  and  yet  simplicity  of  their  vaulting ;  the  subsidiary  parts  too 
—windows  and  doorways,  string-courses  and  mouldings, — all  and  each  of 
these,  in  their  several  degrees,  testify  to  the  mind  of  the  beholder  in  these 
our  day  8,  that  they  who  in  such  wise  expressed  in  stone  their  inner 
thoughts  and  the  special  genius  of  their  mind,  were  indeed  a  race  of 
giant 8, — men  who  left  their  footmarks  upon  the  sands  of  time,  though 
their  passage  across  them  was  but  rapid,  but  left  them  impressed  so  deeply 
that  the  impress  will  remain  for  ever. 

But  yet,  amid  this  vastnesa  of  proportion,  beneath  this  giant  scale  of 


596  Some  Remarks  upon  the  Norman  Remains,  $e.,       [J  une, 

architecture,  there  lie  latent  the  seeds  of  a  finished  beauty,  only  waiting  for 
time  to  develop  them.     Those  who  have  examined  any  of  the  great  works 
of  the  early  Norman  period  will  require  no  proof  in  support  of  the  above 
remark.    It  is  beyond  all  doubt  that  in  the  great  abbatial  churches  of  Nor* 
mandy  a  model  was  struck  out  by  the  master  mind  of  the  great  architects  of 
the  eleventh  century,-— or,  to  use  the  annalist's  phrase,  a  "  novum  compo- 
sitions genus*'  was  introduced, — in  which  was  contained  the  germ  whence 
budded  forth,  within  a  hundred  years,  the  so  justly  admired  Pointed  Archi- 
tecture of  the  era  of  the  Plantagenets.     Nor  is  the  interest  with  which  we 
regard  the  fully  developed  beauty  of  the  Pointed  style  at  all  diminished  by 
the  contemplation  of  the  source  from  whence  it  sprang.     Nay,  rather  that 
interest  is  enhanced  when  we  consider  that  each  of  these  styles,  so  differ- 
ent in  so  many  respects,  is  yet  most  intimately  connected  with  its  fellow, 
— the  one  passing  into    the  other  by  almost  imperceptible   gradations, 
shading  off  with  the  delicacy  of  the  rainbow* s  tints ;   arches  and  mouldings, 
columns  and  pillars,  vaultings  and  groinings,  all  related  and  yet  opposed, 
all  developing  by  rapid  but  steady  movement  into  a  full-blown  flower  *  of 
intensest  beauty, — from  a  calix  of  ruder  form  it  is  true,  but  which  yet  was 
not  without  a  beauty  of  its  own. 

It  may  surprise  many  of  our  readers  to  hear  that  under  the  shadow  of 
Westminster  Abbey, — which  all  so  justly  regard  as  the  finest  Gothic 
edifice  in  the  kingdom, — there  still  exist  remains  of  the  eleventh  century 
of  the  character  above  adverted  to.  Yet  such  is  the  fact.  On  the  south 
side  of  the  Abbey  church,  considerable  portions  of  the  domestic  buildings  of 
the  Abbey  of  the  Confessor  still  are  to  be  traced.  Here  are  to  be  seen 
the  massive  round  columns,  the  heavy,  inelegant  abacus,  the  rude  attempts 
at  carving,  the  peculiar  style  of  masonry,  recalling  to  mind  the  contem- 
porary works  of  Normandy ;  all  consistent  with  the  date  assigned  to  their 
construction, — the  last  year  of  the  last  Saxon  monarch  of  England, — yet 
with  indications  sufficient  to  warrant  the  suggestion  that  Norman  models 
were  followed,  if  not  Norman  workmen  employed  in  their  construction. 

It  appears  from  the  almost  contemporary  narrative  of  the  monk  Sulcar- 
dus  that,  whatever  may  have  been  the  size  of  the  original  Saxon  Abbey 
occupying  the  site  of  the  present  edifice,  the  whole  church  and  its  adjacent 
outbuildings  were  reconstructed  anew,  on  a  much  larger  scale,  by  the 
pious  munificence  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  Sulcardus  was  a  monk  of 
Westminster,  and  by  the  dedication  of  his  account  of  the  lately  erected 
Abbey  to  the  Abbot  Vitalis,  may  be  presumed  to  have  written  it  in  the 
Conqueror's  time — Vi talis  dying  some  years  before  that  prince b. 

The  words  of  this  annalist,  and  others  of  later  date,  are  as  follows : — 

•  The  motto  inscribed  by  the  architect  of  the  Chapter-house  at  York  Minster  is  sug- 
gestive of  a  forcible  analogy : — 

"  Ut  rosa  floe  florum,  sic  est  Domus  ista  Domorum." 

w  Widmore,  History  of  Westminster  Abbey. 


1861.]  at  Westminster  Abbey.  597 

Sulcardus  says,  "  Monasterium  est  dirutum  at  snrgeret  nobilius."  As  to 
the  structure  itself,  it  was  "Diversis  fultum  columnis  ac  multiplicibus 
volutum  hinc  et  inde  arcubus."  William  of  Malmesbury  states  that  the 
Confessor  "  Ecclesiam  aedificationia  genere  novo  fecit ;"  which  same  church, 
adds  Matthew  of  Westminster,  "  a  fundamentis  construxerat."  Matthew 
Paris  corroborates  this  adoption  by  King  Edward  of  what  was  then  a  style 
unknown  in  Saxon  England ;  his  words  are :  "  Sepultus  est  (Rex  Ed- 
wardus)  Londini  in  Ecclesia  quam  ipse  novo  compositions  genere  con- 
struxerat, a  qua-  post  multi  ecclesias  construentea  exemplum  adepti  opus 
illud  emulabantur." 

We  may  therefore  regard  these  remains  of  the  Abbey  of  Edward 
the  Confessor  as  the  earliest  specimen  of  the  Norman  style  in  England, 
and  as  the  great  Exemplar  from  which  the  many  noble  abbeys  and 
cathedrals  of  the  Norman  period  were  subsequently  erected;  a  special 
interest,  therefore,  assuredly  attaches  to  these  venerable  relics,  apart  from 
their  locality. 

The  Abbey  of  the  Confessor  must  have  been  very  nearly,  if  not  quite, 
commensurate  with  the  present  Abbey,  commenced  by  Henry  III.  This 
opinion  has  been  not  lightly  expressed  by  one  well  qualified  to  judge, 
whose  name  stands  second  to  none  among  the  living  Gothic  architects  of 
this  day,  and  to  whose  hands,  it  is  a  special  matter  for  satisfaction,  the 
guardianship  of  Westminster  Abbey  has  been  for  some  years  entrusted e. 
We  can  still  trace  no  inconsiderable  portion,  if  not  of  the  Confessor's 
Abbey  church,  yet  of  the  buildings  of  the  monastery  adjacent. 

Proceeding  southward  from  the  south  transept  of  Henry  the  Third's 
church,  the  remains  of  the  Norman  work  of  1060 — 1066  are  first  detected 
in  the  east  cloister.  The  masonry  of  the  chapel  of  the  Pyx  exhibits  the 
toide  joints,  found  everywhere  in  Normandy  in  buildings  of  this  century,  an 
indication  seldom  leading  to  an  erroneous  conclusion.  The  quality  of  the 
mortar,  and  the  shaping  of  the  stones  by  the  hand-axe,  the  marks  of  which 
are  still  visible  to  the  eye,  are  characteristics  which  are  in  distinct  contrast 
to  the  fine-jointed  masonry,  and  the  smoother  surface  of  the  stones,  imply- 
ing a  better  kind  of  tool,  as  found  in  the  work  of  Henry  two  centuries 
afterwards.  From  the  chapel  of  the  Pyx,  continuing  southward,  to  the 
archway  opening  into  Little  Dean's  Yard,  the  whole  substructure  is  of  the 
same  date  and  character.  The  chapel  of  the  Pyx  itself  has  been  described 
by  the  eminent  architect  above  alluded  to,  in  his  lecture  delivered  to  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  Though  this  chapel  itself  is  not 
accessible  to  the  ordinary  visitor,  being  in  charge  of  the  government 
officials,  yet  the  same  style  in  all  its  details  is  to  be  seen  in  the  adjacent 
bays,  or  compartments,  which  have  lately  been  cleared  out  and  are  now  open 
to  inspection.     The  whole  range,  numbering  about  seven  bays  of  vaulting, 

<•  Mr.  G.  Gilbert  Scott,  ILA. 
Gskt.  Mao.  Vol.  (XX  4  o 


598  Some  Remarks  upon  the  Norman  Remains,  $<?.,       [June, 

formed  the  substructure  to  the  dormitory  of  Edward's  monastery.  But 
Edward's  work  is  not  only  to  be  seen  in  the  substructure.  The  east,  west, 
and  south  walls  of  Westminster  School,  which  occupies  the  exact  position 
of  this  ancient  dormitory, — and  even  in  its  modern  aspect  forms  one  of  the 
noblest  rooms  in  the  kingdom, — still  exhibit  portions  of  the  Confessor's 
masonry,  into  which  more  recent  alterations  have  been  engrafted.  The 
same  wide-jointed  masonry  and  roughly-hewn  stones  of  considerable  di- 
mensions are  to  be  seen  in  numerous  patches  around  the  periphery  of  the 
school-room ;  whilst  externally  one  of  the  original  windows  of  the  period 
still  remains.  Rude  as  they  are,  these  traces  are  full  of  interest.  Here  we 
behold  the  first  attempt  of  Norman-Gothic  architecture  in  England !  The 
seed  was  here  sown.  A  native  impulse  to  improve  upon  the  humbler 
works  of  their  Saxon  forefathers  disdained  not,  with  true  wisdom,  to  look 
abroad,  if  perchance  from  thence  might  be  derived  ideas  taken  from  existing 
models  of  that  grander  scale  of  church  building,  which  the  Saxon  monarch 
had  seen  in  Normandy,  but  of  which  as  yet  there  was  nothing  among  his 
own  subjects.  It  was  late  in  life  that  the  project  was  adopted,  and  he  did 
not  live  to  see  its  full  completion  by  the  customary  ceremony  of  consecra- 
tion ;  but  the  work  was  carried  on  with  diligence  and  finished  within  a  few 
years  d.  Like  many  other  works  undertaken  in  a  good  cause,  the  projector 
lived  not  to  see  it  'finished ;  but  it  may  without  hesitation  be  said,  that  in 
the  .renovated  abbey  and  monastery  of  1060  King  Edward  the  Confessor 
left  a  work  behind  him  destined  to  bring  about  mighty  changes  in  his 
land.  The  introduction  amongst  the  Saxon  native  workmen  of  a  model, 
struck  out  by  the  more  original  and  more  influential  mind  of  their  Norman 
neighbours,  became  a  fulcrum,  by  which  in  its  time  was  effected  a  complete 
revolution  in  the  thoughts,  the  genius,  and  the  skill  of  the  native  architects 
of  the  island, — architects  as  yet  unborn,  but  soon  to  arise  to  carry  the 
Pointed  architecture  of  the  Christian  Church  to  its  highest  standard  of 
perfection. 

The  substructure  of  the  Confessor's  dormitory  continues  southward 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  great  school-room:  there  seems,  however,  to 
be  evidence  to  the  eye  that  some  alterations  were  perhaps  here  made 
in  the  twelfth  century.  Manifest  traces  of  this  latter  date  are  still  ex- 
isting on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Little  Cloisters,  and  here  the  great 
advance  made  within  the  sixty  or  seventy  years  which  had  elapsed  since 
the  Conquest,  by  the  rivalry  implanted  on  English  soil  with  the  more 
finished  works  in  Normandy,  is  clearly  indicated  in  the  diminished6  size 
and  yet  greater  height  of  the  columns,  the  character  of  the  capitals, 

4  "  Festinatur  opus  ex  preoepto  Regis  ccBptum,  et  post  pauoos  annos  perfectum."— 
Sulcardut, 
•  Whewell,  Arch.  Notes,  3rd  Edition,  p.  87.— Tapper,  Prov.  Fhilos.  on  "  Beauty :" — 

"  I  judge  that  beauty  and  sublimity  be  but  the  lesser  and  the  great ; 

"  8ublime,  as  magnified  to  giants,  and  beautiful,  as  diminished  into  fairies." 


1861.]  at  Westminster  Abbey.  599 

and  the  mouldings  employed  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Katharine,  which  stood 
here.  The  exact  date  of  the  building  of  this  chapel  is  not  known,  but 
it  must  have  been  some  time  before  1162.  In  that  year  the  Xing  com- 
manded a  synod  to  be  assembled  in  this  chapel  to  determine  a  question  of 
privilege  between  the  convent  of  St.  Alban's  and  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln. 
It  may  here  be  mentioned  that  the  same  sacred  precincts  became  the  scene 
of  a  memorable  contest  at  another  synod  held  here  in  1176,  when  a  dispute 
for  precedency  arose  between  the  two  archbishops,  the  pope's  legate  occu- 
pying the  chair.  The  predecessor  of  the  great  Wolsey  of  an  after  age  con- 
sidered that  the  dignity  of  his  see  of  York  would  suffer  if  he  took  the  left 
side  of  the  papal  chairman ;  and,  forgetful  as  well  of  manners  as  of  humility, 
he  proceeded  to  interpose  himself  with  sufficient  violence  between  the  Legate 
and  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  already  was  seated  on  the  coveted 
right  hand  of  the  pope's  representative.  A  rude  and  unseemly  contest 
arose.  The  retinue  of  the  see  of  Canterbury  sprang  upon  the  rival  of  their 
master, — "  they  threw  him  to  the  ground,"  (to  use  the  annalist's  words  f,) 
"  and  beginning  to  lay  on  him  with  bats  and  fists,  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, yielding  good  for  evil,  sought  to  save  him  from  their  hands."  To 
return,  however,  to  the  architecture :  let  us  retrace  our  steps  from  this 
farthest  point  where  vestiges  of  the  Norman  portion  of  the  abbey  buildings 
still  remain,  and  wend  our  way  again  through  the  dark  cloister,  and  under 
the  barrel- vaulting  of  the  Confessor's  age,  to  the  south-eastern  angle  of 
the  great  cloisters.  On  the  eastern  wall  of  this  part  of  the  cloisters,  it  was 
before  observed,  the  masonry  indicates  clearly,  by  the  size  of  the  stones 
employed,  and  the  character  of  the  mortar,  and  its  wide  joints,  that  here 
a  portion  of  the  Norman  work  was  made  use  of  when  the  eastern  cloister 
was  built  in  Henry  the  Third's  time.  The  beautiful  Early  English  finished 
masonry  of  the  thirteenth  century  is  here  dovetailed  into  the  more  solid 
walls  of  the  Confessor's  date,  which  were  cut  away,  only  where  necessary, 
to  admit  the  additions  and  alterations  of  the  later  date.  This  custom  of 
turning  to  account  the  masonry  of  an  earlier  age,  where  not  interfering 
with  the  general  character  of  that  subsequently  inserted,  seems  to  have 
been  more  generally  in  use  than  at  first  sight  the  eye  is  prepared  to  expect. 

On  returning  now  to  the  south  cloister,  and  passing  westward  along  its 
entire  length,  to  the  casual  observer  there  are  no  indications  that  the  solid 
wall  on  the  left  hand  is  of  an  earlier  date  than  the  vaulting  overhead  and 
the  side-shafts  from  which  the  vaulting-ribs  spring.  Yet  late  observation 
has  brought  to  light  the  fact  that  the  entire  extent  of  this  wall  is  part  of 
the  Confessor's  work.  Abbot  Litlington  (of  whom  we  shall  presently 
speak  in  connection  with  his  additions  and  alterations  at  the  end  of  the 
fourteenth  century)  here  followed  this  plan, — he  cut  away  the  Norman  wall 
where  needed,  and  let  his  vaulting-shafts  into  the  solid  stone-work  ready 


Holinghed. 


600  Some  Remarks  upon  the  Norman  Remains,  tyc,      [June, 

to  his  hand.  We  shall  presently  see  the  character  of  this  wall,  as  evi- 
denced by  an  examination  of  the  other  side.  Here  it  may  be  observed 
that  the  arrangements -as  to  ground-plan  made  by  Abbot  Litlington  about 
1880  were  simply  commensurate  with  the  Norman  work  of  the  eleventh 
century,  which  he  replaced  by  his  own.  He  seems  in  no  way  to  have  in- 
creased the  scale  of  proportion.  The  cloisters  of  the  Confessor  were  of  the 
same  size  as  those  now  in  existence,  and  this  southern  wall,  with  the  sure 
testimony  of  its  peculiar  masonry  to  be  seen  throughout  its  whole  length, 
is  a  proof  of  the  extent  of  that  earlier  work  which  Litlington  but  partially 
removed  when  he  built  the  south  and  west  cloisters  as  we  behold  them  now. 
The  realization  to  the  mind,  then,  of  the  extensive  scale  of  the  ground-plan 
of  the  Confessor's  abbey,  and  its  appendages,  will  give  some  idea  of  the 
solemn  grandeur  and  vast  proportions  of  the  Norman  buildings  of  that  most 
interesting  century,  when,  escaped  from  the  trammels  of  their  Roman 
models,  and  unlike  their  cousins  along  the  Rhine,  the  great  architects  of 
Rollo's  race  conceived  and  executed  designs  entirely  their  own,  no  longer 
repeating  the  idea  of  the  Basilica,  a  ground-plan  incapable  of  much  expan- 
sion, but  adopting  the  cruciform  arrangement  of  the  church  itself,  and 
grouping  their  conventual  buildings  around  on  a  scale  of  grandeur  till 
now  unknown ;  a  type  which,  surpassed  in  beauty  and  elegance,  no  doubt, 
by  the  daughter  style  of  two  centuries  after,  yet  in  point  of  solemn  dignity 
and  simple  sublimity  may  challenge  comparison  with  any. 

Such  an  extensive  ground- plan  covered  with  buildings  connected  with  his 
monastery  would  seem  to  prove  that  the  numbers  of  the  fraternity  of  Bene- 
dictine monks  here  assembled  under  the  shade  of  his  great  Abbey  were 
considerable.  Accordingly  we  find  it  stated  by  William  of  Malmesbury 
that  the  Confessor  increased  the  number,  though  the  exact  amount  of  such 
increase  is  not  specified.  The  language  employed  would,  however,  imply  that 
sixty  or  seventy  monks  must  have  been  then  on  the  establishment.  Two  cen- 
turies later  there  is  precise  evidence  that  the  number  of  the  brethren  was 
eighty.  But  taking  the  lesser  number,  the  refectory  to  accommodate  even 
sixty  or  seventy  monks  must  have  been  of  no  ordinary  dimensions.  And 
such  we  find  to  be  the  case.  Until  lately  but  very  scant  traces  were  known 
to  be  in  existence  of  the  great  refectory  of  the  Confessor,  though  its  site 
was  not  unknown.  A  late  examination  of  the  south  wall  of  the  south 
cloister,  (above  spoken  of,)  and  of  its  southern  face,  has,  however,  brought 
to  light  the  full  extent  of  this  noble  hall,  erected  by  the  Confessor  for  his 
monks.  The  garden  of  "  Ashburnham  House,"  one  of  the  prebendal  resi- 
dences, is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  south  wall  of  the  cloister.  The 
masonry  of  the  lower  half  of  this  wall,  on  the  garden  or  southern  face, 
is  of  the  same  character  as  its  northern  face,  visible  on  the  other  side 
in  the  cloister.  But  to  place  the  evidence  of  the  masonry  beyond  all 
doubt,  a  late  inspection  (when  the  absence  of  the  leaves  of  the  creepers 
with  which  the  wall  is  covered  in  summer  fortunately  permitted,  a  close 


PARTOFTHE     REFECTORY        WESTMINSTER    ABBEY. 


1861.]  at  Westminster  Abbey.  601 

examination)  has  led  to  the  detection  of  an  early*  Norman  arcade  running 
the  entire  length  of  the  wall.  The  upper  portions,  resting  on  this  lower 
wall  of  eleventh-century  masonry,  are  of  Decorated  character,  and  most 
probably  the  work  of  Abbot  Litlington.  The  windows,  with  their 
transoms  and  brackets  for  the  support  of  the  timber  roof,  are  all  in- 
dicative of  the  latter  half  of  the  fourteenth  century.  But  here  we  have, 
in  the  evidence  afforded  by  this  arcade,  a  proof  that  the  extent  of  the 
Confessor's  refectory  was  on  the  same  scale  as  that  which,  three  cen- 
turies afterwards,  was  adopted  by  the  abbot  whose  alterations  in  Richard 
the  Second's  time  have  claimed  so  much  attention  in  all  accounts  of  the 
fabric  of  the  Abbey.  The  extent  of  the  hall,  for  it  measured  130  feet  long 
by  38  in  breadth,  will  give  some  idea  of  the  scale  on  which  this  first  genuine 
Norman  work  erected  on  English  soil  was  executed,  and  of  the  magni- 
ficence and  grandeur  which  must  have  characterized  this  Abbey  and  its 
attendant  buildings  at  a  period  when  such  a  scale  would  scarcely  have  been 
expected11.  The  general  entrance-doorway  to  this  refectory  must  have  been 
where  the  present  doorway  of  the  later  date  still  remains.  There  are  traces 
in  the  south  side  of  this  spacious  hall  which  seem  to  shew  that  the  kitchen, 
&c,  may  here,  at  this  south-west  angle  of  the  great  parallelogram,  have 
been  attached  to  the  main  apartment.  Fragments  of  Roman  tiles,  here  and 
there  worked  into  the  walls,  seem  to  indicate  the  very  early  character  of  the 
masonry,  and  to  suggest  that  possibly,  in  his  expansion  of  the  monastery 
in  1060,  the  Confessor  made  use  of  whatever  remains  of  a  still  earlier  date 
were  capable  of  being  worked  up  with  his  own  additions.  The  arcade 
above  spoken  of  is  also  here  to  be  traced  in  this  south-west  angle,  though 
but  for  a  few  yards ;  sufficient,  however,  remains  to  prove  the  breadth  of 
the  refectory  erected  by  King  Edward,  as  given  in  the  above-named 
dimensions. 

With  these  lately-discovered  remains  of  the  Confessor's  work  the  vestiges 
of  the  eleventh  century  cease,  the  rest  of  the  circumjacent  buildings  being 
all  of  the  last  quarter  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  forming  part  of  the 
great  additions  or  alterations  then  made  by  Abbot  Litlington,  of  whom  now 
it  is  time  that  we  should  more  particularly  speak. 

In  the  year  1349  Simon  Langham  was  elected  Abbot  of  Westminster, 
His  name  is  deserving  of  special  record,  not  only  on  account  of  his  subse- 

r  The  stone  of  these  remains  of  the  eleventh  century  is  still  undecayed ;  that  of 
Abbot  Litlington's  time  has  perished  considerably.  A  geologist  should  be  able  to  name 
the  locality  whence  the  former  was  obtained,  with  a  view  to  its  employment  in  our 
public  edifices. 

h  [We  cannot  help  expressing  a  wish  that  the  "old  Westminsters"  who  have 
publicly  come  forward  to  express  their  readiness  to  contribute  to  the  renovation  of 
the  school,  would  turn  their  attention  to  the  restoration  of  this  fine  old  ball,  the 
refectory  of  the  abbey,  and  make  part  of  it  the  school -room,  restoring  the  old  dormi- 
tory to  ita  original  use.  Another  part  of  the  great  hall  might  form  a  place  of  meeting 
for  the  clergy,  more  fitting  than  the  Jerusalem  Chamber. — Ed.] 


602  Some  Remarks  upon  the  Norman  Remains,  fyc,       [June, 

quently  high  positions,  as  Bishop  of  Ely,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
Cardinal,  bat  also  for  his  munificence  to  the  Abbey.    His  will  is  given  at 
length  in  Widmore's  History :  by  it  he  left  the  residue  of  his  vast  property 
especially  to  the  fabric  of  the  monastery: — "Residuum  vero  dictorum 
fructuum  et  omnia  alia  bona  mea  qusecunque  et  qualiacunque,  ubicunque 
reperta  fuerint,  lego  fabric©  monasterii  Westmonasterii  predict!  *."     Lang, 
ham  resigned  his  abbacy  in  1362,  on  his  first  promotion  to  Ely.      His 
death  took  place  in  1376,  from  which  date  the  moneys  bequeathed  by  him 
by  will  would  become  available.    He  was  succeeded  as  abbot  in  1362  by 
Nicholas  Litlington,  whom  he  subsequently  appointed  executor  of  his  will. 
It  is  not  likely  that  the  considerable  additions  to  the  fabric,  commonly 
assigned  to  Abbot  Litlington,  were  commenced  by  him  before  the  death 
of  his  friend  the  Cardinal,  whose  bequest  supplied  the  money  for  their 
erection  and  construction.    Again,  there  is  evidence  still  remaining  in  the 
fact  that  Litlington' 8  initials  are  visible  in  stone  as  well  as  in  painted 
glass,  (as  will  be  seen  below,)  that  it  was  after  the  Cardinal's  death,  and 
the  receipt  of  the  bequest,  that  he  began  the  work  of  decoration.     He 
scarcely  would  have  ventured  to  claim  to  himself,  by  the  insertion  of  his 
own  name,  the  credit  of  the  work  due  to  the  munificence  of  the  real  donor, 
his  predecessor  in  the  abbatial   chair,  whilst  yet  that  predecesso    was 
alive.     We  have,  therefore,  two  limits  between  which  the  extensive  altera- 
tions, usually  assigned  to  Abbot  Litlington,  must  have  been  completed, 
viz.  the  death  of  Cardinal  Langham  and  his  own,  or,  the  ten  years  be- 
tween 1376  and  1386,    These  dates  are  therefore  of  some  importance,  as 
fixing  the  exact  time  of  the  construction  of  the  west  and  south  cloisters, 
and  of  the  other  works,  of  which  we  will  now  take  a  rapid  survey. 

Abbot  Litlington  appears  to  have  executed  the  trust  committed  to  him 
with  considerable  skill  and  taste.  Great  changes  had  already  at  this  time 
(1376-86)  taken  place  in  the  Pointed  Architecture  of  the  earlier  part  of  the 
century.  The  genius  of  William  of  Wykeham  had  conceived  a  new  arrange- 
ment for  those  most  important  members  of  a  Gothic  window  of  many  lights, 
the  mullions  and  tracery  lines,  and  in  the  chapel  of  New  College  at  Oxford, 
and  perhaps  also  in  some  portions  of  Windsor  Castle,  (the  noblest  example 
of  his  skill,)  was  exhibited  the  model  from  which  the  Perpendicular  style 
peculiar  to  England  originated.  But  Litlington  did  not  follow  this  new 
idea,  though  its  merits  were  many,  and  its  beauties  not  a  few,  and  peculiar 
to  itself.  Such  a  contrast  with  the  character  of  the  earlier  work,  as  seen 
in  the  north  and  east  cloisters,  would  have  been  harsh  and  inharmonious. 
He  changed,  indeed,  with  the  changes  in  style  then  in  progress,  but  he 
was  careful  to  preserve  consistency ;  and  hence  it  is  that  although  far  in- 
ferior in  beauty  of  plan  and  details  to  the  two  cloister  walks  of  the  earlier 
-date,  those  of  1380  (the  western  and  southern)  are  yet  in  good  keeping 

1  This  residue  amounted  to  10,800/.,  an  immense  sum  in  those  days;    [equal  to 
nearly  200,000/.  of  our  money]. 


1861.]  at  Westminster  Abbey.  603  • 

with  them,  and  apart  from  their  proximity  to  their  more  successful  rivals, 
may  well  claim  admiration  k.  Betide  these  two  cloister  walks,  Litlingtoo 
seems  to  have  entirely  re-edified  the  abbot's  residence,  and  the  conven- 
tual buildings,  which  now  form  the  eastern  side  of  Great  Dean'a-yard. 
The  College  Hail  of  the  Queen's  Scholars,  of  the  Elizabethan  foundation 
of  an  after  age,  was  built  by  this  abbot,  for  the  hall  of  the  abbot's  resi- 
dence. The  timbers  to  support  the  leaden  roof  still  remain  in  part  as  he  left 


(1 )  Part  Of  the  Bool  of  th-  Hall  of  Abbot  LitlinBton,  »■"■  1378-1388. 

them ;  the  braces  (1)  of  the  principals  at  the  extreme  north  and  south  ends 
displaying  some  bold  and  well-executed  qnatrefoil  and  other  tracery,  in- 
dicative of  a  style  agreeing  with  this  date.  [The  rest  of  the  roof  is  of 
much  later  date,  almost  Elizabethan  in  character,  and  waa  probably  m  part 
of  the  alterations  made  after  the  dissolution  of  the  abbey,  when  the  school 
was  founded.] 

The  windows  of  the  hall  are  of  two  lights,  and  of  simple  tracery  in  the 
heads  (2),  [the  character  of  which  is  of  the  time  of  the  chsnge  from  the 
Decorated  to  the  Perpendicular  style].     Portions  of  the  painted  glass  still 

*  On  tho  bosKi  uf  ths  malting  the  initial*  H.  h.  are  still  to  bs  traced. 


Some  Remarkt  upon  the  Norman  Remains,  tfC.,  [Jane, 


1861  .J  at  Wettmintter  Abbey.  605 

remain,  and  the  initial?  (N.  L.)  of  the  Abbot  are  here  also  to  be  seen  (3). 
The  hall  is  still  interesting,  a*  a  representative  of  its  date  of  construction. 


though  its  fair  proportions  are  somewhat  shorn  by  the  addition  at  it* 
southern  end  of  a  music-gallery,  of  apparently  the  Elizabethan  era.    There 


are  still  remnants  to  be  found,  here  and  there,  of  diaper  and  carved  floral 
woodwork  of  the  fourteenth  century  (4  anil  5),  inserted  among  the  panel' 
(tare.  lUa.  Vol,  CCX.  4  o 


606  Some  Remark*  upon  the  Norman  Remains,  tfc,       [Jane, 

ling  of  the  later  date.  Adjoining  the  ball  is  still  to  be  teen  the  ancient 
kitcheu  and  other  outbuildings  of  this  Litlington  restoration.  [The  old 
fireplaces  remain,  with  their  stone  arches ;  in  one  is  the  oven,  in  the  other 
the  chimney-corner,  partly  protected  from  the  fire  by  a  short  piece  of  wall 
or  solid  stone  screen,  and  over  the  seat  in  the  chimney-corner  is  a  window, 
modernized  indeed,  but  still  evidently  in  its  original  place.  A  window  in 
the  chimney  is  not  a  very  common  feature,  but  it  occurs  in  several  instances 
in  the  old  cottages  in  Pembrokeshire ;  we  should  hardly  expect  to  find  an  ex- 
ample of  this  old  arrangement  stilt  remaining  in  the  heart  of  London '  (6).] 


[7.)  Fan  oi'  tho  Vaultinj  oJ  the  Cellars  of  Aobot  T.itii niton's  Work  under  the 
present  Poner'a  Lodfte,A.D.  1376— 138a. 

The  substructure  of  all  the  canonical  residences  running  southward  from 
the  Deanery,  (itself  the  Abbot's  house  of  old,)  displays  a  range  of  vaulting 
of  simple  and  elegant  character  (7),  with  here  and  there  a  window  of  the 
period  still  remaining  to  testify  the  character  of  the  whole  when  complete, 

1  In  tome  old  homes  in  Ireland,  where  the  chimney -stack  and  fireplace  ii  in  the 
middle  of  the  home,  there  is  a  sort  of  window  or  opening  from  the  chimney -earner 
into  the  porch,  so  that  ■  person  sitting  by  the  fireside  couLl  see  who  came  in  at  the 
outer  door  before  opening  the  inner  one. 


1861.]  at  Westminster  Abbey.  607 

before  the  tasteless  alterations  of  subsequent  centuries  destroyed  the  work- 
manship which  they  were  as  unable  to  appreciate  as  to  imitate.  Two  arch- 
ways still  remain,  in  the  length  of  this  substructure,  connecting  Great 


Deans-yard  with  the  courts  to  the  eastward  of  it.  They  are  of  the  style 
to  which  their  known  date  would  assign  them ;  though  perhaps  a  close  con- 
sideration of  their  details  (such  as  the  eaoetto  and  double  ogee  mouldings) 
would  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  those  characteristics,  hitherto  assigned  to 
the  fifteenth  century,  are  here  found  in  one  of  the  earliest  examples  of  their 
application. 

The  ten  years  above-named  seem  to  have  been  made  the  most  of,  for  in 
addition  to  the  works  just  spoken  of,  Abbot  Litlington  appears  to  have 
restored,  or  extended,  the  entire  circle  of  conventual  outbuildings  of  less 
important  character  than  the  preceding.  According  to  Widmore,  he  "  built 
the  kitchen,  the  Jerusalem  chamber,  the  abbot's  house,  now  the  deanery," 
and  also  the  "  houses  of  several  officers,  as  the  bailiffs,  the  cellarer's,  the 


608  Some  Remark*  vpon  the  Norman  Remains,  IfC.        [June, 

infirmarer'e,  and  the  sacrist's;  the  great  malt-house,  lately  (i.e.  in  1751) 
the  dormitory  of  the  King's  scholars'",  and  the  tower  adjoining,  late  the 
lodgings  of  the  second  master ;  the  atone  wall  of  the  infirmary  garden,  now 
the  College  Garden,"  [still  remaining,]  "the  water  mill,  &c,  &c.,  besides 
the  south  and  west  sides  of  the  Great  Cloisters."     In  the  passage  leading 


Part  ol  ttio  Vaulting  of  the  Cloisters  over  tue  Lavatoiy.  *.r>.  1379-1395. 

to  the  Little  Cloisters  a  tnrreted  dwelling-honee  still  remains  in  fair  preser- 
vation, which  ia  called  by  the  name  of  "  the  Litlington  Tower :"  whilat  on 
the  eastern  aide  of  the  eleventh  century  substructure,  in  the  dark  cloister, 
and  of  Westminster  School  above,  there  are  buildings  of  apparently  the 
end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  though  with  so  many  details  of  preceding 
styles,  as  to  lead  one  to  conclude  that  a  work  of  adaptation  was  here 
effected.  A  small  chapel  adjoining  the  residence  perhaps  would  indicate 
that  here  the  Prior  of  Westminster  bad  his  abode— an  officer  next  in  dignity 
to  the  abbot.  The  interest,  however,  attaching  to  these  later  erections  is 
not  equal  to  that  called  forth  by  the  remains  of  the  earlier  ages,  to 
which  we  have  thus  endeavoured  to  draw  attention.  T.  W.  W. 

■  An  engraving  Is  given  in  the  ji  haunt  Wtttmottattn-itiuU,  edit.  1852,  of  this  dor- 
mitory of  1720,  end  the  adjoining  tower.  The  present  dormitory  on  the  western  aide 
of  the  college  garden  is  in  the  Italian  style,  and  was  built  from  the  dergn  of  the  Karl 
of  Burlington  about  17SS. 


1861.]  609 


EARL  STANHOPE'S  LIFE  OF  WILLIAM  PITT*. 

When  we  think  of  the  very  important  period  of  English  history  which  fa 
comprised  in  the  twenty-four  years  that  elapsed  between  Mr.  Pitt's  first 
accession  to  office  and  his  death,  it  seems  remarkable  that  np  to  the  present 
year  his  Life  should  still  have  to  be  written.  Yet  such  is  the  case,  as 
neither  the  ponderous  tomes  of  Bishop  Tomline  on  the  one  hand,  nor  the 
brilliant  sketch  of  Macaulay  on  the  other,  can  be  taken  as  giving  a  full  and 
accurate  idea  of  the  man  as  he  really  was.  The  matter  has,  however,  now 
been  fortunately  taken  up  by  the  writer  best  qualified  to  do  justice  to  it, 
a  man  long  trained  in  historic  research,  and  who  possesses  a  store  of  ma- 
terials hitherto  unused.  This  is  Earl  Stanhope,  whose  name  in  itself  is 
sufficient  to  assure  us  that  all  will  be  well  and  fairly  done. 

Mr.  Pitt  committed  all  his  papers  to  the  charge  of  Bishop  Tomline,  who 
had  been  his  tutor  at  Cambridge,  no  doubt  with  the  intention  that  he  should 
draw  up  from  them  a  Memoir  that  would  shew  what  had  been  the  ends  and 
aims  of  a  Minister  who  commenced  his  career  as  an  earnest  advocate  of 
peace,  retrenchment  and  liberal  government,  but  whose  course,  from  adverse 
circumstances,  had  been  such,  that  he  had  come  to  be  regarded  both  at 
home  and  abroad  as  the  very  incarnation  of  war,  profuse  expenditure,  and 
harsh  repression  of  opinion.  The  Bishop  took  a  long  time  to  consider  his 
task,  as  it  was  not  until  1821  that  he  appeared  in  print  with  an  instalment 
of  three  octavo  volumes,  and  he  did  not  live  to  complete  the  work.  What 
he  did  was  little  more  than  a  mere  compilation  from  the  "  Annual  Register," 
and  he  not  only  neglected  to  use  the  valuable  papers  that  had  been  left  in 
his  hands,  but  he  actually  destroyed  many  of  them.  Thus  the  memory  of 
Pitt  was  left  exposed  to  all  the  damage  that  the  "  Edinburgh  Review"  school 
of  writers  could  inflict  on  it,  and  the  brilliant  Macaulay  in  particular  fully 
availed  himself  of  the  opportunity.  Hence  it  appeared  to  Earl  Stanhope, 
who  in  his  History  had  nobly  supported  the  first  William  Pitt,  that  a  duty 
was  cast  on  him  of  vindicating  the  son  also,  and  all  that  now  remains  of 
the  Pitt  papers  having  been  unreservedly  placed  in  his  hands,  he  has  set 
himself  to  work  to  do  effectually  what  Bishop  Tomline  had  failed,  in  any 
proper  sense,  to  do  at  all. 

The  volumes  before  us  extend  from  the  birth  of  William  Pitt,  in  1759,  to 
the  year  1796,  when  at  the  age  of  37  he  had  already  been  Prime  Minister 
for  twelve  years.  These  years  had  seen— to  cite  the  more  prominent  of  his 
exertions — a  practical  abandonment  of  the  notion  expressed  in  the  phrase, 
"  our  natural  enemies,  the  French,"  embodied  in  commercial  changes  as 

•  "The  Life  of  the  Bight  Hon.  William  Pitt  By  Earl  Stanhope,  Author  of  tho 
'History  of  England  from  the  Pesos  of  Utrecht.'"    Vols.  Land  EL     (Murray.) 


610  Earl  Stanhope's  Life  of  William  Pitt.  [June, 

important  as  any  of  those  of  the  present  day — the  discussions,  so  full  of 
high  constitutional  questions,  on  the  Regency — the  generous  advocacy  of 
freedom  for  the  slave — wise  and  successful  efforts  to  prevent  the  subversion 
of  the  Turkish  empire  by  Russia  and  Austria,  and  the  absorption  of  the 
Netherlands  by  France.  They  had  seen  reductions  of  taxation,  and  of 
military  force,  the  re-establishment  of  the  British  power  in  India,  and  well- 
meant  attempts  to  conciliate  both  the  parliament  and  the  people  of  Ireland. 
But  they  had  also  witnessed  events  of  a  very  different  character,  which  tell 
far  more  in  the  popular  estimate,  especially  when  set  forth  by  the  powers 
of  a  Macintosh,  a  Brougham,  or  a  Macaulay.  They  had  witnessed  the 
commencement  of  a  devastating  war,  which  it  was  easy  to  represent  as 
springing  from  the  resentment  of  George  III.  against  the  nation  that  had 
borne  so  large  a  part  in  the  separation  of  the  American  colonies  from  his 
empire,  and  acquiesced  in  by  his  Minister,  contrary  to  all  his  former  pro- 
fessions, from  mere  dishonest  love  of  power  and  place ;  they  had  seen  taxes 
of  ruinous  amount  levied,  and  alien  acts  and  "  gagging  acts**  carried  with  a 
high  hand ;  they  had  seen  the  most  eloquent  opponent  of  the  Minister  sud- 
denly become  his  supporter,  and  as  promptly  receive  a  large  pension  ;  and, 
what  was  still  more  damaging,  they  had  witnessed  the  failure  of  military 
expeditions  abroad,  and  of  prosecutions  for  high  treason  at  home.  With- 
out explanation,  the  impression  from  all  this  is  very  naturally  an  unfavour- 
able one.  This  impression  Earl  Stanhope  sets  himself  to  remove,  and  his 
retrospect  of  Pitt's  administration  before  and  during  the  war,  we  quote  at 
once  as  an  act  of  justice  to  a  man  who  has  received  hard  measure  and  as 
a  good  specimen  of  the  tone  of  the  work  : — 

"  With  the  Declarations  of  War  by  France  in  February,  1793,  or  with  the  pre- 
parations for  that  war  a  few  weeks  before,  the  first  and  the  peaceful  part  of  Pitt's 
administration  ends.  It  was  a  period  of  nine  years — the  most  prosperous  and  happy, 
perhaps,  that  England  ever  yet  had  known.  I  have  related  how  the  consummate 
financial  skill  of  the  young  Prime  Minister  converted  deficiency  to  surplus,  and 
augmented  the  revenue  while  lesseuing  the  taxes.  I  have  related  how  a  firm  and  most 
resolute  tone  to  foreign  powers — as  to  France  in  the  case  of  Holland,  and  to  Russia  in 
the  case  of  Ockiakow — was  found  not  inconsistent  with  the  rapid  expansion  of  com- 
merce, and  the  almost  unexampled  growth  of  credit  at  home.  And  let  me  add,  that 
the  benefit  of  these  measures  was  by  no  means  limited  to  the  period  thus  described, 
since  it  was  mainly  the  sap  and  strength  imparted  by  them  which  enabled  the  nation 
to  sustain  and  finally  triumph  over  the  perils  of  the  conflict  that  ensued. 

"  The  second  part  of  Pitt's  administration,  commencing  in  1793,  was  of  nearly  the 
same  length  as  the  former.  '  From  this  time,'  says  Bishop  Tomline, '  to  the  end  of  his 
life,  we  shall  have  to  follow  him  in  the  wise  and  vigorous  conduct  of  a  war  attended 
with  circumstances  and  difficulties  unexampled  in  the  history  of  the  world.'  Bishop 
Tomline  did  not  live  to  fulfil  his  design,  and  the  sentence  from  which  I  have  quoted  is 
the  last  that  he  ever  published.  But,  as  I  conceive,  he  has  rightly  described  the 
nature  of  the  task  before  him. 

"At  the  time  the  first  part  of  Pitt's  administration  was,  as  I  have  shewn,  inveighed 
against  by  Fox  and  Fox's  friends  on  many  grounds  of  censure  and  with  the  utmost 
force  of  invective.  At  present,  on  the  contrary,  Fox's  followers  in  politics  seem  rather 
inclined  to  represent  it  as  free  from  blame— nay,  even  as  entitled  to  praise.    They 


1861.]  Earl  Stanhope's  Life  of  William  Pitt.  611 


reserve  their  fire  to  assail  the  position  of  Bishop  Tomline  as  to  the  '  wise  and  vigorous 
conduct  of  the  war.'  Thus  it  is  almost  exclusively  the  second  part  of  Pitt's  adminis- 
tration on  which  the  more  recent  controversies  turn.  Two  accusations  of  especial 
weight  have  been  brought  against  it  by  Lord  Macaulay.  His  short  biography  of  Pitt, 
to  which  I  have  already  more  than  once  referred,  seems  to  me,  when  taken  as  a  whole, 
distinguished  by  candour  and  judgment  as  much  as  by  eloquence  and  genius.  But 
even  from  such  a  quarter  grave  imputations  are  not  to  be  implicitly  received.  In  the 
task  which  I  have  undertaken  they  ought  to  be  frankly  discussed.  Therefore,  though 
with  all  due  deference,  with  all  the  respect  that  I  owe  to  the  memory  both  of  a  great 
historian  and  of  a  departed  friend,  I  shall  here  insert  some  observations  written  in  his 
life-time,  and  designed  to  meet  his  own  eye  in  reference  to  both  his  heads  of  charge. 

"  In  the  first  place,  then,  Pitt  is  accused  of  shewing  an  undue  severity.  He  is 
charged  (let  me  give  the  very  words)  '  with  harsh  laws  harshly  executed,  with  Alien 
Bills  and  Gagging  Bills,  with  cruel  punishments  inflicted  on  some  political  agitators, 
with  unjustifiable  prosecutions  instituted  against  others.'  These  acts  of  the  Legisla- 
tive or  of  the  Executive  Powers  may  perhaps  require  to  be  separately  judged.  They 
will  be  seen  and  they  may  be  estimated  one  by  oue  in  my  subsequent  pages.  I  by  no 
means  stand  up  for  them  all  as  carried  into  practical  effect  throughout  the  country. 
I  do  not  conceive  the  fame  of  Mr.  Pitt  involved  iu  every  act  of  every  Magistrate  or 
every  Judge.  I  do  not  even  think  it  bound  up  with  all  the  judicial  decisions  of  Lord 
Chancellor  Loughborough.  In  several  cases,  then,  which  the  adversaries  of  this 
Government  have  held  forth  and  selected  out  of  many,  I  do  not  deny,  and  on  the  con- 
trary intend  to  shew,  that  the  zeal  of  some  men  and  the  fears  of  others  transported 
them  beyond  the  bounds  of  right.  But  that  is  not  the  point  which  Lord  Macaulay 
puts.  He  passes  sentence  on  them  together  and  as  a  whole.  Taken  together,  then, 
it  may  be  asked — when,  even  at  the  outset  of  the  struggle,  such  scenes  occurred  as 
I  have  commemorated,  for  example  at  Dundee — a  tree  of  Liberty  planted  and  a  cry 
of  "No  King!"  raised — when  the  frenzy  of  the  Jacobins,  like  some  foul  infection, 
spread  from  shore  to  shore— when  thousands  upon  thousands  of  well-meaning  and  till 
then  sober-minded  men  were  unhappily  misled  and  caught  the  fever  of  the  times — 
when  French  gold  was  as  lavishly  employed  to  corrupt  as  were  French  doctrines  to 
inflame — whether  the  same  mild  and  gentle  measures  would  still  suffice  as  in  mild  and 
gentle  times  ?  It  is  the  well-known  saying  of  a  Frenchman  at  that  period  active  on 
the  side  of  the  new  system,  and  zealous  to  excuse  its  excesses,  that  Revolutions  are  not 
to  be  made  with  Rose-water.  This  plea  will  not  hold  good  for  deeds  of  massacre  and 
robbery,  but  in  a  more  limited  and  lawful  sense  it  must  be  acknowledged  to  have  truth 
on  its  side.  But  if  this  be  truth,  surely  it  is  full  as  true  that  Revolutions  are  not  to  be 
put  down  with  Rose-water.  There  are  times  when  new  and  unparalleled  dangers  are 
only  to  be  met  by  rigorous  and  extraordinary  stretches  of  power.  There  are  times 
when  the  State  could  be  saved  by  no  other  means. 

"  I  may  add  that  the  view  of  the  subject  which  I  have  just  expressed  was  in  thorough 
accordance  with  the  temper  of  the  times.  This,  I  think,  can  scarcely  in  any  quarter 
be  denied.  The  great  majority  of  the  people  of  England  in  1793  and  1794  felt  every- 
thing that  they  most  prized  imperilled  by  the  French  Revolutionary  school,  and  far 
from  deprecating,  they  demanded  a  course  of  most  rigorous  repression. 

"  But  there  is  another  charge  no  less  heavy  which  the  same  critic,  speaking  of  the 
same  period,  alleges.  Pitt  is  accused  of  shewing  too  little  vigour.  It  is  said  that, 
4  since  he  did  not  choose  to  oppose  himself  side  by  side  with  Fox  to  the  public  feeling, 
he  should  have  taken  the  advice  of  Burke  and  should  have  availed  himself  of  that 
feeling  to  the  full  extent.  He  should  have  proclaimed  a  holy  war  for  religion,  morality, 
property,  order,  public  law,  and  should  have  thus  opposed  to  the  Jacobins  an  energy 
equal  to  their  own.9  Let  it,  however,  be  remembered  to  what  the  policy  of  Burke  in 
its  full  extent  would  lead.    Look  to  his '  Thoughts  on  a  Regicide  Peace.*    8eehowwe 


612  Earl  Stanhope's  Life  of  William  Pith  [June, 

might  deduce  from  them  the  duty  of  making  no  terms  with  France  unlets  the  Bourbons 
were  restored— of  shunning  as  a  pestilence  such  a  pacification  as  we  attempted  at  Lille 
and  actually  achieved  at  Amiens.  Surely  that  is  not  the  course  which  a  philosophic 
historian  of  the  nineteenth  century,  writing  with  a  clear  view  of  the  succeeding 
events,  is  prepared  to  recommend. 

-  "Nor  should  it  be  forgotten  that  he  who  preaches  a  crusade  stirs  up  not  only  the 
good  but  also  the  evil  passions  of  a  people.  Had  Pitt  chosen  to  exchange  the  part  of 
statesman  for  that  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  he  might  no  doubt  have  aroused  in  England 
a  frensy  against  the  Jacobins  almost  equal  to  theirs  against  priests  and  kings.  But 
could  this  object  have  been  effected  without  numerous  outbreaks  of  that  new  frenzy — 
without  such  conflagrations  of  chapels  and  dwelling-houses,  as  the  political  dissenters 
had  already  sustained  at  Birmingham  ?  Would  not,  in  such  a  case,  the  memory  of 
Pitt  be  deeply  tarnished  with  blood — blood,  not  shed  in  foreign  warfare,  but  in  strife 
and  seditions  at  home  ? 

M  There  are  still  some  further  questions  to  be  urged.  Are  the  first  and  the  second 
of  these  charges  in  truth  quite  consistent  with  each  otker.  Would  it  have  been  pos- 
sible to '  proclaim  a  holy  war,'  which  Pitt  is  arraigned  for  not  proclaiming,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  avoid  '  the  Alien  Bills  and  Gagging  Bills'  which  Pitt  is  arraigned  for 
having  passed  ? 

"  But  there  is  yet  another  branch  of  this  second  charge.  We  are  told  that  '  the 
English  army  under  Pitt  was  the  laughing-stock  of  Europe.'  We  are  told  that, '  great 
as  Pitt's  abilities  were,  his  military  administration  was  that  of  a  driveller.'  We  are 
required  to  believe  that  a  statesman  acknowledged  as  pre-eminently  great  in  peace, 
became  at  once  ridiculously  little  in  war.  Yet,  in  truth,  history  bears  no  magician's 
-wand,  and  displays  scarce  any  of  such  sudden  and  surprising  changes.  No  doubt  that 
during  Pitt's  administration  there  were  many  miscarriages  by  land  to  set  against  our 
victories  at  sea.  The  same  fate  attended  all  the  armies  which  at  that  period  were 
•arrayed  against  France.  It  was  no  easy  matter  to  prevail  over  a  nation  at  all  times 
most  brave  and  warlike,  and  then  inflamed  to  a  preternatural  strength  by  its  revolu- 
tionary ardour.  When,  therefore,  the  English  army  is  declared  to  have  been  at  that 
period  the  laughing-stock  of  Europe,  it  may  be  asked  what  other  European  army  had 
permanently  enjoyed  better  fortune  or  was  justly  entitled  to  smile  at  ours  P 

"  It  is  also  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  military  failures  here  laid  solely  to  the 
charge  of  Pitt,  continued  long  after  Pitt  had  ceased  to  be.  With  the  greatest  of  all, 
the  expedition  to  Walcheren,  he  was  not  at  all,  except  in  kindred,  connected.  The 
truth  is  that  our  Generals  at  that  period  were  for  the  most  part  anything  but  men  of 
genius.  Lord  Grenville,  writing  to  his  brother  in  strict  confidence  on  the  28th  of 
January,  1799,  asks :  '  What  officer  have  we  to  oppose  to  our  domestic  and  external 
enemies  F  .  •  .  .  Some  old  woman  in  a  red  riband.'  The  truth  is  then  that  these  mis- 
carriages in  our  military  enterprises,  far  from  being  confined,  as  Lord  Macaulay's  state- 
ment would  imply,  to  Pitt's  administration,  went  on  with  few  exceptions  in  regular 
and  mortifying  series,  till  happily  for  us  and  for  Europe  there  arose  a  man  as  great  in 
the  field  as  was  Pitt  in  the  Council — till  the  valour  which  had  never  failed  our  troops, 
even  in  their  worst  reverses,  was  led  to  victory  by  the  surpassing  genius  of  Wellington. 
If  then  it  can  be  shewn  that  Pitt  as  Prime  Minister  strove  with  unremitting  toil  by 
day  and  night  for  the  success  of  that  war  in  which  he  had  reluctantly,  but  on  a  high 
sense  of  duty,  engaged — if  in  his  plans  he  consulted  the  most  skilful  officers  in  his 
power — if  in  his  diplomacy  he  laboured  to  build  up  new  coalitions  when  the  first  had 
crumbled  away — if  for  that  object  he  poured  forth  subsidies  with  a  liberal,  nay,  as  hit 
enemies  alleged,  a  lavish  hand — if  he  sought  to  strike  the  enemy  whenever  or  wherever 
any  vulnerable  point  lay  bare,  on  the  northern  frontier  when  in  concert  with  the 
Austrian  armies,  on  the  southern  coast  when  Toulon  had  risen,  on  the  western  coast 
when  a  civil  war  broke  out  in  La  Vendee— it  seems  hard  that,  having  striven  to  far 
2 


1861.]  Earl  Stanhope's  Life  of  William  Pitt.  613 

as  a  civilian  could  strive  for  tbe  success  of  our  arms  both  by  land  and  sea,  the  reverses 
on  the  former  should  be  rast  upon  his  memory,  whilst  at  the  same  time  he  is  allowed 
no  merit  for  our  triumphs  on  the  latter.  That  merit  is  declared  by  the  same  critic  to 
belong  to  'one  of  those  chiefs  of  the  Whig  party,  who,  in  the  great  schism  caused  by 
the  French  Revolution,  had  followed  Burke.'  This  was  Earl  Spencer,  as  First  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty  since  the  close  of  1794.  '  To  him/  continues  Lord  Macaulay, '  it  was 
owing  that  twice  in  the  short  space  of  eleven  months  we  had  days  of  thanksgiving  for 
great  victories/  There  is  no  doubt  that  Lord  Spencer  at  tbe  Admiralty  was  an  ex- 
cellent administrator.  There  is  no  doubt  that  Lord  Chatham  was  far  from  a  good 
one.  Still,  however,  Lord  Macaulay's  statement,  as  I  have  cited  it,  does  not  seem  to 
recognise  the  fact  that  the  greatest  of  our  naval  victories  at  that  period — the  battle 
of  the  First  of  June — was  fought  not  with  Lord  Spencer  but  with  Lord  Chatham  at 
the  head  of  the  Admiralty  Board.  But,  waiving  that  point,  is  this  the  one  weight 
and  one  measure?  When  our  armies  retreat,  the  Prime  Minister  is  solely  to  be 
blamed!  When  our  fleets  prevnil,  the  Prime  Minister  is  to  have  no  share  in  the 
praise! 

"  These  few  remarks,  which  I  make  unwillingly,  may,  however,  tend  to  shew  that 
Mr.  Pitt  in  his  conduct  of  the  war  against  Revolutionary  France  was  as  far  removed 
from  the  '  driveller'  that  Lord  Macaulay  calls  him,  as  from  the  '  demon'  whom  some 
French  writers  have  pourtrayecL" — (pp.  185—192.) 

We  have  preferred  to  extract  these  remarks  rather  than  to  summarize 
the  well-known  career  of  William  Pitt  so  far  as  it  is  carried  down  in  these 
volumes ;  the  facts  of  that  career  are  pretty  generally  agreed  on — it  is  the 
causes  and  motives  that,  to  our  mind,  have  been  hitherto  greatly  misunder- 
stood. It  may  be  too  much  to  expect  that  Earl  Stanhope's  remarks  may 
meet  with  universal  acceptance,  but  we  should  think  there  will  be  found 
but  few  men  who  will  refuse  to  let  them  in  some  considerable  degree 
modify  their  previous  opinions,  particularly  if  they  have  been  taken  at 
second-hand  from  such  unsafe  guides  as  Edinburgh  Reviewers. 

Among  other  matters  conn  cted  with  William  Pitt,  it  has  been  a  moot 
point  as  to  his  intellectual  superiority  to  his  opponents,  Fox,  Burke,  and 
Sheridan.  Whilst  shewing  a  laudable  anxiety  to  do  justice  to  these  great 
men,  Earl  Stanhope  answers  the  question  in  the  affirmative,  and  we  are 
well  satisfied  with  his  decision;  the  public  we  venture  to  think  will  be 
satisfied  also ;  but  even  if  they  should  not,  we  are  quite  certain  that  they 
will  look  eagerly  for  the  completion  of  the  first  real  biography  of  "  the 
Pilot  who  weathered  the  storm." 


Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX.  4  ■ 


614  [June, 


PREFACES  TO  THE  EDITIONES  PRINCIPES*. 

We  mentioned  a  short  time  agob  the  appearance  of  this  work.  The 
leisurely  examination  of  a  copy  now  before  us  fully  supports  the  opinion 
that  we  then  expressed  from  a  hasty  glance  at  its  table  of  contents — viz., 
that  its  learned  compiler  is  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of  all  who  have  a  due 
regard  for  the  labours  of  the  great  scholars  to  whom  the  restoration  of 
learning  is  due. 

The  Prefaces  here  collected  are  142  in  number,  and  range  in  date 
from  the  year  1455  to  1621.  The  majority  of  the  best  works  of  Greece  and 
Rome  that  have  come  down  to  our  times  passed  through  the  press  in  the 
course  of  those  years,  and  Mr.  Botfield  has  performed  no  inconsiderable 
service  in  gathering  together  the  stately  and  interesting  Prefaces  and  Epi- 
stles with  which  such  men  as  Leo  X.  and  Erasmus,  Gesner  and  G niter, 
Lascaris  and  Scaliger  issued  them  to  the  world.  Many  of  these  works  are 
extremely  rare,  and  exist  only  in  national  collections  or  in  some  private 
libraries  of  exceptional  character.  Hence  they  are  far  less  known  than 
they  deserve  to  be,  but  in  future  an  acquaintance  with  them  need  not  be 
confined  to  the  professed  bibliographer. 

In  turning  over  the  book,  the  first  thing  that  strikes  the  reader  is,  that, 
as  regards  classic  authors,  the  Italian  press  was  infinitely  the  most  prolific ; 
indeed,  down  to  the  year  1510  all  the  Editiones  Principes  seem  to  have 
issued  from  it.  In  that  year  Erasmus  and  Schurer  produced  at  Strasbourg 
Collectanea  Adagiorum  Veterum  in  a  4to.  volume  with  the  Proverbia  of 
Polydore  Vergil,  but  it  was  not  until  ten  years  later  that  a  classic  author 
proceeded  from  a  non-Italian  press — this  was  Velleius  Paterculus,  printed 
in  folio  at  Basil  in  1520.  Polybius  was  first  printed  at  Hagenau  in  1530, 
and  Ammianus  Marcellinus  at  Paris  in  1544.  After  this  time  Zurich, 
Bruges,  Antwerp,  Leyden,  Augsburg,  Troves,  and  Eraneker,  each  pro- 
duced at  least  one  Princeps  of  a  classic.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  English 
press  has  made  no  contribution  to  this  department  of  literature. 

Mr.  Botfield,  in  a  masterly  Introduction,  runs  over  the  whole  course  of 
early  printing,  and  we  conceive  some  extracts  from  his  resumi  will  be 
acceptable  to  our  readers.  We  begin  by  letting  him  explain  for  himself 
the  nature  and  scope  of  his  work : — 

"  The  present  collection,  in  addition  to  the  Authors  commonly  called  Classic,  in- 

•  "  Praefatione*  et  Epistolae  Editionibus  Principibus  Auctorum  Veterum  propositi. 
Curante  Beriah  Botfield,  A.M."  (Cantabrigie :  £  Prelo  Academico.) — Prefaces  to  the 
First  Editions  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Classics  and  of  the  Sacred  Scriptures.  Col- 
lected and  Edited  by  Beriah  Botfield,  M.A.,  M.P.,  F.R.S.  4to.  (London :  Henry 
George  Bohn.) 

b  Gsht.  Mjlg.,  Jan.  1861,  p.  78. 


1861.]  Prefaces  to  the  Editiones  Princip.es.  615 

eludes  Dictionaries,  Lexicons,  and  Grammars,  as  well  as  the  Prefaces  to  the  first 
Editions  of  the  Sacred  Scriptures ».  namely,  that  of  Jerome  to  the  Latin  Vulgate,  that 
of  Ambrose  to  the  Greek  Bible,  that  of  Erasmus  to  the  Greek  Testament,  and  that  of 
Cardinal  Ximenes  to  the  Polyglot  Bible. 

"  I  am  not  disposed  to  consider  the  Classics  so  essentially  heathen,  as  to  exclude 
Christian  writers  of  the  same  period.  I  have  thus  introduced  the  Aldine  Poets* 
Christiani  Veteres;  but  I  have  excluded  the  Fathers  of  the  Church,  such  as  Augustine, 
Cyprian,  Chrysostom,  and  Lactantius.  I  have  been  induced  to  make  an  exception  in 
favour  of  the  Preface  of  Giovanni  Andrea  to  the  Gloss  of  Nicolas  de  Lyra,  on  account 
of  its  great  bibliographical  interest. 

"There  are  many  writers  after  the  time  of  Alaric  ancillary  to  the  study  of  the 
Classics,  whose  value  is  purely  contingent  upon  the  interest  we  take  in  them,  who  may 
with  propriety  be  included.  In  this  number  will  be  found  the  names  of  Donatus, 
Photius,  Hesychius,  Julius  Pollux,  Suidas,  Stobaras,  and  Stephanas  Byzantinus. 

"  With  these  few  exceptions  I  have  accepted  the  term  classical  in  its  ordinary 
signification.  It  is  necessary  to  draw  a  line  somewhere,  and  I  have  done  so  to  the 
best  of  my  judgment." — (pp.  iii.,  iv.) 

All  this  may  appear  heterodox  to  some  scholars,  but,  as  Mr.  Bo t field 
remarks,  the  term  Classic,  though  universally  received,  has  never  been 
accurately  defined.  He  regards  it  as  an  arbitrary  and  unphilosophical 
word,  and  ridicules  the  view  that  Plato  is  a  classic  because  he  lived  at 
A  then  8,  and  Plotinus  not  a  classic  because  he  dwelt  at  Alexandria,  and  he 
sees  nothing  very  unreasonable  in  the  wish  to  place  Froissart  by  the  side 
of  Livy,  and  Dante  by  the  side  of  Virgil ;  for  he  holds  that  every  nation 
has  its  own  literature  and  its  own  classics,  and  that  France,  Italy,  Ger- 
many, and  England  have  all  produced  philosophers,  poets,  and  historians 
worthy  to  be  placed  on  the  same  level  as  those  of  Greece  and  Rome. 

His  general  estimate  of  the  materials  that  he  has  now  for  the  first  time 
brought  together  is  as  follows:  — 

"  The  Prefaces  now  collected  derive  their  chief  importance  from  the  proofs  which 
they  afford  of  the  genuineness  and  integrity  of  ancient  books,  by  shewing  the  existence 
of  several  copies  evidently  anterior  to  the  first  printed  edition,  which  copies  by  their 
general  agreement,  and  not  less  so  by  their  smaller  diversities,  clearly  indicate  a 
common  origin.  Many  of  them,  it  is  true,  are  simply  Dedications,  and  those  which 
are  literary  disquisitions  upon  the  authors  have  long  ago  been  superceded  as  such.  There 
is  but  a  small  amount  of  anecdote,  and  not  much  to  illustrate  manners  or  personal 
feelings.  The  dedications  of  Aldus  are  worth  all  the  rest ;  there  is  a  high  and  a  noble 
feeling,  a  self-respect  and  simplicity  of  language  about  him  which  is  delightful :  he 
certainly  had  aspiring  hopes  of  doing  the  world  good ;  he  expresses  himself  about  his 
labours  '  adjuvante  Jesu  Christo;'  and  he  is  a  specimen  of  mental  freedom  glorious  to 
the  Republic  which  nurtured  him.  He  and  Andrea  of  Corsica  were  as  far  as  the  poles 
asunder  in  their  notions  and  objects.  The  Bishop  of  Aleria  places  Platonism  almost 
on  a  level  with  Christianity,  calling  Plato  absolutely  divine.  He  also  complains  that 
niggardly  collectors  withheld  the  loan  of  their  MSS.  from  him,  because  they  esteemed 
the  art  of  printing  to  be  a  depreciation  of  their  property ;  the  Pope  and  Cardinals 
being  all  of  them  honourably  distinguished  by  opposite  behaviour.  Aldus  declares 
that  he  printed  a  thousand  copies  of  some  good  work  monthly,  and  begs  men  to  buy 
that  he  may  print  the  more.  In  the  preface  to  the  first  volume  of  his  Aristotle  we 
find  a  noble  peroration  upon  the  object  with  which  he  pursued  Greek  literature,  in  the 
hopes  of  diverting  meu's  minds  from  hostilities,  and  bringing  back  peace  to  Europe. 


616  Prefaces  to  the  Editiones  Principe*.  [June, 

"  Honest  John  Proben  is  a  refreshing  contrast  to  the  courtly  Andrea.  He  thinks 
that  the  printing  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  is  a  work  which  carries  with  it  its  own 
reward,  howsoever  it  may  pay  him.  John  of  Piaoenza  addresses  the  Bishop  of  Bergamo 
as  a  man  who  would  assuredly  sympathize  with  his  wish  to  bring  critical  learning  to 
the  improvement  of  the  text  of  Holy  Scripture,  a  thought  in  advance  of  his  day,  1481. 
He  claims  Augustine  as  an  advocate  of  the  same  views,  and  condemns  as  very  ignorant 
persons  those  who  aver  that  Scripture  is  not  to  be  subjected  to  the  ordinary  canons  of 
grammar.  Obsopens  inveighs  against  the  German  printers  for  circulating  a  large 
number  of  unlearned  and  unedifying  controversial  tracts,  instead  of  printing  older  and 
more  solid  authors.  Their  country  had  invented  typography,  but  these  men  had  fallen 
away  from  the  great  object  of  it,  and  were  doing  mischief.  He  wishes  they  would 
imitate  Aldus,  and,  writing  to  his  patron  from  Hagenau  in  1530,  he  asserts  his  own 
opinion  of  the  value, of  classical  learning  in  these  remarkable  words :  'In  hoc  enim 
omne  tuum  incumbit  stadium,  Princeps  optime,  ut  constitute  per  verbnm  Dei  pietate, 
veroque  Dei  cultu  erecto*  bonis  etiam  Uteris,  apud  tuos  locus  concedatur.  Intelligis 
enim  acute  citra  harura  adminiculum  Verbi  Divini  fnnctionem  sincere  administrari  non 
posse.' " — (pp.  vi. — viii.) 

Next  we  have  a  good  summary  of  the  labours  of  the  early  editors  of 
the  Classics ;  chiefly,  it  will  be  observed,  in  connexion  with  the  Boman 
press : — 

"The  treasures  of  ancient  learning  dispersed,  by  the  conquest  of  Constantinople 
were  conveyed  across  the  Adriatic  to  a  land  which  was  prepared  to  receive,  appreciate, 
and  preserve  them.  Already  the  scholars  of  Italy  had  imbibed  the  spirit  of  their  own 
long-entombed  literature.  The  labours  of  Politian  were  bestowed  upon  Ovid,  Sue- 
tonius,  Statins,  Pliny  the  younger,  the  Histories  Augusta?  Scriptores,  and  Quintilian. 
Oeorgins  Alexandrines  Merula  undertook  to  regulate  the  text  of  Martial,  of  the  Rei 
Rustic®  Scriptores,  and  of  Plautus.  Bartolomeus  Pontius  employed  his  talents  on 
Persius,  and  Lancelottus  his  time  on  Columella,  Domitius  Calderinus,  Jacobus  Gras- 
solarius,  and  Thadeus  Ugoletus  edited  the  Declamations  of  Quintilian.  The  eminent 
scholar  Erasmus  was  of  material  assistance  to  Aldus  in  his  typographical  labours.  The 
early  editions  of  Virgil  and  Horace  were  enriched  with  the  notes  of  Calderino  and 
Landino.  Regio  commented  upon  Ovid,  and  Omnibonus  Leonicenus  upon  Lucan; 
both  upon  Quintilian.  Hermolaus  Barbaras  corrected  the  Natural  History  of  Pliny 
and  the  Geography  of  Pomponius  Mela.  Many  scholars  devoted  themselves  to 
Cicero. 

"  Giovanni  Andrea,  Bishop  of  Aleria,  in  the  Island  of  Corsica,  deserves  especial  notice 
as  the  most  indefatigable  editor  of  the  early  Classics. ...  He  edited  and  carried 
through  the  press  the  first  editions  of  several  classical  authors  printed  at  Rome  by 
Conrad  Sweynheym  and  Arnold  Punnartz,  who  first  introduced  the  art  of  printing  into 
that  city.  The  works  so  edited  by  him  were,  in  1468,  St.  Jerome's  Epistles,  in  two 
volumes,  reprinted  in  1470;  the  Metamorphoses  of  Apuleius;  the  Noctes  Attic®  of 
Aulus  Gellius;  Caesar's  CommentHries,  reprinted  in  1472;  the  Familiar  Epistles 
of  Cicero,  reprinted  in  1470,  1471,  and  1472,  and  Lucan's  Pharsalia.  About  the  same 
time,  the  Decades  of  Livy ;  the  first  Latin  version  of  Strabo's  Geography,  and  the 
Works  of  Virgil,  reprinted  about  1471.  In  the  year  1470,  Pliny's  Natural  History, 
Pope  Leo's  Sermons  and  Epistles,  two  editions  of  which  were  published  in  the  same 
year;  the  works  of  Lactintius;  the  Institutes  of  Quintilian ;  Suetonius  on  the  Twelve 
Caesars;  and  Thomas  Aquinas  on  the  Four  Evangelists.  In  1471,  St. Cyprian's 
Epistles;  the  Bible  in  Latin  with  Aristeas  de  LXX.  Interpretibus ;  the  Poem  of  >ilius 
Italicus  on  the  Second  Punic  War;  Cicero's  Orations;  the  works  of  Ovid,  and  the 
Gloss  of  Nicolaus  de  Lyra  on  the  Bible,  in  five  volumes,  the  first  of  which  was  published 
in  1471,  and  the  remainder  in  1472.    In  the  revisal  of  the  Greek  paasagea  Andrea  was 


]  86 1 .]  Prefaces  to  the  Editiones  Principeg.  6 1 7 

arcisted  by  the  celebrated  Theodoras  Gas*.  Prefixed  to  the  works  of  Nicolaus  de  Lyra, 
printed  at  Rome  in  1472,  in  folio,  is  a  long  epistle,  or  memorial,  addressed  by  Andrea 
to  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  in  which,  after  mentioning  the  large  number  of  copies  of  each  work 
printed  by  Sweynheym  and  Pannartz,  he  proceeds  to  solicit  the  Pope  to  relieve  the 
poverty  and  distress  into  which  they  were  plunged  by  the  difficulty  of  disposing  of 
their  books6." — (pp.  xvi — xviii.) 

It  appears  from  this  memorial  that  these  printers  had  in  the  space  of  six 
years  produced  no  less  than  12,475  volumes,  and  there  were  other  presses 
in  Some  very  active  at  the  same  time.     That  of  Ulric  Han 

"  produced  several  first  editions  of  the  Classics,  such  as  Juvenal,  Persia*,  the  Orationes 
Philippics,  Qusestiones  Tusculanse,  and  Opera  Philosophies  of  Cicero.  Cardinal  Cam- 
panus  edited  the  Philippics  of  Cicero,  and  also  superintended  the  first  editions  of 
Quintilian  and  Suetonius  from  the  press  of  Philip  de  Lignamine.  The  press  of  George 
Laver  was  superintended  by  Petrus  Calaber,  the  disciple  of  Laurentius  Valla,  better 
known  as  Julius  Pomponius  Lsetus;  under  whose  auspices  the  first  editions  of  Nonius 
Marcellus  and  Terentius  Varro  were  given  to  the  world.  The  first  editions  of  Entro- 
pius  and  Quintus  Curtius  also  proceeded  from  the  press  of  Laver.  Sachsel  and  Goltz 
first  produced  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  edited  by  Sabinus.  George  Herolt  printed 
Vitruvius  for  the  first  time,  and  'three  declamations  of  Quintilian  were  edited  by 
Domitius  Calderinus  from  the  press  of  Schurener  de  Bopardia.  Early  in  the  ensuing 
century  the  munificence  of  Leo  the  Tenth  enabled  Beroaldus  to  produce  the  recently 
discovered  Annals  of  Tacitus,  completing  the  works  of  that  historian  in  the  form  in 
which  they  have  descended  to  our  own  times.  Later  still,  Peruscus  edited  the  Vane 
Historiae  of  Julian,  and  Mg'ius  the  first  impression  of  Apollodorus." — (p.  liii.) 

We  have  not  space  to  quote  the  notices  of  the  presses  of  Venice  and  of 

Paris,  and  their  productions  under  the  learned  guidance  of  Manutius  and 

Stephens,  but  we  must  give  Mr.  Botfield's  statistics  as  to  the  rapid  progress 

of  the  typographic  art  on  the  Continent,  and   its   far  less  satisfactory 

results  in  these  kingdoms  in  the  early  part  of  its  career : — 

"  On  reviewing  the  literary  history  of  the  fifteenth  century,  we  find  more  than  half 
of  the  ten  thousand  works  produced  during  that  period  were  printed  in  Italy.  Among 
the  cities  of  Italy  Venice  is  pre-eminent  with  her  2,835  volumes ;  Borne  produced  925 ; 
Milan,  629 ;  Florence,  300 ;  Bologna,  298 ;  while  fifty  other  Italian  cities  possessed 
and  employed  printing  presses.  Next  to  Italy,  the  cities  of  Germany  bear  the  palm : 
no  less  than  530  works  having  been  printed  at  Cologne,  382  at  Nuremburg,  351  at 
Leipsic,  256  at  Augsburg,  and  134  at  Mentz.  Paris  produced  no  less  than  751  books ; 
Strasburg,  526;  Basle,  320;  Lou  vain,  116;  and  De  venter,  169.  The  whole  number 
printed  in  England  during  the  same  period  was  141 ;  of  which  130  appeared  in  London 
at  Westminster,  7  at  Oxford,  and  4  at  St.  Albans.  No  classical  author,  nor  even 
a  grammar,  appeared  in  Scotland  during  the  earlier  part  of  the  sixteenth  century ; 
indeed,  the  whole  number  of  books  enumerated  by  Herbert  up  to  the  year  1550  is  only 
seven ;  although  in  1534  Greek  was  taught  at  Montrose.  At  this  period  no  printing 
press  is  known  to  have  existed  in  Ireland." — (pp.  lxii.,  lxiii.) 

We  have  shewn  that  Mr.  Botfield  gives  a  somewhat  different  inter- 
pretation to  the  word  "  classic"  from  that  commonly  received,  but  that  this 
proceeds  not  from  any  undervaluing  of  that  literature  which  its  revivers  in 


c  "Memoir  by  Mr.  Winter  Jones,  of  the   British  Museum,  in  the  Biographical 
Dictionary  p-iblighed  by  the  Society  for  Promoting  Useful  Know  ledge.'* 


620  Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands.  [June, 

were  actually  gained  by  incredible  exertions,  and  lost  again  by  stupendous 
fatuity.  There  resided  in  Antwerp  an  Italian  of  profound  mechanical 
genius,  of  the  name  of  Gianibelli.  He  was  unrivalled  as  a  chemist  and 
engineer.  Once  he  had  offered  his  services  to  Philip,  but  it  seems  that 
circumlocution  was  strong  even  in  those  days,  and  the  disappointed  Italian 
swore  that  the  Spaniards  should  hear  of  him  with  tears.  He  promised 
the  authorities  that  he  would  destroy  the  bridge  if  supplied  with  the 
requisite  means.  The  requisite  means  were  refused  him,  but  he  was 
allowed  to  see  what  he  could  do  with  a  couple  of  worthless  vessels.  The 
Italian  with  matchless  art  converted  them  into  floating  volcanoes.  It  was 
evening,  mild  and  dark,  the  close  of  one  of  the  days  of  the  early  spring. 
Suddenly  the  river  became  luminous,  as  a  phantom  fleet  of  fire  ships 
floated  slowly  dowji  the  stream.  Unseen  was  human  hand,  unheard  was 
human  voice,  as  the  bannered  and  cuirassed  army,  with  a  feeling  of  mys- 
terious apprehension,  crowded  to  watch  them  from  dyke  and  bridge.  One 
by  one  they  drifted  blindly  away  to  the  banks,  or  became  hopelessly  en- 
tangled among  the  protections  of  the  bridge.  There  was  a  feeling  of  relief, 
and  even  of  amusement.  Gianibelli' s  twin  "hell-burners"  came  last  of 
all.  One  idly  lurched  against  a  dyke  and  gave  a  faint  and  harmless  ex- 
plosion, the  other  struck  heavily  against  the  bridge.  A  thin  smoke  curled 
from  a  smouldering  fire  on  the  deck,  and  soldiers  leaped  on  board  to  ex- 
tinguish the  flames.  At  this  moment  an  ensign  approached  Farnese,  and 
with  passionate  entreaties  drew  him  from  the  spot.  The  clockwork  in  the 
demon-ship  now  performed  its  work.  Then  came  the  explosion.  In  an 
instant  the  ship  disappeared,  the  earth  shook,  the  river  yawned  to  its  depth, 
houses  reeled  and  fell,  a  thousand  mangled  troops  were  flying  through  the 
troubled  air,  and  the  crown  of  the  achievement,  the  serrated  bridge,  was 
rent  asunder.  It  was  agreed  that  if  the  attempt  was  successful,  a  rocket 
should  be  fired.  A  heavy  fleet  laden  with  provision  was  awaiting  the 
signal  to  relieve  Antwerp  from  all  her  distress.  The  bridge  was  cleft 
through  and  through,  but  the  rocket  never  rose.  In  vain  Gianibelli  and 
St.  Aldegonde  looked  wistfully  for  it  through  the  gloom.  The  Dutch 
admiral,  paralysed  by  the  result,  never  ascertained  his  own  triumph  or 
made  the  requisite  announcement.  The  quick-witted  Parma  speedily 
effected  all  necessary  repairs. 

The  possession  of  the  Kowenstyn  dyke  was  now  the  sole  surviving  hope 
of  Antwerp.  Could  the  sea  roll  between  Antwerp  and  Zealand  the  siege 
would  be  raised,  and  Parma's  bridge  would  yet  prove  only  an  expensive 
and  useless  toy.  A  final  attempt  was  made.  The  moon  was  slowly 
waning  before  a  chill  May  dawn,  some  fireships  floated  towards  the  dyke. 
The  flames  frightened  the  Spaniards  from  their  posts,  and  lighted  to  the 
spot  a  swarm  of  gun- boats  crowded  with  brave  patriots.  The  dyke  pre- 
sented only  a  riband  of  earth  amid  the  circumambient  waves,  a  slender 
thread,  only  a  few  paces  broad,  and  almost  a  mile  in  length.  Sappers  and 
3 


1861.]  Motley'$  Hutory  of  the  Netherland*.  621 

miners  fastened  like  beavers  on  the  earth.    Mattock  and  shovel  were 
rapidly  clearing  away  the  obstacle  that'  withheld  life  and  freedom  from 
Antwerp.    Around  them  the  battle  raged  thick  and  fast.    Amid  the  fire 
and  the  water  the  miners  digged  and  delved.    At  last  the  Spaniards  were 
driven  into  the  fort  that  tanked  either  end,  and  the  middle  space  was 
gained.    Tremendous  was  the  cheering.   The  waters  streamed  through  the 
ruptured  dyke,  and  a  Zealand  bark  floated  triumphantly  towards  Antwerp* 
St.  Aldegonde  and  Hohenlo,  in  gleeful  triumph,  sprang  on  board  to  carry 
the  news  of  their  victory  to  the  city.     Antwerp  was  drunk  with  delight. 
Merrily  pealed  the  bells,  and  merrily  blazed  the  bonfire  flames.  '  A  mag- 
nificent banquet  was  given  to  Hohenlo  in  the  Town-house,    The  Count  sat  - 
at  the  head  of  the  banquet  table*     The  loveliest  women  sat  around  him, 
and  healths  were  pledged  in  crowned  goblets.     The  victor  announced* 
another  banquet  for  the  next  day,  and  gaily  invited  the  ladies  around  to 
come  once  more.    A  gentlewoman  who  sat  neat  him  said  with  a  sigh 
that  she  had  a  presentiment  that  to-morrow  would  scarcely  be  so  joyful  as. 
the  present  day.    Scarcely  had  these  words  passed  her  lips,  when  fearfoi 
sounds  were  heard  in  the  street.   Dying  sufferers  with  ghastly  wounds  were- 
borne  into  the  scene  of  light  and  festivity.  A  howl  of  execration  burst  from, 
the  infuriated  populace.    All  was  lost.    The  Spaniards  had  regained  the 
dyke,  and  the  army  of  patriots  was. out  to  pieces.  The  culpable  imprudence? 
of  the  commanders,  their  childish  eagerness  to  be  the  heralds  of  their  own. 
triumph,  had  afforded  Parma  the  opportunity  of  retrieving  his  loss*  had 
withered  their  hard-earned  laurels,  had  precipitated  the  common  doom. 

At  this  point,  therefore,  the  siege  of  Antwerp  really  terminates.  St.  Alde- 
gonde abandoned  the  idea  of  further  resistance.  He  only  faintly  opposed 
the  popular  clamour  for  capitulation.  From  Alexander  of  Parma  very  duV 
ferent  treatment  was  to  be  looked  for  than  had  been  experienced  in  the 
recent  Spanish  fury,  a  sack  that  cannot  be  compared  in  atrocity  with  any 
other  recorded  in  history,  not  with  the  sack  of  Rome,  not  with  the  sack  of 
Heidelberg,  not  with  the  sack  of  Bedajos.  The  royal  and  ecclesiastical 
possessions  were  to  be  restored  to  their  former  proprietors.  The  Catholic 
was  to  be  the  only  tolerated  religion.  Two  years  were  allowed  to  all  per- 
sons desirous  of  winding  up  their- affairs  and  leaving  the  country.  A 
moderate  fine  was  levied ;  all  prisoners  were  released;  a  general  amnesty: 
was  proclaimed;  the  garrison  marched  out  with  baggage,  arms,  and  all 
honours  of  war.  Three  days  after  the  surrender  the  whole  of  Antwerp 
could  not  have  mustered  a  single  loaf.  Had  Parma  known  this,  such  easy 
terms  would  not  have  been  conceded.  In  this  way  Antwerp  and  Belgium 
were  finally  lost  to  the  patriot  cause.  It  is  lamentable  to  think  that  but  for 
such  a  series  of  mistakes,  so  great  a  catastrophe  might  have  been  averted ; 
that  but  for  the  disunion,  parsimony,  littleness  of  English  councils  our  own 
country  might  have  prevented  it.  Great  suspicions  have  always  been  en- 
tertained of  the  good  faith  of  Manns  de  Sainte  Aldegonde,  and  we  rejoice 

Gskt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX.  4  » 


622  Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands.  [June, 

that  Mr.  Motley  in  a  learned  and  elaborate  note  has  been  able  to  acquit 
this  illustrious  patriot.  But  the  glory  of  Antwerp  was  now  departed.  Its 
ancient  commerce  and  prosperity  took  their  flight,  to  find  a  happier  home 
among  men  of  purer  faith  and  more  enlightened  laws. 

This  important  portion  of  Mr.  Motley's  volumes  will  perhaps  give  an 
adequate  idea  of  the  interest  of  the  story,  and  its  method  of  treatment. 
Our  limits  will  not  permit  us  to  trespass  yet  again  into  such  length  of 
detail;  neither,  indeed,  is  there  much  temptation.  To  a  considerable 
extent  this  portion  of  the  volume  is  unique.  Till  we  near  the  events  of  the 
Spanish  Armada  our  interest  is  not  again  similarly  aroused.  Although 
there  are  many  brilliant  pages  devoted  to  brilliant  actions,  much  subtle 
analysis  of  character  and  motives,  many  curious  revelations  in  diplomacy, 
the  impression  left  upon  our  mind  by  the  body  of  the  work  is  that  it  can- 
not altogether  be  acquitted  of  the  terrible  imputation  of  being  tiresome* 
and  this  need  not  necessarily  have  been  the  case  if  Mr.  Motley  could 
unsparingly  have  operated  with  the  knife  upon  his  own  production. 
Mr.  Motley  has  discussed  with  analytic  acuteness  and  at  infinite  detail 
"  inter-aulic  politics  and  back-stairs  diplomacy."  We  do  not  greatly  care 
to  unravel  so  tangled  a  web.  How  Elizabeth  refused  to  accept  the  sove- 
reignty ;  how  she  acted  rather  in  the  spirit  of  a  huckster  than  of  a  great 
queen ;  how,  with  unworthy  favouritism,  she  sent  Leicester  into  the  Low- 
lands while  she  neglected  the  peerless  Sydney  and  her  bravest  troops; 
how  her  narrow-minded  jealousy  cramped  all  Leicester's  efforts  and  cooled 
the  Dutch  enthusiasm  for  the  English  name ;  how  some  foul  instances  of 
English  treason  infinitely  increased  this  new  feeling  of  suspicion  and  ill- 
will  ;  how  the  United  Provinces  continued  to  prosper  in  spite  of  the  war, 
and  even  by  reason  of  it ;  how  Leicester  was  unfortunately  recalled,  and  as 
unfortunately  restored;  how  the  matchless  perfidy  of  Parma  very  nearly 
effected  the  ruin  of  our  country ;  all  this,  with  many  other  pages  of  battle, 
siege,  intrigue,  and  wild  adventure,  our  readers  had  best  seek  for  them- 
selves in  Mr.  Motley's  volumes.  When,  however,  we  approach  the  story 
of  the  Armada  no  prudent  love  of  reticence  will  enable  an  English  reviewer 
to  escape  the  temptation  of  saying  something  on  the  subject. 

The  achievements  of  Drake  in  the.  Spanish  waters  formed  perhaps  the 
most  exciting  motive  in  the  mind  of  Philip  towards  the  invasion.  There  was 
a  strong  dash  of  the  freebooter  in  honest  Sir  Francis.  The  naval  warfare 
of  the  sixteenth  century  rather  reminds  us  of  that  ingenuous  state  of  things 
mentioned  by  Thucydides,  when  the  islanders  inquired  of  the  pirates 
whether  they  were  really  such,  and  neither  by  those  who  asked  the  ques- 
tion nor  by  those  who  answered  it  was  any  offensive  imputation  understood 
to  be  meant.  The  utter  unpreparedness  of  England  for  the  struggle,  as 
now  evidenced  by  the  most  authentic  documents,  has  been  a  surprise  for 
the  historical  critics.  It  is  now  known  that  not  to  the  Queen  and  not  to 
her  ministers  was,  under  God.  this  great  salvation  due.     It  was  due  to  the 


1861.]  Motley's  History  of  the  Netherlands.  623 

sense,  energy,  and  heroism  of  the  English  people.  The  nobility  and 
country  gentry  flocked  to  the  scene  of  action  as  if  to  a  fair  regatta  upon 
the  summer  waters.  Merry  England  arose  in  all  her  strength  and  glee, 
and  went  joyous  into  fight.  Mr.  Motley  tells  us  how  remarkably  the  great 
incident  of  the  siege  of  Antwerp  affected  the  fortunes  of  England  and  of 
Christendom : — 

"  As  the  twilight  deepened,  the  moon  became  totally  obscured,  dark  cloud-masses 
spread  over  the  heavens,  the  sea  grew  black,  distant  thunder  rolled,  and  the  sob  of  an 
approaching  tempest  became  distinctly  audible.  Such  indications  of  a  westerly  gale 
were  not  encouraging  to  those  cumbrous  vessels,  with  the  treacherous  quicksands  of 
Flanders  under  their  lee. 

"At  an  hour  past  midnight  it  was  so  dark  that  it  was  difficult  for  the  most  prac- 
tised eye  to  pierce  far  into  the  gloom.  But  a  faint  dip  of  oars  now  struck  the  ears 
of  the  Spaniards  as  they  watched  from  the  decks.  A  few  moments  afterwards  the  sea 
became  suddenly  luminous,  and  six  flaming  vessels  appeared  at  a  slight  distance,  bear- 
ing steadily  down  upon  them  before  the  wind  and  tide.  There  were  men  in  the  Armada 
who  had  been  at  the  siege  of  Antwerp  only  three  yean  before ;  they  remembered  with 
horror  the  devil-ships  of  Giani  belli,  those  floating  volcanoes,  which  had  seemed  to  rend 
earth  and  ocean,  whose  explosion  bad  laid  so  many  thousands  of  soldiers  dead  at  a 
blow,  and  which  had  shattered  the  bridge  and  floating  forts  of  Farnese,  as  though  they 
had  been  toys  of  glass.  They  knew,  too,  that  the  famous  engineer  was  at  that  moment 
in  England.  In  a  moment  one  of  those  horrible  panics,  which  spread  with  such  con- 
tagious rapidity  among  large  bodies  of  men,  seized  upon  the  Spaniards.  There  was 
a  yell  throughout  the  fleet — '  The  fire-ships  of  Antwerp,  the  fire-ships  of  Antwerp  !* 
and  in  an  instant  every  cable  was  cut,  and  frantic  attempts  were  made  by  each 
galleon  and  galleasse  to  escape  what  seemed  imminent  destruction.  The  confusion 
was  beyond  description.  Four  or  five  of  the  largest  ships  became  entangled  with  each 
other.  Two  others  were  set  on  fire  by  the  flaming  vessels,  and  were  consumed. 
Medina  Sidonia,  who  had  been  warned,  even  before  his  departure  from  Spain,  that 
some  such  artifice  would  probably  be  attempted,  and  who  had  even  early  that  morning 
sent  out  a  party  of  sailors  in  a  pinnace  to  search  for  indications  of  the  scheme,  was  not 
surprised  or  dismayed.  He  gave  orders,  as  well  might  be,  that  every  ship,  after  the 
danger  should  be  passed,  was  to  return  to  its  post  and  await  his  further  orders.  But  it  was 
useless  in  that  moment  of  unreasonable  panic  to  issue  commands.  The  despised 
Mantuan,  who  had  met  with  so  many  rebuffs  at  Philip's  court,  and  who,  owing  to 
official  incredulity,  had  been  but  partially  successful  in  his  magnificent  enterprise  at 
Antwerp,  had  now,  by  the  mere  terror  of  his  name,  inflicted  more  damage  on  Philip's 
armada  than  had  hitherto  been  accomplished  by  Howard  and  Drake,  Hawkins  and 
Frobiaher  combined."— (Vol.  ii.  pp.  691,  692.) 

We  have  pointed  out  that  the  tendency  of  Mr.  Motley's  work  is  to  make 
a  very  serious  deduction  from  the  fame  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  We  are  afraid 
that  for  the  future  this  must  be  taken  as  an  undisputed  fact,  though  not, 
perhaps,  to  the  extent  that  some  of  the  critics  have  supposed.  Mr.  Motley 
sometimes  presses  too  severely  on  the  English  Government ;  his  work  is 
certainly  not  written  from  an  English  point  of  view,  and  much  of  it  may 
serve  as  a  wholesome  corrective  for  exaggerated  national  feelings.  That 
parsimony  of  which  our  author  most  frequently  complains  admits  of  an 
explanation.  All  students  of  English  history  know  how  small,  uncertain, 
and  unsettled  was  the  public  revenue  in  her  time  >  how  vast  demands  upon 


624  Motley'*  History  of  the  Netherlands.  [June, 

it  of  modern  growth  had  arisen,  and  the  constitution  had  as  yet  provided 
no  means  to  satisfy  them ;  and  how  constantly  she  was  hampered  and  dis- 
tressed for  the  want  of  necessary  means.  These  considerations  will  to  an 
indefinite  extent  qualify  Mr.  Motley's  strictures.  Much  stress  has  been  laid 
upon  the  fact  that  Elizabeth's  famous  speech  at  Tilbury  was  made  after  the 
engagements  in  the  Channel,  and  when  the  Spanish  fleet  was  in  full  retreat 
It  almost  seems  as  if  the  great  Elizabeth  condescended  to  a  gigantic  sham. 
We  are  satisf  ed  that  tea  generations  of  Englishmen  have  not  idly  thrown 
away  their  admiration  on  the  lion-hearted  queen.  It  was  still  possible  that 
so  vast  an  armament  might  do  mueh  mischief ;  it  was  still  possible  that  an- 
other hostile  armament  might  be  on  the  way  to  assist ;  and  although  we 
now  know  how  effectually  the  swarming  Dutch  craft  kept  watch  and  ward 
on  the  Flanders  coast,  it  was  still  in  the  chapter  of  accidents  that  an  in- 
vasion might  be  made  on  the  side  of  the  Low  Countries  by  an  army  con- 
sisting of  the  flower  of  European  troops,  and  generalled  by  the  greatest 
military  genius  in  the  world. 

At  this  point,  then,  we  must  take  an  unwilling  farewell  of  Mr.  Motley. 
He  has  certainly  made  a  noble  contribution  to  English  history,  although 
we  are  not  certain  how  far  Mr.  Froude  will  feel  grateful  to  him  for  pre- 
occupying so  much  of  the  ground  that  must  necessarily  be  traversed  in  the 
forthcoming  volumes  of  Elizabeth.  We  sincerely  wish  Mr.  Motley  health 
and  strength  to  achieve  the  magnificent  programme  which  he  has  sketched 
out  for  himself  in  his  preface.  He  proposes  to  bring  down  the  history  to 
the  time  of  the  Synod  of  Dort,  and  then  to  tell  the  story  of  the  Thirty 
Tears  War.  If  the  history  continues  to  be  related  upon  the  present  scale, 
it  will  certainly  require  the  most  unintermitting  labour.  The  famous  intro- 
duction in  Macaulay's  England  scarcely  announced  a  more  splendid  in- 
tention. But  abrit  omen.  In  his  next  two  volumes  our  author  will  de- 
scribe with  all  his  wonted  ability  the  establishment  of  the  independence  of 
the  Provinces.  He  will  doubtless  also  point  out  how  the  popular  constitu- 
tion was  far  from  being  an  unmingled  good.  He  will  assuredly  relate  with 
eloquent  enthusiasm  the  splendid  career  of  Maurice  of  Nassau,  and  en- 
deavour to  administer  a  due  meed  of  historic  justice  to  the  memory  of 
Maurice  and  the  memory  of  John  of  Olden  Barne veldt.  We  cannot  con- 
ceal our  apprehension  that  when  Mr.  Motley  comes  to  deal  with  the  period 
of  the  Arminian  controversy,  those  very  qualities  that  enable  him  to  do 
such  vigorous  justice  to  statesmen,  courtiers,  and  generals  may  operate 
very  much  as  a  disqualification  for  discussing  abstruse  questions  in  divinity 
and  the  varieties  of  the  religious  character.  Profound  and  peculiar  qualities, 
and  something  very  unlike  his  eminently  popular  characteristics,  are  re- 
quired for  the  full  exposition  of  a  great  era  in  ecclesiastical  history.  For 
the  present,  however,  these  speculations  are  premature. 


1861.]  625 


THE  NOBILITY  AND  GENTRY  OF  ENGLAND*. 

Thb  antiquity  of  our  English  aristocracy  is  so  universally  acknowledged, 
both  at  home  and  abroad,  that  it  seems  rather  late  in  the  day  to  invite  a 
discussion  upon  it.  Continental  nations,  among  the  older  families  of  which 
revolution  in  some  shape  has  made  such  merciless  havoc,  point  to  our  im- 
munity in  this  respect  with  feelings  akin  almost  to  envy,  and  most  intel- 
ligent foreigners  who  have  written  on  our  country  concur  in  their  expres- 
sions of  respect  for  that  venerable  body  in  whose  names  and  titles  are 
written  many  of  the  most  prominent  evlnts  of  English  history.  Never- 
theless, and  the  fact  is  not  a  little  singular,  the  notions  of  our  own  people 
on  the  subject  are  singularly  loose  and  undefined.  The  rapid  changes 
which  the  progress  of  opinions,  the  increase  of  commerce,  and  the  com- 
paratively sudden  accumulations  of  large  fortunes  have  brought  about, 
have  caused  a  sort  of  fusion  between  the  different  ranks  of  our  social  sys- 
tem, tending  in  a  great  measure  to  confuse  the  claims  of  those  who  can 
legitimately  boast  of  antiquity  of  blood.  The  first  thing  that  a  happy 
speculator  or  a  successful  trader  does  upon  realizing  wealth,  or  it  may 
be  an  independence,  is  to  hunt  up  a  coat  of  arms  which  will  harmonize 
with  the  name  he  bears,  or  with  the  traditions  which  his  forefathers  have 
left  behind  them.  With  this,  and  a  recently  purchased  estate,  he  ranks  in 
the  opinion  of  the  careless  world  among  the  gentry.  Happy  circumstances 
place  him,  perhaps,  in  the  commission  of  the  peace.  His  private  character 
is  probably  unassailable,  and  two  generations  later  the  origin  of  his  rise  in 
life  is  forgotten  in  the  position  transmitted  to  his  descendants.  Those  who 
claim  for  the  gentry  of  England  the  best  blood  in  the  kingdom  forget  this, 
and  are  often  therefore  as  much  in  the  wrong  as  those  who  attribute  the 
same  distinction  to  the  peerage  alone.  Who  are  the  "  nobility"  of  Eng- 
land ?  Are  they  to  be  found  in  the  peerage  1  We  reply,  Yes,  because,  of 
the  most  ancient  families  of  our  gentry,  very  many  members  have  received 
titles  for  services  rendered  to  their  king  and  country  who  are  to  this  day 
represented  in  the  Upper  House.  Are  they  to  be  found  among  the  un- 
titled gentry?  Again  we  reply  in  the  affirmative,  because  the  natural 
nobility  of  every  country  is  always  in  the  first  instance  its  landed  pro- 
prietary. It  has,  however,  become  too  much  the  habit  of  loose  thinkers 
to  accept  either  of  these  positions  in  that  unqualified  sense  which  would  go 
to  negative  the  other ;  and  it  appears  to  us,  therefore,  that  we  shall  be  ren- 
dering a  service  to  the  community  by  defining  the  extent  in  which  each 


•  «' 


The  County  Families  of  the  United  Kingdom;  or,  Royal  Manual  of  the  Titled 
and  Untitled  Aristocracy  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  By  Edward  Wallbrd,  MJL, 
late  Scholar  of  Balfiol  College,  Oxford,  and  Fellow  of  the  Genealogical  and  Historical 
of  Great  Britain."    (London:  Hsrdwicke.) 


626  The  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  England.  [June, 

may  be  understood.  The  subject  too,  in  connection  with  the  work  the 
title  of  which  stands  at  the  foot  of  our  first  page,  has  a  practical  aspect  to 
which  it  will  be  necessary  to  refer  later. 

One  reason  why  this  subject  has  become  confused  is  furnished  by  the  use 
of  the  word  "  commoner,"  which  has  crept  into  our  vocabulary  as  signify- 
ing all  those  of  gentle  birth  who  are  untitled.     The  expression,  whatever 
its  origin,  suggests  in  the  gentry  a  certain  inferiority  as  regards  social  rank 
and  position,  which  happens  to  be  the  very  reverse  of  truth.     Again,  a 
fictitious  interpretation  has  come  to  be  put  upon  the  word  "ennobled." 
We  hear  of  an  individual  who  is  about  to  be  created  a  peer  as  on  the  point 
of  being  "  ennobled"  or  ••  raised"  to  the  peerage.     Now,  if  he  is  a  "  gen- 
tleman," and  can  claim  by  descent  and  coat  of  arms  his  right  to  rank 
among  the  "  gentry"  of  the  land  in  the  strict  meaning  of  the  term,  he  is 
•'  noble"  whether  he  become  a  peer  or  not.    Very  many  of  our  peers  were 
noble,  generations  before  they  were  titled,  and  if  they  possessed  that  true 
pride  which  becomes  the  real  lord  of  the  soil,  their  descendants  now  would 
lay  far  more  stress  on  that  early  nobility  which  they  share  in  common  with 
their  ancestors  and  kinsfolk,  than  in  the  coronet  they  now  wear.     The  old 
saying,  Fit  nobilis,  nascitur  generosus,  really  means  that  any  man  may 
acquire  a  title,  but  the  nobility  of  the  **  gentleman,"  as  the  term  was  early 
understood,  is  born  with  him.     When  the  nurse  of  James  I.  implored  him 
to  make  her  son  a  gentleman,  that  shrewd  monarch  replied,  "  My  good 
woman,  a  gentleman  I  could  never  make  him,  though  I  could  make  him  a 
lord."     But  there  have  been  other  causes  at  work  which  have  added  to  the 
confusion  of  which  we  are  speaking,  and  which  even  now  embarrass  the 
enquiry  before  us.     What  is  to  be  the  test  of  an  ancient  family?    Mr. 
Shirley,  in  a  work  published  about  two  years  ago,  will  consent  to  the  claims 
of  none  which  cannot  trace  a  male  descent  to  a  period  antecedent  to  the 
commencement  of  the  sixteenth  century.     For  our  purpose  such  a  strict 
standard  is  not  only  unnecessary ;  for  the  practical  objects  of  the  present 
day  it  defeats  itself  by  narrowing  the  enquiry  to  such  a  degree,  that  the 
ancient  families  which  were  represented  in  the  peerage  previous  to  the 
date  which  he  lays  down  are  nearly  extinct,  and  that  untitled  noble  families 
of  the  same  period  are  reduced  to  somewhere  about  the  low  figure  of  300. 
The  object  of  that  writer  is  a  perfectly  clear  one.     He  wished  to  avoid 
having  to  take  into  his  computation  those  families  of  the  Reformation 
which  became  possessed  of  the  despoiled  lands  of  the  Church,  and  whose 
descendants  are  not,  strictly  speaking,  of  the  pure  blood  of  the  old  landed 
gentry  at  all.    Indeed  these  movements,  such  as  the  Reformation  and  other 
political  earthquakes,  add  their  influence  to  the  perplexing  causes  under 
discussion.   Then,  again,  there  is  decay,  and  the  intermarrying  of  heiresses 
into  a  stock  by  no  means  so  unadulterated  as  that  from  which  they  them- 
selves sprang ;  so  that  whoever  in  conducting  this  enquiry  places  too  much 
stress  upon  extreme  antiquity,  will  arrive  at  results  such  as  must  disappoint 


1861.]  The  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  England.  627 

himself,  and  leave  the  practical  question  at  the  present  day  entirely  un- 
touched. It  is  Sir  Bernard  Burke,  if  we  remember  rightly,  who  declares 
that  out  of  all  the  barons  who  signed  Magna  Charta,  not  six  are  re- 
presented now  in  the  House  of  Peers.  And  probably  the  number  of  those 
represented  by  lineal  male  descendants  is  still  less.  In  the  same  way, 
Mr.  Shirley  calculates  that  no  more  than  320  families  of  the  ancient 
gentry  which  were  in  existence  previous  to  the  year  1500  are  repre- 
sented now  in  the  male  line.  The  genealogical  student,  therefore,  if  he 
wishes  to  be  severe,  or  at  the  least  exact,  will  be  able  to  arrive  without 
much  difficulty  at  the  very  summary  conclusion  that  the  old  nobility  of 
England,  whether  titled  or  the  reverse,  has  in  the  course  of  centuries 
dwindled  to  a  point  in  which  the  rareness  of  the  article  can  alone  compen- 
sate for  its  numerical  insignificance. 

In  an  enquiry,  therefore,  like  the  present,  Mr.  Shirley's  test  cannot  be 
accepted.  It  is  a  fact  that  we  have  a  large,  a  very  large  untitled  landed 
nobility  resting  its  claims  on  an  antiquity  sufficiently  pronounced,  and  yet 
posterior  to  the  date  he  prescribes.  This  nobility  is  constantly  being  in- 
creased, however  contrary  the  method  of  augmentation  may  be  to  the 
strict  rules  of  the  ancient  orders  of  heraldry.  What  is  required  at  the  pre- 
sent day  is,  first,  to  shew  that  such  gentry  are  noble,  and  secondly,  to  fix 
some  rule  by  which  that  part  of  it  which  is  noble  by  descent  can  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  other  portion  which  mixes  with  it  on  equal  terms,  and 
which  we  may  call  without  offence,  the  gentry  by  courtesy.  The  nobility 
of  an  Englishman  in  the  days  of  chivalry  was  invariably  tested  by  his 
shield.  An  English  gentleman  of  four  quarters  was  admissible  into  the 
Order  of  Malta.  When  a  person  was  "  ennobled,"  lands  were  in  general 
annexed  to  the  grant  of  arms,  and  it  was  not  until  there  were  no  more 
lands  to  give,  that  the  system  of  conferring  a  coat  of  arms  by  patent  to 
which  a  title  was  annexed  came  into  practice.  From  that  moment  the 
"nobility"  of  the  country  became  twofold,  the  most  ancient  being  the 
"natural  nobility,"  as  that  of  the  landholders,  the  more  modern  the 
"  titled,"  or  that  of  the  peerage  by  patent.  The  proof,  however,  of  the 
high  esteem  in  which  the  first  was  held,  is  to  be  found  in  the  contempt 
with  which  the  gentry  regarded  the  newly-made  nobles.  They  denounced 
the  system  of  patents  as  "an  innovation;  a  dangerous  stretch  of  the 
prerogative." 

There  is  one  instance  recorded  of  a  king  of  England  ennobling  a  person 
not  of  gentle  blood  in  order  to  enable  him  to  meet  a  foreign  noble  in  single 
combat ;  but  so  tenacious  have  subsequent  heralds  been  of  the  principle 
involved  in  that  act,  that  in  alluding  to  it  they  have  been  invariably  careful 
to  point  out  that  the  king  never  meant  to  create  a  gentleman,  a  proceeding 
he  would  never  even  dream  of  attempting;  he  only  got  him  "  received  into 
the  state  of  a  gentleman"  by  making  him  an  Esquire  and  giving  him  a  coat 
of  arms.  There  are  numberless  instances  to  be  found  in  ancient  histories  in 


628  The  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  England.  [Jum> 

which  the  nobility  of  the  gentry  is  thus  expressly  recognised*  Perkm 
"Warbeck  in  his  proclamation,  quoted  by  Lord  Verulam  in  the  tatter's 
"  History  of  Henry  VII.,"  accuses  the  king  of  having  "  caused  to  be  cruelly 
murdered  divers  nobles"  and  he  enumerates  the  names  of  five  untitled 
gentlemen.  In  Bailey's  Dictionary  (ed.  1707)  a  gentleman  is  stated  to  be 
"  one  who  received  his  nobility  from  his  ancestors  and  not  from  the  gift  of 
any  prince  or  state."  In  the  statutes  of  the  Order,  temp.  Henry  VIII.,  a 
M  gentleman  of  blood1'  is  described  to  be  he  that  is  "  descended  of  three 
degrees  of  noblesse"  i.e.  of  name  and  coat  of  arms,  his  parents  being  of 
course  both  noble.  The  gentry  were,  moreover,  eligible  to  the  Order  of  the 
Garter,  and  all  their  disputes  were  referable  only  to  the  Lord  High  Con- 
stable of  England  or  to  the  Earl  Marshal — a  fact  which  is  conclusive  upon 
the  point.  The  celebrated  historian  Hallam,  speaking  of  France,  says, 
"  An  officer  of  a  plebeian  mother  was  reputed  noble  for  the  purposes  of  in- 
heritance and  of  exemption  from  tribute ;  but  he  could  not  be  received  into 
any  order  of  chivalry,  though  capable  of  simple  knighthood."  A  similar 
rule  was  recognised  in  England.  If  a  peer  married  the  daughter  of  one 
who  was  ignobilisy  the  issue  of  the  marriage  would  inherit  the  peerage  on 
the  principle  that  a  peer  need  not  of  necessity  be  a  "  gentleman  of  blood ;" 
but  his  children  would  never  be  eligible  to  the  Orders  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem, of  Rhodes,  of  Malta,  or  of  the  Garter.  In  France  the  gentil- 
homme  was  held  at  one  time  in  equal  honour.  According  to  a  writer  of 
the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  an  ordinance  having  gone  forth  during 
the  reign  of  Louis  XVI.  that  no  one  should  be  presented  at  court  who 
could  not  trace  his  ancestry  to  a  fixed  period,  while  many  marquises  and 
counts  were  rejected,  numbers  of  untitled  gentlemen  from  Brittany  and 
Languedoc  passed  the  ordeal  of  the  heralds  with  facility;  and  a  similar 
strictness  was  until  of  late  years  observed  in  Germany  in  respect  of  all 
candidates  for  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  of  Bavaria.  But  the  most  conclu- 
sive proof  of  the  point  we  are  discussing  is  to  be  found  in  the  possible 
changes  which  an  elevation  to  the  peerage  may  cause  in  the  coat  of  arms 
of  the  newly-titled  gentleman.  Let  us  suppose  the  case  of  a  cadet  of  a 
noble  untitled  family  being  made  a  peer.  As  cadet  of  his  house  he  must 
carry  in  his  arms  a  mullet  or  a  cinque-foil,  or  other  mark  of  inferiority,  in 
spite  of  his  coronet,  while  his  elder  brother  would  bear  his  arms  without 
any  diminution  whatever. 

The  foregoing  data,  while  they  conclusively  prove  the  nobility  inherent 
in  the  landed  proprietary  of  the  nation,  will  be  found  of  the  greatest  use 
when  it  becomes  desirable  to  enquire  into  the  comparative  antiquity  of 
individual  families.  For  the  purposes  of  the  present  time  it  must  be 
assumed  that  every  man  of  character  who  bears  a  coat  of  arms,  and  whose 
father  and  grandfather  died  possessed  of  the  lands  which  he  holds,  is  of  the 
gentry  of  the  country:  but  that  he  is  noble  in  the  sense  in  which  our 
ancestors  and  the  heralds  understand  the  term  it  would  be  impossible  to 
4 


1861 .]  The  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  England.  62  9 

affirm.  According  to  the  usages  of  the  age,  every  man  is  now  a  gentleman 
"who  is  received  in  society  as  such ;  but  it  does  not  follow  that  he  is  "  a 
gentleman  of  blood."  Mr.  Walford,  in  his  recently  published  work  ou 
a  County  Families  of  Great  Britain,"  seems  to  have  appreciated  this  diffi- 
culty. He  includes  in  his  list  all  members  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
many  private  gentlemen,  though  no  longer  landed  proprietors,  but  he  specially 
indicates  those  of  noble  descent  wherever  he  can  trace  it.  The  work  itself 
is  just  now  in  its  infancy,  and  contains  errors  and  deficiencies  which  only 
a  re-issue,  if  not  several  re-issues,  will  avail  to  rectify.  But  the  principle 
is  undoubtedly  a  sound  one,  and  the  details  are  carried  out  with  such 
a  thorough  absence  of  all  pretension,  and  with  such  a  desire  to  avoid  the 
prolixity  which  would  result  from  a  too  great  attention  to  minute  genea- 
logical particulars,  that  the  publication,  when  amended  and  developed  to 
its  legitimate  scope,  cannot  fail  to  prove  very  valuable.  But  even  now 
a  mere  glance  will  enable  any  one  to  arrive  at  the  distinction  to  which  we 
are  adverting.  And  there  is  this  further  advantage  in  all  works  of  the 
sort,  that  by  their  instrumentality  the  alliances  of  the  younger  branches  of 
noble  families  get  placed  on  record,  and  are  made  available  for  future  gene- 
rations in  cases  of  disputed  title  or  property. 

If  this  had  been  done  in  a  former  age,  the  Great  Shrewsbury  Case 
would  neither  have  cost  the  labour  or  the  treasure  which  was  expended 
upon  it.  So  important,  indeed,  do  we  consider  this  aspect  of  the  question, 
that  we  would  almost  second  the  proposition  we  have  heard  made  respect- 
ing the  book  in  question,  namely,  that  the  compiler  should  cut  up  his 
book,  induce  the  families  concerned  to  swear  before  a  magistrate  to  the 
truth  of  each  paragraph,  and  then  get  them  enrolled  and  recorded  in 
the  British  Museum.  How  far  this  scheme  would  be  practicable  we  can- 
not stop  in  this  place  to  enquire.  It  would  be  a  task  of  almost  endless 
trouble  and  labour ;  but  the  facts,  when  once  enrolled  and  recorded,  would 
for  future  generations  be  strong  presumptive  evidence  ante  litem  motam. 

One  other  consideration  is  furnished  by  Mr.  Walford's  work.  Accord- 
ing to  ancient  feudal  rules,  no  descent  was  ever  acknowledged  which  was 
claimed  only  through  the  female  line.  If  the  principle  were  a  sound 
one  in  those  days,  there  are  many  more  stringent  reasons  for  recognising 
it  now.  In  modern  times  claims  to  descent  from  an  illustrious  house  in 
the  female  line  have  been  continually  made  where  the  pedigree  on  the  male 
side  was  of  a  very  questionable  character.  Still  there  are  families  who 
owe  in  other  instances  so  much  of  the  pride  of  association  to  the  infusion 
of  distinguished  blood  from  female  sources,  that  in  a  work  like  the  one 
before  us  it  would  be  unwise  to  ignore  them.  A  writer  in  the  "  Quarterly 
Review  "  for  April,  1846,  points  out  that  the  blood  of  the  House  of  Stewait 
was,  from  the  simple  process  of  intermarriage,  to  be  traced  in  Cromwell, 
William  III.,  the  Admirable  Crichton,  Leslie  Earl  of  Lcven,  Chatham, 
Fox,  and  Byron.     On  aesthetic  grounds  alone  facts  of  this  kind  deserve 

Ge5t.  Mag.  Vox.  CCX.  4  a 


630  The  Uriconium  Excavation  Fund.  [June, 

to  be  recorded,  and  we  can  therefore  no  more  ignore  in  these  days  nobility 
of  descent  on  the  female  side,  than  we  can  affirm  that  a  man  received  in 
society  on  equal  terms  with  the  gentry  is  not  a  gentleman.  It  most  never 
be  forgotten,  however,  that  when  a  house  marries  its  last  female  represen- 
tative into  another  family,  however  illustrious,  it  at  once  sinks  itself;  and 
its  name  which,  except  under  special  circumstances,  becomes  absorbed  in 
the  new  stock  to  which  it  is  allied,  will,  unless  it  be  rescued  from  oblivion 
by  works  like  that  of  Mr.  Walford,  in  no  long  time  be  forgotten.  That 
book  is  both  a  genealogical  record  and  a  dictionary  of  the  noble  families 
of  Great  Britain.  It  may  be  examined  with  advantage  as  a  study,  or  it 
may  be  kept  on  the  shelf  as  a  reference  index  to  books  of  wider  scope  and 
more  extended  detail.  It  may  also  be  converted  into  a  genealogical  register 
of  the  existence  and  generations  of  collateral  branches  in  the  case  of  future 
litigation,  in  the  manner  we  have  already  pointed  out. 


THE  URICONIUM  EXCAVATION  FUND. 

The  excavations  at  Wroxeter,  which  have  been  suspended  during  the  winter, 
are  about  to  be  resumed  with  increased  activity.  Mr.  Botficld,  M.P.,  who  has  so 
liberally  contributed  to  the  excavation  fund  during  the  last  three  years,  offers 
a  third  subscription  of  fifty  guineas,  conditionally  that  fifty  other  subscriptions  of 
not  less  than  a  guinea  each  can  he  obtained.  Many  of  these  have  already  been 
promised,  (including  the  Earl  of  Powis,  £10,  Lord  Wensleydale,  £5,  and  Sir  C. 
H.  Rouse  Boughton,  £2  2s.,)  but  as  the  whole  amount  will  be  quite  inadequate 
to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  operations  contemplated  during  the  season,  it  is  hoped 
that  a  much  larger  sum  will  be  contributed.  The  rich  collection  of  relics,  in- 
cluding coins,  bronzes,  pottery,  tesselated  pavements,  &c.,  which  have  been  depo- 
sited in  the  Shrewsbury  museum,  attests  the  interest  of  the  site  under  explora- 
tion. It  is  intended  that  the  operations  of  the  present  season  shall  include  the 
examination  of  the  site  of  the  Roman  cemetery,  in  addition  to  the  remains  adja- 
cent to  "the  old  wall ;"  but  until  further  funds  are  obtained  the  excavations  must 
of  necessity  be  on  a  limited  scale.  It  is  trusted,  therefore,  that  the  archaeological 
public  will  again  come  forward  to  supply  the  means  of  continuing  an  investigation 
which  has  already  been  attended  with  such  valuable  results,  and  which  is  likely  to 
add  largely  to  our  acquaintance  with  the  history  and  archaeology  of  the  country 
at  the  close  of  the  Roman  occupation. 

Subscriptions  are  received  by  Dr.  Henry  Johnson,  the  Honorary  Secretary  to 
the  Committee,  Shrewsbury ;  and  by  Mr.  J.  O.  Sandford,  stationer,  High- street, 
Shrewsbury. 


1861.]  631 


HISTORICAL  BEARING  OF  CERTAIN  LOCAL  NAMES 
CONNECTED  WITH  GLOUCESTER. 

At  the  last  annual  meeting  of  the  Cot tes wold  Naturalists'  Club,  the 
Rev.  Samuel  Lysons  read  an  interesting  paper  on  the  origin  of  names, 
and  the  illustration  which  both  local  and  general  history  may  sometimes 
receive  from  an  inquiry  into  them.  He  instanced  Mitre-street,  in  Glou- 
cester, which  was  formerlv  called  Oxbodv-lane.  This  he  conceived  to  be 
a  corruption  of  "  Ocks  bothy s,"  meaning  the  booths  or  shops  which  one 
Richard  Wyse  conveyed  in  the  9th  of  Edward  II.  to  John  del  Ocks,  prior 
of  St.  Bartholomew's,  in  Gloucester.  Two  other  somewhat  remarkable 
appellations  were  also  explained — Horsepool  and  Coggins.  The  first  was 
shewn  to  have  nothing  to  do  with  horses,  being  in  fact  derived  from 
44  herse,"  a  crib  of  wattles  such  as  are  now  used  to  protect  the  banks  of  the 
Severn  against  the  encroachments  of  the  tide,  but  which  the  monks  of 
Lanthony  also  employed  for  taking  salmon  and  lampreys,  their  fishery  of 
Hersepol  being  mentioned  in  the  charter  roll  of  King  John.  The  other 
name,  Coggins,  was  explained  more  at  length,  for  the  reason  that  it  ap- 
peared to  him  probable  that  a  memorable  event  in  early  English  history 
might  have  given  rise  to  it.     The  lecturer  said : — 

"  And  now  for  the  word  Coggins.  Our  fishery  is  described  in  the  Hundred  Rolls  of 
Edward  I.  as  follows : — '  Prior  de  Lanthony  levavit  qnandam  gurgitem  in  Sabrina,  quso 
vocatur  Cocayne  Wer,  prope  cant  mm  GloucestrisB.'  (The  Prior  of  Lanthony  levied 
a  certain  pool  in  the  Severn,  which  is  called  Cocayne  Wear,  near  the  castle  of  Glou- 
cester.) 

"  In  the  gurges  we  recognise  the  pool,  and  in  the  wear  we  recognise  the  wattled  dam 
or  horse ;  but  we  are  also  supplied  with  another  name,  corresponding  with  the  present 
nomenclature  of  the  field  which  skirts  the  fishery,  viz.  Coggins  or  Cogernes.  Now, 
neither  Coggins  nor  Cogernes  have  any  meaning  that  I  am  aware  of,  but  Cocgayne, 
the  name  by  which  it  was  called  in  Edward  l.'s  time,  has  a  very  significant  meaning. 
Ducange's  Glossary  explains  Cocaigne  as  *  contestation,  querelle,  difference,  dispute.' 
Coggins,  then,  is  the  field  of  contention ;  and  here  opens  a  very  interesting  inquiry-— 
from  what  contention,  quarrel,  or  dispute  did  it  get  its  name  P  There  are  two  solu- 
tions which  I  will  venture  to  offer ;  the  first,  if  you  accept  my  view  of  it,  will  go  far  to 
settle  a  disputed  point  of  our  country's  history. 

"  History  tells  us  that  Edmund  Ironside,  threatened  by  Canute  the  Dane,  retreated 
to  Gloucester  as  his  stronghold.  In  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  that  town  the 
forces  of  the  two  kings  drew  up  in  hostile  array  to  dispute  the  possession  of  the  crown 
of  England.  Grafton,  Speed,  and  Baker  all  agree  as  to  these  facts.  Moreover,  to 
stop  the  effusion  of  blood,  it  was  arranged  that  the  two  kings  should  settle  the  point 
in  single  combat. 

"  In  Twysden's  edition  of  Decern  Scriptores,  Ailred  the  Abbot  of  Rievaulx  says 
'  there  is  an  island  in  the  middle  of  the  Severn  itself,  which  is  called  Holengbege,  to 
which  the  kings  (i.e.  Edmund  and  Canute),  clad  in  the  most  splendid  armour,  having 
been  ferried  over,  entered  into  single  combat  within  sight  of  both  peoples.' 

"  In  an  interesting  little  pamphlet  published  by  John  Hogg,  Esq.,  foreign  secretary  to 


632 


Historical  Bearing  of  certain  Local  Names 


[May, 


the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  on  the  subject  of  two  events  which  occurred  in  the 
life  of  Canute  the  Dane,  it  is  shewn  that  the  Danish  or  Scandinavian  mode  of  settling 
disputes  was  by  the  contending  parties  retiring  to  a  small  island,  whence  there  would 
be  no  escape,  and  there  deciding  the  matter  by  single  combat,  and  that  this  duel  was 
called  in  their  language  Holmganga,  or  Holenghega,  i.e.  an  island  going  {Holm  ia  a 
river  island).  It  must  have  been  something  like  a  duel  in  a  saw- pit,  except  that  it  was 
more  visible  to  bystanders.  Here  then  we  have  in  close  contiguity  Holinghega,  or,  as 
we  now  call  it,  Alney,  or  the  Island,  and  Cocgayne,  the  field  of  contention,  on  the  oppo- 
site bank  of  the  jiver.  May  not  these  names 
help  us  to  decide  the  actual  spot  where 
this  renowned  contest  took  place,  which  has 
hitherto  been  almost  as  much  a  matter  of 
contention  as  the  dispute  itself*?  It  has 
been  usual  to  consider  that  larger  island  ad- 
jacent to  the  smaller  one  of  which  I  am 
speaking  as  the  locality  of  this  combat,  but 
it  strikes  me  that  the  island  or  neite,  com- 
prising about  three  quarters  of  an  acre,  was 
a  much  more  suitable  spot  for  such  a  purpose 
than  that  larger  area  now  called  the  Isle 
of  Alney,  which  comprises  some  three  or 
four  hundred  acres.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the 
Coggins  stands  opposite  to  both  of  them, 
but  it  is  not  a  little  singular  that  historians 
should,  one  and  all,  have  overlooked  this 
smaller  island.  The  South  Wales  Railway 
goods  station  and  the  Docks  have  made  such 
alterations  in  the  appearance  of  the  loca- 
lities that  but  for  ancient  maps  one  would 
hardly  recognise  them.  Our  little  island  is 
now  no  longer  an  island,  but  united  to  the 
main  land,  and  the  Coggins,  though  still 
retaining  its  name,  has  utterly  lost  its 
meadow-like  appearance,  and  is  covered  with  iron  rails  instead  of  verdure. 

"  Speed  says  that  it  was  Duke  Edric  who  suggested  the  duel,  but  he  adds,  '  I  can 
hardly  believe  so  good  a  notion  should  proceed  from  so  bad  a  man.'  It  is  not  unin- 
teresting, however,  to  remark  from  the  Doomsday  Survey  that  Edric,  an  adherent  of 
Harold,  held  the  adjoining  manor  of  Hempsted  and  this  very  fishery  in  a  subsequent 
reign.  Was  it  Edric  himself  or  one  of  his  family  who  was  thus  rewarded  for  his  ser- 
vices by  the  Danish  king  for  dispatching  his  rival  within  a  short  seven  months  after 
the  partition  of  the  kingdom  between  them  ?  The  words  will,  I  think,  help  us  in  this 
matter,  for,  according  to  the  glossary  to  the  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes,  that  word 
signifies  the  same  as  lad,  an  ordeal." 


HAP  or  Ui«  6CEXE 

SO,* 
COMBAT  BETWEEN 

EJBOTND  lROySUJsB 
and. 

CANUTEtw  dame 


VAmPSTfO  VIUACM 


«    tt 


The  difficulty  has  arisen  from  the  fact  that  the  Saxon  Chronicle  states  that  the 
combat  took  place  at  Deerhurst,  and  this  very  brief  account  has  been  copied  by  subse- 
quent chroniclers.  There  is,  however,  no  island  at  Deerhurst  on  which  the  duel  could 
have  taken  place.  Geoffry  Gaimar,  however,  the  Norman  chronicler,  who  wrote  within 
a  century  of  the  time  of  the  duel,  and  might  have  been  contemporary  with  some  of 
those  who  were  present  on  the  occasion,  expressly  states  that  the  armies  met  at  Deer- 
hurst, and  it  was  then  decided  that  the  kings  should  go  down  to  Gloucester  and  there 
settle  the  matter  in  single  combat.  He  describes  the  whole  thing  most  graphically  in 
very  quaint  Norman-French." 


1861.]  connected  with  Gloucester.  633 

Another  derivation  offered  was  from  the  mat  de  Cocaigne,  or  ATay-pole 
erected  in  most  towns,  but  conceived  to  have  in  Gloucester  a  special 
meaning  as  commemorative  of  the  contest  between  Canute  and  Edmund 
Ironside. 

As  illustrative  of  the  strange  corruption  of  names,  Mr.  Lysons  men- 
tioned that  a  strip  of  land  in  the  Ham,  near  Gloucester,  is  now  known  as 
"  Queen  Dick,"  the  proper  appellation  being  "  Tween-dikes,"  from  two 
ditches  which  bound  it.  As  is  well  known,  names  in  ancient  deeds  are 
seldom  spelt  uniformly,  but  the  most  singular  variations  that  he  had  ever 
met  with  were,  he  said,  in  his  own  name ;  this,  which  he  derived  from  the 
British  ••  Lhyswyn,"  or  the  white  palace,  he  had  seen  spelt  in  forty  dif- 
ferent ways,  and  five  variations  occurred  in  one  document,  the  will  of 
William  Lysons,  of  the  date  of  1618,  which  is  preserved  in  the  Diocesan 
Registry  of  Gloucester. 


TREASURE  TROVE. 

We  some  time  since  stated  that  the  Home  Office  circular  on  the  subject 
of  Treasure  Trove  was  the  cause  of  much  dissatisfaction  to  those  interested 
in  the  enrichment  of  Local  Museums ;  we  therefore  see  with  pleasure,  from 
the  report  of  an  answer  given  in  the  House  of  Commons  on  April  25,  in 
the  present  year,  that  the  circular  has  been  withdrawn,  with  a  view  to  its 
amendment : — 

"  Sir  J.  C.  Jervoise  asked  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home  Department 
when  the  notice  would  be  circulated,  which,  on  the  9th  of  January  last,  it  was 
stated  would  probably  be  shortly  issued  in  regard  to  treasure  trove,  giving  the 
public  full  information  on  the  subject ;  and  whether  it  was  intended  to  enforce  the 
claim  of  the  Crown  to  ancient  coins,  gold  or  silver  ornaments,  and  objects  of  anti- 
quity found  in  England  and  Wales,  as  part  of  the  Royal  revenue  ? 

"  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis  said  that  treasure  trove,  as  the  House  was  aware,  was  one  of 
the  rights  of  the  Crown.  What  the  Treasury  had  done  was,  not  to  enforce  any 
invidious  claim  with  regard  to  this  right  of  the  Crown ;  but  they  had  made  this 
communication,  which  had  been  sent  out  from  the  Home  Office,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  prevent  any  coinage  that  might  be  found  being  melted  without  the  know- 
ledge of  the  public  authorities.  The  rule  laid  down  by  the  Treasury  was,  that  they 
would  pay  an  equivalent  value  in  bullion  for  such  coins,  if  they  should  be  found  to 
be  of  any  antiquarian  interest  that  would  make  it  desirable  they  should  be  de- 
posited in  the  British  Museum,  or  any  other  place  of  proper  deposit.  It  seemed 
that  the  circular  was  liable  to  some  objection,  and  had  therefore  been  withdrawn, 
in  order  that  an  amended  one  might  be  issued." 


634  [June, 


THE  DIARY  AND  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  CHARLES  ABBOT, 

LORD  COLCHESTER*. 

Above  eighteen  hundred  solid  pages  is  a  fearful  work  for  a  critic  to  look 
at.  In  the  present  instance  there  are,  fortunately,  no  personal  vicissitudes, 
trials,  or  unhappinesses  to  agitate  the  subject.  Charles  Abbot  appears  to 
have  been  one  of  those  persons  said  to  be  born  with  a  silver  spoon  in  their 
mouths,  and  to  have  gone  on  from  his  cradle,  without  let  or  hindrance,  till 
he  made  his  pap-spoon  into  a  golden  ladle,  adorned  with  a  coronet ;  and  he 
earned  it  fully  and  fairly,  being  the  very  type  of  an  official  man. 

But  without  any  adventitious  addition,  the  plan  and  component  elements 
of  these  volumes  render  them  tedious  and  objectionable  as  a  whole,  though 
rich  in  matter  (albeit  disjointed  and  desultory)  of  much  political  and  his- 
torical interest.  It  seems  to  us  as  if  one-third,  at  least,  of  the  "  Diary" 
might  have  been  left  out  with  advantage,  for  it  is  a  mere  bald  list  or  cata- 
logue of  parliamentary  proceedings  from  day  to  day,  which  conveys  no  in- 
formation of  the  slightest  value ;  whereas,  if  a  selection  had  been  made,  and 
limited  to  affairs  of  any  consequence,  or  linked  to  new  illustrations,  the 
fatigue  to  the  reader  would  have  been  far  less  and  his  intelligence  far  more. 
There  is  frequently  a  summary,  too,  which  is  simply  a  repetition,  and 
nearly  adequate  to  all  that  is  useful  or  wanted ;  and,  beyond  this,  corre- 
spondence to  throw  farther  light  on  the  subjects ;  and  thus,  while  some 
things  are  over-done,  the  multitude  of  entries  relate  to  formal  memoranda, 
dropt  as  soon  as  noted,  and  leading  nowhere.  This  is  a  great  error  in 
construction ;  approaching  too  close  to  the  needle  (let  us  say  needles)  in 
the  pottle  of  hay.  It  partaken,  however,  of  the  character  of  the  man, 
systematic,  precise,  fancying  every  thing  important  that  touched  the  punc- 
tiliousness or  dignity  of  the  first  commoner  of  the  realm — the  incar- 
nation, as  it  were,  of  the  vox  populi>  and  hence,  as  Lord  Erskine  said 
of  himself,  "  a  little  less  than  angel,"  or,  as  the  Speaker  seemed  to  believe 
himself  nothing  below  a  classic  demigod,  "Jove  in  the  chair!" 

The  early  portion  of  the  work  need  not  detain  us,  for  it  is  only  after  the 
writer  became  Speaker  that  his  intercourse  with  men  high  in  office,  and  con- 
sequently rich  in  information,  raised  his  views  to  the  standard  under  which 
history  ranges,  and  so  entitled  them  to  be  considered  along  with  the  publica- 
tions which  have  of  late  contributed  so  much  to  illuminate  the  same  period 
— the  Sidmouth,  Eldon,  Malmsbury,  Cornwallis,  Canning,  Peel,  "Wilber- 
force,  Rose,  Wellington,  Buckingham,  and  other  memoirs.  From  them  all 
it  is  probable  that  an  approximation  to  the  facts  may  be  effected ;  but  he 


%  « 


The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  Charles  Abbot,  Lord  Colchester,  Speaker'  of 
the  House  of  Commons  1802—1817.  Edited  by  his  eldest  son,  Charles,  Lord  Col- 
chester."   8vo.,  3  vols.    (Murray.) 


1861.]      Diary,  fyc,  qf  Charles  Abbot,  Lord  Colchester.  635 

must  be  more  sanguine  than  we  are  (after  having  plodded  diligently  through 
most  of  them)  who  does  not  find  a  great  deal  left  to  perplex  his  mind  in 
the  search  for  the  absolutely  true!  The  colours  of  the  rainbow  are  not 
more  different  than  the  colouring  of  the  same  transactions  in  these  various 
versions  of  them,  and  it  is  with  regret  we  confess  that,  unlike  the  theory  of 
sunshine,  their  rays  do  not  blend  into  one  luminous  and  harmonious  light, 
rendering  objects  so  clear  that  there  can  be  no  mistake  about  them.  As  Mr. 
Speaker,  Lord  Colchester  was,  ex  officio,  a  centre  of  references,  consulta- 
tions, confidences,  and  gossips  with  leading  persons  of  all  parties  and  ways 
of  thinking,  and  the  character  of  these  he  has  faithfully  reported ;  but  his 
own  colour  was  deep-dyed  Addingtonian,  which,  together  with  his  inflexi- 
ble resistance  to  the  Roman  Catholic  claims,  gives  a  partisan  tone  to  his 
opinions  of  most  of  the  statesmen  and  measures  that  come  under  his  ex- 
tensive survey.  Mr.  Addington  was  his  great  friend,  and  on  becoming 
Prime  Minister,  in  1801,  sent  him  as  Secretary  to  Ireland,  where  he  re- 
mained six  months,  and,  on  Sir  John  Mitford  resigning  the  Chair  to  become 
Chancellor  of  Ireland,  was  elected  to  succeed  him  as  Speaker  of  the  first 
United  parliament.  A  long  chapter  gives  a  very  confused  account  of  his 
management  in  that  country,  and  we  are  therefore  the  more  willing  to  pass 
at  once  to  the  date  of  1803,  when  the  affairs  of  the  whole  empire  came 
more  within  his  purview. 

With  Addington  Premier  he  has  gone  on  confidingly,  confidentially, 
and  approvingly,  till  Pitt  thought  it  high  time  to  resume  the  reins  of 
government;  and  immediately  becomes  somewhat  less  in  the  Speaker's 
judgment.  He  agrees  with  Lord  Redesdale  (Mitford)  that  Pitt  had 
"  gradually  shifted  his  ground,  and,  from  a  willingness  to  support,  had 
ended  in  a  desire  to  subvert,  being  overborne  by  Lord  Grenville.0  From 
June,  1803,  when  it  was  endeavoured  to  get  Addington  to  retire  grace- 
fully into  a  peerage  and  eminent  seat  in  the  cabinet  under  Pitt,  till 
May,  1804, — the  Ministry  becoming  more  and  more  unequal  to  their 
position,  and  unpopular, — proposals  and  arrangements  were  continually 
on  the  tapis,  and  Addington,  having  tasted  the  sweets  of  power,  stuck 
to  his  post  with  vehement  intensity.  At  last,  however,  he  was  obliged 
to  yield ;  which  he  did  in  evident  dudgeon,  assuming  the  tone  of  abnega- 
tion and  dignity,  and  rejecting  the  mitigants  good-naturedly  offered  by 
his  royal  master,  viz.,  as  is  stated,  the  earldom  of  Banbury,  Viscount 
Wallingford  and  Baron  Reading;  and,  with  discreet  provisional  self- 
reserve,  being  merely  prevailed  upon  to  accept  the  King's  house  he  in- 
habited in  Richmond  Park  as  a  temporary  residence.  In  short,  he  com- 
plained of  injustice  and  ingratitude,  whilst  his  successors  accused  him — 
now  and  always — of  intrigue,  to  which  the  King's  conscientious  feelings  on 
the  Catholic  Question  opened  the  way ;  and  not  only  left  office  in  anger,  but 
was  never  heartily  aud  sincerely  reconciled  to  Pitt  (though  they  acted 
together)  to  the  day  when  England  lost  for  ever  the  Pilot  that  weathered 


636  The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  [June, 

the  storm.  But  the  person  who  incurred  the  most  bitter  and  unrelenting 
resentment  of  Mr.  Addington,  and  which  crops  out  wherever  his  name  is 
mentioned  by  his  Jides  Achates  Mr.  Abbot,  was  Mr.  Canning,  whose  pun- 
gent ridicule  of  "  the  Doctor"  and  his  brethren  was  never  forgiven.  No 
doubt  his  active  adherence  to  Pitt,  and  his  contempt  for  the  policy  of  his 
rival  substitutes,  tended  much  to  their  downfall,  and  the  conviction  of  the 
country  that  they  were  not  *'  masters  of  the  situation/' 

In  Lord  Melbourne's  time,  more  than  thirty  years  after,  when  Lord 
Sidmouth  succeeded  to  the  fortune  of  Lord  Stowell,  he  patriotically  re- 
signed the  pension  of  £3,000  a-year  which  he  had  enjoyed  during  that 
period.  Meanwhile  the  Speaker's  casting  vote  for  the  impeachment  of 
Lord  Melville,  (to  which  his,  the  Addington  party,  contributed  forty- three 
votes,)  it  may  be  believed,  was,  in  the  existing  temper  of  the  parties,  some- 
what gratifying,  besides  being  politically  and  constitutionally  correct.  The 
Speaker  is  facetious  enough  to  favour  us  with  some  of  the  witticisms 
on  this  occasion,  to  wit,  "  That  Lord  Melville  was  Whitbread's  Entire 
Butt."  "  That  Whitbread's  eloquence  had  a  good  deal  of  quassia  in  it — 
hitter  stuff,  with  a  bad  taste."  "  That  the  Managers  were  mismanage!* 
and  imaginers."  And  "  that  the  Archbishops  and  Bishops  walking  in  the 
procession  were  described  to  the  country  spectators  to  be  'Peeresses  in 
their  own  Right.' "  And  there  is  an  insinuation  added,  which,  notwith- 
standing the  authority  on  which  it  seems  to  rest,  we  confess  that,  looking 
at  the  circumstances  and  the  character  of  Pitt  and  his  relations  with  his 
most  friendly  and  efficient  coadjutor,  we  cannot  believe.    It  runs  thus : — 

"  May  20,  1806.— Rode  with  Lord  Sidmouth.  Mr.  Pitt  (in  a  conversation  with 
Lord  Sidmouth  formerly)  had  expressed  •  his  great  surprise  that  Lord  Melville,  who 
was  always  so  liberal  and  accommodating,  should  have  made  so  many  difficulties  about 
giving  up  the  Treasurership  of  the  Navy,  when  it  was  wanted  for  Lord  Harrowby. 
He  was  quite  at  a  loss  to  understand  his  resistance.' " 

Credat  Judceus!  If  Mr.  Pitt  ever  said  such  a*  thing,  or  whispered  such  a 
confidence,  (and  above  all  to  Addington,)  we  can  only  remark  that  he  never, 
in  the  whole  course  of  his  life,  uttered  any  similar  base  suspicion,  or  shewed 
himself  so  foolish  a  babbler  and  so  false  a  friend.  Mr.  Abbot  had  long 
before  told  us  of  "the  total  want  of  cordiality  and  confidence  between 
Mr.  Pitt  and  Lord  Sidmouth,  which  had  in  fact  subsisted  from  the  begin- 
ning of  their  joint  administration."  A  pretty  confidant  to  inform  that  he 
suspected  his  most  valued  colleague  of  corruption  or  malversation  ! 

In  reviewing  this  very  voluminous  publication,  and  glancing  at  our  an- 
notations upon  it  as  we  proceeded  with  the  perusal,  we  discover  the  utter 
impossibility  of  referring  to  a  tithe  of  them.  Our  task  is  necessarily  modi- 
fied. We  can  only  move  from  one  particular  and  prominent  occasion  to 
another,  and  instance  such  matters  as  deservedly  come  into  the  field  of  con- 
temporary comparison  with  the  biographical  productions  we  have  already 
indicated  as  likely,  on  being  sifted  and  tested,  to  throw  an  instructive 
5 


1861.]  Charles  Abbot,  Lord  Colchester.  687 

light  upon  our  national  history  at  a  period  of  most  imminent  national 
peril  and  unexampled  public  difficulty.  Throughout  the  whole,  the  Catholic 
Question  shed  a  prodigious  influence  over  both  the  great  parties  in  the 
State,  and  exercised  the  utmost  weight  in  the  dissolution  and  formation  of 
Cabinets.  There  was  hardly  a  measure  of  any  kind,  however  apparently  re- 
mote, that  did  not  feel  the  effect  of  this  grand  mainspring,  operating  upon 
and  from  the  Throne  to  the  smallest  and  outermost  wheels  of  the  machine. 
The  Tory  party,  in  its  highest  circle,  had  a  powerful  phalanx  of  peers  and 
strenuous  Protestants,  designated  as  ultra  and  reviled  as  bigotted,  who 
looked  upon  concession  as  the  ruin  of  the  British  constitution.  Their 
support  of  Pitt,  Lord  Granville,  Canning,  and  other  statesmen  who  held 
the  opposite  opinion,  was  therefore  wavering  in  domestic  policy,  though 
the  estrangements  were  patched  up  for  the  dangerous  emergencies  of 
foreign  affairs,  rebellions  in  Ireland,  risings  in  the  manufacturing  districts, 
and  London  demonstrations,  while  proscription  and  invasion  darkened  the 
horizon  from  Petersburgh  to  Boulogne.  The  Whigs,  on  the  other  hand, 
had  also  to  a  certain  degree  become  divided  into  the  separatists,  whom  the 
dread  and  horror  of  the  French  Revolution  had  united  in  a  middle  or 
neutral  course,  and  the  more  ardent  disciples  of  the  school  of  liberty  and 
equality,  who  stopped  at  no  extreme,  but  fraternized  with  the  fiercest  of  the 
democratic  leaders,  wherever  they  were  to  be  found,  and  whatever  their 
cry.  These  were  the  great  distinctions,  and  we  see  them  interfering  with 
and  shaping  every  political  combination  and  change  from  the  close  of  the 
American  war,  and  indeed  to  the  present  day ;  and  one  of  the  most  extra- 
ordinary  phases  of  which  was,  that  men,  in  several  vital  cases,  changed 
more  completely  than  could  be  imagined,  and  became  the  authors  of  mea- 
sures they  had  previously  denounced  to  the  uttermost,  and  treated  with 
indignation  and  abhorrence  as  fatal  to  constitutional  government  and  the 
existence  of  the  British  Empire  in  its  rank  among  the  mighty  nations  of 
the  earth. 

The  next  event,  after  the  Melville  impeachment,  which  was  got  up  for 
a  popular  distraction  to  tell  against  royalty  and  the  upper  classes,  was  the 
famous  agitation  against  the  Duke  of  York.  Upon  this  occasion  Mr.  Per- 
ceval read  to  the  Speaker  a  draft  of  a  proposed  statement  from  his  Royal 
Highness  to  be  read  to  the  House  of  Commons,  which  in  our  opinion  is  far 
superior  to  the  document  ultimately  adopted.   Mr.  Abbot  thus  gives  it : — 

"  1.  Denying  before  God  and  hii  country  all  participation  or  connivance  in  the  cor- 
rupt practices.  2.  Avowing  with  the  deepest  regret  and  humiliation  the  habits  which 
had  exposed  his  honour  to  the  artifices  of  the  most  degraded  characters.  Relying  on 
his  integrity  and  his  services  in  raising  and  maintaining  the  efficiency  of  the  army, 
and  desiring  to  be  set  clear  of  the  charges  by  the  judgment  of  the  House  of  Commons 
upon  the  view  of  the  evidence,  or  to  be  put  on  his  trial  before  his  Peers,  with  the 
rules  and  privileges  of  regular  justice  for  his  protection,  in  common  with  that  of  all 
the  subjects  of  the  realm,"  &c.,  Ac. 

There  seems  to  us  something  manly,  straightforward,  and  convincing  in 
Qxnt.  Mao.  Vol.  OCX.  4  h 


638  The  Diary  and  Correspondence  ef  [Jane, 

this  appeal,  and  an  honest  confession  of  indiscretion — the  former  the  beet 
defence  against  a  factious  charge,  the  latter  a  meet  reply  and  rebuke  to  the 
notoriously  Pharisaical  spirit  which  not  only  threw  the  first  stone,  but  fol- 
lowed it  with  an  avalanche  most  impudent  and  disgusting.  Public  morality, 
somewhat  scandalized  by  the  exposure  of  the  peccant  conduct  of  his  Royal 
Highness,  was  atrociously  outraged  by  the  brazen  profligacy  of  his  assail- 
ants and  their  accomplices.  The  House  of  Commons  was  turned  into 
a  scene  of  orgies.  Mr.  Speaker  records  a  "  very  tumultuous  debate,  made 
intricate  by  the  form  of  the  amendment,  and  noisy  by  the  arrival  of  Irish 
members  from  their  anniversary  dinner  on  St. Patrick's  day;"  and  the 
practice  of  the  people  in  the  streets  tossing  up  their  half-pence  "  Duke  or 
Darling,"  instead  of  "  heads  or  tails."  Fifty  years  have  dulled  the  jest  of 
this  serious  affair,  which  drove  the  Commander-in-Chief  from  his  most  im- 
portant posts  at  a  most  momentous  crisis ;  it  became  really  the  fun  of  pelting 
the  frogs ;  and  while  his  royal  father  was  expressing  his  "  regret  for  any 
circumstances  which  deprived  him  of  the  Duke's  services,  where  his  zealous 
and  impartial  conduct  had  been  no  less  conspicuous  than  his  strict  integrity ," 
and  his  "  admiration  of  the  forbearance  and  temper  shewn  under  circum- 
stances so  painful  and  so  trying,"  his  rollicking  persecutors,  saints  and 
sinners,  were  at  "  high  jinks"  at  Mary  Anne  Clarke's,  supping  and  singing 
(C.  Abbot  quotes), — 

"  For  thee,  along  each  crowded  street, 
Hot  pulses  every  moment  beat, 

New  shores  thine  empire  court ; 
Nor  threatening  oft,  and  sore  annoyed, 
Scarce  Dukes  and  Claverings  can  avoid 

Their  old  and  loved  resort. 

"  Old  Dawler  wails  his  thousand  pound, 
A  thousand  mothers  wish  thee  drowned, 

All  trembling  for  their  calves ; 
While  timid  brides,  in  soft  alarms, 
Sit  sighing,  anxious  lest  thy  charms 

Detain  their  dearer  halves. 

"  Grim  Donovan  and  Sandon  too, 
Whetting  their  sharpest  wits  for  you, 
Deem  all  thy  tricks  divine." 

In  short,  it  was  a  disgraceful  and  degrading  London  saturnalia,  hardly 
inferior  in  demoralizing  effects  to  the  advent  of  Queen  Caroline,  or  the 
daily  publication  of  the  cases  in  Sir  Cresswell  Cress  well's  court.  Only 
one  point  of  national  interest  merits  notice  at  the  present  day,  when  we 
have  made  a  great  constitutional  change  in  the  administration  of  the  army. 
The  Speaker  remarks  that  the  consequences  hinging  upon  the  removal  or 
resignation  of  the  Duke  of  York  were,  that  they  might  be  "  very  hurtful 
if  he  should  carry  all  the  interests  he  had  naturally  established  in  the 
army  into  political  party ;  and  also"  (and  here  the  question  sticks)  "  if  the 
patronage  of  the  army  should  come  into  the  hands  of  any  Cabinet  Minister, 


1861.]  Chark*  Abbot,  Lard  Colchukr.  639 

the  army  would  again  become  an  object  of  public  jealousy."  We  have 
now,  fearlessly,  cast  the  patronage  of  the  vast  Indian  empire  into  the 
same  boot ! 

Passing  onward  in  search  of  any  new  rays  of  light,  the  unfortunate 
Cabinet  divisions  which  culminated  in  the  duel  between  Lord  Castlereagh 
and  Mr.  Canning  furnish  matter  of  much  interest.  At  this  period  the 
Speaker  stood  high  in  estimation.  Perceval,  in  the  event  of  forming  an 
administration,  offers  him  a  State  Secretaryship,  and  Canning  confides  to 
him  the  minute  particulars  of  every  movement  confirming  his  determina- 
tion to  resign.  The  death  of  the  Duke  of  Portland  brought  it  to  the  issue, 
which  of  these  two  should  become  Prime  Minister*  with  the  lead  in  the 
Commons ;  and  the  lot  fell  to  Perceval,  who  mounted  to  that  elevation  from 
which  he  was  lamentably  precipitated  by  the  pistol  of  an  assassin.  Alas, 
for  the  dim  foresight  of  man ! — lofty  ambition  gratified,  the  path  to  an  early 
and  blood-stained  tomb. 

Sir  Francis  Burdett's  contumacy,  the  Walcheren  expedition,  and  the 
King's  illness,  1810-11,  afford  much  scope  for  the  Speaker's  official  duties 
and  some  employment  for  his  routine  pen.  One  entry  in  his  "  Diary,"  re- 
specting the  latter,  is  very  painful  to  read  even  at  this  distance  of  time : — 

"  November  7,  1810.  — This  morning  I  received  private  accounts  of  the  King's 
health,  on  which  I  could  entirely  rely.  On  Friday  and  Saturday  the  violence  of  the 
disorder  was  at  a  horrible  height.  The  King  had  taken  bat  little  refreshment  for 
the  last  five  days,  and  nothing  bat  magnesia  for  the  two  last.  Closed  doors  and 
windows  were  the  only  restraint,  and,  if  be  had  been  so  left,  it  is  apprehended  that 
forty-eight  hoars  more  would  have  pot  his  life  beyond  the  reach  of  recovery. 
Br.  Heberden,  who  was  there,  sent  for  Mr.  Meadows,  the  resident  apothecary  of 
St.  Luke's,  and  he  brought  with  him  some  of  the  persons  nsoally  employed  in  such 
cases.  On  Sunday  coercion  was  applied,  and  alter  medicine,  leeches,  and  a  pillow  of 
hops  had  been  applied,  sleep  ensued  for  several  boors;  bat  the  following  night  and  the 
subsequent  twenty-four  hours  had  been  again  perturbed." 

Often,  indeed,  "  uneasy  lies  the  head  that  wears  a  crown/'  and  the  poor, 
good,  Old  Man,  as  these  volumes  too  amply  demonstrate,  had  as  heavy 
a  load  of  cares,  anxieties,  and  troubles  to  bear  as  could  afflict  the  moat 
severely  tried  of  his  subjects.  The  Catholic  Question  was  a  perennial 
source  of  distress  to  his  mind ;  though  we  are  assured  only  a  year  before 
this,  when  racked  to  form  a  Ministry,  "  that  Lord  Grey,  if  sent  for,  would 
in  a  single  sentence  set  the  King's  mind  at  ease ;  that  Tierney  had  so  de- 
clared ;  and  that  if  six  baronetcies  were  put  at  his  disposal,  he  would 
undertake  that  no  more  should  be  heard  about  it!"  Can  such  things  be? 
Tierney  was  the  best  possible  authority,  and  indeed  it  is  remarkable  to  ob- 
serve what  an  important  part  he  played  in  all  the  political  moves  and  in* 
trigues  of  his  day,  without  reaching  higher  than  a  subordinate  office.  He 
was,  however,  a  dangerous  adversary  in  parliamentary  debate,  and  on  one 
occasion  had  so  grave  a  quarrel  with  the  Speaker,  that  Mr.  Ley,  the  Clerk, 
•aid  to  the  latter  that  he  (Tierney)  "  attacked  him  like  an  assassin;"  (!) 


640  The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  [June, 

The  murder  of  Mr.  Perceval  leads  to  an  opinion  that,  "  though  by  no 
means  an  eloquent  speaker,  he  was  the  ablest  debater  in  the  House,  but 
his  treatment  and  management  of  it  by  no  means  satisfactory ;"  to  which 
is  added  the  following  singular  notice : — 

"  Bode  with  Montague,  (afterwards  Lord  Rokeby,)  who  told  me  of  Perceval's  strong 
apprehensions  of  his  impending  fate  for  several  days  before  it  took  place,  and  that  he 
had  given  his  will  to  Mrs.  Perceval,  with  some  expressions  indicating  its  probability.'' 

In  1817  Mr.  Abbot  resigned  the  eminent  situation  he  had  filled  with  so 
much  zeal  and  credit  for  sixteen  stormy  political  years,  during  which,  with 
the  turmoil  already  mentioned  between  him  and  Mr.  Tierney,  he  had  only 
encountered  two  other  assaults,  one  of  a  grave  nature,  and  the  other  very 
ludicrous.      The  former  was  a  motion  by  Lord  Morpeth,  charging  the 
Speaker  with  having  exceeded  his  proper  functions  in  his  address  to  the 
Prince  Regent,  in  the  House  of  Peers,  at  the  close  of  the  session  1813, 
when  he  delivered  a  strong  opinion  upon  the  proceedings  on  the  Catholic 
petition.    This  was  negatived  by  a  majority  of  274  to  106.    The  latter  was 
the  memorable  escapade  of  the  Member  for  Sussex,  known  by  the  soubriquet 
of  "  honest  Jack  Fuller  of  Rose- hill."     Jack  was  a  large  bluff  man,  and 
when  full  of  Bacchus  cared  little  for  any  Speaker,  especially  if  the  Speaker 
happened  to  be  (as  in  this  instance)  a  man  of  small  stature.     Having  got 
into  trouble  with  the  Chair  one  evening  for  being  disorderly,  he  broke  away 
from  the  sergeant-at-arms  in  the  lobby,  and  bursting  again  into  the  House, 
made  a  rush  towards  the  Chair,  swearing  that  he  would  pull  the  "         ■ 
little  fellow's  wig  off  and  dust  him   with   it,"   but  he   was  stopped  in 
mid-career  and  re-committed,  with  much  emphasis,  to  the  custody  of  the 
sergeant,  from  which  he  was  not  released  till  after  a  penance  of  some 
forty-eight  hours,  a  humble  apology,  a  reprimand,  and  the  payment  of 
a  very  pretty  sum  in  the  shape  of  fees.     Such  an  episode  is  rarely  wit- 
nessed within  the  walls  of  Parliament ;  and  Mr.  Abbot  was  about  the  last 
Speaker  who  would  permit  it  to  pass  into  a  precedent.     We  have  said  that 
he  was  extremely  precise,  and  in  the  maintenance  of  order  so  determined 
as  to  be  "  a  terror  to  evil  doers."    A  whimsical  case  we  may  describe  from 
witnessing  it,  about  this  very  Jack  Fuller  period,  may  raise  a  smile  in  the 
midst  of  our  drier  politics.    Mr.  Kennedy,  one  of  the  door-keepers,  (a  good 
berth,  worth  several  hundreds  a-year,)  one  evening  happened,  like  the 
honourable  Member,  to  have  taken  too  much  wine,  and  having,  ex  officio, 
to  light  the  chandelier  hanging  in  the  middle  of  the  House,  failed  signally 
in  his  attempts  to  accomplish  that  service.     With  a  stentorian  voice  the 
Speaker  ordered  him  to  vanish,  and  poor  Kennedy  retired,  anticipating  his 
dismissal  at  a  moment's  notice.    Nor  had  he  long  to  wait  in  suspense,  for  no 
sooner  had  the  House  gone  into  Committee  than  Abbot  strode  out  in  digni- 
fied wrath,  and  had  the  offender  called  before  him  in  his  private  room. 
There  is  no  need  to  repeat  the  colloquy:  Kennedy  denied  being  drunk, 
and  contradicted  the  Speaker's  assertion  that  he  was  so;  and,  assuming 


1861.]  Charles  Abbot,  Lord  Colchester.  641 

the  tone  of  injured  innocence,  said,  "  Sir,  it  is  your  own  fault,  to  sanction 
such  a  trick.  If  you  had  not  allowed  them  to  put  two  candles  into  every 
socket,  I  would  have  lighted  the  House  completely  in  less  than  ten 
minutes."  This,  with  Kennedy's  indescribable  manner,  was  too  much 
for  even  Mr.  Abbot's  gravity,  and  the  culprit  was  forgiven ;  though 
never  permitted  to  exhibit  his  powers  for  enlightening  the  Commons 
any  more. 

Now,  though  we  have  alluded  to  the  rather  pompous  demeanour  and 
martinet  punctilio,  the  quorum  pars  magna  Jut  which  the  writer  of  the 
"  Diary"  betrays  throughout  these  volumes,  far  be  it  from  us  to  depreciate 
the  ability  and  services  which  conducted,  by  a  singularly  useful  and  dis- 
tinguished life,  to  the  coronet  of  Colchester.  Immoveable  in  his  own  con- 
victions, his  Lordship,  from  first  to  last,  was  one  of  the  most  consistent  of 
politicians.  Attached  to  the  most  mediocre  party  that  directed  the  govern- 
ment of  the  State  during  a  portion  of  his  period,  he  nevertheless,  in  his 
high  neutral  position,  so  displayed  his  judgment  and  so  performed  his 
duties,  as  to  be  made  the  confidant  of  all  sides,  (except  the  most  radical 
portion  in  opposition,)  consulted  by  the  great  leaders,  referred  to  and  re- 
spected for  his  opinions  and  advice.  And  as  the  inceptor  and  author  of 
valuable  improvements  in  the  administration  of  public  affairs  he  also  merits 
a  grateful  eulogy.  In  Ireland,  within  six  short  months,  he  introduced 
several  excellent  measures;  and  when,  in  England,  he  occupied  a  wider 
sphere,  his  persistency  in  distinct  organization,  in  providing  official  checks, 
and  in  suggesting  new  ways  and  means,  was  productive  of  most  beneficial 
effects.  The  earliest  motion  for  saving  and  utilizing  the  national  records  and 
turning  them  to  historical  purposes,  (now  so  auspiciously  carried  on  by  the 
Master  of  the  Bolls,)  originated  with  him.  The  important  business  of  the 
Finance  Committee  was  largely  indebted  to  his  co-operation.  The  first 
practical  proposition  for  the  Census  was  his ;  and,  in  short,  he  left  the  im- 
press of  his  labours,  not  only  on  many  formal  shapes,  (some  of  them  now- 
a-days  laughed  to  scorn,  under  the  epithets  Routine  and  Red-tape-ism,  no 
doubt  serious  evils  if  abused,  but,  rightly  understood,  preventives  of  error 
and  preservatives  of  order,)  but  also  upon  measures  very  advantageous  to 
*  the  country  at  the  time,  and  still  conducing  efficiently  to  its  welfare :  such 
as  the  annual  Finance  accounts,  the  general  promulgation  of  the  Statute 
laws,  the  regulations  for  private  business  in  the  House,  and  a  host  of  lesser 
arrangements,  of  which  we  reap  the  benefit  to  the  present  day.  It  could 
only  be  accounted  a  characteristic,  not  a  drawback,  that  he  interested  him- 
self intensely  on  all  ceremonious  occasions.  Coronations,  levees,  funerals, 
processions,  all  called  forth  his  most  anxious  research  how  he  ought  to 
dress,  where  he  ought  to  walk,  what  he  ought  to  say  or  do.  The  eyes  of 
the  universe  were  upon  Mr.  Speaker  and  the  mace !  Yet  he  hints  that  the 
Prince  Regent  was  too  fond  of  tailoring  and  upholstery,  not  sparing  Lord 
Eldon  for  stinginess,  nor  Marquis  Wellesley  for  vanity  and  looseness  of  life, 


642  The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  [June, 

nor  Lord  Clare  for  violence,  Colonel  Cooke  for  insolence,  and  Mr.  Foster* 
for  inordinate  presumption  in  Ireland,  all  illustrating  the  precious  parable 
of  the  mote  and  beam  in  human  eyes,  and  teaching  the  Scottish  plough- 
man's lesson,  how  difficult  it  is  "  to  see  oursels  as  others  see  us."  The 
finest  personal  sight  of  the  Speaker  was  when  he  delivered  the  thanks  of 
Parliament  to  the  illustrious  persons  to  whom  they  had  been  voted.  In 
executing  this  duty  he  was  admirably  choice  in  his  language  and  impressive 
in  his  manner.     Nothing  could  be  better. 

But  to  resume,  for  a  brief  space,  our  more  general  coup  d'oril:  we  find 
Lord  Colchester  in  the  Peers  pursuing  the  same  line  he  had  adopted  in  die 
Commons.  In  1820  he  indulges  in  an  Italian  tour,  and  in  March  u  plea- 
santly" informs  Mr.  Bankes  from  Genoa,  (touching  the  dawning  of  a  great 
national  sorrow  and  disgrace), — 

"  The  answer  given  at  Rome  to  her  Majesty  Queen  Caroline  of  England,  when  she 
applied  for  a  guard  of  honour  and  the  reception  dne  to  a  crowned  head,  was  not  amiss. 
Qonsalvi  sent  her  word  '  that  his  Holiness  had  not  yet  received  any  official  account  of 
the  death  of  George  111.'  And  sore  enough  he  may  wait  some  time,  and  so  may  she, 
before  that  dispatch  is  presented  by  any  accredited  Minister  from  England  to  that 
Court, — at  least,  I  suppose  so." 

His  opinion  of  the  Queen  is  of  the  most  deteriorating  stamp,  for  in 
another  letter,  written  at  the  end  of  April,  he  asks, — 

"  How  far  it  is  fitting  for  the  British  empire  to  acknowledge  for  its  Queen,  and 
invest  with  all  the  dignity  and  influence  of  the  Throne,  a  vagabond  Princess,  whose 
conduct  has  degraded  the  nation  and  lowered  the  standard  of  public  morals." 

When  she  is  in  England  a  few  months  later,  Mr.  Wilbraham  tells  of  her 
the  report  that  "  she  said  at  Tier  own  table,  when  talking  of  the  King,  that 
by  God  she  would  blow  him  off  his  throne/'  But  this  is  too  obnoxious 
a  subject  to  dwell  upon,  and  we  will  dismiss  it  with  a  bit  of  humour  quoted 
by  Mr.  F.  Buxton,  and  founded  on  the  indiscreet  and  damaging  peroration 
of  Mr.  Denman's  defence  speech, — "  Go  and  sin  no  more  !" — 

"  Most  gracious  Queen,  we  thee  implore 
To  go  away  and  sin  no  more ; 
But,  if  that  effort  be  too  great, 
To  go  away,  at  any  rate." 

The  Diarist  is  so  prejudiced  against,  and  inimical  to,  Mr.  Canning,  that 
it  would  require  a  long  discussion  to  clear  up  some  of  the  statements  and 
refute  some  of  the  mis-statements  which  appear  in  the  account  of  the 
previous  negotiations  to  his  acceptance  of  the  Premiership ;  suffice  it  to  say 


b  Yet  changes  of  circumstances  will  produce  changes  of  opinion.  In  1801  Mr. 
Foster  is  charged  with  offering  "  his  assistance  to  Lord  Hardwicke's  administration, 
provided  he  could  also  have  had  the  whole  direction  of  it,"  and  was  treated  with 
distant  civility.  In  1814,  when  the  Speaker  was  defending  himself  from  Lord  Morpeth 
and  Whitbread,  the  same  individual  is  referred  to,  in  his  presence,  "  historically,  as  a 
name  never  to  be  mentioned  but  with  honour !"  Tempora  mutantur! — the  proverb  is 
somewhat  musty. 


1861.]  Charles  Abbot,  Lord  Colchester.  643 

that  they  all  end  in  the  conclusion  that  he  was  forced  upon  the  Bang,  who 
hated  him, — which  we  know  to  he  an  untruth.  Canning's  lamented  death 
relieved  his  opponents  from  their  Roman  Catholic  terrors,  or  excuses,  and 
they  turned  joyfully  to  Peel  and  the  Duke.  To  the  former  Lord  Col- 
chester represented  "  that  the  country  would  think  itself  safe  at  home  and 
abroad  if  he  were  the  leading  Minister  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  head  of  the  Government  and  leading  Minister  in  the 
House  of  Lords;  and  nothing  else  could  give  lasting  satisfaction."  To 
this,  we  are  told,  "  he  listened  in  silence,  with  much  complacency."  Need 
we  add  the  instructive  comment  on  political  faiths  and  speculations — the 
great  idol  of  Lord  Colchester's  worship  through  life  was,  within  a  few 
months,  destroyed  by  the  very  hands  he  was  thus  invoking  to  hold  the 
shield  of  safety !  In  April,  1829,  he  has  to  record  the  passing  of  the  Bill 
"  which  puts  an  end  to  the  Protestant  monarchy  of  Great  Britain,  in  so  far 
as  it  permits  all  the  duties  of  the  kingly  office  to  be  executed  by  Roman 
Catholic  Ministers."  "  The  King,  speaking  of  his  own  situation  of  late, 
said  to  somebody,  'Oh,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  is  King  of  England, 
O'Connell  is  King  of  Ireland,  and  I  suppose  I  am  only  considered  as  Dean 
of  Windsor  V"  A  beautiful  finale,  till  Parliamentary  reform  came  to 
"  cap"  it. 

As  no  other  events  of  consequence  draw  out  any  important  data  or 
remarks  for  us  to  specify,  we  must  acknowledge  we  are  glad  to  bid  adieu 
to  this  part  of  our  task,  and  seek  a  short  miscellaneous  recreation  among 
the  looses  and  strays  which  besprinkle  these  very  numerous  pages.  For 
indeed,  like  all  productions  of  a  similar  kind,  we  can  compare  this  com- 
pound Diary,  Summary,  Correspondence,  and  narration  of  hearsays  and 
circumstances,  with  notations  thereon,  to  nothing  of  closer  pattern  than 
one  of  those  industrious  housewife  bed-quilts,  made  up  of  shreds  and 
patches,  of  all  shapes  known  and  unknown  to  geometry,  little  bits  and 
bigger  pieces,  anecdote  scraps  and  opinion  darns,  some  new  stuff  and  some 
economised  rags,  which,  when  stitched  together,  not  only  shew  well  in 
appearance,  but  are  very  useful  in  their  way.  On  these  grounds  we 
can  honestly  recommend  the  Abbot  Quilt  as  serviceable  for  national  his- 
tory; displaying,  together  with  breadths  of  constitutional  samples,  (to 
which  Lord  Redesdale  is  a  most  valuable  contributor,)  a  various  mul- 
titude of  such  small  compartments  as  are  exemplified  in  the  following 
cuttings-out. 

The  first  has  a  curious  bearing  upon  the  present  condition  of  Chancery 
with  a  great  Common-law  Lord  at  its  head.  In  framing  All  the  Talents 
Ministry  (1806)  the  "Diary"  relates,— 

"  Lord  GrenvUle  and  Mr.  Fox  came  in  the  same  coach  to  Lord  EUenborough's,  while 
Bond  and  Vanrittart  were  there.  They  came  to  offer  Lord  EUenborough  the  Great 
8eaL  He  absolutely  declined,  alleging  his  peculiar  habits  of  life,  and  sort  of  learning, 
which  rendered  his  present  office  suitable  to  him,  and  which  in  no  degree  qualified  him 


644  The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of  [June, 

for  the  Court  of  Chancery.  Nor  could  any  person  [we  copy  the  italics]  so  exclusively 
educated  to  the  Common  Law,  he  fit  for  the  duties  of  that  office,"  [meaning  Ertkine,  at 
he  said  afterwards]. 

And  why  not  himself?  He  took  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet  which  wm  ar- 
raigned as  most  unconstitutional,  and  certainly  did  not  strengthen  the 
Ministry ;  and  the  "  unfit*'  Erskine  was  made  Chancellor.  Lord  Campbell 
has  been  bolder  than  Lord  Ellenborough.  But  we  must  come  to  our  mis- 
cellanies, sans  phrase. 

How  to  become  a  Privy  Councillor : — 

"Mr.  Pitt  being  asked  how  Charles  Q ,  Lord  W 'b  brother  (a  great  hore), 

came  to  be  a  Privy  Councillor,  said, '  he  really  did  not  know;  he  supposed  by  dint  of 
solicitation ;'  and  added,  *  For  my  own  part,  1  would  rather  at  any  time  have  made 
him  a  Privy  Councillor  than  have  talked  to  him.'" 

Old  Drury,  Feb.  24,  1809  :— 

"  This  evening  Drury-lane  Theatre  was  burnt  down.  The  light  was  so  strong  that 
persons  at  Fulham  could  see  the  hour  by  their  watches  in  the  open  air  at  twelve  at 
night." 

Imperial  Opinions  (1814) : — 

"  Buonaparte's  account  of  the  allied  sovereigns  is : — the  Emperor  of  Austria,  an  old 
woman;  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  a  petit  maitrt;  the  King  of  Prussia,  cfest  mm 
homme." 

Imperial  Etiquette.  When  the  Emperor  of  Russia  was  in  London  he 
wanted  the  Duchess  of  Oldenberg  to  go  in  the  royal  carriage  with  him  to 
the  Guildhall  fete,  which  "  the  Regent  said  was  impossible,  as  no  woman 
ever  went  in  the  same  carriage  with  the  sovereign  when  he  appeared  in 
public  as  such."  It  was  at  this  f&te  that,  when  the  Emperor's  health  was 
toasted  and  the  band  called  on  to  give  an  appropriate  piece  of  music,  they 
played  ••  Green  grow  the  Rushes!" 

Waterloo : — 

"  Wellesley  Pole  shewed  me  a  letter  from  the  Duke  of  Wellington  to  himself,  de- 
scribing the  battle  as  the  hardest  he  had  ever  fought ;  that  he  was  never  in  his  life  so 
near  losing  a  battle ;  mentioning  his  loss  as  immense  in  that  most  valuable  of  all  in- 
struments— British  Infantry." 

King  of  Sardinia.  Forty  years  ago  the  predecessor  of  the  now  Xing  of 
all  Italy  visited  Genoa, — 

"  Having  lately  returned  from  Sardinia  without  a  shilling  in  his  purse,  in  such 
a  degree  of  indigence,  that  when  he  took  post-horses  from  Genoa  to  Turin,  an  in- 
habitant of  Genoa  was  obliged  to  give  security  that  the  horses  would  be  returned." 

The  Bedford  Family  :— 

"  The  present  Duke  of  Bedford,  when  Lord  John  (Russell),  was  asked  by  a  French- 
man at  a  ball  whether  he  was  of  the  same  family  with  the  celebrated  Tom  John 
(meaning  Tom  Jones).    The  Duke  told  this  anecdote  himself  to  Lady  Davy." 

She  might  have  been  asked  whether  she  was  the  famous  nautical  Davy 
Jones  who  was  said  to  make  Locker  Secretary  to  Greenwich  Hospital. 
6 


1861.]  Charles  Abbot,  Lord  Colchester.  645 

Lord  Liverpool : — 

M  The  present  King  (George  IV.)  says,  *  Lord,  Liverpool  has  more  irritability  and  leas 
feeling  than  any  man  he  ever  knew." 

Family  Portraits.  The  Duke  of  Clarence,  in  a  gossip  with  the  Speaker 
in  a  ride,  said : — 

"Those  of  my  family  who  have  sat  on  the  throne  have  been  all  very  different  men. 
George  I.  had  not  fair  play,  and  had  a  hard  time  of  it.  George  II.  was  a  thorough 
straightforward  man,  determined  to  do  his  duty,  which,  with  his  German  notions,  was 
not  always  very  easy.  My  father  was  a  thorough  John  Boll,  a  very  clever  man ;  knew 
other  men  well,  and  could  play  them  off  against  each  other.  The  present  King  is 
a  different  sort  of  man." 

And  with  this  we  will  conclude,  only  as  we  are  told  we  ought  always  to 
he  taught  by  history,  we  will  add  one  corollary  to  these  mixed  materials  of 
which  we  have  endeavoured  to  afford  our  readers  a  tolerable  idea.  It 
strikes  us  that  in  the  period  embraced,  men  were  more  in  earnest,  felt  more 
strongly,  and  acted  more  energetically  than  they  do  in  our  present  time. 
The  great  struggle  in  which  the  country  was  engaged  roused  all  minds, 
and  stimulated  to  grave  thinking  and  heroism.  Minds  were  too  deeply 
occupied  to  be  satisfied  with  the  weak  expediency  of  getting  over  things 
as  easily  as  possible  and  hoping  for  better.  With  our  change  in  spirit  we 
certainly  avoid  some  of  the  consequences  of  that  former  life.  Fortunately 
(also  from  the  change  in  manners)  we  have  no  longer  duels  to  disfigure  the 
characters  of  our  political  drama— Paull  and  Burdett,  Pitt  and  Tierney, 
Castlereagh  and  Canning.?  Fortunately,  too,  with  all  their  complaints  of 
being  over-wrought,  the  tension  is  not  so  trying,  and  we  have  not  to  lament 
such  suicides  as  those  of  Romilly,  Whitbread,  and  Castlereagh ;  we  have 
no  Minister  assassinated  like  Perceval,  or  persecuted  to  the  death  of 
a  broken  heart  like  the  too  chivalrous  and  sensitive  Canning.  In  short, 
we  are  getting  more  and  more  upon  a  level ;  generally  mere  mammon- 
worshippers  and  hard  workers,  or  easy  triflers.  With  less  of  noble  senti- 
ment, and  scarcely  any  sign  of  superior  genius  in  any  quarter,  we  should 
be  content  not  to  boast  ourselves  greater  men  than  our  lathers  before  us. 


Got.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX  4 1 


646  [June, 


THE  ROMAN  WALL  OF  LONDON. 

Wb  have  been  requested  to  reproduce  in  our  pages  the  following  letter, 
which  was  recently  addressed  to  the  Editor  of  the  **  Times :" — 

"  Sir, — Some  remarks  having  appeared  in  your  journal  with  reference  to  the  old 
Roman  wall  of  London,  a  portion  of  which  is  laid  bare  at  the  corner  of  Aldgate 
and  Jewry-street,  I  feel  called  upon  to  forward  to  you  the  following  details  with 
reference  thereto,  and  shall  be  obliged  by  your  giving  them  space  in  your 
columns. 

"  The  wall  was  laid  open  by  reason  of  the  excavations  necessary  for  the  founda- 
tion of  new  premises  for  Messrs.  E.  Moses  and  Son,  which  are  being  carried  out 
under  my  superintendence  by  Messrs.  Ashby  and  Horner,  the  builders. 

<4  The  wall  ran  across  the  front  of  our  ground  in  a  straight  line,  in  a  direction 
very  nearly  north  and  south,  having  a  slight  inclination  from  the  east  of  north  to 
the  westward  of  south,  passing  under  the  front  wall  of  the  Three  Tuns  Tavern,  in 
Jewry-street,  at  the  south  end  (in  the  cellars  of  which  large  portions  are  visible), 
and,  if  produced  northwards  in  a  straight  line,  would  pass  under  the  party-wall  divi- 
ding Nos.  2  and  3,  Aldgate,  occupied  oy  Mr.  Mills  and  Mr.  Firth. 

"  The  west  face  of  the  wall  at  the  south  end  is  exactly  flush  with  the  front  of 
the  external  wall  of  the  Three  Tuns,  and  is  of  an  uniform  thickness  from  top 
to  bottom  of  8  ft. 

"  We  have  removed  the  whole  of  the  wall  from  the  level  of  the  street-paving 
(just  under  which  it  was  found)  down  to  its  lowest  foundation,  resting  upon  the 
maiden  clay  of  London. 

"  The  lowest  stratum  was  of  flints  bedded  in  puddled  clay,  4  ft.  3  in.  thick,  and 
of  such  very  tenacious  consistency  that  a  pickaxe  made  but  little  impression  be- 
yond moving  a  few  flints  at  a  time.  The  object  of  this  course  was  to  keep 
down  the  damp  from  the  superstructure. 

"Then  came  a  layer  of  Kentish  rag  (and  other  stone),  random  rubble- work, 
grouted  in  with  hot  liquid  mortar,  and  2  ft.  6  in.  thick ;  this,  and  indeed  every  part 
of  the  wall,  built  in  the  strongest  manner,  and  requiring  sledge-hammers  and  iron 
wedges  to  break  it  down. 

"Upon  the  ragstone  was  laid  a  bond-course,  consisting  of  three  rows  of  red  tiles, 
breaking  joint  longitudinally  and  transversely,  each  tile  being  1  ft.  4  in.  long  by  12  in, 
wide  and  1  in.  thick  (ail  average  dimensions  of  several  tiles).  This  bond-course, 
with  its  mortar  joints,  measured  6  in.  high. 

"  Then  came  3  ft.  3  in.  of  rubble  same  as  last,  and  a  bond-course  of  two  rows  of 
tiles  above  it,  measuring  4  in.  high ;  then  2  ft.  8  in.  of  rubble,  and  finishing  just 
under  the  paving  with  another  bond-course  of  a  single  row  of  tiles,  measuring  with 
its  joint  2  in.  There  may  have  been  more  than  one  row  of  tiles  here,  as  the 
wall  of  the  public-house  is  built  upon  it,  and  they  may  have  been  removed.  The 
total  height  of  the  wall,  therefore,  from  the  bottom  of  the  flints  to  the  top  of 
the  upper  course  of  the  tiles,  is  11  ft. 

"  Appearances  of  a  counterfort,  or  buttress,  were  observed  in  one  instance 
upon  the  east  side  of  the  wall,  or  that  next  to  the  ditch.  Neither  side  had 
any  faced  stones  upon  the  surface  of  the  wall,  but  under  the  tavern  the  portions 
are  faced  with  coursed  stones  on  both  sides,  tilled  in  with  rubble  backing.  This 
and  other  reasons  give  an  air  of  probability  to  the  supposition  that  the  old 
gate  stood  about  in  the  same  position  now  occupied  by  the  Three  Tuns. 

"  The  London  clay  dips  down  from  the  wall ;  eastward,  to  the  Irongate-sewer, 
running  parallel  to  the  wall,  and  about  50  ft.  distant,  the  space  from  the  clay 
up  to  the  surface  of  the  soil  upon  which  the  old  vaults  stood  being  composed 
oi  a  fine  alluvial  soil,  with  quantities  of  animals'  boues  therein,  the  soil  oeiug 
apparently  the  filling-in  of  the  old  ditch.  The  Irongate-sewer  probably  occupies 
the  lowest  level  of  the  ditch,  and  is  now  the  only  trace  of  it  here. 

"  I  remain,  Sir,  yours  obediently, 

"  57,  Fenchurch-tlrecl,  May  8.  D.  A.  CoBBJiTT,  Architect." 


1861.]  647 


Anginal   Bocumcnta. 


We  resume  our  selection  from  the  correspondence  between  Wood  and 

Aubrey.     We  first  give  the  letter  containing  the  information  about  Lord 

Clarendon,  and  next  some  extracts  which  bear  upon  the  personal  history 

of  Aubrey. 

No.  III. 

London,  Jan.  16, 1671. 

Mr.  Wood, — I  sent  a  letter  to  you  about  a  fortnight  since  or  better,  and 
amgst  other  things  the  188  of  Th.  May,  and  Dr  Peter  Heylin,  I  desired  to  know 
whether  Robinet  had  reed'  the  Italian  booke  I  left  at  the  Oxford  carriers  at 
Saracens  head,  before  XtJmas.  I  shall  not  goe  out  of  Towne,  till  about  a  week 
hence,  therefore  answer  me  by  the  next  post  after  yr  Receipt  of  this.  I  lye  still 
at  the  Blackmore  Inn  in  Stanhope  Street. 

David  Jenkins  [Judge]  was  borne  at  Hensol,  the  place  where  he  lived  in  the 

He  was  of  parish  of  Pendeylwyn  in  Com.  Glamorgan.  He  was  reciting  this  wise 
Edmund  HaJL  out  0f  ^usomus  not  long  before  he  dyed,  to  Sr  Lleweilin  Jenkins, 
'  Et  baculo  innitens  in  qua  reptabat  arena.'  Scripsit,  Opuscula,  contayning 
several!  little  Treatises,  viz.  Lex  Terrje,  &c.  (Rerum  Judicaturum  Centuria 
Octo  [in  Folio]  prater  alias  ejusdem  naturse  ineditas.)  He  was  one  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Carmarthen,  Cardigan,  and  Pembrokeshire  circuits  before  the 
wars.  In  the  warres  he  was  taken  prisoner  at  Hereford.  Long  time  prisoner 
in  the  Tower,  Newgate,  Wallingford,  and  Windsore,  never  submitted  to  the 
Usurping  power,  [I  thinke  the  only  man],  all  his  estate  was  confiscated,  and 
was  always  excepted  by  the  Parliament,  in  the  first  rank  of  delinquents.  In  his 
circuit  in  Wales  at  the  beginning  of  the  warres,  he  caused  to  be  indicted  severall 
men  of  these  parts  (that  were  parliament  and  engaged  against  the  King,)  for  High 
Treason,  and  the  grand  Jury  indicted  them.  Afterwards  when  he  was  prisoner  in 
Newgate  some  of  these  Grandees  came  to  him  to  triumph  over  him,  and  told  him 
that  if  they  had  been  thus  in  his  power  he  would  have  hanged  them.  God  forbid 
els,  replied  he,  w<h  undaunted  returne  they  much  admired.  The  Pari,  intended 
to  have  hanged  him,  and  he  expected  no  lesse,  but  resolved  to  be  hangd  wtk  the 
Bible  under  one  arme  and  Magna  Charta  under  the  other,  and  hangd  he  had  been, 
had  not  Harry  Martyn  told  them  in  the  House,  that  Sanguis  Marty  ris  est  Semen 
Ecclesiee,  and  that,  that  way  would  doe  them  more  mischiefs,  so  his  life  was  saved, 
and  they  removed  him  out  of  the  way  to  Wallingford  Castle.  He  dyed  upwards 
some  few  yeares  of  fourscore  yeares  of  age  at  Cowbridge  in  the  county  of 
Glamorgan,  on  S*  Nicholas  day,  Dec.  the  first  1663,  and  in  that  Church  lyes  buried 
[yet]  without  a  monu'nt,  but  I  thinke  my  Cosen  intends  one. 

Twas  pitty  he  was  not  made  one  of  the  Judges  of  Westminster  hall,  for  his 
long  sufferings,  and  he  might  have  been  (he  told  me)  if  he  would  have  given 
money  to  the  Chancellor ;  but  he  scorned  it.  He  needed  it  not,  for  he  had  his 
estate  againe  1500£  pr  an' ;  and  being  old  and  carcorcoribus  confructus.  (Mr. 
T.  H.»  Malmesb.  told  him  one  day  at  dinner,  that  that  hereafter  would  not  shew 
well  for  sombodie's  Honour  in  History.)    Well,  have  you  the  Epitaph  of  Sr  Th. 

•  Thomas  Hobbes. 


648  Original  Documents.  [June, 

More,  Ld  Chanc,  whose  trunke  lies  buried  in  Chelsey  church  [his  house  was  where 

Sr  John  Danvers  lived,  there  where  the  2  pyramids  are  at  the  gate.]    One  &  . . . . 

(as  I  rememb'  Lawrence)  sett  up  (or  rather)  reedified  a  handsome  ISS  of  marble 

.  __„,  _, .    __.,..„.      on  the  south  wall  there  for  his  memory, 

Jasper  and  Ellis  Heywood,  sons  of  John  Hei-     .  .    ,       .  _       ,       ,    . ,        ,    . 

wood  r  poet,  had  one  of  the  teeth  of  s.  t.  More,    his  head  was  sett  on  London  bridge,  but 

hut  they  being  loth  to  part  with  their  right  to      •     _____  -,„-Mkr„ii_  -.-^...----.j  ;«  .  «_»„h  .4- 

each  otherr  tooth  fell  aasunder  and  dirided  of    w  now  carefully  preserved  in  a  vault  at 
itself.  See  y- life  of  8»  xho.  More,  by  M.  T.     Canterbury  church,  one  of  his  chappes, 

M'More  of  Ohilston  (his  descendant)  in 


Herefordshire  had,  weh  amongst  Jewells,  Ac.,  was  plundered  in  the 
Dr  Christopher  Wren,  Surveyor  of  his  MaUc*  workes,  tells  me  he  was  borne  at 

Knahill,  20  Octob.,  1631 ;  he  was  a  2d  Christopher,  whome  I  sent  {p  yon 

was  the  first. 

Dr.  Heylin  was  buried  in  the  choire  near  his  owne  Subdeans  Stall,  May  the  10, 

1662,  but  his  ISS  is  on  the  wall  of  the  N.  Aisle. 
QD 
Sr  Jo.  Denham  buried  March  S3, 1668,  neer  S*  QeSrj  Chancers  monument  and 

grave,  if  not  in  it. 

Sr  W"  Davenant  buried  April  9. 

James  Harrington,  Esq.,  Author  of  Oceana,  &c,  borne  the  first  fryday  in 
January,  1611. 

So  good  night ;  and  a  good  New  year,  my  love  to  Robin  Wiseman,  fayle  not 
the  next  post,  Tuissinius, 

No.  IV. 

The  following  passages  from  letters  of  Aubrey  do  not  raise  him  in  oar 
estimation,  but  they  are  worth  the  consideration  of  any  future  biographer. 
In  a  letter  to  Wood,  dated  from  London,  Feb.  23,  1673,  he  says, — 

Now  let  me  take  you  to  Scrutiny.  Are  you  turned  Rom.  Cath.  or  no  ?  Yon 
know  what  I  am,  no  enemie  to  them  unless  Irish  Bigotts.  That  you  are  so  was 
reported  at  y«  Vice  Chan'llors  Table,  Dr  Bathurst,  and  that  by  the  Deane  himselfe, 
but  perhaps  this  arrow  was  drawne  out  of  yr  godly  eosin's  quiver.  Well  I  say  a 
little  superstition  is  a  good  Ingredient  in  Governm't,  w'  publiq'  spiritts  are  now 
lost,  nay  almost  I  could  aske  wl  com'on  honesty.  Amongst  the  Clergy,  Humility 
and  Charity  very  rare,  except  you  come  to  an  honest  poore  old  Bachelor  parson, 

So  now  I  must  unbosome  my  selfe  and  desire  your  friendly 

advice,  and  counseLi,  (w«h  I  have  don  before  now)  w*  course  of  lif  to  take.  I  have 
severall  good  friends  who  are  great  men,  y*  aske  me  and  chide  me,  saying  have 
you  found  out  any  good  place  yet,  but  find  it  out  y*  Businesse  shall  be  donne,  so 
I  have  layd  Queries  in  yc  Custome  howse,  Tower,  &e.  But  I  am  stormed  and  I 
am  at  my  witts  end.  They  would  have  me  turne  Parson,  and  keepe  an  honest 
Curate,  and  I  shall  have  a  parsonage  of  2001'  p*  annum.  What  doe  you  thinke  of 
this,  is  it  honourable  or  prudent  ?  L*  how  I  should  look  in  a  Cassoq'.  The  new 
newes  is  that  we  shall  have  warre  w'h  France.  I  doubt  how  strongly  the  Church  of 
England  stands,  if  it  changes  then  w*  shall  I  doe,  but  thus  much  they  tell  me  and 
tell  me  truly,  that  I  love  not  businesse,  and  rising  earlye  is  death  to  me.  In  this 
ease  I  shall  take  no  paines,  enjoy  my  friends  at  London  or  Oxo'  or  &c.,  and  have 
a  gentile  Competency.  Pray  advise  me  by  the  next  post  what  to  doe,  for  1  am  so 
importuned  that  I  could  scarce  sleep  last  night. 

We  do  not  find  any  answer  to  this,  and  its  existence  among  Wood's 
letters  proves  either  that  Aubrey  wrote  more  than  once  in  this  strain,  or 


1861.]         Correspondence  between  Aubrey  and  Wood.  649 

that  Wood  neglected  to  comply  with  the  request  made  in  the  postscript 
of  an  epistle,  which  bears  date  Sept.  11,  1676  : — 

CV  If  you  die,  or  one  knows  not  some  time  or  other  as  the  World  runs  madding, 
your  papers  may  he  .sifted  and  examined, — therefore,  ex  abundanti  cauield,  I  would 
entreat  you  to  hurne  or  blott  out  a  passage  in  a  letter  of  mine  about  1674,  or  5, 
wherein  I  expressed  my  friendship  to  y  Ch.  of  It— . 

God  blesse  us  from  another  Rebellion. 

Twas  when  I  was  invited  to  take  a  Benefice. 

No.  V. 

The  last  letter  from  Aubrey  is  the  following.  It  is  a  pity  that  the 
"  angry  letter  "  from  Wood  is  not  forthcoming. 

London,  Ifarch,  2, 169|. 

Mr  Wood, — The  Earle  of  Pembroke  was  elected  President  of  the  It —  Soc. 
after  John  Earle  of  Carberys  and  next  before  ST  Robert  Southwell,  (who  is  still 
continued)  but  he  had  never  the  leisure  to  sitt. 

Mr  John  Reynolds  (stone  cutter)  who  maried  the  widow  Ashmole,  writes  to 
me  thus,  '•  S*  As  to  your  Quere  about  Mr  Ashmole's  death,  you  are  in  the  right  as 
far  as  we  can  call  to  mind,  he  died  Wednesday  the  18  of  May  and  was  buried 
thursday  the  26th." 

Dr  H.  Birket  returned  from  Abingdon  but  10  dayes  since,  he  knowes  not  when 

"The  Presby-  8r  Hen.  lanson  died,  nor  does  he  know  where  he  died.  &  Edw. 
fend"  that  he  Shirburn  sayes  he  died  in  London,  very  poor,  but  cannot  tell 
sayd  he  did  not  where,  and  that  he  married  a  daughter  of  Capt.  Elmes,  in  Berks, 
•hoaid  be*  split*  (he  thinkes)  but  had  no  fortune  with  her.  Dr  Birkhet  tells  me 
into  a  parts.6       tmU  tjaoai  1650>  or  1661#  he  had  a  benevolence  from  All  Souls 

Coll.  of  twenty  pounds. 

The  Countess  of  Thanet  is  altogether  ignorant  where  her  uncle  the  Earle  of 
Orery  was  born,  she  believes  in  Ireland,  nor  can  she  tell  where  he  was  buried; 
her  brother  [my  Lord  Clifford]  is  dead,  who  might  have  been  able  to  have  in- 
formed me. 

Mr  Bayford's  name  is  John.  I  have  not  yet  seen  Mr  Jekyll,  nor  shall  I  till  I 
return  from  Hartford,  where  I  shall  goe  the  next  weeke  to  Dr  Holder.  I  shall 
not  come  to  Oxo'  till  the  beginning  of  April. 

The  day  after  I  sent  you  my  last  letter  I  looked  on  Mr.  Wyld's  Aim.  and  found 
a  mistake  of  Mr.  Nevill's  obijt,  so  I  went  to  Mr  Lane,  (where  he  dyed)  and 
acquainted  him  of  it,  and  he  lookt  on  his  Aim.  and  found  it  to  be  on  Thursday, 
20  Septemb.  I  have  been  ill  of  a  great  cold  ever  since  S'  Paule's  tyde  and  have 
been  but  about  a  week  abroad.  Tour  angry  letter  did  very  much  discompose  me 
and  add  to  my  illness.  I  came  to  this  lodging  on  a  Saturday  night,  and  y'  next 
morning  Mr  Tanner  came  to  me,  who  was  in  haste,  for  he  had  severall  visits  te 
make,  and  was  to  goe  to  Oxo1  on  Monday  morning  earlye.  I  had  neither  paper  nor 
packthred  to  tye  up  the  Almanacks ;  he  is  a  very  good  man,  and  I  could  not  but 
confide  in  his  integrity.  Mr.  Lloyd  is  your  old  acqu.  and  friend,  but  whether  he 
shewed  the  Aim.  to  any  one  I  know  not.  I  have  been  ever  ready  to  serve  you, 
but  have  gott  neither  thanks  nor  credit  by  it.    I  wish  you  well  and  rest, 

Tour  faithfull  friend,  J.  A. 

I  shall  be  at  Hartford  at  Mr.  Kenton's  the  Mayers  till  the  end  of  this  month, 
he  is  Mr.  Kenton's  kinsman  or  uncle.  My  service  to  all  at  New  Inne,  and 
M'  Collins  &  M'  Kenton,  &c. 


650  [Jane, 


antiquarian  attH  fctterarg  Jtotelltsntrrr. 


[Correspondent*  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  not,  unless  agreeable,  pur 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  may  be  forwarded  to  them."] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  LONDON. 

May  2.     Earl  Stanhope,  President,  in  the  chair. 

A  large  concourse  of  Fellows  met  this  evening  to  witness  the  opening  of 
the  special  exhibition  of  "  original  matrices  and  of  seals  attached  to  deeds/' 
which  was  announced  in  our  last  number. 

After  the  President's  appointment  of  Octayitxs  Morgan,  Esq.,  as  Vice- 
President,  had  been  read,  and  the  ballot  taken  for  Edward  Akroyd,  Esq., 
who  was  declared  duly  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society,  the  Director  pro- 
ceeded to  offer  some  remarks  of  great  interest  on  the  history  of  seals 
generally,  and  on  those  laid  before  the  Society  that  evening  in  particular. 
On  a  subject  of  such  vast  extent  little  more  than  a  sketch  could  be  given, 
but  with  his  usual  fertility  of  illustration,  Mr.  Franks  contrived  in  the 
narrow  compass  to  which  his  remarks  were  necessarily  confined,  to  give 
a  very  luminous  view  of  the  history  of  this  branch  of  archaeology.  Of  the 
matrices  and  seals  exhibited,  we  must  leave  the  official  account  in  the 
Society's  Proceedings  to  give  a  detailed  report.  All  we  can  attempt  is  to 
call  attention  to  some  of  the  more  remarkable  collections  and  specimens 
laid  before  the  Society,  through  the  exertions  of  the  Director,  aided  by 
J.  J.  Howard,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  whose  labours  on  behalf  of  the  Society  elicited 
a  vote  of  special  thanks  from  the  meeting. 

We  commence  with  the  matrices.  Of  these  the  most  interesting  were 
the  matrix  of  Southwick  Priory,  for  which  the  Society  was  indebted  to  the 
courtesy  of  its  possessor,  Bonham  Carter,  Esq.,  M.P.  This  very  remarkable 
seal  is  doubtless  known  to  our  readers  from  the  very  able  description  given 
of  it  in  the  pages  of  the  Archwohgia,  by  Sir  Frederick  Madden.  To 
this  paper  we  must  refer  those  who  are  desirous  of  fuller  information  on 
one  of  the  most  famous  seals  extant  in  this  country. 

Evelyn  Shirley,  Esq.,  F.SrA.,  M.P.,  exhibited  a  silver  matrix  which 
yielded  three  different  impressions,  and  which  has  also  been  described  in 
the  Archceologia.  It  is  well  known  to  most  of  our  readers  as  the  seal 
of  Thomas  de  Prayers. 

The  matrices  exhibited  by  Mr.  "Warren  of  Ixworth,  Eobert  Fitch, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.,  of  Norwich,  the  Rev.  C.  Manning,  of  Diss,  Norfolk,  the 
Rev.  "Walter  Sneyd  (through  Mr.  Shirley),  and  Charles  Fatjlknek,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  attracted  great  attention.    The  latter  is  the  possessor  of  a  coin  of 


186 1 .]  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  651 

Antoninus  Pius,  one  side  of  which  has  been  converted  into  a  seal  with  the 
legend  +s  .  costatlnt  .  s  .  martini. 

J.  G.  Nichols,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  also  exhibited  some  interesting  matrices, 
one  of  which  seemed  to  be  of  very  early  workmanship,  and  was  inscribed 
odo  .  imp. 

T.  Wills,  Esq.,  exhibited  as  many  as  thirty-nine  matrices  from  his 
valuable  collection. 

Dover,  Devizes,  Colchester,  and  Hartlepool  exhibited  the  corporate 
seals  either  now  or  formerly  in  use.  The  latter  presented  the  rebus  of 
a  hart  standing  in  a  pool. 

Joseph  Clarke,  Esq.,  of  Saffron  Walden,  exhibited  a  curious  matrix  of 
an  Admiral  of  France,  Louis  de  Bourbon,  which  for  years  past  had  been 
used  as  a  two-pound  weight  in  a  shop  at  Saffron  Walden. 

Passing  on  to  the  deeds,  we  find  at  the  head  of  the  larger  collections  the 
names  of  Sir  Edward  Dering  and  of  Sir  Thomas  Hare.  For  the  former 
the  Society  was  indebted  to  the  courtesy  and  energy  of  their  local  secretary, 
the  Rev.  Lambert  Larking  ;  for  the  latter  to  that  of  one  of  its  Fellows,  the 
Rev.  George  Dashwood,  who  arranged  the  muniments  of  Sir  T.  Hare,  and 
who  published  descriptions  of  a  portion  of  them  in  a  work  called  Sigilla 
Antiqua,  of  which  we  are  glad  to  hear  that  a  second  volume  is  in  the 
press. 

Miss  Ffarington  exhibited  a  valuable  collection  relating  to  Lancashire. 

Duncombe  Pyrke,  Esq.,  and  the  Corporation  of  Wells  also  exhibited 
collections  of  deeds.  Among  the  exhibitions  of  foreign  deeds  the  most 
important  were  those  made  by  Mr.  Lemon,  Mr.  Howard,  and  Mr.  Nesbitt. 

Weston  S.  Walford  exhibited  a  seal  of  very  great  rarity,  if  not  alto- 
gether unique,  issued  "  sede  vacant e J* 

The  above  are  a  few  of  the  more  interesting  specimens.  Full  details 
will  be  given  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society. 

May  9.     Sir  John  P.  Boileau,  Bart.,  in  the  chair. 

The  ballot  was  taken  for  Sydney  Gore  Robert  Strong,  Esq.,  who  was 
declared  duly  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society. 

William  Tite,  Esq.,  M.P.,  V.-P„  exhibited  five  Assyrian  cylinders  of 
great  value,  in  chalcedony,  red  jasper,  and  quartz. 

Rohdk  Hawkins,  Esq.,  exhibited  the  seal  of  the  cathedral  church  of 
Udine. 

G.  E.  Roberts,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  branks,  or  scold's  bridle,  which 
formerly  belonged  to  the  town  of  Bewdley,  in  Worcestershire. 

Sir  John  Boileau  exhibited  a  silver  dish  bearing  a  coat  of  arms.  This 
dish  furnished  the  occasion  for  some  very  interesting  and  valuable  remarks 
from  Octaviub  Morgan,  Esq.,  V.-P.,  in  the  course  of  which  Mr.  Morgan 
called  attention  to  the  prevalence  at  one  time  in  the  mansions  of  the  gentry 
and  nobility  of  this  country  of  very  handsome  services  of  pewter,  on  which 


652 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


the  arms  of  the  possessors  were  engraved,  as  in  the  case  of  the  silver  dish 
exhibited  by  Sir  John  Buileau. 

G.  G.  Francis,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  small  bronze  cross,  of  which 
the  extremity  was  shaped  like  a  chisel.  The  Director  suggested  that  it 
had  formerly  been  attached  to  an  image  or  statue  of  Thomas  a  Backet  or 
some  other  saint. 

The  real  business  of  the  evening  then  commenced  with  Mr.  Wright's 
"  Account  of  the  Past  History  and  Future  Prospects  of  the  Excavations  at 
Uriconium,  or  Wroxeter."  This  account  was  listened  to  with  the  greatest 
attention,  and  the  meeting  seemed  unanimously  to  be  of  opinion  that  Mr. 
Wright  had  adopted  the  wisest  course  in  electing  to  carry  on  any  future 
excavations  in  regular  succession  and  contiguity  with  those  already  made, 
in  lieu  of  trying  here  and  there  at  random.  Not  incompatible  with  this  view 
was  the  suggestion  made  by  the  Director  that  it  would  be  well  to  ascertain, 
if  possible,  the  site  of  one  of  the  gates  of  the  ancient  city,  so  as  to  estimate 
the  thickness  of  the  walls.  Mr.  Wright's  lecture,  we  should  add,  was 
illustrated  by  very  lucid  diagrams.  The  subject  was  one  in  which  Mr. 
Wright  was  thoroughly  at  home,  and  he  well  deserved  the  unanimous 
thanks  of  the  meeting  for  the  trouble  he  had  taken  in  bringing  the  matter 
before  the  Society. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE. 


April  5.  Pbofessob  Donaldson  in 
the  chair. 

The  subjects  selected  for  this  monthly 
meeting,  in  continuation  of  the  series  of 
special  illustrations  of  Arts  and  Manners 
in  olden  times,  were  textile  fabrics  and 
embroideries,  with  the  bindings  of  books, 
enriched  with  graceful  designs,  which  ap- 
pear to  have  originated  in  Italy. 

Professor  Donaldson  opened  the  pro- 
ceedings with  a  few  remarks  on  the  value 
of  the  novel  arrangements  for  the  meetings 
of  the  Institute,  in  giving  to  them  a  special 
and  more  definite  character,  and  drawing 
forth  from  concealment  numerous  Tamable 
examples,  with  materials  auxiliary  to  the 
history,  not  only  of  the  arts,  but  of  man- 
kind.  He  regretted  that  absence  from 
England,  in  the  discharge  of  duties  en- 
trusted to  him  by  the  Government,  had 
deprived  him  of  the  gratification  presented 
in  the  previous  special  exhibitions,  espe- 
cially that  formed  in  February,  the  collec- 
tion of  bronzes,  which  had  proved  singu- 
larly attractive.  The  efforts  of  the  Society 
thus  directed  could  not  fail,  as  he  believed, 

7 


to  guide  the  taste,  instruct  the  mind, 
promote  a  higher  interest  in  the  history 
of  bygone  ages,  and  In  the  development  of 
Art,  and,  above  all,  in  the  history  of  our 
own  country  and  its  social  progress  through- 
out all  times. 

Mr.  Joseph  Burtt,  one  of  the  Assistant 
Keepers  of  Records,  then  brought  before 
the  Institute,  by  permission  of  Col.  Sir 
Henry  James,  the  results  of  the  new  pro- 
cess of  photozincography,  as  used  for  re- 
producing fac-similes  of  ancient  documents. 
This  subject,  of  so  much  importance  to  the 
archaeologist,  had  been  unavoidably  de- 
ferred at  the  previous  monthly  meeting. 
Mr.  Burtt  now  brought  a  set  of  the  flic- 
simile  sheets  of  the  Domesday  Book,  being 
the  portion  relating  to  Cornwall.  He 
exhibited  fac-similes  previously  executed 
under  the  direction  of  the  late  Record 
Commissions,  and  other  reproductions  ob- 
tained by  aid  of  tracings  carefully  en- 
graved, and  presenting  a  fair  general  re- 
semblance to  the  original.  In  these, 
however,  necessarily  of  costly  execution 
and  limited  circulation,  numerous  errors 


1861.] 


Archaeological  Institute. 


653 


were  found.  Mr.  Burtt  described  the 
various  expedients  by  which  greater  accu- 
racy had  been  attained,  and  exhibited 
specimens,  including  a  portion  of  the 
Domesday  for  Kent,  now  in  course  of 
preparation  for  the  Archaeological  Society 
of  that  county.  Still,  however  great  the 
skill  and  care  exerted,  the  reproduction 
was  always  liable  to  imperfections,  and  the 
important  aid  of  photography  had  been  at 
length  called  into  operation.  To  the  di- 
rector of  the  Ordnance  Survey,  Col.  Sir 
H.  James,  the  merit  is  due  of  discovering 
a  proceu  by  which  the  photograph  can  be 
taken  from  the  glass  negative  in  such 
manner  as  to  be  at  once  transferred  to 
zinc  plates  by  means  of  a  greasy  ink,  and 
printed  off  at  once.  Of  this  remarkable 
discovery  Mr.  Burtt  shewed  the  results, 
explained  the  details  of  the  process,  and 
the  imperfections  which  had  already  been 
in  great  degree  overcome.  The  Master 
of  the  Rolls  having  determined  that  the 
Domesday  Book  should  be  rebound,  a  fa- 
vourable occasion  presented  itself  for  the 
photographic  reproduction  of  a  portion 
whilst  the  sheets  were  detached.  The 
precious  record  had  been  conveyed,  under 
Mr.  Burtt's  supervision,  to  the  Survey 
Office,  aud  the  fac-similes,  which  will  shortly 
be  on  sale  at  a  very  moderate  price  \  proved 
most  successful.  Mr.  Burtt  invited  at- 
tention also  to  the  reproduction  of  some 
leaves  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  MS.,  discovered 
in  the  binding  of  a  book  in  the  Chapter 
Library  at  Gloucester,  and  brought  before 
the  Institute  during  their  meeting  there. 
The  fac-si miles  exhibited  by  Professor  Earle 
are  destined  to  illustrate  a  memoir  which 
he  will  shortly  publish  on  the  life  and  times 
of  St.  Swithin.  Mr.  Burtt  concluded  by 
placing  before  the  meeting  the  ancient 
covers  of  the  Domesday  Book,  a  venerable 
vestige  of  the  art  of  bookbinding,  which 
the  Master  of  the  Rolls  had  kindly  per- 
mitted him  to  bring  for  examiuation; 
these,  however,  are  long  posterior  in  date 
to  that  of  the  Survey.  Jn  1320,  it  ap- 
pears that  William  the  Bookbinder,  of 
London,  received  payments  for  binding 
and   repairing   the  book    of   Domesday, 


•  The  work  is  now  published,  price  4s.  6d. 
Gkxt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


embracing  the  counties  of  Essex,  Norfolk, 
and  Suffolk. 

A  vote  of  thanks  having  been  proposed 
to  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  to  Sir  Henry 
James,  for  his  kindness  in  permitting  thus 
early  communication  of  the  discovery,  and 
to  Mr.  Burtt ;  Professor  Donaldson  then 
called  upon  Mr.  Digby  Wyatt,  who  pro- 
ceeded to  discourse  upon  the  textile  manu- 
factures and  ancient  embroideries  before 
the  meeting. 

Mr.  Wyatt  gave  an  instructive  and  in- 
teresting sketch  of  the  origin  and  progress 
of  weaving  from  the  most  remote  periods. 
The  art  must  have  been  found  indispens- 
able even  in  the  rude  infancy  of  ancient 
nations.  Various  ingenious  expedients  had 
been  devised  in  the  use  of  the  papyrus  and 
other  materials.  Previously  to  the  inven- 
tion of  tissues,  the  first  attempts  to  pro- 
duce any  ornamental  enrichment  in  textile 
works  appear  to  be  found  amongst  the 
Egyptians.  The  countries  of  the  East 
had,  however,  gained  pre-eminent  celebrity 
in  the  production  of  the  loom  and  of  the 
needle  from  a  very  early  age.  Mr.  Wyatt 
entered  into  curious  details  regarding  the 
production  of  rich  tissues  in  India,  Persia, 
and  other  Asiatic  countries;  the  history 
of  the  application  of  silk  to  the  purposes 
of  such  decorations;  and  the  erroneous 
notions  long  prevalent  among  the  nations 
of  classic  times  in  reference  to  the  origin 
and  production  of  that  precious  material. 
He  alluded  to  the  great  estimation  in 
which  silk  was  held  by  the  Romans,  the 
importation  of  silkworms  from  China  by 
Justinian,  and  the  lucrative  monopoly 
established  by  that  Emperor.  He  then 
proceeded  to  the  principal  facts  connected 
with  the  history  of  textile  arts,  drawn 
from  the  history  of  Charlemagne  —  the 
rich  presents  sent  to  him  by  the  Caliphs, 
the  imperial  vestures  discovered  in  his 
tomb,  and  preserved  at  Vienna;  and  he 
gave  certain  curious  details  concerning 
the  early  production  of  very  costly  tissues 
at  Bagdad,  Damascus,  Ac.,  doubtless  with 
silk  obtained  from  China.  These  precious 
works  of  the  Oriental  loom  were  occa- 
sionally introduced  into  our  own  country. 
Charlemagne  sent  sumptuous  tissues  to 
one  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings ;  and  it  is 

4K 


654 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


recorded  that  St.  Wilfrid  brought  various 
splendid  textile  works  from  Rome.  The 
most  remarkable  existing  specimens  are, 
doubtless,  the  vestments  found  in  the 
tomb  of  St.  Cuthbert  at  Durham,  and 
probably,  in  part,  of  his  time.  Mr.  Wyatt 
then  noticed  the  influence  of  the  manu- 
factures established  in  Sicily  by  the  Nor- 
man king  Roger  in  the  eleventh  century, 
when  he  brought  thither  Greek  artists, 
whose  skill  appears  to  have  been  very 
great.  The  exquisite  productions  of  the 
Saracen  artificers  in  Spain  were  also  de- 
scribed; an  Oriental  character  of  design, 
and  even  imitations  of  Cufic  and  Arabian 
inscriptions,  are  often  found  in  the  various 
early  tissues,  which  are  mostly  produc- 
tions of  the  loom,  not  needlework.  After 
tracing  the  progress  of  the  manufacture 
in  later  periods  and  various  countries,  Mr. 
Wyatt  proceeded  to  point  out  the  chief 
peculiarities  or  features  of  interest  in  the 
numerous  woven  or  embroidered  works 
exhibited  to  the  meeting,  aud  with  which 
the  walls  were  nearly  covered. 

At  the  close  of  Mr.  Wyatt's  very  in- 
teresting lecture,  Professor  Donaldson,  in 
conveying  to  him  the  thanks  of  the  meet- 
ing, made  some  remarks  on  the  prevalence 
of  rich  manufactures  in  the  East,  of  which 
he  had  noticed  examples  in  his  recent 
expedition. 

The  objects  of  mediaeval  workmanship 
and  art  exhibited  were  numerous  and 
varied ;  none  attracted  greater  notice  than 
the  mitre  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury, 
long  preserved  in  the  cathedral  at  Sens, 
where  he  was  for  some  time  resident, 
during  his  absence  from  England  in  1164. 
It  was  exhibited  by  Cardinal  Wiseman, 
with  another  embroidery,  brought  to  this 
country  with  the  mitre,  and  now  belong- 
ing to  the  Rev.  D.  Haigh.  The  remark- 
able cope  formerly  at  Syon,  Middlesex, 
and  presented  by  the  banished  Sisters  of 
that  house  to  the  late  Earl  of  Shrewsbury, 
was  exhibited  by  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop 
Browne.  The  most  striking  specimen, 
however,  was  a  cope  of  cloth  of  gold  with 
the  badges  of  Henry  VII.,  probably  one 
of  those  mentioned  in  his  will  as  having 
been  purchased  at  Florence ;  this  was  sent 
by  the  Rector  of  Stonyhurst  College.    Sir 


Pyers  Mostyn  contributed  some  velvet 
vestments  from  the  Escurial,  with  em* 
broidered  enrichments  of  great  beauty. 

By  the  liberal  permission  of  the  Master 
of  the  Rolls,  not  only  the  covers  of  the 
ancient  Domesday  were  brought,  under 
the  custody  of  Mr.  Nelson  and  Mr.  J. 
Burtt,  of  the  Record  Office,  but  also  the 
original  Indentures  between  Henry  VTL, 
the  abbot  of  Westminster,  and  other  par- 
ties, for  services  for  the  benefit  of  the 
king's  soul.  These  documents  present  a 
sumptuous  example  of  bookbinding ;  they 
are  encased  in 'crimson  velvet  with  ena- 
melled arms  in  silver,  and  the  original 
seals  are  preserved  in  silver  skipets,  or 
boxes  of  peculiar  construction.  The  Ven. 
Archdeacon  of  London  kindly  brought  the 
counterpart  of  one  of  these  documents, 
which  is  in  possession  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  and  comparison  was 
thus  permitted  with  the  splendid  docu- 
ments preserved  at  the  Rolls. 

The  series  of  bookbindings,  exemplify- 
ing  the  taste  and  artistic  decorations  pre- 
valent in  various  countries,  was  extensive, 
the  examples  being  chiefly  from  the  col- 
lections of  Mr.  Felix  Slade,  Mr.  Stephen 
Ram,  Mr.  Edmund  Hals  well,  Mr.  Payne, 
Mr.  Boone,  Mr.  Munster,  Ac.  The  Rector 
of  Stonyhurst  sent  a  beautiful  little  volume 
in  velvet,  mounted  with  royal  badges, 
and  originally  belonging  to  Queen  Mary 
(Tudor);  another  little  volume,  obtained 
from  Spain,  and  of  great  interest,  contained 
autographs  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Katharine 
of  Arragon.  Lady  North  exhibited  the 
state  purse  for  the  great  seals,  used  by 
Chancellor  North ;  also  a  beautiful  set  of 
hawking  appliances,  richly  embroidered. 

Numerous  embroideries  of  the  later 
periods  were  sent  by  Mrs.  Digby  Wyatt, 
Mr.  J.  G.  Nichols,  Mr.  Rolls,  Mr.  Catt, 
Mr.  Maakell,  the  Rev.  J.  Beck,  Ac. 

May  3.  The  chair  was  taken  by  the 
President,  Lord  Talbot  di  Mjxaheds, 
who  opened  the  proceedings  with  some 
expressions  of  satisfaction  in  being  enabled 
again  to  resume  his  place  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Institute,  and  of  regret  that 
his  more  urgent  engagements  in  the  sister 
kingdom  had  prevented  his  attending  the 


1861.] 


Archaeological  Institute. 


655 


interesting    meetings    daring     previous 
months,  with  the  exhibitions  illustrative 
of  ancient  Arts  and  History.     Since  the 
last  reunion  of  the  Institute  an  occurrence 
full  of  auspicious  promise  had  taken  place, 
which  the  members  of  the  Society,  and 
indeed  all  who  felt  an  interest  in  national 
antiquities,  must  hail  with   satisfaction, 
namely,  the  appointment  of  their  generous 
patron,  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  as 
a  Trustee  of  the  British  Museum.    The 
working  archaeologists   of  this  country, 
Lord  Talbot  remarked,  had  on  too  fre- 
quent occasions    felt   aggrieved   by  the 
neglect  of  national  antiquities,  and  the 
want  of  all    intelligent  esteem  for  the 
vestiges  of  a  remote  period  in  our  own 
country,  whilst  those  of  other  races  and 
foreign  lands  were  diligently  sought  after. 
In   the  nomination  of  so  distinguished 
a  patron  of  all  the  pursuits  of  national 
archaeology  as  the  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land had  eminently  shewn  himself  to  be, 
their    long -cherished    hopes    might    at 
length,  Lord  Talbot  felt  assured,  be  real- 
ized.   He  then  took  occasion  to  propose 
as  an  Honorary  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Institute,  Signor  Montiroii,  formerly  asso- 
ciated with  the  Commendatore  Canina  in 
his  tasteful  works  of  architectural  design 
and  decoration.     On  his  return  from  Aln- 
wick Castle,  where,  as  it  was  well  known, 
Canina  had  been  selected  to  carry  out  the 
great  project  for  the  embellishment  of 
that  noble  fabric,  and  the  advancement 
of  a  more  pure  taste  in  architectural  deco- 
ration, which  the  Duke  had  so  generously 
sought  to  promote,  that  eminent  architect 
had  fallen  a  victim  to  his  assiduous  pur- 
suits of  art  whilst  in  enfeebled  health,  and 
had  closed  his  career  most  lamentably,  far 
from  all  dear  to  him,  in  the  land  where 
his  merits  were  so  well  appreciated.   Lord 
Talbot  felt  that  no  higher  recommenda- 
tion could  be  offered  in  proposing  Signor 
Montiroli  than  the  fact  that  he  had  been 
found  worthy  to  be  the  chosen  successor 
of  so  great  a  man  in  the  history  of  modern 
art  as  Canina. 

The  proposition  was  seconded  by  Mr. 
Octavius  Morgan,  M.P.,  and  Signor  Mon- 
tiroli was  unanimously  elected  an  honorary 
member. 


Mr.  C.  S.  Greaves,  Q.C.,  then  read  a 
memoir  by  Mr.  Frank  Calvert,  the  brother 
of  H.B.M.'s  Consul-General  at  the  Dar- 
danelles, relating  to  certain  researches  in 
connexion  with  the  ancient  cities  in  the 
Troad,  and  to  localities  mentioned  by 
Homer  and  Strabo. 

Sir  John  Boileau,  Bart.,  who  brought 
for  examination  a  series  of  drawings  by 
Mr.  Jeckell  of  Norwich,  representing  some 
mural  paintings  lately  found  in  Easton 
Church,  Norfolk,  gave  an  account  of  those 
early  examples  of  art  in  East  Anglia, 
which  have  been  attributed  to  the  reign 
of  Richard  II.  Sir  John  described  the 
facts  relating  to  the  discovery,  and  pointed 
out  the  leading  features  of  design,  which 
are  more  than  commonly  good,  the  prin- 
cipal subject  being  the  martyrdom  of 
Thomas  a  Becket.  The  intimate  relations 
between  that  prelate,  Sir  John  observed;  and 
the  Bishop  of  Norwich  at  the  period,  and 
also  with  Hugh  Bigod,  might  account  for 
the  prevalence  of  works  of  art  in  Norfolk 
connected  with  the  history  of  St.  Thomas. 

A  short  statement  was  read,  sent  by 
Professor  Willis,  who  had  been  unavoid- 
ably detained  at  Cambridge,  setting  forth 
with  precision  his  observations  on  the 
recent  fall  of  the  spire  of  Chichester  Ca- 
thedral, and  on  the  causes  which  had  led 
to  that  catastrophe.  An  admirable  draw- 
ing of  the  tower  and  spire  by  Mr.  Slater 
was  shewn,  and  it  is  believed  that  it  is 
the  only  existing  memorial  accurately  pre- 
served of  that  fine  fabric,  the  deplorable 
sacrifice  of  which,  as  some  have  alleged, 
may  be  in  a  certain  degree  attributed  to 
the  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  higher 
branches  of  engineering  science  in  its 
application  to  architectural  construction. 

Memoirs  were  also  read,  by  Mr.  Hall 
Warren,  on  the  curious  sculptured  seats, 
or  misereres,  of  the  stalls  in  Bristol  Ca- 
thedral, and  by  Mr.  J.  O.  Waller,  on 
some  grand  specimens  of  monumental  en- 
graved slabs  from  Belgium,  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Weale  of  Bruges. 

Mr.  Octavius  Morgan  gave  a  curious  ac- 
count of  ancient  brass-foundries  in  Holland 
and  the  Low  Countries,  especially  in  re- 
gard to  bells,  and  he  exhibited  a  series  of 
highly  ornamented  specimens. 


656 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


The  Very  Rer.  Canon  Rock  brought 
for  exhibition  a  remarkable  sculptured 
figure  of  ivory,  the  Virgin  and  infant 
Saviour,  formerly  in  the  possession  of  the 
nuns  of  Syon,  and  brought  back  to  Eng- 
land on  their  temporary  return  about 
forty  years  since,  when  it  was  present- 
ed by  them  to  the  late  Earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, It  is  a  fine  example  of  art,  sup- 
posed to  be  English,  of  the  thirteenth 
century. 

Mr.  Nelson  exhibited  the  black  velvet 
gloves  given  by  Charles  I.  to  Bishop  Juxon 
on  the  scaffold ;  they  have  never  been  out 
of  the  possession  of  his  descendants. 

The  hunting-knife  of  Charles  I.  when 
Prince  of  Wales,  with  his  initials  and  the 
plume  of  feathers,  was  sent  by  Mr.  Kers- 
lake.  It  is  an  interesting  relic,  and  has 
been  preserved  by  the  ancient  family  of 
Salesbury  of  Rug,  until  the  decease  of 
the  late  Sir  R.  Vaughan,  when  their  pos- 
sessions became  dispersed.  This  object 
has  been  described  by  Pennant  and  various 


writers,  and  sometimes  assigned  to  Owen 
Glendower. 

Various  other  remarkable  antiquities 
were  exhibited :  two  British  bronse  shields 
found  near  the  Tyne,  sent  by  the  Duke  of 
Northumberland;  some  curious  armour 
from  the  ancient  arsenal  at  Constanti- 
nople; two  beautiful  and  artistic  Italian 
tapestries,  contributed  by  his  Excellence 
the  Marquis  d'Aseglio ;  an  unique  illumi- 
nated drawing  by  Bernard  Lens;  and 
numerous  beautiful  Italian,  German,  Spa- 
nish, and  EDglish  bookbindings,  sent  by 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Wellesley,  Mr.  Stewart,  Mr. 
Monster,  &c 

It  was  announced  that  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough  had  liberally  promised  to 
exhibit  at  the  ensuing  meeting  the  pre- 
cious collections  known  as  the  Arundel 
and  the  Besborough  gems,  and  numerous 
other  examples  of  antique  art  of  the  same 
class  would  be  displayed  on  that  occasion. 
The  exhibition  will  be  open  to  members 
and  their  friends  from  June  5  to  June  12. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


April  24.  T.  J.  Pxttiobbw,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A.,  V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

The  Chairman  announced  that  the 
Council,  in  virtue  of  the  powers  given 
to  them  by  the  General  Meeting,  had  had 
the  honour  of  enrolling  in  the  list  of 
Associates  the  name  of  Sir  Stafford  H. 
Northcote,  Bart,  M.P.,  C.B.,  M.A.,  ,kc 
and  that  he  had  accepted  the  office  of 
President  for  the  ensuing  year,  in  the 
room  of  Beriah  Botfield,  Esq.,  M.P., 
F.R.S.,  &cu,  and  would  attend  the  Con- 
gress for  Devonshire,  to  assemble  in  Exe- 
ter from  August  19th  to  24th  inclusive, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Sari  Fortescue, 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  the  county,  the  Right 
Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  the  diocese,  and 
his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Northumberland, 
K.G.,  F.R  S„  F.S.A.,  Ac. 

The  following  were  also  added  to  the 
list  of  Associates:  Rev.  John  Louis 
Petit,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  of  Lincoln's  Inn; 
Charles  Hill,  Esq.,  Upper  Mall,  Hammer- 
smith; Alwin  Shutt  Bell,  E?q.,  Scarbo- 
rough; Rev.  J.  A.  Addison,  M.A.,  Netley- 


villaa,    Southampton;   Robert  Jennings, 
Esq.,  Lawn-villa,  Southampton. 

Various  presents  to  the  library  were 
laid  upon  the  table.  Mr.  E.  Roberts, 
F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  impression  from  the 
original  matrix  of  a  seal  in  the  possession 
of  Lady  Corbet  of  Sundorne  Castle,  Salop. 
It  was  stated  to  be  the  signet-ring  of 
Abbot  Sherrington,  but  it  has  no  eccle- 
siastical character  about  it.  It  is  of  the 
time  of  Edward  III.  The  seal  was  found 
at  Hanghmond  Abbey;  but  no  abbot  of 
the  name  of  Sherrington  occurs  in  the 
list  published  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Eyton. 

The  Rev.  E.  Kell,  M.A.,  F.SJL,  sent 
Saxon  coins  found  at  Southampton.  They 
were  of  Ceolnoth,  Offa,  Burgred,  JSthel- 
bearth,  and  Egbert.  They  give  support 
to  the  opinion  expressed  in  regard  to  the 
extension  of  the  ancient  site  of  South- 
ampton to  St.  Mary's-road. 

Mr.  J.  Clarke  of  Easton  forwarded  a 
dennrins  of  Otho  IV.,  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many 1208—1212.  Its  weight  was  19* 
grains. 


1861.] 


'British  Archmological  Association. 


657 


The  Rev,  E.  Kell  also  contributed  a 
notice,  accompanied  by  a  drawing,  of  the 
discovery  of  a  sepulchral  slab  at  Netley 
Abbey,  the  only  one  found  there.  It  had 
the  name  of  "Johannes  Wade,  1515," 
beneath  which  ocean  "  Obiit  die  n.  1534." 
Mr.  Kell  promises  full  particulars  of  the 
late  excavations  for  the  meeting  on  the 
12th  of  June. 

The  Rey.  H.  M.  Scarth,  M.A.,  commu- 
nicated the  particulars  relating  to  a  re- 
cent discovery  of  three  stone  coffins  at 
Bathwick-hill  and  Sydney-gardens,  Bath, 
not  yet  completely  examined.  They  con- 
tained skeletons,  and  Dr.  Thurnham  had 
examined  the  skulls  and  pronounced  them 
to  be  Roman  or  Romano-British.  A  fur- 
ther and  more  particular  account  is  to  be 
laid  before  the  Association. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Forman  exhibited  a  beauti- 
ful Saxon  fibula,  crested  with  seven  rays, 
said  to  have  been  found  in  Kent.  It  is  of 
bronze,  plated  with  gold  and  set  with 
slabs  of  paste  of  a  blue,  a  green,  and  a 
garnet  colour.  The  sockets  are  lined 
with  gold  foil,  and  it  is  further  adorned 
with  fifteen  pearls  and  eleven  silver 
studs. 

Dr.  Silas  Palmer  communicated  notes 
of  the  discovery  of  a  Roman  villa  at  East 
Ilsley,  Berkshire.  The  antiquities  found 
are  to  be  sent  up  for  exhibition.  They 
consist  of  various  tiles  flanged  and  for 
covering,  various  pottery,  stylus  of  bronze, 
stone  hammer,  bones,  wood-ashes,  <tc. 

Dr.  Copland,  F.R.S.,  exhibited  a  Book 
of  Offices,  on  vellum,  illuminated.  Mr. 
T.  Wright  thought  it  to  be  of  English 
execution,  and  there  were  some  MS.  notes, 
among  which  was  one  giving  probably 


the  earliest  instance  of  the  use  of  the 

word  cockney  as  applying  to  London : — 

"  The  cokney  of  Londoun  canne  welle  telle 
That  longe  lyenge  in  hedde  bredeth  a  brothelle." 

Mr.  Previte*  exhibited  various  arms, 
principally  of  Oriental  manufacture,  the 
dates  of  which  were  uncertain. 

May  8.  Nathaniel  Gould,  F.S.A., 
V.-P.,  in  the  chair. 

James  Ellis,  Esq.,  of  Hanwell,  was 
elected  an  Associate. 

Several  presents  to  the  library  were 
announced. 

Mr.  Moore,  of  West  Coker,  Somerset, 
sent  notes  of  an  apparently  ancient  British 
inferment,  and  promised  the  urns, celts, &c., 
found,  for  examination  at  the  next  meeting. 

Mr.  Charles  Ainslie  produced  some  in- 
teresting portions  of  glass  found  during 
the  progress  of  the  excavations  for  the 
foundations  of  the  new  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment. They  consisted  principally  of  the 
bases  and  stems  of  drinking  vessels,  and 
belonged  to  the  latter  half  of  the  six- 
teenth century. 

Mr,  Pettigrew,  F.R.S.,  read  a  paper 
which  time  had  not  permitted  to  be  read 
at  Shrewsbury,  during  the  Congress.  It 
related  to  the  occurrence  of  the  sweating 
sickness  in  that  town  in  1551,  at  which 
time  Dr.  John  Cains,  the  joint  founder  of 
Cains  and  Qonville  College  at  Cambridge, 
was  a  practitioner  there.  Mr.  Pettigrew 
detailed  a  variety  of  particulars  concern- 
ing Caius,  and  proved  his  having  furnished 
to  Grafton,  for  his  Chronicle,  the  account 
of  that  most  fatal  malady.  Grafton's  work 
gives  the  most  complete  account  of  the 
pestilence  extant. 


LECTURES  AT  THE  ARCHITECTURAL  EXHIBITION. 


April  30.  Geobgb  Gilbebt  Soott, 
Esq.,  in  the  chair. 

The  first  of  a  course  of  lectures  was  de- 
livered by  A.  J.  B.  Beresford  Hope,  Esq., 
the  subject  being  "  Architecture  in  Lon- 
don." 

The  Lecturer  said,  when  he  talked  of 
"Architecture  in  London"  he  did  not 
mean  to  convert  himself  into  an  archi- 
tectural reviewer,  and  go  from  building  to 


building  and  criticise  each  of  them,  as  an 
art  critic  would  criticise  the  pictures  on 
the  walls.  What  he  did  propose  to  do 
was  to  take  up  London  as  an  existing  and 
a  great  whole;  and  taking  London  as  a 
whole,  taking  London  past,  London  pre- 
sent, and,  if  he  might  say  so,  London  fu- 
ture, to  deduce  from  that  whole  panorama 
certain  teachings  for  future  buildings, 
thus  touching  on  its  actual  condition  both 


658 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


physical  and  architectural.  He  wished  to 
stir  them  up  to  become  coadjutors  in  im- 
proving London  in  the  way  he  believed  it 
best  could  be  improved. 

London  was  an  ancient,  a  northern,  and 
a  picturesque  city.  There  was  good  au- 
thority for  saying  it  was  an  ancient  city ; 
and  he  did  not  call  it  a  northern  city 
in  a  contemptuous  sense,  for  they  were  all 
of  them  northerns  in  descent,  language, 
and  constitution,  and  in  every  relation  of 
life,  in  everything  that  made  either  indi- 
viduals or  nations  historical  and  great. 
Then  let  them  not  be  ashamed  of  being 
northerns.  Neither  did  he  think  that 
being  northerns  was  any  great  damage  or 
detriment.  Let  it  be  granted,  then,  that 
London  was  an  ancient,  a  northern,  and  a 
picturesque  city.  London  was  a  pic- 
turesque but  not  a  monumental  city :  and 
why  was  London  not  a  monumental  city  ? 
The  question  pointed  to  the  difficulty  of 
lecturing  on  a  scientific  subject,  such  as 
architecture  now  is.  No  single  term  of 
art,  no  single  word  could  be  so  explicit 
and  so  precise  as  to  clear  the  whole 
ground  for  itself,  and  to  exclude  the 
opposite  definition  from  trespassing  on 
that  ground.  A  picturesque  city  must,  to 
a  certain  extent,  be  monumental,  and  per 
contra.  But  the  incomplete,  and  lame, 
and  halting  distinction  he  drew  between 
a  monumental  city  and  a  picturesque  city 
was  this — that  a  monumental  city  was 
thrown  out  as  if  by  one  effort  of  its 
builder,  as  one  building  was  thrown  out 
by  one  effort  of  its  architect ;  a  picturesque 
city  was  a  city  that  had  grown  up  under 
the  hands  of  different  architects,  and  was 
a  series  of  pictures,  each  picture  differing 
from  the  one  before  it. 

London  had  distinctly,  in  revolving 
centuries,  grown  up  to  be  a  picturesque 
city ;  it  was  also  northern,  and  it  was  also 
ancient.  Well,  suppose  they  had  to  do 
with  a  city  that  was  neither  of  the  three ; 
suppose  their  accomplished  Chairman  was 
to  be  called  upon  to  design  a  federal 
capital  of  Australia,  what  would  he  do  ? 
He  would  there  have  to  build  a  modern 
city,  a  southern  city,  and  a  monumental 
city.  Well,  how  would  the  architect 
raise  this  capital  ?    Of  course  he  would 


have  streets  of  buildings  or  single  build* 
ings  standing  by  themselves.    In  Austra- 
lia, a  semi-tropical  climate,  the  trees  were 
evergreen,  and  so  avenues  would  not  be 
forgotten;  but  he  believed  that  neither 
Mr.  Scott  nor  any  architect  of  eminence 
at  all  would,  in  building  a  new  city,  fall 
back  on  that  clumsy,  most  vulgar,  and 
odious  plan  of  building  towns — that  of  lay- 
ing out  the  streets  at  right  angles,  which 
involved  the  maximum  both  of  ugliness 
and    inconvenience.    Any  one  who  was 
building  the  new  city  would  adopt  that 
other  plan  which  had  been  employed  at 
Washington  and  elsewhere,  of  building 
the    town  with  streets    radiating    from 
various  centres,  and  so,  of  course,  inter- 
secting at  various  angles, — the  centre  of 
every  star  being  a  public  building.     Well, 
then,  there  would  be  a  monumental  city ; 
the  streets  would  be  broad  and  straight; 
they  would  see  public  buildings  at  every 
crossing  ending  the  different  perspectives, 
while  these  would  be  bordered  with  trees. 
Could  they  do  that  in  London  ?    He  be* 
lieved  not.  Had  they  to  repent  of  not  being 
able  to  do  that  in  London  P    He  believed 
not.    They  could  not  any  of  them  dream 
of  building  a  new  city  of  speculative  mag- 
nificence. They  had  another  course  before 
them  equally  grand,   equally   worthy  of 
the  whole  soul  of  every  one  who  had 
broadness  of  heart  to  deal  with  archi- 
tecture as  a  science.    They  had  to  con- 
duce to  the    convenience,  and    to   the 
health,  and  to   the  beauty  of  their  old 
traditionary  Troynovant.  Louis  Napoleon 
might  have,  and  no   doubt  had,   made 
grand  streets  and    boulevards,  anil    he 
might  have,  and  no  doubt  had,   swept 
away  interesting  vestiges  of  ancient  Paris. 
Whether  we  liked  it  or  not,  we  must 
submit  to  our  position.     If  they  liked  to 
take  France  with    its    constitution,  let 
them  take  it ;  but  he,  for  one,  was  satis- 
fied with  the  British  constitution,  and 
with  London  as  it  was.    In  1666  we  lost 
the  opportunity  of  having  a  monumental 
London,    when    Sir   Christopher    Wren 
made  a  great  plan  on  the  radiating  prin- 
ciple, for  rebuilding  the  city  of  London 
after  the  great  fire,  but  that  came  to 
nothing,  and  we  had  London  as  it 


1861.] 


Lectures  at  the  Architectural  Exhibition. 


659 


rebuilt  with  its  old  inconvenience  and 
picturesqueness,  not  of  buildings  but  of 
plan,  and  the  rest  of  the  town  growing 
up  at  hap-hazard  all  round  it. 

Well  now,  could  they  do  any  great 
heroic  work  to  regenerate  London  ?   Great 
works  had  been  done  in  the  present  cen- 
tury.    Regent's-park  was  a  great  work  ; 
Regent-street  was  a  notable  instance  of 
piercing  a  great  artery ;    and    Cannon- 
street  was  a  great  artery  too.   There  were 
two  eyesores,  however,  in  the  shape  of 
streets  —  one  to  the  north  of  Snow-hill 
and  the  other  to  the  west  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  both,  he  was  sorry  to  say,  bearing 
the  name  of  the  sovereign.    Then  there  is 
the  new  street  which  is  to  form  a  com- 
munication between  London-bridge  and 
Westminster-bridge.   Putting  these  aside, 
a    future    generation    might    accomplish 
much ;  but  he  doubted  if  they  dare  hope  for 
a  great  deal  in  their  own  day,  except  that 
one  great,  necessary,  and  noble  work  which 
had  been  a  dream  for  many  years,  and 
was  about  to  become  an  imperative  reality 
—  qnaying  the  Thames.     Sir  Frederick 
Trench,  who  died  about  a  year  ago,  eighty 
years  of  age,  dreamed  of  this  quayiug  of 
the  Thames  for  years  and  years,  and  though 
he  was  pooh-poohed,  which  he  did  not  care 
for,  published  books  advocating  the  scheme. 
Yet  in  a  debate  rn  the  House  of  Commons 
in  1825,  thirty-six  years  ago,  in  which  the 
ministers  and   officials  took  a  part,  Sir 
Robert  Peel  said  he  thought  the  Thames 
scheme  could  never  do,  because,  were  it 
carried  out,  it  would  deteriorate  the  value 
of  property  in  Essex -street,  Arundel- street, 
and  other  streets  in  that  neighbourhood ; 
while   Lord    Palmerston  saw  difficulties 
about   the  Thames  scheme,  as  in   1859 
he    saw  difficulties    about    the   Foreign 
Office. 

In  saying  what  he  did  he  was  sacrific- 
ing private  feeling,  for  (as  he  had  said  in 
print)  he  believed  one  of  the  grandest  im- 
provements of  London  would  be  the  con- 
struction of  a  river-side  park  between 
Westminster  Abbey  and  Charing-cross, 
completing  the  forest  tract  of  Kensington- 
gardens  and  Hyde-park,  the  meadow  of  the 
Green-park,  and  the  pleasure  grounds  of 
8t.  James's-park,  all  of  which  now  stopped 


short  of  the  river  by  some  200  or  300 
yards.     He  had  also,  for  his  part,  long  be- 
lieved that  it  would  be  a  noble  improve- 
ment to  continue  St.  Jameses-street  north- 
ward, sweeping  away  St.  James's  Palace — 
not  without  a  sigh — till  it  lost  itself  in  the 
Regent's-park.     But  putting  aside  many 
magnificent  schemes  that  suggested  them- 
selves, let  them  look  how  they  might  im- 
prove London  as  it  stood,  not  by  great 
measures  of  recasting,  but  by  bit  and  bit 
reforms,  small  in  themselves,  but  all  com- 
bined producing  a  great  effect  by  the  num- 
ber of  contributions  thrown  into  the  com- 
mon stock.   Just  look  at  London  as  it  was, 
see  what  the  physical  advantages  of  the 
great  town  were.    The  Lecturer  then  re- 
ferred to  the  noble  river, — which,  though 
now  muddy  and  polluted,  would  be  re- 
medied by  the  measures  of  scientific  men, — 
and  to  the  elevations  and  valleys  of  the 
town  in  all  directions.     London  was  not 
a  picturesque  city  of  the  fir«t  class ;  it  was 
not  like  the  old  town  of  Edinburgh  and 
other  cities ;  but  we  had  a  compensation 
for  that  in  this,  that  Edinburgh,  Old  and 
New  together,  was  a  town  of  under  200,000 
inhabitants,  while  London  was  a  town  of 
three  millions  of  inhabitants,  and  in  the 
superfluity  of  space  we  had  a  great  com- 
pensation for  any  inferiority  there  might 
be  as  to  picturesque  abruptness  in  any 
particular  site.   London  was  not  like  Edin- 
burgh ;   but  take  Venice  or  Amsterdam, 
about  the  most  picturesque  southern  and 
northern  cities — London  compared  with 
either  of  these  towns  was  a  series    of 
broken  and  almost  mountainous  country. 

The  accidental  fact  of  building  having 
gone  from  the  hands  of  proprietors  to 
middle  men,  and  to  double  middle  men 
under  them,  was  disadvantageous  to  the 
architectural  appearance  of  the  town ;  for 
every  competing  proprietor  of  a  farm  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  capital  had  tried  to 
cover  his  estate  with  buildings  in  his  own 
lifetime,  and  so  the  maximum  of  area  coin- 
cided with  the  minimum  of  height.  Lon- 
don had  thus  reached  that  painful  super- 
fluity of  area,  even  compared  with  its 
population,  that  would,  he  hoped,  induce 
them  to  pause,  and  hereafter  to  enlarge 
the  town  vertically  by  buildings  more  up- 


660 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer* 


[June, 


ward   to  the   sky,  more    healthful  and 
more  airy. 

London  being  a  northern  city  was  one 
that  depended  upon  atmospheric  effects; 
and  these  atmospheric  effects  were  of  great 
advantage  to  us  in  constructing  our  new 
London.  They  were,  in  fact,  what  the 
northern  architect  ought  to  rely  upon; 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  northern  archi- 
tect must  not  rely  too  much  on  combining 
foliage  with  his  buildings.  In  London  the 
combined  effects  of  coal-smoke  and  of  a 
coldish  climate  made  the  trees  come  out 
very  late  and  very  early  turn  black.  The 
best  way  to  deal  with  foliage  was  to  mass 
it  in  great  sweeps,  with  broad  spaces  of 
turf  between,  bringing  the  country  as  it 
were  into  town,  as  was  exemplified  in  the 
parks  aud  in  the  principal  squares.  The 
street  avenues  of  foreign  cities  could  not 
be  relied  upon  in  London. 

While  great  schemes  of  reconstruction 
were  not  to  be  thought  of,  yet  by  the 
widening  of  streets  and  making  of  small 
improvements,  a  great  deal  could  be  done 
that  would  be  highly  satisfactory.  He 
asked,  then,  what  were  to  be  the  main 
principles  of  our  future  architecture  in 
London  ?  Under  the  head  of  design  could 
they  come  to  any  main  principles  at  all  ? 
He  contended  they  could  come  to  two 
main  principles :  the  first  was  to  take 
the  sky-line  and  deal  with  it  baldly,  as 
a  most  important  feature  of  the  whole 
building ;  and  the  second  was  to  construct 
every  house  as  in  itself  a  unit  standing 
by  itself,  looking  more  to  Its  height  than 
to  its  width.  The  system  of  building  the 
houses  in  terraces,  each  constituting  one 
great  pile,  could  never  be  satisfactory; 
for  even  if  they  were  to  build  a  new 
street  as  straight  as  an  arrow,  they  could 
only  get  a  sham  appearance  after  all.  The 
successive  house-doors  alone  prevented  the 
various  terraces  from  looking  like  single 
palaces.  Even  when  the  houses  stood  in 
rows  their  individuality  might  be  pre- 
served ;  for  example,  the  loftiest  need 
not  be  the  central  one.  The  sky-line  re- 
solved itself  into  three  special  forms — the 
pyramid,  the  tower,  and  the  cupola ;  the 
pyramid  including  all  tapering  lines,  the 
tower  the  chimuey -stack,  the  cupola  the 

8     . 


Mansard  roof.  Chimneys  were  really 
towers,  and  their  value,  both  practical 
and  artistic,  was  immense;  any  chimney 
that  required  a  metal  or  crockery  top 
was  a  failure.  The  first  thing  was  not 
to  treat  the  front  of  the  house  as  ths 
all  in  all.  They  knew  it  was  very  effec- 
tive to  have  a  very  pretty  geometrical 
elevation,  bnt  it  was  very  frequently  s 
mockery,  a  delusion,  and  a  snare  in  ths 
building  of  a  town,  because  every  building 
had  a  front,  a  back,  and  two  sides*  Look 
what  London  was — blocks  of  houses  en- 
closing hollow  squares  within — yet  they 
would  realise  the  evil  of  leaving  visible 
a  side  that  in  no  way  corresponded  with 
the  front.  Cornices  were  about  the  worst 
temptation  that  could  fall  in  the  way  of 
a  frail  and  erring  architect;  let  them  avoid 
cornices,  unless  they  could  carry  them 
round,  but  if  they  could,  let  there  be  the 
cornice.  Let  them  play  with  the  sky-line; 
let  them  look  at  the  building,  whether 
running  up  into  a  cupola,  a  tower,  or  a 
pyramid ;  and  then  they  would  place  the 
cornice  in  its  proper  position,  not  as  itself 
the  sky-line,  but  as  the  base  of  the  roof- 
ing. The  cornice  must  be  subordinate  in 
a  London  building. 

As  to  buildings  for  towns,  they  must  not 
look  at  them  in  elevation,  but  they  must 
consider  what  they  were  at  any  point 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  off.  From  want 
of  this  precaution  the  new  hotel  at  the 
corner  of  Berkeley •  street,  overlooking  the 
north-east  corner  of  the  Green-park,  by 
Devonshire-house,  was  a  huge  deformity, 
although  it  might  have  had  a  good  effect, 
in  spite  of  its  tame  details,  with  a  better 
roof  and  more  conspicuous  chimneys. 
Bridgewater-house,  visible  from  the  same 
spot,  also  failed  from  its  chimneys  not 
being  bold  enough;  while  the  Victoria 
Hotel,  near  Buckingham  Palace,  was  en- 
titled to  much  praise.  Those  who  looked 
at  the  Euston,  Great  Western,  and  West- 
minster Pidace  Hotels,  and  then  at  the 
Victoria,  could  not  say  that  architecture 
had  not  been  progressing  in  London.  The 
Lecturer  then  referred  in  terms  of  praise 
to  a  building  which  had  been  erected, 
under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Wilkin- 
son, architect,  nearly  opposite  Crosby-hall, 


1861.] 


Lectures  at  the  Architectural  Exhibition. 


661 


in  Bishopsgate-street,  and  to  the  schools 
erected  by  Mr.  £.  M.  Barry,  in  Endell- 
street,  which  was  a  work  of  great  merit, 
in  a  neighbourhood  where  several  build- 
ings of  more  than  an  average  character 
were  found. 

In  the  City  there  were  many  sumptuous 
premises,  and  in  one  of  the  worst  and  most 
wretched  parts  of  Bethnal  Green,  Miss  Bur- 
dett  Coutts  had  built  a  range  of  palaces 
in  the  shape  of  lodging-houses,  which  had 
solidity  and  beauty,  and  were  full  of  in- 
habitants. He  had  directed  their  atten- 
tion to  many*parts  of  London,  but  he  had 
not  taken  bis  audience  to  Belgravia  or 
Tyburnia,  or  to  what  used  to  be  called 
North  Brompton,  but  was  now  designated 
South  Kensington ;  in  all  of  them  there 
were  large  houses  and  straight  streets, 
and  those  quarters  which  were  the  most 
recently  built  had  greater  height,  more 
evident  roofs,  and  better  details  in  ge- 
neral; but  there  were  points  even  about 
these  buildings  which  did  not  admit  of 
much  praise,  especially  the  use  of  compo 
and  the  repetition  of  sham  palaces  where 
houses  were  wanted. 

In  South  Kensington  there  was  a  build- 
ing, not  yet  risen  above  the  ground,  but 
which  would  be  completed  by  the  1st  of 
May,  1862 ;  he  meant  the  building  for  the 
Great  International  Exhibition,  which  is 
to  take  place  next  year.  He  should  have 
wished,  in  a  lecture  on  Architecture  in 
London,  to  have  wound  up  with  a  glowing 
panegyric  on  that  structure,  but,  with 
every  desire  to  see  the  Exhibition  success- 
ful, he  could  not  be  very  florid  or  enthu- 
siastic in  his  laudations.  He  feared  he 
must  express  something  not  very  far  dis- 
tant from  profound  disappointment  at  the 
design. 

The  lecturer  then  briefly  referred  to 
materials  used  in  building  in  London, 
which  ought  to  be  of  the  best  sort,  and  to 
the  polychromatic  development  of  mate- 
rials, especially  noticing  bricks.  The  way 
in  which  red,  white,  and  black  bricks  were 
mingled  in  many  modern  structures  was 
praiseworthy,  but  the  bricks  were  of  infe- 
rior quality,  and  would,  under  the  smoke, 
tone  down  to  a  uniform  chocolate  tint. 
Bricks  such  as  those  deep,  hard  red  ones, 
Gxht.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


for  example,  with  which  the  Hospital  at 
Milan  is  built,  ought  to  be  procured  if 
polychrome  architecture  was  to  become 
successful.  Greens,  too,  must  be  introduced; 
but  those  might  often  be  brought  in  in  the 
painting  of  the  window-frames,  Ac. 

He  had  exclusively  dealt  with  secular 
architecture,  and  he  had  done  so  because  he 
believed  the  brunt  of  the  battle  in  London 
would  be  felt  on  that  side.    Our  churches, 
with  their  spires  and  gables,  take  care  of 
themselves,  and,  in  fact,  our  ecclesiastical 
architecture  had  gone  on  improving  in 
the  metropolis ;  for  examples  of  which  he 
would  only  allude  to  Mr.  Butterfield's 
new  church  in  Baldwin's  Gardens  and  Mr. 
Street's  in  Garden-street,  Westminster. 
He  had  not  insisted  on  style.    The  words 
Classic,  Gothic,  or  Renaissance  had  not, 
he  believed,  passed  his  lips.  This  reticence 
did  not  arise  from  fear,  or  through  desire 
to  sail  under  false  colours.    He  was  a 
Goth,  and  a  Northern  Goth,  but  he  was 
willing  to  give  credit  to  the  best  teachers 
of  all  styles.    He  was  a  Northern  Goth 
from  conviction,  and  not  from  prejudice. 
He  had  insisted  on  the  sky-line,  on  the 
pyramid,  the  tower  and  the  cupola;   he 
pressed  for  coloured  materials.  Let  them* 
then,  consult  their  coldest  and  calmest 
judgment,  and  ask  in  which  style  these 
forms  and  methods  can  best  be  developed, 
— the  calmer  and  colder  that  judgment 
the  better,  and  if  they  did  not  answer, 
"  In  Gothic,"  all  he  would  say  was,  that 
he  would  be  much  surprised.    In  the  most 
picturesque  cities  all  the  buildings  were 
far  from  being  first-rate;   their  number 
gave  them  value :  and  so  the  site  of  Lon- 
don was  a  great  advantage.    There  was 
the  very  highest  architectural  talent  in 
London  now,  as  well  as  much  amount  of 
secondary  talent,  and  if  there  was  only 
something  like  unity  of  intention,  an  idea 
of  the  conformation  of  the  ground,  and  of 
the  view  of  the  buildings  from  all  points 
at  which  the  perspective  might  be  gained, 
London  might  be  made  infinitely  pictu- 
resque, by  the  numberless  contributions  of 
separate  items,  and  by  such  nfeans  this 
city  be  converted  into  a  metropolis  which 
would,  in  a  century  or  two,  be  a  name  all 
through  the  world  for  infinite  variety, 

4L 


662 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June 


beauty,  quaintness,  and  gracefulness  in  able,  instructive,  interesting,  and  sugges- 

archi lecture.  tive  lecture  was  carried  by  acclamation, 

On  the  motion  of  the  Chairman  a  vote  and  the  meeting  then  separated, 
of  thanks  to  Mr.  Beresford  Hope  for  his 


ECCLESIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


May  15.  A  Committee  meeting  was 
held  at  Arklow-house.  Present :  A.  J.  B. 
Beresford  Hope,  Esq.,  President,  in  the 
chair ;  J.  F.  France,  Esq.,  Rev.  T.  Helmore, 
Rev.  G.  H.  Hodson,  Rev.  Dr.  Jebb,  Rev. 
J.  H.  Sperling,  Rev.  W.  Scott,  R.  E.  E. 
Warburton,  Esq.,  and  Rev.  B.  Webb. 

Sir  Francis  Scott;  Bart.,  was  added  to 
the  committee. 

A  memorial  to  the  Institute  of  British 
Architects,  on  the  subject  of  the  destruc- 
tive church  restoration  now  encouraged 
by  the  French  Government,  drawn  up  in 
accordance  with  a  resolution  passed  at  the 
last  meeting  •,  was  read  by  the  President. 

The  President  reported  that,  with  a  view 
to  the  proper  representation  of  architec- 
ture in  the  International  Exhibition  of 
1862,  a  representative  architectural  com- 
mittee had  been  formed,  by  the  addition 
of  delegates  from  all  the  architectural 
societies  in  London  to  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  The 
President  being  already  a  member  of  this 
representative  committee  in  another  capa- 
city, the  Rev.  W.  Scott,  chairman  of  com- 
mittees, and  the  Rev.  B.  Webb,  secretary, 
were  elected  as  the  delegates  from  the 
Ecclesiological  Society. 

Mr.  Clarke  exhibited  some  very  curious 
coloured  tracings  of  tempera  painting,  dis- 
covered lately  in  the  jambs  of  the  east 
window  and  over  the  chancel-arch  in 
Kimpton  Church,  Herts.  The  subject  of 
the  paintings  in  the  chancel-arch  appeared 
to  be  the  Works  of  Mercy.  A  very  im- 
portant design,  by  Mr.  Clarke,  for  a  church 
at  Point  de  Gaile,  Ceylon,  was  minutely 
examined;  and  the  committee  strongly 
n  commended  a  groined  roof  and  a  diminu- 
tion of  window-space.  Mr.  Clarke  also 
exhibited  his  designs  for  a  grammar-school, 
master's  house,  and  parochial  school,  at 
Lymm,  in  Cheshire. 

•  Osmt.  Mao.,  May,  1861,  p.  Ml. 


Mr.  Slater  explained  the  discoveries  of 
Anglo-Saxon  openings  and  details  under 
the  whitewash  in  Deerhurat  Church,  Glou- 
cestershire. He  guaranteed  the  careful 
preservation  of  every  such  fragment.  The 
committee  examined  his  drawings  for  the 
rebuilding  of  Harpenden  Church,  Herts, 
and  for  the  chapel,  now  about  to  be  pro- 
ceeded with,  at  St.  John's  College,  Hurst- 
pierpoint 

The  decorations  of  the  choir  of  8t  Paul's 
Cathedral,  and  especially  of  the  proposed 
baldachin,  as  designed  by  Mr.  Penrose,  in 
accordance  with  Sir  Christopher  Wren's 
sketches,  were  considered. 

Mr.  Bodley  communicated  to  the  com- 
mittee that  there  was  some  unforeseen 
difficulty  in  respect  of  the  proposed  site 
for  his  new  church  of  All  Saints,  Cam- 
bridge; and  the  committee  expressed  a 
strong  hope  that  this  obstacle  to  changing 
the  site  might  lead  to  the  rebuilding  of 
the  church  in  its  old  place. 

Mr.  Seddon  exhibited  designs  by  Mr. 
Pricbard  and  himself,  for  the  new  church 
of  Llandogo,  Monmouthshire,  a  new  schcol 
at  Dewclmrch,  Herefordshire,  a  new  par- 
sonage at  Kentchurch,  Monmouthshire, 
and  also  for  the  restorations  at  Holmer, 
Herefordshire,  and  Nash,  Monmouthshire. 

Mr.  Barges  exhibited  his  designs  for 
altering  the  church  at  Hoddesdon  into 
something  of  an  ecclesiastical  character. 

Mr.  Buckeridge's  designs  for  the  re- 
storation of  Trallong  Church,  Brecknock- 
shire, were  examined;  and  also  the  de- 
signs, by  Messrs.  Walton  and  Robson,  for 
a  small  school,  now  building  at  Shincliffe, 
near  Durham;  for  a  slate  spire,  to  be 
added  to  the  tower  of  the  (modern)  church 
at  Siiincliffe ;  and  for  several  secular  works, 
including  a  shop-front  and  some  furniture. 
Mr.  Robson  also  forwarded  for  inspection 
drawings  of  the  beautiful  First-Pointed 
bases  which  he  is  now  uncovering  on  the 
exterior  of  the  north  end  of  the  chapel  of 


1861.] 


Ethnological  Society. 


663 


the  Nine  Altars,  in  Durham  Cathedral. 
These  bases  are  nearly  the  only  remains 
at  Durham  which  have  not  been  chiselled 
over  or  restored.  They  shew  the  real  old 
wall-face  of  the  thirteenth -century  masons, 
and  are  of  rare  beauty. 

The  committee  further  examined  Mr. 
W.  M.  Teuton's  revised  designs  for  a  mor- 
tuary chapel  at  Bryn-y-  I'ys ;  Mr.  St.  Au- 
byn's  designs  for  some  large  schools  in 
connection  with  the  parish  church  of  St. 
James,  Devonport;  Mr.  Street's  designs 
for  the  gradual  rebuilding  of  Bournemouth 
Church ;  for  the  restoration  of  the  church 
of  Wootton  Rivers,  Wilts;  for  the  re- 
storation of  Pewsey  Church,  Wilts;  for 
the  restoration  and  enlargement  of  St. 
Fagan's;  for  an  addition  to  the  modern 
church  of  Sonningdale;  and  some  car- 
toons for  stained  glass,  in  every  different 
style,  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Wren. 


A  series  of  drawings  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Ten- 
Ion  was  examined  They  comprised  the 
designs  for  a  new  church  at  Woodchester, 
Gloucestershire;  for  a  rectory  at  Pagle- 
sham,  Essex  (in  two  forms);  perspective 
views  of  his  churches  at  Pentonville  and 
Victoria  Docks;  details  of  bis  transforma- 
tion of  the  tower  of  Sunbury  Church, 
Middlesex ;  plans  for  a  drinking- fountain 
to  be  built  in  the  parish  of  St.  Ai  argtuvt, 
Westminster ;  the  drawings  of  tbe  water- 
tower  at  Elvetham-house,  Hants,  with 
photographs  of  some  sculpture  lately 
finished  for  that  mansion;  drawings  of 
cottages.  &c.,  for  Hambarton,  Yorkshire, 
Wavendon,  Bucks,  Oxen  wood,  Wilts ;  and 
numerous  designs  for  new  Pointed  houses 
at  Canterbury,  Cobham  in  Surrey,  and 
other  places,  beside  a  small  school-house 
for  Coniscliffe,  Durham. 


ETHNOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


March  19.  Johv  Cbawfurd,  Esq., 
President,  in  the  chair. 

The  following  were  elected  Fellows : — 
D.  Mackintosh,  F.G.S.,  W.  Jordan,  and 
John  Murray,  Esqs. 

Robert  Knox,  M.D.,  read  a  paper,  "On 
some  Early  Forms  of  Civilization."  The 
author  considered  that  in  the  early  dawn 
of  history  there  were  four  distinct  and 
original  forms  of  civilization  among  races 
of  men  remote  from  each  other,  and  all 
of  them  remarkably  antagonistic  to  the 
Western  races.  The  regions  in  which  these 
original  forms  of  civilization  existed  were 
Egypt,  India,  China,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Euphrates  and  Tigris ;  and  the  races  occu- 
pying them  were  the  Copt,  the  Mongol, 
the  Hindoo,  and  the  Assyrian.  Those 
races  always  presented  unmistakeable  dif- 
ferences in  physical  organization  and  in 
moral  character,  as  proved  by  historical 
as  well  as  by  sculptural  evidence,  through 
thousands  of  years.  The  unchangeable  na- 
ture of  their  forms  of  civilization  was, 
the  author  contended,  as  remarkable  as 
the  constancy  of  their  historical  characters. 
One  of  those  races,  tbe  Coptic,  had  censed 
to  exist;  but  so  long  as  it  retained  the 
semblance  of  a  people,  it  seemed  not  to 


have  undergone  any  change.  Dr.  Knox 
combated  some  of  the  opinions  expressed 
by  Volney,  and  considered  it  certain  that, 
though  the  Arab  and  other  foreign  races 
have  displaced  the  native  Copts  from  the 
soil  of  Egypt,  the  remains  of  that  race, 
unaltered  physically,  still  wander  by  the 
banks  of  the  Nile.  The  four  ancient  races 
of  which  the  author  treated  differed  from 
each  other  in  their  physical  organization, 
social  conditions,  in  their  literature  and 
language,  architecture  and  fine  arts,  and 
in  their  modes  of  warfare.  Their  forms 
of  religion  were  also  different.  Each  of 
those  races,  he  contended,  had  invented 
its  distinct  form  of  civilization.  Dr.  Knox 
said  he  did  not  wish  it  to  be  understood 
that  in  his  opinion  no  civilized  races  had 
previously  existed;  on  the  contrary,  he 
believed  there  had  been  many  such,  but 
that  their  monuments  had  disappeared. 
The  Assyrian  race,  with  its  distinct  form 
of  civilization,  appeared  subsequently  to 
the  three  races  before  mentioned.  That 
people  had  a  written  language  of  signs 
peculiar  to  themselves;  aud  their  arts, 
though  in  gome  respects  resembling  those 
of  the  Copts,  presented  striking  diffe- 
rences.   The  author  then  alluded  to  the 


664 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


far  higher  form  of  civilization  of  the  an- 
cient Greeks,  which  when  contrasted,  by 
their  monuments,  with  those  of  the  four 
ancient  races  before  noticed,  shewed  that 
there  was  an  impassable  gulf  between 
the  minds  of  the  races  which  fashioned 
those  different  forms  of  art.  The  paper 
concluded  with  some  remarks  on  the  Arab 
race. 

In  the  discussion  that  ensued,  Dr.  La- 
tham expressed  a  decided  difference  from 
Dr.  Knox  respecting  the  invention  of  forma 
of  civilization.  He  maintained  that  civili- 
zation arises  from  different  masses  of  men, 
having  different  wants,  coming  together 
and  mixing  together ;  and  that  it  is  the 
result  of  circumstances,  and  does  not  de- 
pend on  distinctions  of  race. 

A  second  paper  was  then  read  by  Mr. 
Parker  Snow,  giving  an  account  of  his 
visit  to  Tierra  del  Fuego  in  1855  to  dis- 
cover a  native,  named  Jemmy  Button,  who 
had  been  brought  to  this  country  about 
twenty  years  before,  and  after  having  been 
educated  and  civilized,  was  taken  back  with 
the  hope  that  by  his  influence  the  other 
Fuegians  might  be  improved.  The  ex- 
periment had  proved  a  failure,  for  Jemmy 
Button  was  found  to  have  returned  to  his 
savage  state,  and  his  tribe  was  in  every 
respect  worse  than  others.  It  appeared 
from  Mr.  Snow's  statement  that  a  hostile 
feeling  exists  among  the  Fuegians  to  the 
Europeans,  because  many  of  their  children 
have  been  taken  away  to  a  missionary 
station  in  the  Falkland  Islands,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  them  Christians. 

April  3.  John  Crawfubd,  Esq.,  in 
the  chair.  Andrew  Lang  and  E.  V.  Gard- 
ner, Esqrs.,  were  elected  Fellows. 

A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  Mackintosh 
on  the  classification  of  the  inhabitants  of 
England  and  Wales.  The  author  contended 
that  in  different  counties,  or  ethnological 
areas,  in  England,  there  are  indications 
of  distinct  types  of  different  races.  The 
Scandinavian,  the  Gaelic,  and  other  races 
who  have  invaded  and  colonised  this  coun- 
try at  various  periods,  are,  he  believes,  still 
perceptible  in  their  descendants,  who  have 
settled  in  .different  parts  of  England,  and 


he  exhibited  numeroas  partraita,  which  he 
considered  to  represent  the  characteristic 
features  of  the  inhabitants]  of  different 
counties. 

In  the  discussion  at  the  concloskn  of 
the  paper,  the  Chairman  oipiosaod  the 
opinion  that  a  large  portion  of  the  popula- 
tion of  England  is  British  ;  for  the  Britons 
were  partially  civilized  when  the  country 
was  invaded  by  the  Romans,  and  a  civi- 
lized people  are  never  exterminated  by 
invaders. 

April  16.  John  Cbawftkd,  Esq.,  in 
the  chair.  Jamea  W.  Fleming,  F.R.C.S, 
Surg.  37th  Regt ;  Bey.  John  Hay,  Rev.  J. 
Cave  Browne,  Thomas  Nells,  Jamea  Rome, 
M.A.;  N.  E.  Stanbridge,  Luke  Burke,  R. 
W.  Haynes,  Esq.,F.ILS.L.;  M.J.Anketel], 
E.  Atkinson,  Thomas  Bateman  and  Edw. 
Osborne  Smith,  F.S.A.,  F.R.Q.S.,  wen 
elected  Fellows. 

Mr.  Vaux  read  a  paper  communicated 
by  Dr.  Hector  and  himself  on  the  Indian 
tribes  of  North  America  met  with  by  the 
expedition,  commanded  by  Captain  Fslli- 
ser,  for  the  exploration  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  in  the  years  1867 — 60.  The 
various  tribes  encountered  were  estimated 
not  to  exceed  in  number  28,000  souls, 
including  all  those  to  the  west  of  the 
Sascatchewan,  and  they  are  rapidly  di- 
minishing by  the  ravages  of  the  small-pox* 
by  drinking  spirits,  and  by  wars  among 
themselves.  The  wasteful  manner  in  which 
the  prairie  Indians  hunt  the  buffalo  is  also 
exhausting  their  only  means  of  support. 

In  the  discussion  that  followed  the  read- 
ing of  the  paper,  the  Chairman  and  other 
speakers  alluded  to  the  half-breeds,  who 
are  numerous  and  influential  in  some  parte 
of  North  America,  and  the  moat  likely 
means  of  civilizing  the  Indiana,  and  induc- 
ing them  to  settle.  The  missionaries  have 
been  very  active,  and  some  entire  tribes 
have  been  converted  to  Christianity ;  but 
they  retain  their  wandering  mode  of  life, 
and  unless  they  settle  down  and  cultivate 
the  soil,  such  partial  civilization,  it  was 
affirmed,  would  not  prevent  the  speedy 
extermination  of  the  North  American 
Indians. 


1861.]     London  and  Middx.  and  Surrey  Archaol.  Societies.     665 


NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY. 


April  26.  W.  S.  W.  Vaux,  Esq., 
President,  in  the  chair. 

Sir  Henry  Dryden,  Bart.,  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  Warren,  of  Ixworth,  exhibited  a 
cast  of  a  third-brass  legionary  coin  of 
Carausius.  The  device  on  the  reverse  is 
a  ram  standing  to  the  right,  and  it  bears 
on  the  exergue  the  letters  M.  l.,  shewing 
that  it  was  issued  from  the  London  mint. 
Of  the  legend  only  the  final  ir  is  visible, 
but  it  would  appear  from  specimens  pub- 
lished by  Stukeley  and  others  that  when 
complete  it  stood  leg.  vni.  in.  There  is 
some  doubt  whether  this  IK  was  not  pre- 
ceded by  some  other  letter ;  if  so,  it  was 
probably  an  M,  and  the  title  of  the  legion 
minebvta,  and  not  invicta,  as  would  be 
suggested  by  IN. 

Mr.  R.  Stuart  Poole  communicated  an 
account  of  a  copper  coin  of  the  class  struck 
after  the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
and  before  the  assumption  of  regal  titles 
by  his  generals.  The  coin  is  hitherto 
unpublished,  and  bears  on  the  obverse 


a  youthful  male  head  clothed  in  the  skin 
of  an  elephant's  head,  with  the  proboscis 
in  front.  The  type  of  the  reverse  is  an 
anchor,  with  the  legend  aaehanapo. 

That  of  the  obverse  is  well  known,  and 
tetradrachms  bearing  a  similar  head  have 
been  assigned  to  the  younger  Alexander, 
the  son  of  Roxana,  which  by  M.  Pinder 
are  considered  to  have  been  struck  by 
Ptolemy  I.  Copper  coins  with  this  type 
on  the  obverse  are  also  known,  but  the 
remarkable  feature  of  the  present  coin  is 
its  having  the  anchor,  the  famous  badge 
of  Seleucus,  on  the  reverse.  It  was,  there- 
fore, probably  struck  by  Seleucus  before 
his  assumptiou  of  the  regal  title,  and  the 
Alexander  whose  name  it  bears  can  only 
be  Alexander  the  Great  or  his  son  of  the 
same  name.  The  coin  is  of  great  interest, 
as  shewing  that  for  a  time  Seleucus  pro- 
bably governed  only  in  the  name  of  Alex- 
ander or  his  son,  in  the  same  way  as  is  by 
hieroglyphic  inscriptions  shewn  to  have 
'been  the  case  with  Ptolemy  in  Egypt. 


LONDON  AND  MIDDLESEX  AND  SURREY  ARCK2EOLOGICAL 

SOCIETIES. 


4pril  16.  H.  C.  Cootb,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
in  the  chair. 

Robert  Helsham,  Esq.,  contributed  a 
paper  on  the  discovery  of  Stone  Hatchets, 
Spear-heads  and  Arrow  heads  in  the  gravel 
of  the  Valley  of  the  Somme  in  France. 

J.  Wickham  -  Flower,  Esq.,  exhibited 
several  specimens  of  the  flint  implements 
referred  to  by  Mr.  Helsham. 

Mr.  Deputy  Lott,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  the 
silver-gilt  mace  of  the  Cordwaiuers'  Ward. 
The  head  of  the  mace  is  surmounted  by  an 
arched  crown,  under  which  are  the  Royal 
arms,  viz.,  1  and  4  France  and  England 
quarterly,  2  Scotland,  3  Ireland,  surrounded 
by  the  garter  with  legend  honi  soit,  Ac. 
The  Rose,  Thistle,  Harp,  and  Fleur-de-lis 
are  embossed  on  the  circular  head.  The 
handle  is  almost  covered  with  inscrip- 
tions, which,  reading  from  the  base,  are  as 
follows : — 

M  This  maee  wass  bought  by  y*  inquest  of 


Cordwayner  Ward,  Anno  Dom.  1669,  for 
y#  use  of  y*  Ward  in  y*  year  '70.  Peeter 
Houblon  fforeman;  Richd.  Willford;  Robt. 
Stacy e;  Joshuah  Hotchkis;  Lewes  New- 
bery ;  Daniell  Vinean  ;  William  Peirce  ; 
Henry  Maddison;  Richard  Dank;  Ar- 
thur Roy  croft;  Thomas  Barnar;  Thomas 
Cooper;  Thomas  Nicholls;  EdmondGreene." 

"  This  mace  was  new  gilt  and  the  cross 
added  in  the  year  17S3,  by  Mr.  John 
Lancashire,  Common  Council!  man  of  y' 
Upper  Precint  of  St.  Mary  Aldermary." 

"  This  mace  was  repaired  and  new  gilt 
at  the  expense  of  Mr.  Deputy  William 
Poole  in  the  year  1776." 

"  This  mace  was  regilt  in  the  year  1855, 
David  Salomons,  Esq'*,  Alderman  of  Cord- 
wainers'  Ward,  Lord  Mayor." 

Mr.  Deputy  Lott  also  exhibited  a  knife, 
fork,  and  bottle  of  pins  found  in  a  recent 
excavation  in  Thames- street.  The  knife, 
from  its  peculiar  construction,  is  probably 
a  weaver's  knife. 

Joseph  Jackson   Howard,   F.S.A.,  ex- 


666 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


hibited  a  small  veil  am  roll,  containing  the 
pedigre  of  John  Halt  of  London,  attorney 
of  Guildhall  a.d.  1634,  illustrated  with 
various  shields  of  arms  emblazoned  in  their 
proper  colours.  The  following  note  is  at 
the  commencement  of  the  pedigree : — "  It 
dooth  apeere  by  diners  deeds,  writings  and 
monuments  that  the  Ayncestores  of  this 
Richard  Hatt  have  continewed  genteslmen 
and  liued  in  Leckhampton  in  the  Conn'  of 
Barkshier  A°.  the  sixt  of  King  H.  the  8th, 
and  there  doo  still  Remaine."  The  arms  and 
crest  are  beautifully  emblazoned  at  the  foot 
of  the  pedigree,  and  may  be  thus  de- 
scribed :— Arms — Quarterly,  argent  and 
gules,  on  a  bend  sable  three  chaplets  or ; 
Crest — A  falcon's  head  quarterly,  argent 
and  gules,  between  two  wings  expanded 
sable. 

Under  the  arms  is  this  note : — 

"  The  coppie  of  this  Descent  with  the 
armes,  creaste  and  matches,  that  by  the 
direction  of  Thomas  Thompson,  Esquier, 
Lanckaster  Herald  of  armes,  as  it  is  entred 
in  the  Visitation  of  London  made  by  Sr 
Henry  St.  George,  Richmond  Herald,  anno 
1634,  now  Norroy  King  of  armes,  and 
Remaneth  upon  Recorde  in  the  office  of 
Armes,  and  now  Draune  and  Pay n ted, 
finished  this  Second  of  August  1640,  by 
me  John  Taylor." 

Edward  Basil  Jupp,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  ex- 
hibited a  series  of  pen  and  ink  drawings, 
by  Thomas  Stothard,  RA.,  of  the  cos- 
tumet  of  all  the  Orders  of  monks  and 
nuns  in  England,  with  a  list  of  the  re- 
ligious houses. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Overall  read  a  paper  on  the 
Boar's  Head  in  Great  Eastcheap,  and  ex- 


hibited, by  permission  of  the  churchwarden! 
of  St.  Michael's,  Crooked-lane,  the  silver 
drinking-cup  and  snuff-box  nstd  in  the 
house.  It  appears  after  the  closing  of  the 
Boar's  Head  these  articles,  which  had  been 
nsed-by  the  vestry  meeting  at  that  place, 
were  removed  to  the  Mason's  Arms.  They 
are  now  in  the  possession  of  the  church- 
wardens of  the  parish.  On  the  lid  of  the 
snuff-box  is  a  representation  of  the  exterior 
of  the  Boar's  Head,  and  within  is  an  almost 
obliterated  inscription,  recording  that  the 
box  was  the  gift  of  8ir  Richard  Gore  for 
the  use  of  the  vestry  meeting  at  the  Boar's 
Head  Tavern,  and  that  it  was  repaired  and 
beautified  by  his  successor,  Mr.  John  Pack- 
ard, 1767.  The  cup  was  presented  by  Sir 
Francis  Wythers,  Rnt. 

The  stone  sign  of  the  Boar's  Head,  set 
up  in  1668,  is  now  in  the  Museum  attached 
to  the  Guildhall  Library. 

Charles  Baily,  Esq.,  exhibited  an  im- 
pressed leather  binding,  on  which  are 
represented  the  arms  of  Henry  VIIL, 
(France  and  England  quarterly,)  supported 
on  the  dexter  side  by  a  dragon,  and  on  the 
sinister  by  a  greyhound.  On  either  side 
of  the  Royal  arms  are  two  escocheons,  the 
dexter  charged  with  a  plain  cross,  and  the 
sinister  with  the  arms  of  the  City  of 
London.  On  the  reverse  is  represent*! 
the  Tudor  rose  surrounded  by  legend 
and  supported  by  angels.  At  the  base  of 
the  composition  is  the  pomegranate,  the 
Arragon  badge.  The  date  of  the  binding 
(which  is  in  remarkable  preservation)  is 
about  1515. 


CAMBRIDGE  ARCHITECTURAL  SOCIETY. 


April  18.  The  first  meeting  in  the 
Easter  term,  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Beamoxt, 
M.A.,  Trinity  College,  in  the  chair. 

J.  W.  Clark,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Trinity  Col- 
lege, read  a  paper  on  the  Cathedral  of  St. 
Magnus,  Kirkwall.  He  remarked  that 
nearly  all  the  historical  documents  re- 
specting the  church  of  St.  Magnus  have 
unfortunately  perished.  The  authorities 
for  its  history  are  therefore  the  Orkney- 
inga  Saga,  some  documents  printed  in  the 
"  Orkney  Rentals,"  and  some  late  registers 


of  the  eighteenth  century.  These  autho- 
rities are  frequently  contradictory,  and 
manifestly  erroneous.  Much,  however, 
may  be  done  by  a  careful  comparison  of 
the  mnsons'  marks,  which  abound  through- 
out the  building.  Generally  it  may  be 
stated  that  there  is  evidently  a  great  deal 
of  copying  in  it,  which  renders  the  deter- 
mination of  the  age  of  particular  portions 
difficult.  It  was  founded  by  Earl  Ronald 
in  A.D.  1138,  in  fulfilment  of  a  vow  that, 
if  successful  in  his  contest  for  the  earldom. 


1861.] 


Cambridge  Architectural  Society. 


667 


he  would  dedicate  a  church  to  his  martyred 
uncle  Magnus.  The  work  became  too  ex- 
pensive for  his  means,  was  delayed  in 
consequence,  and  finally  resumed  with 
fresh  funds  by  the  sale  of  seignorial  rights. 
The  portions  built  by  him  are  clearly,  the 
transepts  and  the  three  western  bays  of 
the  choir,  which  are  all  in  a  plain  Roman- 
esque style.  The  nave,  exclusive  of  the 
last  three  bays  to  the  west,  is  rather  later, 
as  is  the  crossing,  and  was  probably  built 
by  Ronald,  after  he  got  fresh  funds,  or 
perhaps  by  his  successor.  The  west  front 
is  a  fine  specimen  of  First-Pointed,  and, 
before  the  alternating  red  and  yellow  sand- 
stones of  which  the  arches  are  composed 
were  worn  away,  must  have  presented 
a  beautiful  polychromatic  effect.  Who- 
ever built  this  front  also  built  the  last  two 
bays  of  the  nave,  in  the  same  style  as  the 
rest  of  the  older  work,  with  the  exception 
of  their  roof,  which  was  only  added  a  few 
years  ago,  in  wood.  The  tradition  that 
the  Earl  of  Caithness,  who  "  went  about 
to  demolish  and  throw  down  the  church," 
began  by  destroying  that,  seems  unworthy 
of  credence. 

Tbe  eastern  portion  of  the  choir  is  a  very 
fine  specimen  of  Second-Pointed,  with  a 
large  window  of  good  tracery.  The  whole 
of  the  roof  was  groined  afresh,  and  raised, 
to  suit  the  new  style,  as  was  the  transept- 
roof. 

The  upper  story  of  the  tower  is  Second- 
Pointed.  It  originally  bad  a  spire,  which 
was  struck  by  lightning  and  burnt  on  Jan. 
9,  1671,  "to  the  great  astonishment  and 
terrification  of  the  beholders." 

At  present  the  church  is  respected  and 
cared  for  by  the  Presbyterians,  after  their 
fashion — if  to  block  up  the  choir  with 
pews  and  galleries,  and  separate  it  and  its 
aisles  from  the  nave  with  a  high  screen  of 
deal  planking,  be  to  respect  a  building. 
There  are  admirable  drawings  of  it  in 
Billing's  "  Baronial  and  Ecclesiastical  An- 
tiquities of  Scotland.' 


»» 


May  2.  The  Rev.  the  President  in 
the  chair. 

Mr.  H.  Lafone,  St.  John's  College,  read 
a  paper  upon  the  Monumental  Brasses 
of  Cambridgeshire.     The  paper  entered 


into  the  usual  particulars  of  brasses,  be- 
side noting  some  local  peculiarities,  which 
were  illustrated  by  rubbings.  Mr.  Lafone 
remarked  that  it  was  some  time  since  these 
interesting  memorials  had  been  brougBt 
before  the  notice  of  the  Society ;  and  as 
there  were  many  new  members,  he  thought 
he  might  be  excused  for  doing  so.  He 
also  stated  that  one  reason  that  made  him 
speak  of  them  was  that  he  had  been  try- 
ing several  experiments  to  obtain  a  diffe- 
rent material  for  rubbing  them,  which 
would  produce  a  more  exact  resemblance 
to  the  original  brass,  and  he  thought  he 
had  at  length  succeeded  by  a  preparation 
of  bees'-wax  and  bronze.  He  exhibited 
several  specimens,  the  most  successful  of 
which  was  one  upon  black  calico,  on 
which  the  bronze  tone  of  the  figures  shewed 
clearly. 

May  16.  The  Rev.  H.  R.  Luabd,  M.A., 
in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  G.  Williams  completed  his 
description  of  tbe  churches  he  had  seen 
in  Georgia b.  The  two  to  which  he  now 
drew  attention  were  those  of  the  As- 
sumption and  of  the  Twelve  Apostles, 
at  Mtzkh£tha.  Mtzkb£tha  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  Georgia,  and  was  formerly 
a  large  and  flourishing  town,  but  since 
the  country  has  been  ceded  to  the  Rus- 
sians, it  has  declined,  and  is  now  merely 
a  village.  St.  Nina  is  reputed  to  be  the 
foundress;  she  was  an  early  Christian 
saint — a  slave  in  Georgia.  The  account 
of  her  states  that  when  the  infant  of  her 
mistress  was  ill,  and  apparently  dying, 
she  prayed  for  it,  and  it  recovered.  The 
Queen  heard  of  this,  and  some  time  after, 
her  infant  being  very  ill,  she  sent  for 
St.  Nina,  that  she  might  restore  it.  St. 
Nina  stated  that  she  had  no  power  to 
work  miracles,  but  that  she  could  pray 
for  the  child,  which  she  did,  and  it  pleased 
God  to  restore  it,  upon  which  the  Queen 
and  many  others  were  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity. 

Both  these  churches  are  enclosed  in 
a  kremlin,  or  fortified  court,  and  within 
the  same  walls  there  is  also  a  very  small 

*  8m  Quit.  Mao.,  April,  1861,  p.  429. 


668 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


chapel*  with  a  central  lantern,  which  is 
reputed  to  have  been  the  oratory  of  St. 
Nina.  The  church  of  the  Assumption  baa 
a  very  strong  resemblance  to  that  of  St. 
Saba,  at  Sanhara,  described  before.  The 
<4|plan  is  that  of  a  Greek  cross,  with  aisles, 
making  the  exterior  walls  a  simple  paralle- 
logram. To  the  church,  on  the  south  side, 
is  attached  a  small  chapel,  which  is  used 
by  the  nuns  for  daily  prayer ;  and  on  the 
north  side  is  a  curious  chamber,  which 
contained  several  oil-jars,  and  seemed  to 
be  used  as  a  kind  of  storehouse  for  requi- 
sites of  the  church.  To  the  western  columns 
of  the  lantern  are  two  chairs,  of  black 
marble:  the  one  on  the  north  for  the 
Archimandrite ;  that  on  the  south  is  cano- 
pied, and  is  the  chair  of  the  Catholicus. 
The  screen  here  is  a  very  ancient  piece  of 
Byzantine  work,  and  is  remarkable  in  being 
open,  and  having  no  "  icons."  The  church 
of  the  Twelve  Apostles  is  much  larger  and 
more  important  than  the  other ;  in  it  the 
kings  of  Georgia  were  crowned  from  the 
earliest  times  down  to  the  last  century, 
and  here  also  they  were  buried,  and  the 
floor  is  now  covered  with  the  memorials  of 
ancient  kings.  The  form  of  the  church 
differs  from  others  in  having  aisles  to  the 
transepts.  The  altar  here  is  brought  very 
far  forward  to  the  bay  between  the  eastern 
aisles  of  the  transepts.  The  iconostasis 
here  is  modern  and  very  inferior  to  what 
the  old  one  must  have  been,  judging  from 
some  remnants  which  are  now  tilted  up 


against  the  south  wall  of  the  transept. 
Within  the  south  arch  of  the  .nave  is  the 
sacred  column,  which  is  built  up  and  railed 
round,  and  held  in  great  veneration.  The 
legend  says  that  the  seamless  coat  of  our 
Lord  fell  to  the  lot  of  a  Georgian  soldier, 
who  carried  it  away  with  htm  to  Georgia, 
and  though  it  was  lost  for  some  time,  it 
was  found  by  a  miraculous  outpouring  of 
oil  from  this  column.  Against  the  south 
wall  of  the  west  aisle  of  the  transept  is  pre- 
served the  ancient  throne  of  the  Georgian 
kings,  and  another  curious  thing  is  a  model 
of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem,  which 
is  placed  against  the  south  wall  of  the 
narthex.  This  is  another  proof,  beside 
those  mentioned  in  former  lectures,  of  the 
frequency  of  Georgian  pilgrimages  to  the 
Holy  Land.  Before  concluding,  Mr.  Wil- 
liams exhibited  an  impression  of  the  ancient 
seal  of  the  Georgian  kings.  The  family 
claim  to  be  descended  directly  from  King 
Solomon,  and  in  consequence  of  this  claim 
their  arms  are  composed  of  some  of  the 
characteristic  features  of  Solomon's  temple. 

Mr.  Luard  returned  thanks  to  Mr.  Wil- 
liams for  his  very  interesting  lecture.  He 
also  stated  that  the  syndicate  appointed 
with  respect  to  Great  St.  Mary's  Church 
had  given  in  their  report,  and  he  believed 
the  work  of  restoration  would  be  pro- 
ceeded with  immediately. 

After  some  conversation  with  respect 
both  to  Mr.  Williams's  lecture  and  Great 
St.  Mary's,  the  meeting  adjourned. 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES,  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 


\ 


April  3.  J.  H.  Hindi,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair. 

Dr.  Charlton  introduced  to  the  notice 
of  the  meeting  an  iron  fire-dog,  that  had 
been  found  on  the  1st  of  March,  eight 
feet  deep  in  moss,  in  the  cuttings  of  the 
Border  Counties  Railway,  at  Keilder 
Castle.  He  remarked  that  it  was  very 
difficult  to  say  whether  the  dog  was  of 
ancient  workmanship  or  somewhat  modern, 
because  the  ancient  workmanship  was  pre- 
served in  the  western  districts  so  long.  It 
was  certainly  of  a  peculiar  old  pattern, 
and  might  have  been  kept  in  a  good  state 
9 


of  preservation  by  being  imbedded  in  the 
moss. 

On  the  proposition  of  Dr.  Charlton, 
the  Rev,  Dr.  Hume,  of  Liverpool,  was 
elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  Society. 
The  Chairman  alluded  to  the  fact  that  Dr. 
Hume  was  the  founder  of  the  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire  Society,  and  noticed  the 
valuable  papers  published  by  them  on 
Roman  stations  and  Roman  roads  in 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire. 

A  paper  on  Chichester  Cathedral,  by  Mr. 
E.  Thompson,was  read.  It  embraced  in- 
teresting facts  in  the  history  of  the  cathe- 


]  861 .]         Society  of  Antiquaries,  Newcastle-upon-  Tyne.  669 


dral  from  its  foundation  to  the  recent 
subsidence  of  the  spire. 

Dr.  Charlton  read  a  paper  on  the  Early 
English  Poetical  MS.  recently  laid  before 
the  Society  by  Lord  Ravensworth,  which 
was  a  fine  folio,  in  excellent  preservation. 
It  proved  to  be  a  nearly  perfect  copy 
of  Gower's  Confessio  Amantis.  MS.  copies, 
he  remarked,  were  found  in  several  public 
libraries,  the  Bodleian  having  no  less  than 
ten ;  but  neither  the  Bodleian  nor  the  Bri- 
tish Museum  copies  were  so  perfect  as  this. 
One  leaf  was  unfortunately  missing,  which 
might  have  thrown  some  light  on  the  date 
of  the  poem.  'J  he  illuminations  were  in 
the  style  of  the  fifteenth  century ;  possibly 
about  1450,  or  nearly  half  a  century  after 
Gower's  death.  The  volume  had  been 
found  in  the  library  at  Ravensworth,  and 
in  it  were  several  entries,  in  the  hands  of 
various  reigns,  stating  that  "  Joe  Gower, 
poet,  Laureate,  wrote  this  book." 

May  1.  M.  Wheatlbt,  Esq.,  the  Trea- 
surer, in  the  chair. 

It  was  mentioned  that  Mr.  Hinde  bad 
presented  a  singularly  rude  holy -water- 
stoup,  which  he  found  in  excavating  the 
ruins  of  St.  Ebba's  chapel,  at  Ebb's  Nook, 
near  Beadnell,  a  few  years  ago,  when  an 
old  font  was  also  found;  and  that  Dr. 
Howard,  of  Lee,  had  presented  a  rubbing 
of  a  very  curious  binding  on  a  volume 
printed  by  Jeban  Petit  in  1510,  and  which 
had  in  the  middle  of  the  same  century 
been  owned  by  "  Obadiah  Ghoasip."  It 
presents  the  crowned  arms  of  Henry  VIII., 
supported  by  the  dragon,  allusive  to  his 
descent  from  Cadwaladyr,  and  the  Tudor 
greyhound,  not  collared.  At  the  side  are 
two  escocheons  of  the  arms  of  St.  George, 
and  those  of  the  City  of  London.  On  the 
reverse  is  the  Tudor  rose,  surrounded 
with  good  wishes  for  the  dynasty  whose 
cognizance  it  was,  supported  by  two  angels 
(the  French  supporters),  and  surmount- 
ing the  pomegranate  of  Cathariue  of 
Arragon. 

Dr.  Charlton  exhibited  two  thin  MS. 
books  of  recipes,  very  closely  written,  one 
for  drawing  and  colouring,  the  other  for 
the  food  of  man,  and  for  the  curing  of  all 
diseases  whereuuto  his  flesh  if  heir.    "  To 

Gbvt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


make  one  seme  yonge  longe,  to  purge  the 
winde,  and  cleare  the  siglite,"  it  is  only 
necessary  to  "make  a  powder  of  fenell, 
annysseed  and  elicompaine,  and  temper 
them  with  aquavita,  and  drie  them  againe, 
and  eate  a  quantitie  heareof  evening  and 
morningc."  Then  there  is  an  excellent 
way  to  "cure  the  scratches,"  and  another 
"given  to  Dick  Milner's  daughter  for 
heade."  Here  we  learn  how  to  "make 
black  puddinges  of  shepe  or  oxe  blonde," 
and  what  substantial  dinners  and  supj  era 
our  fathers  had  : — 

"For  Fleshe  Days  at  Dinner.— The 
First  Co urse.—  Pottage  or  stewed  brotbe, 
boy  led  meate  or  stewed  meate,  chickens 
and  bacon,  powdered  beiff,  pies,  g<>ose, 
pigg,  roasted  beiff,  roasted  veale,  custarde. 

"  The  Seaconde  Course. — Rosted  lamb, 
rostcd  capons,  rosted  conies,  chickens, 
pehennes,  baked  venison,  tarte. 

"  The  First  Course  at  Supper. — A  iillet, 
*  P'gff*  petitoe,  powdered  beiffe  sliced, 
a  shoulder  of  mutton  or  a  breast,  veale, 
lam  be,  custarde. 

"  The  Second  Course. — Capons  rosted, 
conies  rosted,  chickens  rosted,  larks  rosted, 
a  pie  of  pigeons  or  chickens,  baked  venison, 
tarte." 

Dr.  Bruce  gave  some  account  of  recent 
excavations  at  the  singularly  irregular 
Roman  station  at  Corbridge.  By  consent 
of  the  landowners,  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland, Mr.  Beaumont,  and  the  Trustees 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  a  labourer  had 
been  placed  by  Mr,  Cuthbert,  of  Beaufront, 
under  the  directions  of  Mr.  C'oulson  (whose 
services  had  been  so  useful  and  carefully 
directed  at  Bremeniuin),  for  the  purpose 
of  making  investigations  at  Corbridge. 
He  accordingly  tapped  the  Watling  Street, 
and  ascertained  tor  the  first  time  the 
point  where  it  struck  the  station  on  the 
south  side.  It  was  about  twenty  feet 
wide,  of  the  usual  convex  form,  and  duly 
paved,  but  deprived  of  its  curbstones.  In 
the  county  of  Durham  it  is  described  as 
having  been  furnished  with  footways  on 
each  side,  but  at  Corbridge  the  singular 
adjunct  occurred  of  another  road  of  the 
same  width  running  alongside  at  the  west 
of  the  paved  way.  This  second  road  was 
unpaved,  merely  gravelled.  Mr.  Coulson 
was  led  by  this  discovery  to  the  place  of 
the  north  abutment  of  the  bridge,  which 


670 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


presented  itself  in  very  groat  decay.  Only 
tbe  core  remained,  all  the  facing-stones 
hnving  been  removed.  The  southern  abut- 
ment was  already  well  known,  and  the  oc- 
currence of  the  northern  one  proves  the 
general  accuracy  of  Mr.  MacLauchlan's 
conclusion  that,  whatever  might  be  the 
original  course  of  the  Tyne,  the  Roman 
remains  would  be  found  crossing  its  pre- 
sent course  obliquely.  Mr.  Coulson  has 
also  cut  through  the  station  wall  in  one 
place,  and  in  digging  into  the  interior  of 
the  station  found  a  semicircular  apartment 
with  something  like  a  seat  round  it.  The 
indefatigable  Doctor  added  that  the  church 
was  almost  entirely  constructed  of  Roman 
atones,  which  occurred  especially  in  the 
tower.  In  the  back  of  the  church  a  sculp- 
ture of  the  boar  which  characterised  one 
of  the  legions  was  built  in,  and  an  altar 
wa*  inserted  at  the  back  of  the  Hole  Farm, 
1  ut  was  illegible,  Mr.  Gipps,  the  Vicar, 
1:a*  antiquities  dug  up  between  the  church 
Mid  the  house  of  Mr.  George  Lowrie, 
surgeon, — part  of  an  inscription  and  part  of 
a-i  altar.  Urns  and  bones  h>ive  there  been 
found,  and  the  conclusion  that  here  was 
the  cemetery  is  strengthened  by  a  head- 
s'one  which  Mr.  Lowrie  presented  to  the 
Society.    It  is  inscribed 


u 


TTXIA.  MAT  .  . 

JTA.  AN.  VI.   IYL. 

MABCELLIXVS 

FIL1AE 

CAKIS   BIME. 

Julia  Materna,  aged  6  jears.  Julius 
MarcelKnus  has  erected  this  stone  to  his 
most  dear  daughter."  A  person  of  the 
name  of  Quintus  Florius  Matemus  occurs 
on  an  inscription  found  at  Housesteads. 

Mr.  Clayton  is,  it  seems,  continuing  his 
excavations  at  the  bridge  of  Cilurnum. 
Mr.  MacLauchhin  conjectured  that  that 
bridge  also  went  diagonally  across  the 
stream.  The  recent  explorations  have  not 
verified  that  position;  yet  the  arehttolo- 
gical  surveyor  was  guided  by  sticks,  in- 
serted when  the  water  was  low  by  Mr. 
Elliot,  an  intelligent  fisherman,  to  mark 
the  sites  of  piers.  Dr.  Bruce  sugcested 
that  this  curious  discrepancy  might  be  oc- 
casioned by  the  fact  of  there  having  been 
two  erect'ons  of  differing  periods,  and  that 
the  fisherman  had  got  some  sticks  in  the 
piers  of  one,  and  others  in  those  of  another. 
To  this  person  the  Doctor  was  indebted 
principally  for  the  plan  of  the  bridge  in 
his  work  on  the  Roman  Wall.  He  laid 
down  stone  by  stone  as  the  water  allowed 
him.  In  that  plan  the  bridge  does  not 
present  a  diagonal  plan. 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES  OF  SCOTLAND. 


May  13.  Pbofessoe  J.  Y.  Simpsox, 
Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 

M.  le  Men,  Arcbiviste  du  Department, 
Finistere,  was  elected  a  corresponding 
member. 

Mr.  Joseph  Robertson  reported  that  the 
committee  on  the  restoration  of  the  cross, 
appointed  by  the  Society  on  the  11th  of 
March,  had  met  with  the  committee  for 
the  same  purpose  appointed  by  the  Royal 
SeottUh  Academy,  and  that  this  joint 
committee,  after  several  meeting*,  had,  on 
the  9th  hist.,  unanimously  agreed  upon  a 
report,  which  he  now  submitted  to  the 
meeting.  The  report  stated  that  the  com- 
mittee, having  satisfied  themselves  that  an 
exact  restoration  of  the  cross  of  1617  was 
quite  practicable,  had  communicated  their 
views  to  the  architect,  Mr.  Bryce,  who 
agreed  to  prepare  a  plan  in  accordance 


with  them.  This  plan  had  been  carefully 
considered  by  the  committee,  and  they 
unanimously  recommended  its  adoption. 
It  is  not  only  an  unquestionable  restora- 
tion of  the  cross  which  was  taken  down 
in  175G,  but  it  proves  that  building  to 
have  been  a  very  fine  example  of  the 
national  architecture  of  Scotland  before 
the  Union. 

The  following  communications  were 
read: — 

I.  On  the  National  Covenants  of  Scot- 
land. By  Mr.  David  Laing,  Vice-Presi- 
dent. Mr.  Laing  made  a  few  remarks  on 
the  subject  of  the  various  covenants  con- 
nected with  religion  which  had  been 
entered  into  in  Scotland,  chiefly  with  the 
view  of  drawing  attention  to  a  declaration 
on  the  unlawfulness  of  the  Solemn  League 
and  Covenant,  signed  by  the  Earl  of  Perth, 


v 


1861.] 


Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 


671 


Lord  Chancellor,  the  President,  and  other 
Lor  Is  of  Svs-ion,  &c.,  about  the  year  1685, 
which  Mr.  Laing  believed  to  be  one  of  the 
preparations  for  the  introduction  of  popery 
into  Scotland.  The  original  declaration 
was  exhibited  by  Dr.  John  A.  Smith, 
Secretary. 

II.  On  the  Superstitions  relating  to 
Lunacy  in  the  North- West  Highlands  and 
Islands  of  Scotland,  and  on  some  of  the 
Antiquities  of  Lunacy.  By  Arthur  Mitchell, 
M.D.,  Deputy  Commissioner  in  Lunacy, 
Corr.  Mem.  S.A.  Scot.  Dr.  Mitchell  gave 
an  account  of  various  superstitions  con- 
nected with  holy  wells,  and  especially  that 
on  Inch  Maree,  in  a  loch  in  Ross-shire, 
which  was  sacred  to  Saint  Malrhuba,  a 
missionary  from  Ireland,  who  founded  a 
monastery  at  Applecross  toward  the  end 
of  the  seventh  century,  and  was  held  in 
reverence  all  over  the  neighbouring  dis- 
trict. The  Saint's  well  was  adorned  by 
the  humble  votive  offerings  of  many  wor- 
shippers, who  sought  for  the  health  of 
some  loved  one.  The  insane  patient  used 
to  be  bathed  in  the  well,  and  then  carried 
out  in  a  boat  round  the  island,  being 
occasionally  plunged  into  its  waters,  after 
which — and  the  leaving  of  an  offering  of  his 
clothes  on  a  tree — his  cure  was  expected. 
Dr.  Mitchell  rvad  some  remarkable  ex- 
tracts  from  the  records  of  the  Presby- 
tery of  Dingwall,  which  shewed  the  exist- 
ence at  various  periods  of  the  seventeenth 
century  of  a  practice  of  sacrificing  bulls 
at  Applecross  for  the  recovery  of  the  health 
of  some  patient,  on  the  festival  of  the 
Saint,  and  which  called  forth  many  ful- 
minations  from  the  Pre-bytery,  as  well  as 
against  the  going  to  chapels,  adoring  of 
wells  and  stone*,  and  pouring  of  milk  on 
hills  as  oblations.  Dr.  Mitchell,  however, 
had  found  that  similar  practices  existed 
in  quite  recent  times,  and  that  within  the 
last  ten  vears  a  live  ox  had  been  buried 
in  Moray  for  the  health  of  the  rest  of  the 
flock.  Afccr  some  curious  historical  re- 
ferences, which  shewed  that  the  practice 
of  sacrificing  bulls  was  observed  at  Kirk- 
cudbright in  the  twelfth  century,  and 
other  notices  of  May  wells,  and  the  old 
custom  of  going  all  over  Scotland  to  them 
in  search  of  health,  and  then  proceeding 


to  those  hi  England,  Dr.  Mitchell  pro- 
ceeded to  explain  some  of  the  superstitions 
common  in  the  Hebrides  relative  to  epi- 
lepsy. Thus  a  sufferer  from  this  disease 
was  recently  put  to  bed  with  the  dead 
body  of  his  mother,  in  the  expectation  of 
a  cure ;  another  drank  the  water  In  which 
the  dead  body  of  his  sister  had  been 
washed ;  and  in  another  case,  on  the  spot 
where  the  patient  fell  from  his  first  at- 
tack, a  live  cock  was  buried  with  a  lock  of 
his  hair  and  parings  of  his  nails,  as  an 
offering  to  the  unseen  power.  In  Ross- 
sin  re  a  patient  lately  drank  a  cupful  of 
his  own  blood.  Dr.  Mitchell  pointed  out 
many  similarities  between  these  and  Afri- 
can superstitions  relating  to  insanity  and 
epilepsy,  and  f«*om  the  advanced  period  of 
the  evening  concluded  his  remarks  with- 
out reading  portions  of  his  paper  devoted 
to  other  kindred  superstitions ;  but  as  the 
whole  paper  will  soon  appear  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Societyf  an  opportunity 
for  considering  its  remarkable  statements 
will  be  afforded.  The  universal  feeling  of 
the  members  was  that  Dr.  Mitchell's 
paper  was  one  of  the  highest  value  and 
interest. 

Dr.  Alexander,  Mr.  Joseph  Robertson, 
and  Professor  Simpson  made  some  re- 
marks illustrative  of  the  subject,  and  ex- 
pressive of  their  sense  of  the  value  of  Dr. 
Mitchell's  paper. 

III.  Notes  relative  to  "  Haddo's  Hole" 
in  St.  Giles's  Church,  Edinburgh.  By  Mr. 
W.  T.  M'Culloch,  Keeper  of  the  Museum. 
Sir  William  Gibson-Craig  having  lately 
presented  to  the  Museum  the  iron  door  or 
"yet"  which  closed  in  this  "hole,"  Mr. 
M'Culloch  took  some  pains  to  fix  its  pre- 
cise locality,  as  no  trace  of  it  now  remaii  s. 
From  bis  paper  it  appears  that  this  "  hole" 
was  a  little  chaml>er  over  the  porch  on 
the  north  side  of  St  Giles's  Church,  and 
got  its  name  from  the  well-known  Cava- 
lier, Sir  John  Gordon,  who  was  here  con- 
fined, or,  as  Spalding  expresses  it,  "  most 
shamefully  wairdit  and  straitlie  kepit,  to 
his  gryt  greif  and  displeasour,"  from  May 
to  July  1644,  on  the  19th  of  which  last 
month  be  was  beheaded  by  the  "  maiden," 
now  in  the  National  Museum.  Mr. 
M'Culloch  gave  some  curious  notices  of 


672 


Antiquarian  and  Literary  Intelligencer. 


[June, 


the  expense  attending  the  bravo  cavalier's 
execution,  and  exhibited  a  model  of  St. 
GiU  s's  Church,  with  all  its  adjuncts  of 
aisles,  chapels,  and  "crames,"  as  they 
were  to  be  seen  in  the  beginning  of  the 
century,  carefully  made  by  the  Rev.  John 
Sime  at  that  time. 

Several  donations  to  the  museum  and 
library  were  announced,  consisting  of  the 
Transactions  of  various  Societies  and  other 
book?,  as  also  of  some  valuable  objects, 
among  which  may  be  named — Six  bronze 
celts,  found  near  Quimpcr;  portion  of  an 
urn,  in  which  two  celts  were  found ;  plas- 
ter casts  of  two  ornamented  celts ;  plaster 
casts  of  two  stone  hatchets  of  brown  free- 


stone, found  near  Croyon;  plaster  cast 
of  a  small  hatchet  of  black  flint,  found, 
with  other  eight,  at  the  base  of  a  rock  at 
Losserce,  Finistere— by  M.  le  Men,  Ar- 
chiviste  dn  Department,  Quiraper.  Stone 
with  incised  ornaments,  from  West  Prince's- 
street  Gardens — by  the  Propi  ietors  of  the 
Gardens.  Iron  gate  and  window- grating, 
from  the  room  in  St.  Giles's  Church,  called 
••  Haddo's  Hole"— by  Sir  William  Gibson- 
Craig,  Bart.,  Hon.  Mem.  S.A.  Scot.  Por- 
tion of  a  rude  clny  urn  and  bones,  ft  und  in 
trenching  a  field  at  Tarent—  by  John 
Cadcll,  Esq.,  of  Tranent ;  and  an  iron  pike- 
head,  from  the  castle,  Edinburgh— by  the 
Rev.  J.  Sime,  F.S.A.  Scot 


YORKSHIRE  PHILOSOPHICAL  SOCIETY. 


March  6.  Thomas  Allis,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair.  The  following  gentlemen  were  bal- 
loted for  and  admitted  member*,  viz., 
W.  B.  Richardson,  Esq.,  York,  solicitor, 
and  Mr.  Charles  L.  Burdekin,  bookseller, 
Parliament  street,  York;  Mr.  J.  Beckitt, 
Minster-yard,  York,  was  admitted  an 
ass:>ciate. 

Mr.  Noble  announced  that  the  Rev.  C.  J. 
Buncombe,  Incumbent  of  St.  Mary  Bishop- 
hill  the  Younger,  York,  had  presented  to 
the  Society  a  sculptured  mediaeval  stone 
cross,  found  in  his  church. 

The  Rev.  J.  Ken  rick  presented  a  small 
brass  coin  of  the  Emperor  Constantine, 
found  in  the  earth  of  the  rampart  which 
covered  the  Roman  wall  near  Monk  Bar. 
It  is  of  common  type;  the  obverse  ex- 
hibiting the  head  of  the  Emperor,  in  a 
helmet ;  the  reverse  a  banner,  inscribed 
Vot.  XX.  No  fresh  discoveries  have  been 
made  in  the  excavations,  but  about  forty 
yards  of  the  wall  have  now  been  laid  open, 
and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  con- 
tinues running  parallel  to  Aldwark  as  far 
as  the  Merchant  Tailors'  Hall.  If  it  re- 
mained visible  there  till  the  rampart  of 
the  mediaeval  wall  was  raised  over  it, 
the  name  of  Aldwark  may  have  been  de- 
rived from  it.  "  The  old  works  "  is  the 
name  which  the  Roman  walls  of  Uri- 
oouium  (Wroxeter)  bear  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. Drake  derives  Aldwark  from  the 
remains  of  the  imperial  palace,  which  ha 


supposes  to  have  extended  from  King's- 
square  to  Bedern ;  but  no  remains  have 
been  discovered  con6rining  this  conjec- 
ture, nor.  considering  the  limited  area  of 
Roman  York,  does  it  seem  likely  that  so 
large  a  portion  of  it  should  have  been  oc- 
cupied by  the  imperial  residence. 

May  7.  W.  Procter,  Esq.,  in  the 
chair. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected 
members  of  the  Society: — H.  Steward, 
Esq.,  Booth  am ;  T.  A.  Langdale,  Esq., 
Blake-street ;  Mr.  John  Blanchet,  Bluke- 
street ;  and  Mr.  J.  Nicholson,  St.  Sainp- 
son's-square. 

T.  S.  Noble,  Esq.,  the  Hon.  Secretary, 
then  stated  that  a  Roman  mortar  had 
been  presented  to  the  Society  by  J.  Wil- 
kinson, E*q.,  of  York ;  sculptured  me- 
diaeval stones  presented  by  the  executors 
of  the  lute  Mrs.  Swineard,  Precentor's 
Court;  Chinese  antiquities  presented  by 
Charles  Moore  Jes«op,  Esq.,  through  O.  A. 
Moore,  Esq.;  goliath  beetles,  male  and 
female,  by  Mr.  Baines ;  copper  tradesmen's 
tokens,  &c,  by  S.  W.  North,  Esq.  Among 
the  books  presented  was  a  Memoir  on  the 
Antiquities  of  Dax,  given  by  the  author, 
C.  Roach  Smith,  Esq. 

The  Rev.  J.  Kenrick  said,  with  respect 
to  the  Memoir,  about  four  years  ago,  in 
consequence  of  some  intended  alterations, 
the  town  council  of  Dax  [in  Landea,  in 


k 


1861.] 


Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society. 


673 


tbe  south  of  France]  were  about  to  de- 
stroy a  large  portion  of  the  Roman  walls 
with  which  the  place  is  entirely  sur- 
rounded. Representations  were  made  to 
the  proper  authorities  in  Pari*,  with  a 
view  to  the  preservation  of  these  relics  of 
antiquity,  although  it  was  contended  by 
the  town  council  that  the  walls  were  not 
Roman  walls,  but  were  mediaeval  works. 
The  memoir  contained  au  interesting  ac- 
count of  the  proceedings  taken,  and  which 
resulted  in  the  safety  of  the  antique  walls 
of  Dax  from  further  injury. 

W.  Reed,  Esq.,  read  two  papers,  one  on 
the  Fossil  Fishes  of  Monte  Bolca,  and  the 
other  on  the  Bovey  Tracey  Coal;  after 
which  O.  A.  Moore,  Esq.,  read  some  nob  s 
on  Ancient  Sepulchral  Remains  found  at 
Canton,  taken  from  a  paper  that  has 
already  appeared  in  our  pages c,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  Society  some  of  the  objects 
therein  described.  In  some  introductory 
remarks,  he  said  :— 

"Some  years  ago,  Mr.  Charles  Moore 
Jessop,  son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Jessop,  of 
Bilton,  resided  with  me  in  the  capacity  of 
a  medical  pupil,  during  which  time  he 
evinced  a  decided  taste  for  antiquarian 
pursuits,  and  founded,  and  was  for  some 
time  Honorary  Secretary  of,  the  Yorkshire 
Antiquarian  Club.  Since  then  he  entered 
the  army,  and,  in  his  capacity  of  staff 
assistant-surgeon,  served  in  the  Crimea, 
and  was  present  at  the  taking  and  occu- 
pation of  the  city  of  Canton  by  the  allies 
in  December,  1857.  Here,  as  elsewhere, 
his  military  duties  did  not  prevent  his 
pursuing  his  antiquarian  researches;  and 
it  is  gratifying  to  my*  If  to  be  the  medium 
of  his  presentation  of  some  interesting, 
and  probably  unique,  Chinese  ancient  sepul- 
chral remains  to  tbe  Philosophical  Society 
established  in  his  native  county,  and  at 
the  city  where  his  professional  education 
was  commenced." 

The  Chairman  then  stated  that  last 
year  an  association  of  the  various  philoso- 
phical Societies  in  Yorkshire  was  formed, 

•  Gskt.  Mao.,  May,  1801,  p.  483. 


and  the  first  meeting  of  delegates  held  in 
York  on  the  2nd  of  April,  1860.     It  was 
thought  from  such  an  association  many 
benefits  might  result,  such  as  obtaining 
first-class  lecturers,  who  would  come  into 
the  county  to  lecture  at  several  places  in 
preference  to  visiting  one  isolated  Society. 
The  interchange  of  papers  and  specimens, 
and  also  to  keep  up  a  friendly  feeling  be- 
tween the  various   kindred  Societies  of 
Yorkshire,  were  also  among  the  objects  of 
the  association.    This  year  the  delegates 
met  at  Leeds  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness, Mr.  Dallas  and  himself  attending  as 
delegates  from  that  Society.    Certain  re- 
sults were  arrived  at  which  seemed  to  him 
to  be  of  a  practical  character.    Mr.  Dallas 
was  appointed  Secretary,  and  was  directed 
to  open  a  communication  with  Professor 
Owen,  and  other  gentlemen,  to  deliver 
lectures.    The  exchange  of  specimens  was 
also  considered,  and  it  was  proposed  that 
every  Society  should  send  a  list  to  the 
Secretary  of  tbe  specimens  in  their  pos- 
session, and  which  they  were  prepared  to 
exchange;  and  also  a  list  of  what  speci- 
mens they  required:  thus  each  Society 
would  see  what  it  wanted,  and  what  it 
could  obtain  from  other  places.    It  was 
also  proposed  that  a  list  of  the  gentlemen 
who  were  willing  to  assist  other  Societies 
by  lecturing  should  be  prepared.     It  was 
thought  that  each  locality  would  have  its 
own  natural   history,  certain  specimens 
abounding  in  one  district,  while  in  another 
there  might  be  a  deficiency.    In  order  to 
obtain  a  sufficient  number  of  these,  it  was 
suggested  that  field  clubs  should  be  firmed 
for  the  purpose  of  collecting  in  the  several 
districts,  and  the  specimens  thus  obtained 
might  be  exchanged  with  the  other  Socie- 
ties.   He  thought,  as  far  as  the  Yorkshire 
Philosophical  Society  were  concerned,  the 
best  plan  would  be  to  form  a  committee 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the  proposal 
into  effect. 


674  [June, 


Cori'tgpontJence  of  Sglbanug  £Ubaiu 


[Correspondent*  are  requested  to  append  their  Addresses,  not,  unless  agreeable,  for 
publication,  but  in  order  that  a  copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing 
their  Communications  may  be  forwarded  to  them.'] 

THE  ARCHITECT  OF  LINCOLN  CATHEDRAL. 

Mb.  Urban, — I  have  been  hoping  to  see,  from  some  of  your  learned 
correspondents,  some  certain  information  about  Geoffrey  de  Noiers,  the 
architect,  under  St.  Hugh,  of  Lincoln  Cathedral.  As  nothing  beyond  mere 
supposition  has  yet  appeared,  perhaps  the  following  historical  notes  may  be 
worth  a  place  in  your  pages.  They  are  far  from  proving  all  I  could  wish ; 
but  they  add  much  to  the  likelihood  of  my  supposition,  that  Geoffrey  de 
Noiers,  notwithstanding  his  foreign  name,  may  have  been  a  thorough 
Englishman. 

In  the  February  number  of  your  Magazine,  p.  181,  I  produced  instances 
of  persons  of  the  name  possessing  property  in  England  in  a.d.  1216.  In 
your  March  number,  p.  314,  Mr.  Freeman  very  rightly  objects  that  these 
instances  prove  nothing  as  to  'de  Noiers'  being  an  hereditary  English 
surname  in  St.  Hugh's  time.  I  shall  now  shew  that  this  certainly  was  the 
case  with  a  Northamptonshire  family.  It  was  probably  the  case  with 
others  as  well.  I  must  premise  that  the  name  which  I  write  Noiers  is 
written  as  well  in  the  records,  Noers,  Nuers,  Nowers,  Nueriis,  &c. ;  in  more 
than  one  instance,  Nodariis ;  more  generally  Noers,  or  Nuers ;  these,  how- 
ever, being  applied  indifferently  to  the  same  person. 

The  publications  of  the  Record  Commission  contain  several  notices  re- 
lating to  certain  members  of  this  Northants.  family.  In  a  suit  about  three 
knights'  fees  in  Northants.,  a.d.  1199 — 1200,  among  the  jurors  of  the 
Great  Assize  are  Robt.  de  Noiers  and  Al marie  de  Noiers.  Rot.  Cur.  Regis, 
i.  401;  ii.  187,  193.  In  May,  1199,  Robt.  de  Noiers  was  engaged  in 
a  suit  with  Ivo  de  Dene  about  property  in  the  same  county.  Ibid.,  i.  288. 
About  the  same  time  Ivo  de  Dene  is  sued  by  a  tenant  of  land  in  Northants., 
for  forcibly  robbing  him  of  £15  in  money,  and  chattels  to  the  value  of 
60  marcs :  he  defends  the  robbery,  because  he  had  recovered  the  land,  by 
Great  Assize,  against  Almaric  de  Noiers,  and  had  received  seizin  from  the 
sheriff.  Ibid.,  i.  377;  and  Ahbrev.  Plac.,  p.  9.  Again,  in  1209,  in  a  suit 
between  Ivo  de  Dene  and  Almaric  de  Noiers,  about  the  eighth  part  of 
a  knight's  fee  at  Scaltrun  in  Northants.,  the  jurors  on  the  Great  Assize 
say  that  the  grandfather  of  the  said  Almaric  gave  this  land  to  Ralph  Fitz- 
Nigel,  the  father  of  Ivo  de  Dene,  as  a  marriage  portion  with  his  daughter, 
on  her  wedding  the  said  Ralph  Fitz-Nigel ;  who  accordingly  had  held  thi 


18G1.]  T/ie  Architect  of  Lincoln  Cathedral  675 

land,  doing  service  therefor  to  Ralph  de  Noiers,  the  father  of  the  said 
Almaric ;  and  who  moreover,  with  Amicia  his  wife,  had  given  a  portion  of 
the  land  as  a  marriage  portion  with  their  daughter.  Judgment  is  given  in 
favour  of  Ivo  de  Dene.  Abbrev.  Plac.,  p.  61. 

Now  it  is  plain  that  this  Almaric  de  Noiers  was  a  grown-up  man  in 
1199,  the  year  before  St.  Hugh's  death.  It  seems  also  that  his  father, 
Balph  de  Noiers,  was  then  dead.  But  however  that  may  be,  his  father 
was  Ralph  de  Noiers ;  and  he,  inheriting  the  name,  was  Almaric  de  Noiers. 
Robt.  de  Noiers,  probably  Al  marie' s  brother,  certainly  a  member  of  the 
same  family,  bore  the  same  name.  It  is  perfectly  clear  that  this  Northants. 
family  bore  the  hereditary  surname  'de  Noiers '  in  St. Hugh's  time.     In 

1216  and  1217  occurs  a  Nicholas  de  Noiers,  probably  a  member  of  the 
same  family,  possessing  land  at  Norton  in  Northants.  JSot.  Lit.  Claus., 
246,  258  b,  300.  More  about  this  family  will  be  found,  probably  in 
Bridge's  NortlianU,  certainly  in  the  Monasticon  (i.  676,  old  ed.),  where 
are  charters  of  Henry  de  Noiers,  and  others,  giving  the  church  of  Norton 
to  Daventry  Priory.     But  I  have  neither  of  these  works  at  hand. 

It  seems  to  have  been  quite  a  common  name  in  England  at  that  time. 
In  1189,  or  1190,  a  Hugh  de  Noiers  paid  a  fine  of  twenty  marcs,  on 
succeeding  his  brother  in  land  of  the  honour  of  Earl  Giffard,  in  Bucks,  or 
Beds.  Pipe  Boll,  1st  R.  I.,  p.  37.     It  was  probably  in  Bedfordshire,  as  in 

1217  a  Gilbert  de  Noiers  occurs,  possessing  land  in  that  county  and  at 
Boarhunt  in  Hants.,  the  latter  in  right  of  his  wife.  Rot.  Lit,  Claus.,  250  b, 
270  b,  326,  350 ;  and  Abbrev.  Plac.,  74,  82.  It  looks  very  probable  that 
Noiers  was  an  hereditary  surname  in  Bedfordshire  as  early  as  1189. 

A  Milo  de  Noiers,  a  knight  of  Norfolk,  occurs  in  1199  and  1200.  Bot. 
Cur.  Begis,  ii.  Ill,  192,  195.  And  again  in  1201  and  1209.  Abbrev. 
Plac,  33,  63.  There  is  a  place  called  Swanton  Nowers  in  Norfolk, 
(Blomfield  8  Norfolk,  iv.  961,)  so  called  probably  from  this  family :  but 
I  am  not  able  to  refer  to  Blomfield. 

A  Hugh  de  Noiers  occurs,  as  owner  of  land  in  Devonshire,  in  1206. 
Abbrev.  Plac.,  54. 

Many  other  such  instances  as  these  last,  I  have  no  doubt,  might  be  given. 
They  actually  prove  nothing,  perhaps,  to  my  purpose.  Still,  it  is  certainly 
not  unlikely  that  some  of  such  landowners,  bearing  the  name  of  Noiers, 
may  have  belonged  to  a  family  or  families  settled  in  England,  and  trans- 
mitting this  hereditary  surname:  more  likely  perhaps,  than  that  they 
should  all  be  recent  detached  immigrants,  merely  bringing  the  name  of 
their  foreign  birth-place  or  birth-places.  But  however  this  may  be,  I  think 
I  may  v<  nture  to  say,  with  the  proved  certainty  of  the  hereditary  North- 
ants. Noiers,  that  I  have  no  reason  to  be  ashamed  of  my  supposition  that 
Geoffrey  de  Noiers,  St.  Hugh's  architect  at  Lincoln,  may  have  been  (I 
never  ventured  to  suggest  more,  and  do  not  still,)  a  born  and  thorough- 
bred Englishman. 


676  Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [Jane, 

If  he  was  a  foreigner,  he  must  have  strangely  forgotten  the  land  of  his 
birth,  and  must  have  marvellously  freed  himself  from  all  the  effects  of 
his  foreign  architectural  training,  when  he  was  brought  over  and  set  to 
work  at  Lincoln.  No  one  will  deny  this,  who  is  at  all  aware  of  the  heavy 
weight  of  M.  Viollet-le-Duc*  s  decision  on  such  a  point,  and  has  read  his 
emphatic  declaration,  in  your  number  for  the  present  month,  of  the 
thoroughly  English  character,  the  utter  unforeignness,  of  St.  Hugh's  work 
at  Lincoln.  It  may  perhaps  be  objected  that  the  6tyle  of  this  work  was  so 
great  an  innovation,  that  it  may  just  as  likely  be  attributed  to  the  inspira- 
tions of  a  foreign,  as  of  an  English  architect.  I  cannot  fancy  it  possible 
that  any  one,  capable  of  judging  in  the  matter,  will  venture  to  maintain 
that  the  innovation  was  anything  but  a  thoroughly  English  one. 

I  can  well  understand  the  difficulty  M.  Viollet-le-Duc  expresses,  in 
having  to  believe  that  the  choir  of  Lincoln  was  built  before  1200.  Let 
any  one  study  well  every  other  building  throughout  England,  which  history 
proves  to  be  of  about  the  date  1186 — 1200 ;  let  him  study  also  every  other 
building  in  England  in  the  Early  English  style  whose  date  is  known ;  and 
then  let  him  come  to  Lincoln  and  examine  the  original  work  of  the  choir. 
Supposing  he  was  ignorant  of  Lincoln  history,  and  judged  only  from  archi- 
tectural features,  I  think  he  would  be  certain  to  assign  no  earlier  date  to 
the  work  than  that  which  M.  Viollet-le-Duc  suggests  as  architecturally 
the  most  likely.  Had  he  studied  foreign  churches  also,  of  the  same  date, 
and  of  corresponding  style,  he  would  perhaps  be  only  the  more  confirmed 
in  his  opinion.  And  yet,  so  far  as  I  can  see,  no  two  bits  of  history  can  well 
be  imagined  more  absolutely  certain,  than  that  St.  Hugh  did  build  the 
choir  of  Lincoln,  if  no  more  of  the  church,  and  that  he  did  die  in  the 
year  1200. 

The  fact  is,  that  we  have  now  good  reason  to  claim  for  St.  Hugh,  not 
only  the  honour  and  glory  of  having  built,  in  great  measure,  Lincoln  Ca- 
thedral, but  the  honour  and  glory  as  well  of  being  the  first  effect  tir.l  pro- 
moter, if  not  the  actual  inventor,  of  our  national  and  most  excellent  Early 
English  style  of  architecture.  If  his  architect  was  a  foreigner,  then  per- 
haps we  may  suppose  that  Hugh  himself  must  have  been  all  the  more 
radical  and  excellent  an  architectural  reformer. 

Few  persons  perhaps  will  agree  with  me  in  calling  this  style  'most 
excellent.'  I  have  always  thought  strongly,  that  we  have  been  making 
n  most  unhappy  mistake,  in  our  modern  revival,  in  not  taking  this  style  for 
our  model,  rather  than  the  style  of  fifty  or  a  hundred  years  later,  that  has 
been  po  generally  deemed  by  us  the  more  worthy  of  imitation. — I  am,  &c. 

Southwell,  May  11,  1851.  James  F.  Djmock. 


10 


v 

V 


1861.]  677 

PRESERVATION  OF  STONE. 

Mr.  Urban, — At  a  time  when  a  commission  of  architects  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  examine  into  the  state  and  cause  of  decay  in  the  stone  of  the 
Palace  of  Westminster,  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  nor  useless  to  com- 
municate to  you  the  following  extract  from  a  pamphlet  of  the  last  century  *, 
which  came  into  my  possession  a  short  time  since.  I  do  not  know  whether 
what  is  contained  in  it  may  not  be  already  known  to  our  professional 
friends :  at  all  events,  the  experiments  mentioned  seem  to  suggest  a  ready 
way  of  remedying  the  defect  complained  of  in  these  buildings. 

The  main  portion  of  the  pamphlet  refers  to  some  mineralogical  and 
geological  phenomena,  not  easy  to  be  generally  understood  at  the  time  of 
their  publication.  The  portions  bearing  on  the  question  of  hardening  stone 
surfaces  are  as  follows : — 

"  Dr.  Fothergill . . .  informed  me  that ...  on  passing  through  the  streets  of  London 
in  his  walks,  before  the  sign-irons  were  taken  down,  he  perceived  that  on  the  broad 
stone  pavements,  whenever  he  came  just  under  any  sign-irons,  bis  cane  gave  a  different 
sound,  and  occasioned  a  different  kind  of  resistance  to  the  hand  from  what  it  did  else- 
where ;  and,  attending  more  particularly  to  this  circumstance,  he  found  that  every- 
where, under  the  drip  of  those  irons,  the  stones  had  acquired  a  greater  degree  of 
solidity  and  a  wonderful  hardness,  so  as  to  resist  any  ordinary  tool,  and  gave,  when 
struck  upon,  a  metallic  sound ;  and  this  fact,  by  repeated  observations,  he  was  at  length 
most  thoroughly  convinced  of. 

"  Taking  the  hint  therefore  from  hence,  he  thought  fit  to  make  several  experiment!, 
and,  among  the  rest,  placed  two  pieces  of  Portland  stone  in  the  same  aspect  and 
situation  in  every  respect,  but  washed  the  one  frequently  with  water  impregnated 
with  rusty  iron,  and  left  the  other  untouched ;  and  in  a  very  few  years  he  found  the 
former  had  acquired  a  very  sensible  degree  of  that  hardness  before  described,  and  on 
being  struck  gave  the  same  metallic  sound ;  whilst  the  other  remained  in  its  original 
state,  and  subject  to  the  decays  occasioned  by  the  changes  of  the  weather,  which  we 
find  in  many  instances  make  a  most  rapid  progress.  .  .  . 

"  If  iron  and  the  solution  of  iron  do  thus  contribute  to  the  induration  of  bodies, 
such  solutions  must  probably  have  that  tendency  in  every  stage  of  those  bodies'  exist- 
ence :  and  therefore  it  seems  likely,  that  the  fine  ornamental  carvings  in  Portland  or 
other  stone  might  be  much  hardened,  and  preserved,  for  a  much  longer  time  than  hat 
been  usual,  from  the  injuries  of  the  weather,  by  being  washed  and  brushed  over  by 
water,  in  which  is  infused  a  solution  of  iron.  And  perhaps  even  the  softer  kinds  of 
stone  might  have  been  preserved  by  this  means ;  and  the  venerable  remains  of  thai 
fine  pile  of  building,  Henry  the  Seventh's  Chapel,  might  have  been  saved  from  the 
destruction  with  which  we  now  see  it  ready  to  be  overwhelmed.  It  is  very  probable* 
moreover,  that  common  sea  sand,  with  a  very  small  admixture  of  a  solution  of  iron, 
may  at  length,  without  any  great  expence,  be  converted  into  a  most  useful  species 
of  stone,  and  be  applied  to  the  purpose  of  covering  the  fronts  of  houses  even  more 
durably,  and  in  as  beautiful  a  manner  as  some  of  the  late  invented  stuccos ;  and  even 
those  stuccos  may  be  improved  by  means  of  the  same  mixture." — (pp.  13 — 15.) 

*  "  Account  of  a  Petrifaction  found  on  the  Coast  of  East  Lothian,  by  Edward  King, 
Esq.,  F.R.S.,  read  at  the  Royal  Society,  Nov.  26,  1778."  (London:  printed  by 
J.  Nichols,  successor  to  Mr.  Bowyer.    1779.    4to.) 

Gurr.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX.  4  * 


678 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[June, 


In  what  way  a  solution  of  iron  could  be  most  cheaply  applied  to  the 
stone  of  the  Westminster  Palace  must  be  left  to  the  decision  of  professional 
In  a  wet  climate  like  ours  such  a  solution  might  be  made  to  trickle 


men. 


down  from  the  upper  parts  of  the  building  on  every  shower,  at  no  great 
cost ;  for  rusty  iron  is  60on  made  in  England.  Discoloration  of  the  surface 
would  no  doubt  ensue,  but  this  is  better  than  disintegration;  and  the 
friendly  action  of  smoke  and  fog  would  60on  draw  a  mantle  over  all  such 
petty  disfigurements.  I  am,  &c. 

May  16,  1861.  H.  L.  J. 


ORIGIN  OP  THE  NAME  OP  HEWETT,  AND  ITS  VARIATIONS. 


Mb.  Urban, — I  have  long  been  in  the 
habit  of  making  notes  relating  to  the 
origin  and  variations  of  the  name  of 
Hewett,  and  the  subject  has  been  par- 
tially discussed  in  "Notes  and  Queries" 
(2nd  Series,  vi.  455 ;  vii.  98),  but  I  should 
be  glad  to  put  on  record  in  the  pages  of 


of  Lichfield.  "  Tempore  Ethelredi 
regis  Merciorum  et  Sexwulphi  Episcopi 
Episcopatus  Licbfeldensis  in  quinque  pa- 
rochias  dividebatur,  vir  in  Hereford- 
ensum,  Wigornensem,  Lichfeldensem,  Le- 
gestrensem,  et  Lindenscm.  Lichfeldensis 
episcopi,  hi  subsequentes  sunt  post  divi- 


the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  a  resumS    aionem.  Huitta,  episcopus  post  Aldwinum 


of  my  collections,  in  the  hope  of  receiving 
from  some  of  your  learned  correspondents 
additional  particulars,  no  matter  how  ap- 
parently trivial,  relating  to  the  name,  but 
more  particularly  such  as  refer  to  pedi- 
grees, histories  of  houses,  and  biographies 
of  individuals. 

The  first  occurrence  of  the  name  in  my 
notes  consists  in  a  communication  fur- 
nished by  a  genealogical  friend,  and  is, 

a.d.  716,  Sept.  25,  Huaet,  Abbot  of 
Girvtensis.  "Eligitur  igitur  Huaet, 
(also  Hwet)  vir  bonus  et  Justus  qui  erat 
discipulus  Abbatis  Sigfridi." 

The  next  entry  is,  a.d.  720—760,  Huit- 
ta, dux.  "Dux  Hwitta  [afterwards 
spelled  Huita]  terrain  quse  Wilfordilea 
dicitur  quam  eis  suus  dominus  rex  Ethel- 
baldus  concessit  Wigornensi  ecclesice  ipsius 
regis  lieentift  Wilfrido  pontificate  dedit," 
(Dugdale's  Monatticon,  vol.  i.  p.  188, 
HDCCLiiL);  which  Huita,  or  Hwita,  pos- 
sibly may  have  been  the  "  Hwita,  presby- 
ter," witness  to  a  grant  of  land  by  Beornulf, 
King  of  Mercia,  to  Wigorn  in  the  time  of 
Wilfred,  (lb.  125) ;  and  it  is  just  within 
the  bounds  of  probability  that  this  Dux 
Huita  may  have  followed  the  example  of 
Kenred,  King  of  Mercia,  and  abandoning 
a  life  of  license,  assumed  the  monastic 
garb,  and  became— 


rexit  episcopus  annis  sex  et  obiit  dcclii  *." 
He  was  present  at  the  council  of  ClyfF, 
a.d.  747,  (Goodwin's  Catalogue  of  Bishops, 
or  the  Lives,  Memorials,  and  Actions  of 
the  Bishops  of  England,  edit.  1601); 
Huitta,  (Dugdale,  edit.  1880,  vol.  vL  part 
in.  p.  1240);  Hwitta,  Hwicea,  Wicta, 
(Willis's  Survey  of  Cathedrals,  vol.  i.  p.  5 ; 
ii.  p.  354 :  "  Wiccia,  as  Simon  of  Durham 
calls  him");  Huita,  episcopus  Litchfel- 
denais,  (Petrie  and  Sharp,  Mon.  Hist. 
623);  Hwicea,  (lb.  659);  Hwitta,  (lb.); 
Wita,  (lb.  544),  and  (659),  Huita.  Anno 
docxxxyii.  "Aidwini  qui  et  Wor  epi- 
scopus defunctus  est,  et  pro  eo  Hwicea  et 
Tocca  Mercis  et  Midil.  Anglis  sunt  con- 
secrati  antistites."  In  note,  "  Hwitta." 
Lichfeldensis  et  Totta  Leganstrensis. 

The  next  on  the  roll  is,  Hubta,  tbxp. 
Edward  Contessob.  He  held  a  mansion 
called  Botinal  in  Cornwall,  (Exon.  Domes- 
day, f.  231,  in  orig.  p.  210  in  pub.)  In 
the  same  reign,  and  possibly  the  same 
person,  UUlwaed  UUttb  held  lands, 
and  his  wife  a  mansion,  Estantona,  in 
Somerset ;  and  Bernet,  (lb.  f.  113,  in  orig. 
p.  210  in  pub.) 

I  now  pass  to  Sir  Henry  Ellis's  list  of 
persons  holding  lands    previous    to  the 


»  OUit  7S7 ;  (Tide  subsequent  extract,  Petrie 

a j).  787,  Huitta,  ob  Witta,  Bishop    and  Sharp). 


1861.] 


The  Name  of  Hewett. 


679 


Domesday  Surrey,  and,  for  reasons  herein- 
after to  be  shewn,  shall  include  some  names 
from  which  Hewett  may  not  be  derived. 

Whita,  Suff. 

VxniT,  Chesh. 

Wit,  Alwdtcts,  HanU.;  v.  Alwinna 
Albus. 

UUiet,  Tttbohil,  Heref. 

UUiet,  Ulwabdus,  (as  above,)  Kent, 
Dors.,Oxf.,  Midi,  Lane,  (sometimes  TJuitb, 
UUytb),  whose  lands  in  Kent,  situated  in 
the  Hundred  of  Helmestrei  (now  Ruxley), 
are  now  called  Hewits  (Manor),  while 
other  indications  of  the  name  in  the  same 
locality  appear  in  Huetelmin,  Huetelstead, 
and  Hewit-burgh,  now  Henwood. 

Some  people  will  probably  exclaim, u  But 
many  of  these,  if  not  all,  are  more  like 
White,"  and  this  surmise,  (as  I  purposely 
introduced  some  of  these  in  this  place,) 
I  am  not  disposed  to  dispute,  and  shall 
argue  this  question  presently. 

Now  in  "  Huita,  bishop,"  we  have  a  va- 
riety of  spellings  of  the  name  of  the  same 
individual ;  we  have  Huita,  Hwitta,  Witta, 
Hwicca,  and  Wiccia;  how  is  this  dis- 
crepancy to  be  accounted  for  ?  were  they 
one  and  the  same  person  P  Most  un- 
doubtedly; and  the  difference  is  to  be 
attributed  to  the  fact  that  the  ancient 
MSS.  from  which  the  name  is  extracted, 
were  written  by  different  persons,  and  as 
the  chroniclers  spelled  phonetically,  each 
one  pursued  his  own  plan  of  nomenclature, 
according  as  the  name  sounded  in  his  ear, 
or  according  to  his  own  idea  of  the  sound 
of  letters,  and  indeed  pretty  much  in  the 
same  manner  as  a  half-educated  person  of 
the  present  day  would  write  it.  Thus 
they  used  W  occasionally  for  two  IP 9, 
making  the  word  Wit ;  or  two  U't  (UV) 
for  Wy  making  UUit;  or,  as  an  aspirate 
evidently  was  used,  H  for  one  U,  some- 
times in  the  first  and  sometimes  in  the 
second  letter,  making  Huit,  Whit,  White, 
Ac.  ;  and  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  spelling 
is  exhibited  by  the  variable  manner  in 
which  the  same  writer  in  the  same  MS. 
spells  the  same  name.  We  find  the  earliest 
entries  more  like  Hewet  than  White,  but 
we  have  the  later,  such  as  Ulward  UUit 
or  UUy  te  (Wit  or  Wyte),  nearer  the  name 
White,  but  yet  we  know  the  lands  and 


the  patronymic  in  Kent  became  Hewit; 
and  that  some  slight  difference  existed  in 
the  pronunciation  would  appear  by  the 
distinction  made  between  Ulwardus  UUiet 
(Wit)  and  Alwinus  Wit  (UUit),  as  con- 
veyed by  the  additional  affix,  Albus  (white); 
and  this  Alwinus  was  probably  the  "  Wit, 
a  Saxon,"  possessor,  according  to  Camden, 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  from  whom  that 
island  derived  its  appellation.  Thus  we 
see  the  name  and  lands  in  Kent  become 
Hewit,  while  in  another  place  it  becomes 
Wight,  or  White ;  hence  1  am  inclined  to 
suppose  the  two  names  are  derived  from 
the  same  source.  However,  we  have  not 
yet  discovered  the  root  of  the  names,  but 
must  look  further  back  either  for  Huet  or 
Wit,  or  variations  of  the  same ;  and  the 
earnest  entry  will  be  the  origin  of  both 
names,  and  the  one  which  has  nearest  re- 
tained its  purity  will  be  the  most  ancient, 
and  that  from  which  the  other  is  deduced. 
Now  we  find  the  first  Huetta,  Hwitta,  or 
Witta,  called  dux,  and  also  dux  Huitto- 
rum,  evidently  the  chief  of  a  clan  or  tribe 
bearing  that  generic  designation,  whence, 
in  my  opinion,  the  origin  of  the  name; 
but  in  order  to  discover  the  root,  we  must 
endeavour  to  ascertain  whence  this  clan  or 
tribe  emanated  and  itself  obtained  the 
title.  It  seems  to  me,  then,  that  UUit  (so 
pronounced),  Huit,.  or  Wit,  was  the  appel- 
lation of  a  clan  of  that  great  Northern 
horde  which  overran  and  ravaged  at  dif- 
ferent times  the  whole  of  Europe,  and 
that  the  tribe  to  which  I  am  particularly 
referring  were  Iuits  (/for  U),  Juites,  or 
Jutes,  who  either  rose  from  or  gave  the 
name  to  IuitkndV  or  Jutland,  and  that  in 
the  several  irruptions,  the  people  remain- 
ing after  a  raid,  were  called  Iuit,  UUit,  or 
Wit.  I  need  not  enlarge  upon  the  omis- 
sion or  insertion  of  the  aspirate,  as  we 
well  know  how  frequently  the  ancient 
writers  omitted  it— spelling  phonetically; 
I  very  much  question  whether  it  was 
not  as  generally  dropped  by  all,  as  it  is 
now  by  the  lower  class  of  Cockneys  and 
others.  Here,  then,  we  find  in  great  purity 
Huit,  for  which  name  I  therefore  claim 
the  greatest  antiquity,  and  consider  it 
the  parent  source  of  many  other  names 
which  I  shall  specify  hereafter. 


680 


Correspondence  of  Sylvanus  Urban. 


[June* 


Still,  it  must  be  recollected  that  Cam- 
den states  Wit  was  a  Saxon,  whereas  the 
Jotlanders  would  be,  I  presume,  Danes; 
and  it  is  well  known  that  the  descendants 
of  Saxons  retain,  even  to  the  present 
day,  that  fairness  of  complexion  the  dis- 
tinguishing characteristic  of  their  ances- 
tors, whereas  the  features  of  those  de- 
scended from  Dane  and  Norman  are  of 
darker  hue.  Now  almost  all  the  Hewetts 
I  have  met  have  been  dark ;  all  the  pic- 
tures representing  people  bearing  this 
name  pourtray  saturnine  visages,  and  the 
same  peculiarity  has  been  remarked  by 
a  correspondent  in  "Notes  and  Queries," 
2nd  S.,  vi.  455.  As  regards  portraits,  how- 
ever, those  I  have  seen  have  been  mem- 
bers of  some  of  the  great  houses  of  the 
name,  all  of  which  sprung  from  the  same 
source ;  and  perhaps  this  is  hardly  a  fair 
criterion,  as  the  descendants  of  these 
families,  even  to  this  day,  bear  an  ex- 
traordinary resemblance  to  one  another. 
If  my  supposition,  that  White  and  Hewett 
are  derived  from  the  same  source,  (from 
the  Iuits  or  Jutes,)  is  tenable,  should  not 
Camden's  "Wit,  a  Saxon,"  have  been 
"Wit,  a  Dane?" 

But  perhaps  some  may  endeavour  to 
annihilate  my  whole  theory  respecting 
the  descent  of  the  present  bearers  of  the 
name  Hewett,  from  Ulward  UUit,  or  any 
other  of  the  ancient  variations  of  the 
name,  by  saying  that  although  the  place 
in  Kent  has  changed  to  Hewit,  yet  the 
present  name  may  be  derived  from  per- 
sons who  subsequently  possessed  the  lands, 
and,  according  to  the  Norman  custom, 
called  themselves  by  the  name  with  the 
prefix  de,  and  when  this  habit  was  dropped, 
became  Huet  or  Hewett,  thus  taking  their 
name  from  the  lands,  instead  of  having 
given  it  to  them ;  but  I  reply,  that  the 
name  of  the  place  is  Hewits*  (shewing  the 
possessive),  Le.  Hewits'  lot,  and  was  UUhV 
before  the  Norman  Conquest;  and  further 
(as  will  be  seen  presently),  we  find  the 
name  in  later  years,  not  de  Hewits,  but 
de  Hewit,  Huet,  Huwett,  Hewette,  and 
so  on,  or  le  Hewette. 

I  have  never  yet  heard  any  one,  who 
has  given  attention  to  the  point,  dispute 
that  the  names  Hewett  and  White  are 


derived  from  the  same  origin,  and  some 
have  said  that  the  appellation  is  deduced 
from  UUita,  or  Wita,  great-grandson  of 
Woden,  and  grandfather  of  Hengist  and 
Horsa;  but  here,  again,  we  have  the  blue- 
eyed  Saxons,  as  is  supposed,  not  the 
saturnine  Dane ;  still,  as  several  tribes  of 
Saxons  came  into  this  country,  may  not 
the  generality  of  them  have  been  fair, 
and  Hengist  and  Horsa  Dane-descended  t 
Another  theory  is,  that  the  names  in  Eng- 
land originated  in  UUitha,  King  of  the 
mountains  of  St.  Bernard  and  Lombardy, 
who,  being  expelled  his  kingdom  by  rival 
brothers  about  887,— so  fiw  is  history,— 
fled  to  England,  and  possessed  the  Isle  of 
Wight;  but  history  only  states  he  dis- 
appeared, and  I  do  not  find  the  slightest 
foundation  for  the  assertion  he  came  to 
England,  (if  so,  may  not  the  name  of 
Wither  be  derived  from  him  ?)  though  I 
will  not  dispute  but  that  he  may  have 
been  descended  from  the  tribe  (Iuits  or 
Jutes),  as  well  as  the  existing  French  and 
Italian  House  bearing  names  similar  to 
Hewett,  members  of  which  tribe  may,  in 
the  times  when  the  European  continent 
was  periodically  overrun  by  Northern 
barbarian  hordes,  have  remained  settled 
in  the  countries  so  ravaged. 

As  regards  the  mutations  the  name  has 
at  different  periods  undergone,  we  find 
Alestanus  Hwit;  Uiuet,  son  of  Thomas, 
(witness  to  a  grant  of  land  by  Roger  de 
Mowbray  to  the  Abbey  of  Fontanense) ; 
and  then  chiefly  spelled  Huait,  Huit, 
and  Huet,  sometimes  Hewit,  until  temp, 
Henry  III.,  when  it  is  Will0  le  Hewette, 
Kent,  (Rot.  Hund.,  [1818,]  vol.  i.  p.  218); 
Edw.  II.,  Kent,  (Placita,  Rot.  IS,  [1811,] 
p.  320),  G.  de  Hewett ;  Edw.  III.,  Walter 
Hewett,  who  distinguished  himself  in  the 
wars  with  France,  and  was  Governor  of 
Jersey  and  Guernsey,  is  described ;  Huet, 
Hewit,  Hewyt,  Huuet,  Huwit,  and  Hewet : 
and  thus  the  name  continued  varied,  but 
more  generally  Huet,  until  about  1750, 
when  it  finally  settled  into  Hewett  and 
Hewitt.  In  1684,  in  the  will  of  Sir 
John  Hewett,  Bart.,  of  Headley-hall  and 
Waresleyb,  although  the  testator  signs  ett, 

k  This  is  the  proper  spelling,  though  it  is  some- 
time* spelled  woruey. 


1861.] 


The  Name  of  Hewett. 


681 


the  name  is  spelled  throughout  itt%  and 
we  find  his  sons  signing  itt>  et,  and  one, 
"  Huet ;"  and  we  also  find  him  writing  his 
own  name  "Hewet"  and  "Hewitt,"  In 
the  earlier  parish  registers  we  frequently 
find  a  man  baptised  "  Uiet,"  married  as 
"Huet,"  and  buried  as  "Hewet,"  and 
perhaps  his  will  may  ring  the  changes  on 
the  whole. 

With  respect  to  the  variations  of  the 
name,  we  have,  first,  White ;  a  very  slight 
change  from  the  V uiet,  or  Uuiet,  of  Domes- 
day Book,  makes  (substituting  IT  for  UU) 
Wiet,  and  using  y  for  t,  as  anciently  was 
frequently  done,  we  have  Wyat,  hence 
Wyatt ;  and  perhaps  Watt  may  be  another 
variation.  I  have  seen  the  name  in  parish 
registers  change  from  Huet  to  Hutt,  and 
I  imagine  that  Jewett  is  Iuet,  and  in- 
stead of  changing  with  an  aspirate,  has 
adopted  the  J  for  I.  Those  who  know  the 
peculiarity  of  e  in  the  old  parish  registers 
and  wills,  and  the  difficulty  which  often 
exist  in  distinguishing  e  from  o,  will  easily 
believe  that  Howitt  is  another  form  of 
Hewitt ;  and  the  former  families,  if  I  mis- 
take not,  bear  nearly  the  same  charges  in 
their  shield. 

I  now  arrive  at  the  arms  of  Hewett, 
which  have  been  generally,  and  the  earliest, 
a  chevron  between  three  owls  arg.,  and 
tradition  states  that  these  birds  of  wisdom 
are  emblematic  of  the  name  UUit,  (Wit 
or  Wisdom6);  but  as  little  is  known  in 
the  family — whatever  documentary  evi- 
dence may  exist  in  that  mausoleum  of 
genealogical  lore,  the  Heralds'  College — 
respecting  the  arms  prior  to  Edw.  III., 
the  interpretation  appears  more  fanciful 
than  reliable;  but,  at  all  events,  it  tends 
to  corroborate  my  theory  of  the  identity 
of  the  names.  Those  who  support  the 
notion  that  the  name  is  derived  from 
Witta,  grandson  of  Woden,  assert  that 


the  owl  was  the  emblem  of  Woden  and 
his  descendants,  which  if  correct,  would, 
at  all  events,  be  a  great  proof  of  the  an- 
tiquity of  heraldry.  The  crest  is  gene* 
rally  an  owl,  or  a  falcon,  arg.,  upon  a 
stump  of  a  tree  sprouting,  proper,  which 
last  it  is  said  was  the  badge  of  Edw.  III., 
and  was  granted  by  that  monarch  as  an 
honorary  augmentation  to  Sir  Walter 
Hewet  in  requital  of  his  services  against 
the  French.  Family  tradition  also  re- 
cords that  two  of  the  Kentish  Hewits 
followed  the  fortunes  of  Robert,  Earl  of 
Carrick  (the  Bruce),  when  he  fled  from 
the  English  Court,  and  adopting  his  badge, 
the  rising  sun  emerging  from  behind  a 
cloud,  founded  the  Scottish  family  of 
Hewat. 

The  families  which  did  not  bear  the 
original  arms  were  Huits  in  visitation  of 
Stafford,  1663,  Harl.  6,104,  f.  35  b,  (parted 
proper  indented,  five  or  six  de  Liz4  coun- 
terchanged);  the  Hewetts  of  Heckfield, 
Hants,  who  bore  Arg.  on  a  chevron  sa, 
between  three  peewits  gu.,  a  rose  be- 
tween two  cinquefoils  or;  and  Sir  William 
Hewett,  Lord  Mayor  of  London  (1560), 
who,  though  descended  from  a  house  which 
bore  a  chevron  between  three  owls  arg., 
adopted  other  arms,  for  which  he  must 
have  taken  out  a  new  grant;  though  I 
believe  that  the  Dukes  of  Leeds,  whose 
ancestor  married  the  daughter  and  heiress 
of  the  above,  quarter  the  owls. 

If  the  day  should  ever  come  when  the 
College  of  Arms  shall  throw  open  its 
treasures  at  something  less  than  its  pre- 
sent prohibitory  charges  to  the  literary 
world,  we  may  hope  that  these  and  many 
other  points  of  greater  importance,  at 
present  dubious,  may  be  cleared  up. 

J.  F.  Napier  Hewett. 

Tyr  Mob  Ellu,  Pont  g  Pridd, 
Glamorgan, 


ENGLISH  HEROIC  VERSE. 


Mb.  Urban, — At  page  193  of  your 
number  for  February  last  I  find  a  short 
review  of  a  translation  of  Csedmon's  "  Fall 
of  Man,"  by  W.  H.  F.  Bosanquet.  It  was 
with  the  greatest  surprise  that   I   read 


Mr.  Bosanquet's  new  theory  as  to  the 
derivation  from  Caedmon's  poems  of  the 
modern  heroic  measure  of  five  feet ;  surely 
a  theory  so  wholly  unsound  ought  not  to 
be  passed  over  without  a  protest  against 


•  Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  Series,  vii.  96. 


«  So  written  in  the  visitation. 


682 


Correspondence  ofSylvanus  Urban. 


[Tune! 


it.  It  certainly  is  just  possible  to  to  mis- 
read Csedmon's  lines  as  to  make  a  pair  of 
them  sound  like  a  very  third-rate  ten-syl- 
lable or  eleven-syllable  modern  heroic  line ; 
but  that  by  no  means  proves  that  it  is 
desirable  to  do  so.  For  (1.)  they  can 
scarcely  ever  be  made  to  look  like  ten- 
syllable  lines— there  will  almost  always  be 
a  redundant  syllable;  (2.)  Caedmon's  are 
not  the  only  poems  in  Ceedmon's  metre : 
Alfred's  metrical  paraphrases,  the  poem  of 
"Beowulf,"  and  "Piers  Ploughman's  Vi- 
sion" and  "  Crede"  must  likewise  be  proved 
to  be  subject  to  the  new  theory ;  and  (3.) 
by  this  newly  proposed  method  the  accent 
will  be  thrown  very  often  upon  syllables 
that  are  subordinate,  and,  what  is  worst 
of  all,  the  accent  will  often  be  removed 
from  the  syllables  that  begin  in  the  same 
line  with  a  common  letter.  For  instance, 
the  original  lines  which  Mr.  Bosanquet 
translates  by — 

*'  Then  to  Eve  spake  the  Lord  God  angrily ; 
Torn  thee  from  joy,  and  thou  ahalt  subject  be 
To  man,  thy  husband ;" 

(and  which  Mr.  Vernon  translates  in  a 
literal  and  marvellously  similar  manner 
by, — "Then  to  Eve  God  angrily  spake: 
Turn  thee  from  joy :  thou  shalt  to  man  be 
in  subjection:"  see  Vernon's  "Anglo- 
Saxon  Guide,"  p.  147,)  run  thus : — 

"TbftUJ  Euan  God 
Trringa  spree : 
Wend  the  from  wynne ; 

Thu  scealt  wa)pned-men 
Wesan  on  gewealde." 

Now  the  first  two  lines  may  be  made  to 

resemble  a  heroic  line  shorn  of  its  first 

syllable :  and  the  second  two  may  be  made 

also  into  a  very  decent  heroic  line :  but  it 

by  no  means  follows  that  we  ought  to 

read  them  so ;  for  it  would  require  very 

great  ingenuity  to  read  many  pairs  of 

lines  thus.    What  is  to  be  done  with  the 

next  pair,  viz., — 

"  Wesan  on  gewealde 
Mid  weres  egsan*'  T 

Or  what  is  to  be  done  with  the  follow- 
ing couplet  from  "Piers  Ploughman's 
Crede  :"— 

"  And  wrought  as  his  will  was 
The  werld  and  the  heven"  f 


Let  me  refer  any  one  who  wishes  to 
understand  metre  to  an  article  in  Edgar 
Poe's  Works,  called  the  "Rationale  of 
Verse,"  wherein  the  writer  explains  Eng- 
lish metre  as  lucidly  as  he  explains  clas- 
sical metres  absurdly :  and  next,  allow  me 
to  state  the  opinion  of  most  scholars,  that 
the  metre  of  Caedmon  is  essentially  allite- 
rative, and  that  in  such  a  manner  that 
syllables  beginning  with  the  same  letter 
in  the  same  couplet  ought  to  be  accented 
strongly ;  that  the  metre  is  often  uneven, 
and  the  number  of  syllables  variable ;  but 
that  it  is  never  tame,  but  full  of  dashing 
spirit  and  emphasis,  which  throw  minor 
irregularities  into  the  shade.  What  the 
true  metre  is,  it  would  be  somewhat  tedi- 
ous to  shew;  and  I  have,  I  fear,  already 
trespassed  considerably  upon  your  space. 
Still  I  may  be  perhaps  allowed,  by  way  of 
illustration,  to  give  a  translation  of  Uh- 
land's  poem  of  "  The  Roe"  in  what  ought 
to  be  the  modernized  form  of  Caedmon's 
metre,  and  which  is  to  be  traced  by  means 
of  the  couplet  I  have  quoted  from  "  Piers 
Ploughman's  Crede."  The  rule  for  reading 
the  lines  is,  to  emphasize  strongly  the 
syllables  in  the  same  couplet  which  com- 
mence with  a  common  letter,  and  then  it 
is  hardly  possible  to  miss  the  swing  of  the 
verse. 

"Tax  Bob. 

44  A  huntsman,  on  horseback, 

Full  hotly  was  hasting : 
O'er  field  and  through  forest 

He  followed  a  roebuck : 
When  lo !  his  eyes  lighted 

On  a  lovely  young  lady, 
Who  gazed  from  her  garden 

With  tenderest  glances. 

*«  What  harm  can  hare  happened ! 

His  horse  must  be  hamstrung  I — 
What  harm  can  have  happened, 

Alas!  to  the  horseman ! 
Why  cease,  on  a  sudden, 

His  shouts  of  excitement  T 

**  Fast  raceth  the  roebuck 

O'er  rock  and  through  forest ; 

4  Why  flee'Bt  thou  so  frightened. 
Thou  foolish  young  creature  T 
No  longer  'tis  likely 
He'll  look  for  thy  foot-tracks !' » 

I  am,  Ac      Waictb  W.  Skxat. 


1861.]  683 


C&e  £ote4)00&  ot  &glbanug  ©rfcan. 


[  Under  this  title  are  collected  brief  notes  of  matters  of  current  antiquarian  interest 
which  do  not  appear  to  demand  more  formal  treatment.  Stlvajtub  Ubban  invites 
the  kind  co-operation  of  his  Friends,  who  may  thus  preserve  a  record  of  many  things 
that  would  otherwise  pass  away."] 


Discovert  of  a  Roman  Villa  in  Lincolnshire. — The  Rev.  W.  B.  Philpot, 
Rector  of  Walesby,  in  a  letter  to  the  "Times"  dated  May  3,  1861,  says,— "For 
the  sake  of  your  antiquarian  readers  I  wish  to  state  that  an  extensive  villa,  with 
its  dependent  establishments,  has  been  lately  brought  to  light  by  the  plough  and 
the  spade.  The  plough  struck  against  one  of  the  under  piers  of  one  of  the  hypo- 
causts.  The  ploughman,  imagining  it  to  be  some  kind  of  draining  tile,  or  an  old 
chimney-pot,  took  the  opinion  of  an  intelligent  local  antiquary.  He  kindly  com- 
municated with  myself.  We  were  helped  in  our  labours  by  the  tenants  and  neigh- 
bours; and  when  the  principal  portion  had  been  laid  open  to  view,  the  Rev. 
Edward  Trollope,  the  discoverer  of  the  villa  on  the  property  of  the  late  Earl  of 
Westmoreland,  paid  us  a  visit,  and  kindly  explained  the  idea  of  the  Roman  villa  to 
a  large  assembly  from  the  adjoining  parts.  Our  villa  stands  within  half  a  mile  of 
the  great  Roman  road  from  Camulodunum  to  the  settlements  in  Yorkshire.  From 
indications  in  the  neighbouring  fields,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  this  may  have  been  a 
settlement  of  some  extent.  Coins  have  been  found  of  the  period  of  one  of  the  Gor- 
dians,  of  Constantine,  of  Constantius  II.,  and  of  Constans ;  also  some  fragments 
of  handmills,  a  stone  chisel,  faggot-fork,  spindle-whirls,  and  numberless  pieces 
of  funeral  urns,  dolia  diotoe,  and  jars  of  many  sorts  and  sizes,  some  of  very 
choice  Saraian  and  Durobrivn  ware.  The  hypocaustal  features  are  very  clearly 
marked,  as  the  furnaces,  flues,  ash-pits,  and  under  piers,  which  are  filled  with  clay, 
and  much  burnt.  There  are  foundations  of  the  walls  of  three  rooms,  and  a  cold 
plunging  bath,  with  a  long  drain  by  which  the  water  escaped  down  the  slope  of 
the  hill.  Bones  of  red  deer,  oxen,  and  sheep  have  been  dug  up,  with  the  usual 
number  of  oyster-shells.  The  spot  commands  a  view  of  Lincoln,  and  is  within  a 
few  minutes'  walk  of  a  view  of  the  Humber  and  the  sea." 

Roman  Oats  on  English  Farms. — "  In  a  field  on  the  farm  occupied  by  Mr. 
Binks,  at  Peppermoor,  near  Alnwick,  some  ancient  encampments  long  existed, 
which  tradition  ascribed  to  the  Romans.  The  lapse  of  time  and  the  progress  of 
agricultural  improvement  gradually  obliterated  almost  every  trace  of  them ;  and, 
about  a  year  ago,  the  last  of  the  whins,  which  time  out  of  mind  had  covered  the 
ground,  were  cut  down,  and  the  land  ploughed  and  sown  with  barley.  When  the 
barley  was  ready  for  the  sickle,  Mr.  Binks  was  astonished  to  observe  several  heada 
of  strange-looking  oats  among  it.  Some  of  them  were  unusually  tall  and  strong; 
with  long  branching  stemlets,  whilst  others  had  globular  heads  resembling  the 
seed  of  the  onion.  Mr.  Binks  collected  no  less  than  seventy-five  varieties,  never 
seen  in  the  district  before.  He  has  sown  the  seed,  and  intends  to  exhibit  a  col- 
lection of  them  at  the  next  show  of  the  Alnwick  Horticultural  Society.  The  place, 
it  has  been  conjectured,  had  been  a  cavalry  camp,  and  the  oats,  which  were  per- 
haps ripened  under  other  skies,  after  lying  covered  with  the  dibris  of  the  camps 


684  The  Note-book  of  Sylvanus  Urban.  [June, 

for  probably  fifteen  hundred  years,  may  possibly  add  one  or  more  permanent  va- 
rieties to  the  stock  of  the  English  farmer." — Newcastle  Daily  Journal. 

The  Remains  of  Charlemagne. — An  inspection  of  the  bones  of  Charlemagne 
took  place  at  Aix-la-Cbapelle  the  other  day.  Fears  had  arisen  that  these  remains 
might  suffer  from  friction  in  their  present  wrappings ;  so  permission  was  obtained 
from  the  Chapter,  and  in  the  presence  of  most  of  the  notabilities  of  the  town,  the 
Government  officials,  the  whole  Chapter,  and  several  physicians,  the  mausoleum 
was  opened,  and  the  remains,  or,  as  the  report  says,  the  ossa,  of  Caroli  M.  were 
examined.  They  were  found  intact,  and  in  excellent  preservation.  After  due 
ceremonial  gone  through,  procession  round  the  cathedral,  &c,  liturgical  prayers 
were  said  before  the  remains  of  the  greatest  protector  of  the  Chair  of  St.  Peter, 
and  the  cause  of  the  present  Pope  was  prayed  for.  Careful  photographs  were 
taken  of  the  wrappers  in  which  the  remains  of  Charlemagne  had  rested  for  so 
many  centuries;  they  were  of  a  beautiful  silken  tissue.  The  larger  wrapper, 
rich  in  colour  and  design,  was  recognised  as  one  of  those  drops  de  lit  which  were 
frequently  mentioned  by  the  Provencal  troubadours,  as  well  as  by  the  contemporary 
German  minnesingers,  as  Pallia  transmarina,  P.  Saracenica.  It  is,  no  doubt,  a 
product  of  industry  of  the  Sicilian  Saracens  of  the  twelfth  century.  The  second 
smaller  wrapper,  of  a  beautifully-preserved  purple  colour,  has  been  traced  to 
Byzantine  industry :  the  Greek  inscriptions  woven  into  the  silk  texture  make  it 
probable  that  the  stuff  was  manufactured  in  the  Imperial  gymnasium  at  Byzantium 
in  the  tenth  century. 

Restorations  and  Excavations. — The  works  of  repair  at  Netley  Abbey  are 
now  completed.  The  debris  and  modern  brickwork,  which  concealed  some  portion 
of  the  beautiful  architecture  of  the  abbey,  have  been  removed,  and  the  base  of 
the  columns  and  the  pavement  of  the  chancel  are  now  also  exposed  to  view.  About 
£3,000  has  been  expended  on  the  works,  by  the  proprietor,  T.  Chamberlayne, 
Esq.,  of  Cranbury-park.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Kell  and  the  Messrs.  Skelton,  local  anti- 
quaries, were  permitted  to  search  for  the  crypt,  and  they  employed  persons  to  dig 
a  considerable  depth  under  each  of  the  altars,  but  there  was  no  sign  of  what  they 
sought  for.  The  soil  they  dug  into  was  sandy,  which  probably  was  the  cause  that 
no  crypt  was  built,  or  it  might  have  been  from  the  fact  that  the  spot  on  which  the 
abbey  was  built  is  but  little  above  high-water  mark.  A  small  charge  is  now  made 
to  visitors  to  pay  for  a  custodian  of  the  ruins. 

The  excavations  at  the  ruins  of  Furness  Abbey  are  to  be  resumed,  attention  being 
particularly  directed  towards  the  mound  of  earth  and  debris  adjoining  the  chapter- 
house. The  exploration,  it  is  hoped,  will  result  in  laying  bare  more  of  the  foundations 
than  are  at  present  exposed  ;  so  that  the  work,  although  conducted  on  a  compara- 
tively small  scale,  will  prove  eminently  interesting  and  suggestive  to  the  antiquary. 

"Cow  Honeybourne  Church,  which  was  rescued  from  desecration  principally 
through  the  recent  exertions  of  the  Worcester  Architectural  Society,  has  been 
partially  restored  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Hopkins,  architect,  of  Worcester. 
The  north  wall  of  the  nave  and  the  chancel-arch  have  been  rebuilt,  a  north  porch 
added,  new  roofs  placed  over  the  nave  and  chancel,  the  windows  made  good,  and 
new  ones  inserted  where  necessary.  The  work  is  now  at  a  standstill,  the  restora- 
tion fund  being  quite  exhausted.  The  Hon.  F.  Lygon,  M.P.,  in  addition  to  a  very 
liberal  donation,  has  promised  an  altar-table,  and  the  Rev.  W.  Lea,  of  Droitwich, 
a  "pulpit.  Further  subscriptions  will  be  thankfully  received  by  the  Rev.  J.  G. 
Knapp,  of  Church  Honeybourne,  through  whose  exertions  the  restoration  has  thus 
far  been  successfully  carried  out." — Worcester  Herald. 
11 


1861.] 


685 


HISTORICAL  AM)  MISCELLANEOUS  REVIEWS. 


Transactions  of  the  Exeter  Diocesan 
Architectural  Society.  Vol.  VI.,  Part  III. 
4to. —  Much  credit  is  due  to  the  Exe- 
ter Architectural  Society  for  the  steady 
manner  in  which  it  has  pur*  ued  its  object 
for  eighteen  years,  and  few  societies  can 
shew  six  such  volumes  as  the  Proceedings 
of  this  Society.  The  manner  in  which  they 
have  been  got  up,  and  the  plates  executed, 
afford  quite  a  model  to  other  societies,  and 
we  believe  had  considerable  influence  in 
producing  the  reformation  of  the  Archao- 
logia,  the  plates  of  which  a  few  years  since 
were  a  demonstration  of  the  meanness  and 
shabbiness  which  then  directed  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London.  Even  now,  although  much  has 
been  done  in  the  way  of  reform,  the  screw 
is  still  held  so  tight,  and  the  responsibility 
so  ingeniously  divided  between  the  "Ex- 
ecutive Committee,"  the  "Library  Com- 
mittee," the  "Finance  Committee,"  and 
the  "  General  Council,"  that  the  author  of 
a  paper  never  knows  what  he  has  to  ex- 
pect from  the  liberality  of  that  Society  in 
the  way  of  illustrations,  nor  when  his  paper 
will  appear ;  if  he  sees  it  in  print  and  de- 
cently illustrated  two  years  after  he  has 
read  it,  he  may  think  himself  fortunate. 
In  this  respect  it  would  appear  that  the 
members  of  the  Exeter  Society  are  more 
fortunate. 

Most  of  the  plates  are  beautifully  ex- 
ecuted by  Le  Kcux,  and  the  series  of 
tombs  of  the  bishops  of  Exeter  and  others 
in  the  present  Part  are  truly  valuable. 
Others,  if  not  quite  so  finely  executed,  are 
useful  and  interesting.  There  are  twenty- 
four  of  them,  some  double,  and  a  large 
ecclesiastical  map  of  the  diocese,  with  the 
archdeaconries  distinguished  by  different 
colours.  We  marvel  how  all  this  can  be 
given  in  return  for  a  guinea  subscription, 
especially  when  we  turn  to  the  treasurer's 
account  and  see  that  the  annual  receipts 
do  not  amount  to  £100  a-year,  and  we 
are  sorry  to  observe  that  they  are  fell- 
ing off;  but  we  also  see  that  the  annual 
Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


expenses,  independent  of  the  Proceedings, 
do  not  exceed  £30,  including  £20  for  the 
rent  of  the  college  hall*,  as  the  museum 
of  the  Society.  The  plates  in  this  number 
beside  the  tombs,  are  view*,  elevations, 
and  plans  of  Holcombe  Court,  Devon, 
(Elizabethan,)  by  Mr.  E.  Ashworth,  and 
St.  Michael's  Mount,  Cornwall,  by  Mr.  J. 
P.  St.  Aubyn,  the  grandson,  we  presume, 
of  the  Sir  John  St.  Aubyn  at  whose  ex- 
pense the  castle  was  so  unfortunately  re- 
stored in  Roman  cement  about  half  a  cen- 
tury back.  Much  of  the  ancient  character 
was  then  destroyed,  and  the  first  impres- 
sion of  an  antiquary  on  seeing  the  place 
now  is  bitter  disappointment :  still  there  is 
a  good  deal  remaining,  especially  of  the 
chapel,  as  these  plates  shew.  The  plan 
here  given  is  unfortunately  that  of  the 
modern  house,  and  although  it  may  not  be 
materially  altered,  the  names  of  the  modern 
apartments  are  hardly  what  was  wanted  in 
such  a  work :  an  attempt  might  have  been 
made  to  restore  the  old  arrangements  on 
paper.  The  monumental  screen  in  Paign- 
ton Church  is  a  very  rare  feature,  and  ex- 
tremely rich,  in  the  Tudor  style.  The 
mural  painting  in  Bovey  Tracey  Church, 
Devon,  is  well  represented;  the  subjects 
are  very  usual  ones,  and  not  quite  accu- 

•  This  is,  we  suppose,  the  hall  of  the  Vicars' 
College.  It  is  better  that  it  should  be  applied  to 
•o  good  a  purpose  than  not  used  at  all ;  but  it  is 
muoh  to  be  wished  that  these  colleges  should  be 
revived,  and  restored  to  practical  u*e  :  they  exist 
in  all  our  cathedral  towns  as  a  necessary  append- 
age to  the  cathedral  and  might  be  made  of  im- 
mense utility.  A  college  of  deacons  to  take  part 
in  the  services  of  the  cathedral  and  visit  the  poor 
in  the  city,  is  exactly  what  is  wanted,  and  the 
want  is  beginning  to  be  felt.  It  would  serve  at 
the  same  time  as  an  admirable  training*  college 
for  the  young  clergy  of  the  diocese.  There  is  in 
all  our  cathedral  towns  a  mass  of  ignorant,  almost 
heathen  population,  sheltered  under  the  shadow 
of  the  great  fortress  of  the  faith,  but  entirely  out 
of  the  reach  of  its  great  punt,  who  might  be 
singled  out  one  by  one  by  an  active  body  of  rifle- 
men, with  whom  the  young  volunteers  could 
act,  and  educate  themselves  for  the  army  of  tha 
Church  in  the  diocese. 

40 


686 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[June, 


rately  described :  1,  the  Holy  Lamb  in  the 
foreground ;  2,  in  the  back-ground,  the 
trots  morts  et  trois  vifs,  or  three  kings  and 
three  skeletons;  3,  St. Michael  weighing 
goals;  4,  the  Church  gathering  her  faith- 
ful children  around  her  at  the  last  day, 
erroneously  described  as  "the  Virgin 
Mary."  The  remaining  plate  (66  of  the 
volume)  is  the  interior  of  Callington 
Church,  Cornwall,  to  shew  the  recent 
restoration  of  open  scats.  There  are  also 
woodcuts  of  plans  and  sections  of  this 
church,  and  several  other  woodcuts  in  this 
Part.  One,  of  the  Communion-table  in 
Ermington  Church,  shews  the  Puritan 
mis  arrangement,  examples  of  which  are 
now  rare,  though  a  few  are  still  pre- 
served, as  at  Deerhurst  and  Winchcombe, 
Gloucestershire. 

We  are  sorry  to  observe  that  some  of 
the  members  of  this  active  Society  still 
continue  to  use  the  almost  exploded  terms 
invented  by  the  Cambridge  Camden  So- 
ciety in  its  early  days,  such  as  "Third 
Pointed,"  &c.  It  is  still  an  unsettled  point 
what  is  the  First  Pointed  style,  but  it  is 
quite  certain  that  the  style  of  the  thir- 
teenth century  is  not,  and  therefore  that 
the  terms  "First  Pointed,"  "Middle 
Pointed,"  and  "Third  Pointed,"  misap- 
plied to  the  styles  of  the  thirteenth,  four- 
teenth, and  fifteenth  centuries,  are  only 
calculated  to  mislead  young  students,  and 
should  be  dropped.  If  people  cannot  agree 
to  use  the  same  technical  terms,  which 
are  in  themselves  matters  of  indifference, 
not  worth  squabbling  about,  it  would 
be  far  better  to  mention  the  dates  only, 
and  use  no  technical  terms  at  all.  The 
unfortunate  attempt  to  introduce  a  new 
terminology  has  done  much  mischief,  by 
taking  away  the  attention  of  students  from 
the  real  object  of  study  to  a  squabble 
about  words.  And  so  long  as  the  mem- 
bers of  one  society  use  one  terminology, 
and  those  of  another  society  a  different 
one,  there  will  be  a  difficulty  in  their  un- 
derstanding each  other.  We  are  very  glad 
to  see  the  "  Index  to  the  Rough  Notes"  of 
this  Society,  which  will  greatly  add  to 
their  utility,  and  there  is  more  real  prac- 
tical work  in  these  than  we  have  seen  in 
any  other  Society.      Surely  every  local 


archsDological  society  ought  to  have  made 
a  rough  survey  of  the  ground  of  its  labours 
to  begin  with,  as  a  mnp  of  the  country  in 
which  it  has  to  work. 

We  have  left  ourselves  no  room  for  an 
analysis  of  the  papers  of  which  the  volume 
is  composed.  We  can  only  remark  that 
all  are  very  creditable  to  their  authors; 
but  we  have  devoted  a  few  lines  to  one  in 
particular  on  account  of  the  fact  that  it 
has  been  published  separately  for  an  ob- 
ject in  which  all  must  feel  an  interest. 


Dadalvs;  or,  The  Causes  and  Prin- 
ciples of  the  Excellence  of  Greek  Sculp- 
ture. By  Edward  Falkeveb.  Royal 
8vo.,  322  and  xxiv  pp.,  and  16  Plates. 
(Longmans.)  —  Of  the  many  handsome 
books  for  the  drawing-room  table  which 
have  been  published  of  late,  this  is  oneof  the 
most  beautiful ;  the  printing  and  paper  are 
perfect.  The  idea  was  an  excellent  one  of 
employing  photography  to  illustrate  sculp- 
ture, and  using  the  photographs  themselves 
as  plates  instead  of  engravings  from  them : 
but  we  must  enter  our  protest  against  the 
employment  of  photography  to  multiply 
drawings  and  designs;  it  is  a  misapplica- 
tion of  an  admirable  art,  one  of  the  merits 
of  which  is  entire  truthfulness.  We  are 
accustomed  to  consider  that  there  can  be 
no  deception  in  a  photograph ;  the  frontis- 
piece to  this  volume  is  enough  at  once  to 
dispel  this  illusion;  it  is  a  photograph 
from  a  drawing  of  the  author  for  the 
restoration  of  the  interior  of  the  Parthenon 
at  Athens,  and  it  is  almost  certain  that 
the  Parthenon  never  was,  and  never  was 
intended  to.  be,  what  is  here  represented. 
It  may  appear  bold  to  differ  from  so  high 
an  authority  as  Mr.  Falkener,  who  has 
certainly  brought  an  extraordinary  store 
of  learning  to  bear  upon  his  subject ;  his 
pages  are  full  of  quotations  from  writers 
of  all  ages  in  Greek,  Latin,  French,  and 
German,  who  are  supposed  to  sup]K>rt  his 
views.  Nevertheless,  it  appears  to  us  that 
they  do  not  generally  bear  the  construc- 
tion which  Mr.  Falkener  puts  upon  them, 
and  it  is  evident  that  along  with  great 
learning  this  author  also  has  a  powerful 
imagination.  We  cannot  bring  ourselves 
to  believe  that  the  central  space  of  the 


1861.] 


Falkener  on  Greek  Sculpture. 


687 


Parthenon  at  Athens  was  covered  over 
by  a  vault  closely  resembling  that  Of 
the  Pantheon  at  Rome;  and  it  appears 
very  singular  that  if  this  was  the  case, 
the  very  elaborate  ivory  statue  of  Minerva 
should  be  placed  immediately  under  the 
opening  in  the  centre,  even  in  the  climate 
of  Greece.  It  is  far  more  probable  that 
the  whole  of  the  central  space  of  a  hypa- 
thral  temple  was  open  to  the  sky,  and  that 
a  canopy  was  erected  over  the  image,  like 
the  ciborium  in  the  Roman  basilican 
churches.  That  there  were  aisles  and  an 
upper  row  of  smaller  columns,  with  a 
gallery,  in  the  temple  as  in  the  basilica, 
Mr.  Falkener  appears  to  have  proved,  and 
it  is  more  than  probable  that  these  aisles 
and  galleries  had  wooden  roofs,  floors,  and 
ceilings ;  but  this  by  no  means  proves  that 
the  central  space  was  covered  over. 

Mr.  Falkener  considers  the  story  of  Dae- 
dalus as  a  fable  and  allegory;  he  disbelieves 
the  crimes  imputed  to  him ;  considers  the 
story  of  the  cow  "  but  another  mode  of  say- 
ing that,  like  Myron,  his  skill  in  forming 
animals  was  so  great  that  they  deceived 
those  of  the  same  species." 

Respecting  the  wings  which  he  is  said 
to  have  iuvented,  we  are  told,  "  The  fable 
was  understood,  by  most  of  the  ancients, 
to  mom  that  Daedalus  had  escaped  from 
Crete  by  means  of  sails,  of  which  he  was 
the  inventor."  This  seems  probable  enough, 
but  it  is  much  too  prosaic  an  explanation 
to  Siitisfy  Mr.  Falkener,  who  considers 
that— 

"The  winged  flight  of  Dscdalu*  may 
hare  been  invented  to  denote  the  soaring 
nature  of  genius,  the  superiority  of  in- 
tellect over  mere  physical  force.  Daedalus' 
genius  was  controlled  by  sound  judgment, 
and  though  he  departed  boldly  from  the 
trammels  of  hieratic  prescription,  he  gave 
not  free  licence  to  his  fancy,  but  subjected 
his  imagination  to  the  rules  of  art.  Icarus, 
on  the  other  hand,  with  the  rashness  and 
ignorance  of  youth,  thought  he  would  go 
beyond  his  fattier,  and  establishing  himself 
at  the  island  which  bore  his  name,  fell 
into  extravagance  of  style,  and  most 
miserably  failed.  Under  the  figure,  there- 
fore, of  Icarus,  who  is  made  to  represent 
the  student  in  art,  the  ancients  wished  to 
inculcate  those  important  lessons  which 
are  necessary  to  be  borne  in  mind  for  the 
attainment  of  success,"  &c 


All  this  appears  to  us  extremely  far- 
fetched and  improbable,  and  an  example 
only  of  the  brilliant  imagination  of  Mr. 
Falkener.  His  arguments  to  prove  that  the 
arch  was  used  by  the  Greeks  are  equally 
unsatisfactory,  and  although  he  endeavours 
to  back  them  up  with  the  representations 
of  temples  on  Soman  coins,  taken  from  the 
excellent  work  of  Professor  Donaldson, 
these  do  not  really  bear  out  his  theory. 

Our  limits  do  not  permit  us  to  follow 
Mr.  Falkener  through  his  series  of  disser- 
tations on  ancient  and  modern  art ;  they 
display  great  learning,  as  we  have  said, 
and  much  that  is  valuable,  just,  and  true, 
mixed  up,  however,  as  we  conceive,  with 
a  good  deal  that  is  fanciful  and  doubtfuL 
With  many  of  his  remarks  we  should 
cordially  agree ;  there  is  much  to  admire 
in  his  zeal,  and  in  the  research  which  he 
has  brought  to  bear  upon  his  subject: 
still,  according  to  our  sober  judgment,  his 
imagination  is  allowed  too  free  a  scope  for 
a  work  of  this  kind. 

It  is  amusing  to  see  Mr.  Falkener  running 
a  tilt  against  Mr.  Ruskin,  whom  he  hits 
very  hard,  and  whose  fallacies  he  exposes 
with  much  justice  and  discrimination, 
while  giving  him  duo  credit  for  his  real 
merits  :— 

''Gifted  with  dangerous  and  seductive 
eloquence,  endowed  with  fertility  of  ima- 
gination, his  assertions,  however  wild, 
however  false,  are  received  by  the  vulgar 
as  from  an  oracle.  The  greatest  fallacies 
and  contradictions  are  received  undoubted, 
in  the  same  manner  that  the  poor  pervert 
gulps  down  all  the  difficulties  of  a  false 
religion 

"The  eloquence  and  the  audacity  of 
this  writer  are  as  dangerous  to  the  march 
of  pure  art  in  our  country,  as  they  are 
surprising  to  the  classical  student." 

Again : — 

"  This  style  of  writing,  whether  under- 
stood or  not,  may  be  considered  very 
poetical,  but  is  it  true  ?  Or  did  the  Doric 
temple  possess  no  delicate  lines  of  bas- 
relief,  no  bold  metopes,  no  magnificent 
pedimental  sculpture,  no  picturesque  aero- 
terial  ornaments,  no  glittering  antefixse, 
no  painted  and  gilt  tiling?  Did  it  con- 
tain under  its  porticos  no  fresco  paint- 
ings ?  Was  it  embellished  with  no  bronze 
and  marble  sculpture?  Was  the  whole 
temple  not  set  off  with  the  most  exquisite 


688 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[June, 


painting  and  coloured  ornaments?  And 
was  not  the  whole  not  merely  rich  and 
picturesque,  but  chaste,  imposing,  beau- 
tiful, of  most  wondrous  symmetry,  per- 
fect, and  hopelessly  unequalled  ?" 

Here  the  sense  of  justice  compels  us  to 
intervene,  and  though  we  differ  equally 
from  Mr.  Ruskin  and  Mr.  Falkener,  we 
are  bound  to  answer  all  these  queries  in 
the  negative.  All  that  Mr.  Falkener  claims 
for  them  may  be  true  of  the  Grecian  tem- 
ples in  Greece,  but  Mr.  Ruskin  is  speaking 
of  the  modern  buildings  in  England  mis- 
called Grecian,  which  are  in  fact  mon- 
strosities equally  out  of  place  and  out  of 
character,  absurdities  upon  the  face  of 
them;  a  Greek  portico  is  entirely  un- 
guited  to  the  climate  of  England,  and  the 
attempt  to  transplant  it  here  must  always 
be,  as  it  always  has  been,  a  failure,  a  waste 
of  space,  air  and  light,  and  money,  and  in 
bad  taste.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Bus- 
kin's favourite  Venetian  style  is  scarcely 
a  whit  more  suitable  for  England  than 
the  Greek.  The  sun  in  Italy  is  nearly  as 
powerful  as  in  Greece,  and  the  intense 
light  of  both  these  countries  can  never  be 
transplanted  to  England.  The  portico 
of  the  Doge's  Palace  at  Venice  is  as  little 
suited  for  the  atmosphere  of  London  as 
that  of  the  Parthenon  of  Athens.  We 
have  a  national  style  of  our  own,  a  bold, 
manly,  vigorous  style,  suited  to  our  cha- 
racter, our  climate,  our  habits,  our  ideas ; 
calculated  equally  for  every  purpose,  for  a 
palace,  a  museum,  a  town-hall,  a  tabernacle, 
or  a  cottage,  just  as  well  as  for  a  cathe- 
dral or  a  parish  church,  with  equal  con- 
venience and  propriety,  and  without  cost- 
ing one  penny  more  than  the  foreign 
styles  which  are  continually  foisted  upon 
us  on  one  pretext  or  another,  the  most 
usual  and  the  most  false  being  that  of 
economy.  Unfortunately,  both  Mr.  Fal- 
kener and  Mr.  Ruskin  are  equally  igno- 
rant of  this  the  true  architecture  of  Eng- 
land, and  this  ignorance  is  shared  equally 
by  the  greater  part  of  our  architects  and 
of  writers  on  the  subject. 

It  may  appear  that  we  are  wandering 
from  the  subject  of  Mr.  Falkener's  work, 
which  is  sculpture,  but  we  have  only  fol- 
lowed bis  own  track;  he  has  introduced 


almost  as  much  on  the  one  subject  as  the 
other.  Respecting  English  sculpture,  the 
iconoclasts  of  the  seventeenth  century 
were  so  busy  that  we  have  little  remain- 
ing ;  but  that  little  is  very  valuable,  and 
in  the  opinion  of  Professor  Cockerell, — 
whose  prejudices  and  whose  studies  would 
have  naturally  led  him  to  give  the  pre- 
ference to  foreign  sculpture,  if  his  honesty 
would  have  allowed  him  to  do  so, — the 
English  sculpture  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury is  unrivalled  by  any  other  of  the 
same  period  in  any  country.  Mr.  Falkener 
affects  to  despise  the  sculpture  at  Wells, 
Lincoln,  and  Salisbury ;  has  he  ever  studied 
them?  has  he  ever  seen  them?  From 
the  manner  in  which  he  mentions  them 
we  can  almost  for  certain  answer  No  to 
each  of  these  questions. 

If  both  Mr.  Falkener  and  Mr.  Ruskin 
would  really  study  the  art  of  their  own 
country  before  they  pretend  to  depreciate 
it,  they  would  save  themselves  from  ex- 
posing their  own  ignorance  of  a  subject 
which  they  ought  to  have  studied,  before 
they  undertook  to  teach  the  world. 


Half -hour  Lectures  on  the  History  and 
Practice  of  the  Fine  and  Ornamental  Arts* 
By  William  B.  Scott,  Head  Master, 
Government  School  of  Art,  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne.  Fcap.  8vo.,  364  and  xii.  pp.  (Long- 
mans).— Every  one  wishes  tto  know  some- 
thing about  art,  and  yet  very  few  persons 
are  acquainted  with  more  than  two  or 
three  branches  of  it.  The  manual  before 
us  is  just  what  was  wanted  to  give  a 
general  idea  of  all  parts  of  the  subject. 
Those  who  have  studied  any  particular 
branch  will  complain  that  it  is  poor  and 
superficial  each  in  his  own  division,  but 
will  be  thankful  for  the  information  on 
other  parts  of  the  subject,  so  clearly  and 
lucidly  given  that  any  person  of  decent 
education  can  read  it  with  interest,  and 
most  will  find  that  they  have  acquired 
some  new  ideas  in  an  agreeable  manner, 
and  picked  up  information  almost  uncon- 
sciously. The  writer  is,  on  the  whole,  fair 
and  impartial,  and  his  criticisms  are  such 
as  will  be  generally  assented  to;  but  he  is 
not  altogether  free  from  the  prejudices  of 
the  school  to  which  he  belongs,  and  cannot 


18G1.] 


Hutchison's  S.  Mary,  Callington. 


689 


help  having  an  occasional  fling  at  Medie- 
valism, which  would  have  been  better 
omitted. 

He  should  have  been  more  careful  to 
define  what  he  means :  for  as  he  does  full 
justice  to  the  really  great  artists  of  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  we 
suppose  he  does  not  include  that  period  in 
the  Middle  Ages;  and  if  his  flings  at  bar- 
barism are  only  intended  to  apply  to  the 
works  of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  cen- 
turies, few  persons  would  be  disposed  to 
question  their  justice.  Unfortunately,  "the 
Middle  Ages"  is  a  very  undefined  period; 
it  is  generally  understood  to  comprise  the 
whole  interval  between  the  fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire  and  the  Reformation,  and 
during  this  long  period  of  seven  or  eight 
centuries  art  underwent  many  and  great 
changes:  at  first  of  decay,  the  gradual 
dying  out  of  all  vestiges  of  Roman  art ; 
but  afterwards  a  revival  of  wonderful 
vigour,  attaining  in  its  later  period  to  great 
excellence  in  many  branches  of  art. 

The  contents  of  this  volume  are  so  varied 
that  it  is  impossible  to  give  any  clear  idea 
of  them  in  a  small  space.  There  are  sixteen 
lectures  on  different  subjects,  from  the 
beginning  of  the  Christian  era  to  modern 
times,  and  three  additional  on  "  Terms  in 
Art/'  which  appear  to  us  the  least  satis- 
factory part  of  the  work ;  the  attempt  at 
explaining  some  of  the  terms  appears  to  us 
only  to  make  them  darker  and  less  in- 
telligible than  they  were  before.  The 
author  seems  to  get  beyond  his  depth  in 
attempting  philosophical  definitions  when 
they  were  not  required.  The  earlier  lec- 
tures are  the  best,  and  the  most  interest- 
ing, being  more  historical,  and  the  infor- 
mation contained  is  not  readily  accessi- 
ble, being  chiefly  taken  from  large  and 
expensive  works.  The  lecture  on  English 
Domestic  Architecture  from  1100  to  1500 
is  a  novel  feature  in  a  work  on  the  Fine 
Arts,  but  we  consider  it  is  very  properly 
introduced,  and  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing; it  is  almost  entirely  taken  from  the 
elaborate  work  of  Messrs.  Turner  and 
Parker,  which  he  seems  to  have  read  in 
rather  a  superficial  manner,  but  on  the 
whole  it  is  fairly  analyzed.  The  difficulty 
which  he  starts  in  a  note,  p.  102,  respect- 


ing the  "  Lady's  Bower,"  appears  to  us  a 
very  simple  one, — the  word,  like  many 
others,  is  used  in  somewhat  different  senses, 
and  in  the  Scotch  ballad, — 

"  My  love  he  built  me  a  bonnie  bower, 
And  thatched  it  a'  with  lilie  flower,"— 

the  word  is  used  in  its  modern  sense,  and 
not  in  the  medieval  one  of  the  lady's 
chamber ;  which,  by  the  way,  is  not  quite 
synonymous  with  bed-room,  as  Mr.  Scott 
supposes.  In  the  Middle  Ages  the  chamber 
was  both  the  bed-room  and  the  usual  sit- 
ting-room, as  in  France  to  the  present 
time.  In  disturbed  districts,  as  in  Ireland, 
it  was  often  at  the  top  of  the  castle,  for 
greater  security  and  privacy. 

We  cannot  take  leave  of  Mr.  Scott  with- 
out  thanking  him  for  an  agreeable  and 
useful  volume. 


A  Monograph  on  the  History  and  JRs- 
ttoration  of  the  Parish  Church  of  8,  Mary, 
Callington,  Cornwall.  By  the  Rev. 
JSneab  B.  Hutchison,  B.D.  (London: 
Masters.) — This  is  a  reprint  of  one  of  the 
papers  contained  in  the  recently  issued 
"  Transactions  of  the  Exeter  Diocesan  Ar- 
chitectural Society,"  to  which  we  have  else- 
where alluded  *.  It  is  illustrated  with  the 
following  engravings,  drawn  to  a  scale : — 

•*1.  An  interior  view  of  the  Church: 
consecrated  a  d.  1438.  2.  Brass  Effigies  of 
Sir  Nicholas  Assheton  and  Lady,  A  .D.  1465. 
8.  Altar  Tomb,  with  Effigies  of  Lord  Wil- 
loughby  de  Broke,  a.d.  1502.  4.  Shield 
of  Arms  of  the  Assheton  Family,  from 
Port-reeve's  Mace,  a.d.  1583.  6.  Ground- 
plan  of  Church  before  its  Restoration, 
shewing  the  hideous  arrangement  of  Gal- 
leries and  Pews.  6.  Ground-plan  of  Church 
after  its  Restoration,  shewing  the  gain  of 
accommodation  in  uniform  Open  Seats 
without  Galleries.  7.  Section  of  Church, 
shewing  the  construction  of  Nave-roof  and 
old  and  new  Aisle-roofs." 

These  engravings  are  all  very  good; 
and  the  literary  matter  is  quite  in  keep- 
ing ;  in  fact,  the  publication  is  altogether 
one  of  the  very  best  of  its  class;  and  the 
price  is  but  5s.  We  observe  that  it  is 
published  in  its  separate  form  "  in  aid  of 
the  fund  for  building  schools  in  the  new 
parish  of  S.  James,  Devonport,  which  con- 

•  Obkt.  Mao.,  June,  1861,  p.  686. 


690 


Miscellaneous  Reviews. 


[June, 


tains  a  population  of  6,000,  with  no  per- 
manent school  accommodation;"  and  we 
notice  it  separately  in  the  hope  of  be- 
speaking  the  patronage  of  those  who  may 
be  willing  at  once  to  gratify  their  interest 
in  antiquity,  and  to  assist  the  learned 
author  in  carrying  out  his  commendable 
scheme  for  the  benefit  of  his  parish. 


of  which  have  appeared  in  our  pages  from 
time  to  time  through  the  courtesy  of  the 
Secretaries.  Plates  are  given  of  a  number 
of  British  coins  found  at  Nunnoy,  near 
Frome,  of  some  Byzantine  coins  from 
Cyprus,  and  of  the  looped  coins  found 
with  Anglo-Salon  ornaments  at  Sarre,  and 
now  in  the  British  Museum  \ 


Memoir  of  Joshua  Watson,  Edited  by 
Edward  Chubton,  Archdeacon  of  Cleve- 
land, (Oxford  and  London,  J.  H.  and  Jas. 
Parker),  will  be  acceptable  to  all  who  can 
contemplate  with  pleasure  a  good  man's 
life  well  told.  Mr.  Watson  was  a  London 
merchant,  who  retired  from  business  early 
in  life  in  order  that  he  might  devote 
himself  entirely  to  the  promotion  of  re- 
ligious and  charitable  objects,  and  to  his 
self-denying  and  laborious  exertions  many 
of  the  noblest  institutions  of  the  present 
day  are  largely  indebted.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  National  So- 
ciety ;  and,  as  their  treasurer,  he  was  for 
years  the  very  mainspring  of  the  Christian 
Knowledge  Society,  the  Additional  Curates' 
and  several  other  Societies.  He  had  a 
large  share  in  the  extension  of  the  Colo- 
nial episcopate,  was  the  chosen  counsellor 
of  successive  Primates,  and  lived  in  habits 
of  intimacy  with  most  of  the  eminent 
men  of  his  day.  Sketches  of  many  of 
these  are  introduced  by  Mr.  Churton,  to- 
gether with  numerous  letters  from  such 
men  as  Lloyd,  bishop  of  Oxford,  Bishop 
Van  Mildert,  Bishop  Inglis,  and  H.  H. 
Norris,  which  are  really  very  interesting) 
blending,  as  they  do,  fervent  piety  with 
enlarged  knowledge,  and  playful  sallies  of 
wit  with  profound  wisdom. 


The  Comprehensive  History  of  England, 
(Blackie  and  Co.) — This  work,  of  which 
we  have  several  times  spoken  in  terms  of 
commendation,  is  now  completed,  in  four 
thick  and  handsome  volumes.  The  nar- 
rative, which  appears  based  on  good  au- 
thorities, is,  on  the  whole,  commendably 
impartial^  and  it  is  accompanied  by  a  full 
Index*  The  paper  and  print  are  such 
that  the  work  may  take  its  place  in  any 
library,  though  the  price  is  moderate,  and 
the  illustrations,  which  are  nearly  1,000 
in  number,  evince  knowledge  and  research 
in  their  selection,  far  superior  to  what  is 
ordinarily  shewn  in  works  that  are  meant 
to  be  popular. 


The  Numismatic  Chronicle.  (J.  Rus- 
sell Smith.) — We  observe  that  a  new  series 
has  been  commenced  under  the  editorship 
of  W.  S.  W.  Vaux  and  John  Evans,  Esq*. 
The  part  for  March  now  before  us  con- 
tains eight  interesting  papers,  read  before 
the  Numismatic  Society,  abstracts  of  most 


Loyal  and  Patriotic  Songs.  (Harrison : 
Exeter  Change). — Mr.  William  Reader, 
the  author  of  an  agreeable  poem,  called 
"The  Ruins  of  Kenil worth,"  which  we 
some  time  ago  commended  to  our  readers' 
attention,  has  been  captivated  by  the  pre- 
vailing martial  ardour  of  the  day,  and, 
not  content  with  carrying  a  rifle  in  a 
metropolitan  rifle-corps,  has  produced  a 
collection  of  Loyal  and  Patriotic  Songs, 
eighteen  in  number,  of  more  than  average 
merit,  and  has  published  both  music  and 
words  in  a  pamphlet  for  3d  Those  who  wish 
for  something  more  showy  may  have  one  of 
the  songs  handsomely  printed  in  green  and 
gold,  and  so  fit  for  the  piano  of  any  lady; 
and  if  this  venture  is  as  successful  as  it 
deserves  to  be,  no  doubt  the  rest  of  the 
collection  will  follow. 

*  GsKt.  Mao.,  Feb.  1861,  p.  186;  Itar.,  p.  304. 


1861.] 


691 


APPOINTMENTS,  PREFERMENTS,  AND  PROMOTIONS. 


The  dates  are  those  of  the  Gazette  in  which  the  Appointment  or  Return  appeared. 


Ecclesiastical. 

May  17.  The  Rev.  Frederick  Gell,  B.D., 
nominated  to  the  Bishopric  of  Madras,  void  by 
the  death  of  the  Bight  Rev.  Tbos.  Dealtry,  D.D. 

May  10.  The  Rev.  J.  B.  Ligbtfoot,  M.A.,  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  to  be  Chaplain  in 
Ordinary  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  Consort,  in  the 
room  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Philpott,  promoted  to  the 
Bishopric  of  Worcester. 

Civil,  Natal,  and  Military. 

April  26.  The  Duchess  of  Wellington  to  be 
Mistress  of  the  Robes,  in  the  room  of  the  Dow. 
Duchess  or  Sutherland,  resigned. 

Richard  Theodore  Pennefather,  esq.,  to  be 
Auditor-General  for  the  Island  of  Ceylon. 

Edward  Wallace  Goodlake,  esq.,  to  be  Stipend- 
diary  Magistrate  for  H.M.'s  Settlements  in  the 
Falkland  Islands. 

April  30.  The  Right  Hon.  John  F.  Vaugban, 
Earl  Cawdor,  to  be  Lord  Lieutenant  and  Custoa 
Rotulorum  of  the  county  of  Carmarthen. 

The  Right  Hon.  William  Lord  Kensington,  to 
be  Lord  Lieutenant  and  Custos  Rotulorum  of  the 
county  of  Pembroke. 

Freeman  Tupper,  Charles  Dickey,  and  Charles 
Whitman,  esqrs.,  to  be  Members  of  the  Legisla- 
tive Council  of  the  Province  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Alexander  Perceval  and  Angus  Fletcher,  esqrs., 
to  be  Members  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  the 
Colony  of  Hong  Kong. 

Nathaniel  ButteTfleld,  esq.,  to  be  a  Member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Bermudas,  or  Somers'  Islands. 

Robert  Hutchison  and  George  Blankson.  esqrs., 
to  be  Members  of  the  Legislative  Council  of 
H.M.'s  Forts  and  Settlements  on  the  Gold  Coast. 

Daniel  William  Blyth,  esq.,  to  be  Master  At- 
tendant of  Galle,  in  the  Inland  of  Ceylon. 

William  Eversley,  esq.,  to  be  Postmaster  for 
the  Island  of  Trinidad. 

Sholto  Pemberton,  esq.,  to  be  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Island  of  Dominica. 

Capt.  Richard  Francis  Burton,  to  be  H.M.'s 
Consul  at  Fernando  Po,  and  in  the  territories  on 
the  Western  Coast  of  Africa  comprised  within 
the  Bight  of  Biafra,  and  lying  between  Cape 
Formosa  and  Cape  St.  John. 

M.  Michel  Francois  Edmond  Verdier-Latour, 
approved  of  as  Consul  at  Birmingham ;  and  M. 
Henri  Eugene  Astor  Edouard  Boisselier,  as  Con- 
sul at  Leeds,  for  H.M.  the  Emperor  of  the 
French. 

May  3.  The  Right  lion.  Robert  Montgomery, 
Lord  Bclhaven,  to  be  H.M.'s  High  Commissioner 
to  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land. 

May  7.    The  Most  Noble  George  Granville 


William,  Duke  of  Sutherland,  to  be  Lieut,  and 
Sheriff  Principal  of  the  county  of  Sutherland. 

William  Branch  Pollard,  esq.,  to  be  Auditor- 
General  for  the  colony  of  British  Guiana. 

Henry  Alexander  Fitt,  esq.,  to  be  Registrar- 
General  for  the  Island  of  Trinidad. 

Mr.  Johnnn  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Niebnhr,  ap- 
proved as  Consul  at  Rangoon  for  H.M.  the  King 
of  Prussia. 

Henry  Dias,  esq.,  to  be  a  Member  of  the  Legis- 
lative Council  of  the  Island  of  Ceylon. 

Samuel  Brownlow  Gray,  esq.,  to  be  Attorney- 
General  for  the  Bermudas,  or  Somers'  Islands. 

Royal  Artillery.— General  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge,  K.G.,  Commanding-in-Chief,  to  be 
Colonel. 

Royal  Engineers.— General  H.R.H.  the  Duke 
of  Cambridge,  K.G.,  Commanding-in-Chief,  to 
be  Colonel. 

41st  Regiment  of  Foot.— Lieut. -Gen.  Sir  Rich. 
England,  G.C.U.,  f'-om  the  50th  Regt.,  to  be 
Colonel,  vice  Gen.  C.»a.  4es  A  ac  A'Court  Reping- 
ton,  C.B.,  deceased. 

50th  Regiment  of  Foot.— Major-Gen.  Geo.  Mor- 
ton Eden  to  be  Colonel,  vice  Lieut.-Gen.  8ir  R. 
England,  G.C.B.,  removed  to  the  41st  Foot. 

May  14.  Thomas  Francis  Wade,  esq.,  Chinese 
Secretary  and  Translator  to  the  British  Legation 
in  China,  who  acted  as  Secretary  to  the  Earl  of 
Elgin's  Embassy,  and  Henry  Brougham  Loch, 
esq.,  who  was  attaohed  to  that  Embassy  in  the 
capacity  of  Private  Secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Elgin, 
to  be  Ordinary  Members  of  the  Civil  Division  of 
the  Third  Class,  or  Companions  of  the  Most  Hon. 
Order  of  the  Bath. 

Josias  Charles  Rivers,  esq.,  to  be  Clerk  of  the 
Executive  Council  of  the  colony  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 

Gerard  Oudkerk,  esq.,  to  be  Bookkeeper  for 
the  colony  of  British  Guiana. 

M.  Giuseppe  de  Martino,  approved  of  as  Con- 
sul-General at  Gibraltar  for  H.M.  the  King  of 
Italy. 

Don  Juan  Maura  as  Consul  at  Nassau,  New 
Providence,  for  H.M.  the  Queen  of  Spain. 

Mr.  J.  King  as  Consul  at  Cape  Town  for  H.R.H. 
the  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz. 

May  17.  George  Pagan,  esq.,  now  H.M.'s 
Charge  d' Affaires  and  Consul-General  to  the  Re- 
publics of  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica, 
Honduras,  and  Salvador,  to  be  H.M.'s  Charge* 
d' Affaires  and  Consul-General  to  the  Republic  of 
the  Equator. 

May  21.  Don  Manuel  Joel  Pelegrin  approved 
of  as  Consul  at  Newcastle  for  the  Argentine 
Republic. 

May  24.    Charles  Haseard,  esq.,  to  be  a  Mem- 


692 


Births. 


[June, 


her  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  Island  of 
Prince  Edward. 

Frederick  Warner,  esq.,  to  be  a  Member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  the  Island  of  Trinidad. 

Donald  Fraser,  David  Cameron,  and  Alfred 
John  Langley,  esqrs.,  to  be  Members  of  the 
Council  of  the  Island  of  Vancouver. 

Mr.  Freeman  H.  Morse  approved  of  as  Consul 
in  London,  Mr.  John  Britton  as  Consul  at  South- 
ampton, and  Mr.  Andrew  O.  Caruthers  as  Consul 
at  Turk's  Island,  for  the  United  States  of 
America. 

Mkmbkrs  arruRNXD  to  sbbvs  in  Pabliambht. 
April  26.    Borough  of  Tynemouth. — Richard 
Hodgson,  esq.,  of  Carham,  co.  Northumberland, 


in  the  room  of  Hugh  Taylor,  esq.,  who  has  ac- 
cepted the  office  of  Steward  of  H.M.'s  Manor  of 
Hempholme. 

Borough  of  South%cark.— John  Locke,  esq.,  of 
63,  Eaton-place,  co.  Middlesex,  one  of  H.M.'s 
Counsel  learned  in  the  Law,  Recorder  of  the 
Borough  of  Brighton. 

May  3.  County  of  Banff.— Robert  Win.  Duff 
Abercromby,  esq.,  of  Glas-eaugh  and  Auchen- 
derran,  Lieut.  R.N.,  in  the  room  of  Major  Lach- 
lan  Duff  Gordon  Duff,  who  has  accepted  the 
office  of  Steward  of  H.M.'s  Chiltern  Hundreds. 

May  7.  Borough  of  Montgomery. — John  Sam. 
Willes  Johnson,  Capt.  R.N.,  in  the  room  of  D. 
Pugh,  esq.,  deceased. 


BIRTHS. 


March  6.  At  Ootaoamund,  Neilgherry-hills, 
the  wife  of  Capt.  Reay,  32nd  Regt.  B.N. I.,  a  son. 

March  10.  At  Shahjehanpore,  the  wife  of  H. 
D.  Fowler,  esq.,  H.M.'s  82nd  Regt.,  a  son. 

March  15.  At  Funchal,  Madeira,  the  wife  of 
Francis  Darwin,  esq.,  a  dau. 

March  25.  At  Petropolis,  Brazil,  the  Lady 
Frances  Baillie,  a  son. 

April  3.  At  Montreal,  Canada,  the  wife  of 
Col.  F.  Eardley  Wilmot,  R.A.,  a  dau. 

April  8.  At  Kohat,  in  the  Punjab,  the  wife  of 
Lieut. -CoL  S.  J.  Browne,  C.B.,  V.C.,  Commandant 
2nd  Punjab  Cavalry,  a  dau. 

April  11.  At  Bangalore,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Gunning  Campbell,  Madras  Horse  Artillery, 
a  dau. 

April  16.  The  wife  of  Lieut.-Col.  Beach  Hicks, 
a  son. 

April  17.  At  Funchal,  Madeira,  the  wife  of 
Newton  J.  Lane,  esq.,  of  Elmhurst-hall,  Stafford- 
shire, a  dau. 

April  19.  In  Mecklenburgh-sq.,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  J.  E.  Cox,  a  son. 

At  Broadmayoe  Rectory,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
W.  Urquhart,  Rector  of  West  Knighton  with 
Broadmayne,  Dorsetshire,  twin  daus. 

At  Spetisbury  Rectory,  Dorset,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  II.  B.  Vizard,  Rector,  a  son. 
%  April  21.    The  Lady  Hester  Leeke,  a  dau. 

At  Oxford,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  Thomson, 
D.D.,  Provost  of  Queen's  College,  a  son. 

At  Tunstall,  near  Sittingbourne,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  G.  B.  Moore,  a  dau. 

At  Somerset-cottage,  Ventnor,  Isle  of  Wight, 
the  wife  of  Capt.  C.  P.  Coles,  R.N.,  a  dau. 

At  Lofts-hall,  Essex,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  R. 
Wilkes,  a  son. 

April  22.  At  Minety  Vicarage,  Wilts,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  John  Edwards,  a  dau. 

At  Adel  Rectory,  near  Leeds,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  H.  T.  Simpson,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Whately,  Rector  of 
Rise,  a  son. 

April  23.  At  Hampton,  the  wife  of  MaJ.  T. 
Ifaync,  a  son. 

12 


At  Constantinople,  the  wife  of  R.  Picken,  esq., 
M.D.,  R.N.,  a  dau. 

At  LitUehampton,  the  wife  of  Capt.  J.  W.  Mad- 
den, 4th  K.O.  Regt.,  Instructor  of  Musketry, 
a  son. 

April  24.  At  the  Whittern,  near  Kington, 
Herefordshire,  the  wife  of  Capt.  D.  P.  Webb, 
late  of  the  4th  Dragoon  Guards,  a  son. 

At  8t.  Mary's,  Ramsey,  Huntingdonshire,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  Collins,  a  dau. 

At  the  Vicarage,  West  Thurrock,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  E.  C.  Lethbridge,  a  dau. 

At  Durham,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  H.  Walter, 
a  son. 

April  25.  At  Queen's-gate,  Hyde-pk.,  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Clifford-Butler,  a  dau. 

At  Weston-hall,  Yorkshire,  Mrs.  C.  H.  Daw- 
eon,  a  dau. 

At  Great  Missenden  Vicarage,  Bucks,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  J.  Greaves,  a  dau. 

At  Mtlford-bouse,  Hants,  the  wife  of  Capt.  R. 
H.  Smith  Barry,  a  dau. 

At  Rathangan,  co.  Kildare,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
J.  H.  Crosse,  2nd  Bat.  16th  Regt.,  a  dau. 

At  Oxford,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  TuekweU, 
a  dau. 

At  Bath,  the  wife  of  H.  C.  Airey,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Wheathampstead  Rectory,  Hertfordshire, 
the  wife  of  the  Rev.  O.  W.  Davys,  M.A.,  a  dau. 

At  Woolwich,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Ogilvie,  R.A., 
a  son. 

At  Southsea,  the  wife  of  Capt  E.  H.  Starr, 
R.M.A.,  a  son. 

April  26.  In  South-eL,  Grosvenor-sq.,  Mrs. 
Bingham  Mildmay,  a  son. 

At  Penzance,  the  wife  of  Wm.  Bolitho,  esq., 
a  dau. 

April  27.  At  Temple  Combe,  Somerset,  the 
wife  of  J.  A.  Tighe,  esq.,  Capt.  H.M.'s  58th 
Regt.,  a  son. 

At  the  Rectory,  Oxhill,  Warwickshire,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  Thos.  Langford,  a  dau. 

April  28.  At  Tyn-y-cal,  near  Brecon,  the  wife 
of  Henry  de  Winton,  esq.,  a  son. 

At  Marlow,  the  wire  of  the  Rev.  H.  G.  Fane- 


1861.] 


Births. 


693 


nett,  Incumbent  of  Littleton,  Worcestershire, 
a  dan. 

April  29.  At  Dover,  the  wife  of  Lieut.-Col. 
Inglefield,  a  son. 

At  Fledborough  Rectory,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Cbas.  Nevile,  a  dan. 

At  Knaphill,  Woking,  Surrey,  the  wife  of  Dr. 
John  Campbell,  R.N.,  a  dau. 

May  1.  At  Merthyrmawr,  Glamorganshire, 
Mrs.  John  Cole  Nicboll,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  the  Vicarage-house,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  R. 
M.  White,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Aveley,  Essex,  a  son. 

At  Aldershott,  the  wife  of  Dr.  Carr,  32nd  Light 
Infantry,  a  son. 

May  2.  At  Houghton  Regis  Vicarage,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  Hugh  Smyth,  a  dau. 

May  3.  At  Edith  Weston  Rectory,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Lucas,  a  son. 

In  8tanley-cresc.,  Kensington-pk.,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  W.  Wingate,a  son. 

May  4.  At  Hythe,  Kent,  the  wife  of  H.  B. 
Mackeson,  esq.,  F.G.S.,  a  son. 

At  Oaklease,  Gloucestershire,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Francis  Warre,  a  dau. 

May  5.  In  Eaton-sq.,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Reynolds 
Moreton,  a  son. 

At  Etchingham-lodgc,  Hurst-green,  the  wife  of 
H.  E.  S.  Rudyerd,  late  26 in  Regt.,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Ainslie,  Easingwold 
Vicarage,  a  son. 

At  Aldershott,  the  wife  of  W.  Pemberton 
Hesketh,  esq.,  18th  Hussars,  a  dau. 

At  Seaton-villa,  Clevedon,  the  wife  of  Allan 
Webb,  esq.,  M.D.,  Surgeon-Major,  Bengal  Army, 
a  dau. 

May  6.  In  New-st.,  Spring-gardens,  the  wife 
of  G.  Sclater-Booth,  esq.,  M.P.,  a  son. 

At  Edinburgh,  the  wife  of  Lieut-Col.  Alison, 
C.B.,  a  dau. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Longbridge  Deverill,  Wilts, 
the  wife  of  tbc  Rev.  W.  D.  Morrice,  a  dau. 

May  8.  At  St.  Nicholas  Rectory,  Guildford, 
Mr*.  Goodwin  Hatchard,  a  son. 

At  the  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  R.  II.  Walker,  a  dau. 

At  the  Rectory,  South  Sboebury,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Edward  Wynne,  a  dau. 

At  Burton  Parsonage,  near  Chester,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  C.  Stuart  Upperton,  a  dau. 

May  9.  In  Chesham-st.,  the  Lady  Conyers, 
a  son. 

In  Great  Cumberland-street,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Frederick  Chichester,  a  son. 

In  Dublin,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Farrell,  wife  of  J.  A. 
Parrell,  esq.,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  Broughton  Rectory,  Lincolnshire,  the  wife 
of  the  Kev.  T.  B.  Wright,  a  son. 

In  Warwick-square,  Belgrave-road,  the  wife  of 
Major  W.  J.  Stuart,  Royal  Engineers,  a  dau. 

At  Latton  Vicarage,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  H.  W. 
Beadon,  a  dau. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Barton-on-Humber,  the  wife 
of  tbe  Kev.  George  Hogarth,  M.A.,  a  dau. 

At  Kilnuurxt  Parsonage,  near  Kothcrham,  the 
wife  ol  tuc  Kev.  H.  Fleetwood  Shipyard,  u  son. 

At  Creevagh,  co.  Longford,  the  wife  of  H. 
Maynard  Har.iing,  esq,  a  son  and  heir. 

Gbnt.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


May  10.  At  Earlham-hall,  Norwich,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  W.  N.  K  jiley,  a  *nn. 

At  Weedon,  the  wife  of  A.  W.  II  ill,  esq.,  Capt. 
58th  Regt.,  a  son. 

In  Guildford-st.,  Russell-sq.,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  Richard  Whittington,  a  dau. 

At  Colchester,  the  wife  of  Lieut  A.  McNeill, 
H.M.'s  Bengal  Engineers,  a  son. 

At  Bremhill,  Wilts,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  n. 
Hitchcock,  a  son. 

May  11.  At  Lees-court,  Faversham,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  MiUe s,  a  son  and  heir. 

At  Silvington  Rectory,  Shropshire,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Chas.  W.  Pritchard,  M.A.,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  John  Montague,  M.A., 
King's  School,  v\  arwick,  a  son. 

The  wife  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Hillyer,  Rector 
of  Ashby,  a  son. 

May  12.  At  All  Saints'  Parsonage,  Clapham- 
park,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  8cott,  a  son. 

At  Pitcairlie,  Mrs.  Cathcart,  of  Carbiston, 
a  son. 

At  Ashby  Magna,  near  Lutterworth,  the  wife 
of  the  Rev.  E.  Gibson,  a  son. 

May  13.  At  Malpas,  Monmouthshire,  the  wife 
of  Charles  B.  Fox,  esq.,  a  dau. 

At  the  residence  of  her  mother,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Hobart,  Langdown,  near  Southampton,  the  *  ife 
of  Robert  Needham  Cust,  esq.,  Bengal  Civil 
Service,  a  son. 

In  Weymouth-street,  W.,  the  wife  of  the  Rev. 
Arundell  Blount  Whatton,  LL.B.,  a  son. 

In  Dover-street,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Dixon 
Brown,  of  Unthank-ball,  Northumberland,  a  ran. 

At  Sydenham,  the  wife  of  Capt.  Henry  Dixon, 
H.M.'s  22nd  Madras  N.I.,  a  dau. 

May  14.  In  WeMtbourne-terr.,  Hyde-park,  the 
wife  of  Major  T.  G.  Gardiner  (unattached),  late 
94th  Regt.,  a  son. 

May  15.  At  Dunstable-house,  Richmond,  the 
wife  of  Lieut.-Col.  Astley,  a  son. 

In  the  Minster  Precincts,  Peterborough,  the 
wife  of  the  Rev.  F.  A.  S.  Marshall,  a  son. 

At  tbe  Rectory,  Papworth  Everard,  Cambridge- 
shire, the  wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Chalhs,  a  d-u. 

May  16.  At  the  Lodge,  Uppingham  Grammar- 
school,  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  R.  J.  Uodgkin»on, 
a  ton. 

May  17.  At  the  Ranger's-lodge,  Hyde-pai  k, 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  Macdonald,  a  son. 

At  the  Uutt,  near  Rathfarnham,  co.  Dublin, 
the  wife  of  Sir  Bernard  Bprke,  a  son. 

May  18.  In  Queen's-gate-terrace,  Kensington, 
the  Lady  Augusta  Fiennes,  a  dau. 

At  Ashley,  near  Market  Harbor.) ugh,  the  wife 
of  the  Kev.  R.  Pultcney,  a  son. 

May  19.  At  Bath,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Henry  Bar- 
rington,  a  dau. 

At  Pitfirrane,  Fife,  the  wife  of  Sir  Arthur 
Wedderburn  Halkett,  bart.,  a  dau. 

In  Chapel-st.,  Belgrave-»q.,  the  wife  of  Lieut. - 
CoL  Verscbo>le,  Grenadier  Guardn,  a  (Liu. 

At  Putuey-heaih,  the  wife  of  Lieut.-Col.  Rich. 
Strachey,  H.M.'s  Bengal  Engineer*,  a  son. 

In  Gloucester-gardens,  Hyde-park,  the  wife 
of  Lieut.-Col.  Metcalle,  C.B.,  Bengal  Infantry, 
a  dau. 

4p 


691 


Births. — Marriages. 


[June, 


May  20.  At  Edinburgh,  the  Lady  Charlotte 
Fothringham,  a  dau. 

JKi  8c.  John's-park-road,  Haverstock-hill,  the 
wife  of  C.  Harwood  Clarke,  esq.,  F.8.A.,  a  son. 

At  Dover,  the  wife  of  W.  Smith-NeilL  esq., 
Royal  Artillery,  of  Barnweill  and  Swindrige- 
Muir,  Ayrshire,  a  dau. 

May  21.  In  Great  Cumberland-st.,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Iloratio  FitzRoy,  a  ran. 

At  Pentre,  Pembrokeshire,  the  wife  of  Arthur 


H.  Saunders  Davies,  esq.,  High  Sheriff  of  Car- 
marthenshire, a  dau. 

At  St.  Margaret's,  Herring-fleet,  8uffolk,  the 
wife  of  Major  Hill  M.  Leathes,  a  dan. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Stone,  Bocks,  the  wife  of  the 
Rev.  James  Booth,  LL.D.,  F.R.8.,  a  son. 

May  22.  In  Eccleston-eq.,  the  Lady  Elizabeth 
Cost,  a  dan. 

May  23.  In  Brook-st.,  Grcevenor-sq.,  the 
Lady  Gwendoline  Petre,  a  dau. 


MARRIAGES. 


Jan,  SI.  At  Deyrah,  East  Indies,  the  Rev.  C. 
A.  L.  Whyte,  M.A.,  Pembroke  College,  Oxford, 
and  Assistant-Chaplain  H.M.'s  Indian  Forces, 
to  Charlotte  Caroline,  eldest  dan.  of  Maj.-Gen. 
Gray,  Bengal  Army. 

March  19.  At  Agra,  Hugh  Lawton,  Lieut. 
Snd  Bat.  Rifle  Brigade,  son  of  Hugh  Lawton, 
esq.,  of  Castle  Jane,  co.  Cork,  to  Bertha  Luinlcy( 
youngest  dau.  of  Chas.  B.  Bacon,  esq.,  of  Surrey, 
and  co.  Wicklow. 

March  25.  At  Hythe,  T.  C.  Higginson,  esq., 
Capt.  and  Paymaster  of  the  16th  Regt.,  to  Emma, 
relict  of  the  Rev.  W.  Willis,  and  dau.  of  the  late 
J.  Tristram,  esq.,  of  Belbroughton,  Worcester  sh. 

April  11.  At  St.  Barnabas,  Kensington,  Chas. 
Vaughan,  esq.,  of  Bahia,  to  Lucy  Peers,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  late  F.  Grigg,  esq.,  formerly  H.B.M.'s 
Commissioner  at  R.o  de  Janeiro. 

At  North  Douro,  Canada  West,  J.  Allen,  esq., 
eldest  surviving  son  of  the  Rev.  T.  Allen,  Vicar 
of  Stradbroke,  Suffolk,  to  Catherine  Maria,  dau. 
of  the  late  Rev.  E.  Barlee,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Wor- 
ling worth,  Suffolk. 

April  16  At  Branley,  Derbyshire,  J.  Vincent, 
e*q.,  of  Blackheath,  son  of  the  Rev.  E.  Vincent, 
Vicar  of  Rowde,  Wilts,  to  Margaret  Augusta, 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  Prebendary  Archer,  Rector  of 
Croagh,  Limerick. 

April  17.  At  Wardour  Castle,  A.  J.  Tichborne, 
esq.,  only  son  of  Sir  J.  F.  D.  Tichborne,  bart.,  of 
Tichhorne-park,  to  the  Hon.  Teresa  Mary,  dau. 
of  Lord  and  Lady  Arundell,  of  Wardour. 

April  18.  At  Oulton,  the  Rev.  J.  Cholmeley, 
MA.,  Rector  of  Carleton  Rode,  Norfolk,  to  Jane 
Eliza,  youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  H.  F.  Fell, 
M.A.,  Rector  of  Oulton. 

At  All  Saints',  Knightaibririge,  John  E.  Furniss, 
esq.,  solicitor,  son  of  E.  Furniss,  esq.,  of  End- 
cliffe,  near  Sheffield,  to  Elizabeth  Maria,  eldest 
dan.  of  A.  Dobie,  esq.,  of  Hyde-pk.-ter.,  and 
granddau.  of  the  late  Very  Rev.  Dean  Greene. 

At  Charles'  Church,  Plymouth,  Commander  E. 
P.  Cole,  R.N.,  of  Lechlade,  Gloucestershire,  to 
Emma,  dau.  of  J.  Rattenbury,  esq.,  of  Plymouth. 

At  8t.  James's,  Paddington,  G.  G.  Tyler,  esq., 
Student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Rev.  J.  E.  Tyler,  Rector  of  St.  Giles- in- 
the- Fields,  to  Maria  Louisa,  younge.-t  dau.  of  the 
late  Rev.  A.  Cooper,  Perpetual  Curate  of  St. 
Mark's,  North  Audley-st. 

April  20.  At  Monkstown,  Ireland,  Henry,  son 
of  the  Rev.  H»  nry  Mireuouse,  St.  George's-hiU, 


Somersetshire,  to  Anna,  dan.  of  the  lite  Rev.  G. 
Roche,  Dublin. 

April  23.  At  St  Gabriel's,  Pimlioo,  the  Rev. 
W.  Blunt,  Rector  of  Bicknor,  Kent,  to  Isabella 
Dorothea,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  A.  Akers,  esq., 
of  Mailing  Abbey,  Kent. 

At  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  C.  C.  Van  Notten, 
only  son  of  Sir  Peter  Van  Notten  Pole,  hart.,  of 
Todenham,  Gloucestershire,  and  grandson  of  the 
late  Earl  of  Limerick,  to  Frances  Anna,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  H.  Rice,  of  Great  Risaington, 
Gloucestershire,  and  graddau.  of  the  Hon.  and 
Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Gloucester. 

At  St.  Mary's,  Cheltenham,  Charles  Webley 
Hope,  Commander  R.N.,  only  son  of  the  late 
Rear-Adm.  Charles  Hope,  to  Ellen  Evelyn  Eli- 
zabeth, eldest  dau.  of  G.  B.  J.  Jordan,  esq.,  of 
Pigeonsforri,  Cardiganshire,  and  Ashdale,  Pem- 
brokeshire, and  granddau.  of  the  late  Sir  John 
Owen,  bart.,  M.P. 

At  Otham,  Kent,  John  B.  Kenrick,  esq.,  M.A., 
of  Eastry,  to  Emma  Mary,  eldest  dau.  of  Capt.  J. 
H.  Boteler,  R.N. 

At  St.  Thomas's,  Portman-sq.,  Gordon  Ston- 
house  Hughes,  esq.,  late  92nd  Highlanders,  son 
of  the  late  Brigadier-Gen.  Hughes,  C.B.,  late 
H.E.I.C.8.,  and  stepson  of  Col.  Lloyd  Vaughan 
Watkins,  M.P.,  Lord  Lieut,  of  Brecknock,  to 
Emma,  youngest  dau.  of  Jas.  Bennett,  esq.,  of 
Cadbury-house,  Somerset. 

At  Steven  ton,  Hants,  the  Rev.  Robert  E.  Har- 
rison, Rector  of  Hannington,  in  the  same  county, 
to  Elizabeth  Caroline,  eld.  st  dau.  of  the  Rev.  W. 
Knight,  Rector  of  Steventon. 

At  Stoke,  Devonport,  the  Rev.  J.  I.  Bennetts, 
to  Annie,  second  dau.  of  Capt.  W.  Lory,  R.N. 

At  Brighton,  MaJ.  T.  G.  St.  George,  of  the  late 
Bengal  Army,  to  Sarah  Straghan,  only  child  of 
Wm.  L.  Caldecot,  esq.,  of  Plas  Llandegwimng, 
Carnarvonshire. 

April  24.  At  Little  Massingham,  Norfolk, 
F.  N.  Dew,  esq.,  88th'  Connaught  Rangers, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  T.  Dew,  esq.,  of 
Whitney  -  court,  Herefordshire,  to  Henrietta 
Lucy,  youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Charles  D. 
B  re  ret  on,  Rector  of  Little  Massingham. 

At  Gibraltar,  Musgrave  Watson,  esq.,  Royal 
Fusiliers,  to  Mary  Glasgow,  second  dau.  of  Jas. 
Thomson,  esq.,  Hanseatic  Consul  at  that  place. 

April  25.  At  Eye,  the  Rev.  R.  M.  Bingley, 
MA.,  Rector  of  Brayesworth,  Suffolk,  eldest 
sod  of  H.  Bingley,  esq.,  ol  Higham -lodge,  Wood- 


1861.] 


Marriuges. 


695 


ford,  and  Lewes-crese.,  Brighton,  to  Alice  Glan- 
ville,  fourth  dan.  of  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Campbell, 
M.A.,  Vicar  of  Eye,  Suffolk. 

At  Islington,  the  Rev.  J.  T.  Willis,  youngest 
son  of  the  late  Rev.  T.  G.  Willis,  LL.D.,  to  Mary 
Hansford,  only  dau.  of  the  late  Samuel  de  Castro, 
esq.,  of  Bill-bill,  Berks. 

April  27.  At  St.  Luke's,  Cheltenham,  Wm. 
J.  Tonge,  esq.,  only  son  of  the  late  J.  Tonge,  esq., 
of  Starborough  Castle,  Lingneld,  Surrey,  J.P.,  to 
Anna  Penelope,  eldest  dau.  of  George  Bird,  esq., 
Bayshill-mansion,  Cheltenham,  and  late  Madras 
Civil  Service. 

April  29.  At  Roc h ford,  P.  J.  Klasen,  esq., 
C.E.,  of  Brompton,  Middlesex,  to  Sarah,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  John  Pridham,  Vicar  of  Orby, 
Lincolnshire,  and  of  Mount  Radford,  Exeter.  ■ 

April  30.  At  St  George's,  Hanover-sq.,  Rich- 
mond, eldest  son  of  the  Hon.  8.  G.  Henty,  Mem- 
ber of  the  Legislative  Council,  Melbourne,  to 
Agnes  Barbara,  youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  E. 
Reed,  of  Cheltenham,  and  granddau.  of  the  late 
Sir  Edwin  B.  Sandys,  bark,  of  Miserden-park, 
Gloucestershire. 

At  St.  John's,  Derby,  Capt.  T.  W.  Vallance,  5th 
Lancers,  only  surviving  sun  of  the  late  T.  T.  Val- 
lance, esq.,  of  Sittingbourne,  to  Katherine  Rich- 
ardson, second  dau.  of  G.  H.  Richardson  Cox, 
esq.,  of  Derby,  and  nieee  of  W.  T.  Cox,  esq., 
High  Sheriff  of  Derbyshire. 

At  Blox  worth,  the  Rev.  C.  P.  de  Coetlogon, 
eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  C.  de  Coetlogon,  British 
Chaplain  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  to  Henrietta  Tyssen, 
youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  G.  P.  Cambridge,  of 
Bloxworth-house,  co.  Dorset. 

At  the  Priory,  Great  Malvern,  the  Rev.  John 
Fortescue,  Incumbent  of  St.  Ann's,  Bewdley,  to 
Caroline  Prances,  only  dan.  of  H.  Wyatt,  esq.,  of 
Great  Malvern. 

At  Dalkeith,  N.B.,  Brevet  Lieut-Col.  J.  A. 
Ballard,  C.B.,  Bombay  Engineers,  to  Joanna, 
dau.  of  Robert  S.  Moncrieff,  esq.,  of  Fossaway, 
Perthshire. 

At  All  Souls',  Langham-place,  Geo.  Croxton, 
esq.,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  barrister-at-law,  to 
Mary  8usanna,  only  surviving  dau.  of  the  late 
W.  B.  May,  esq.,  of  Hadlow  Castle,  Kent,  and 
granddau.  and  sole  heiress  of  the  late  J.  Porter, 
esq.,  of  Fish-hall,  Kent 

May  1.  At  St.  Martin's,  Guernsey,  Col.  George 
Durnford,  third  son  of  the  late  Lieut. -General 
Durnford,  Royal  Engineers,  to  Henrietta,  only 
child  of  M.  de  Courcy,  esq.,  Havelet-house,  in 
that  island. 

At  St.  Michael's,  Highgate,  the  Rev.  George 
E.  Jelf,  M.A.,  Student  of  Christ  Churcb,  and 
Assistant  Curate  of  St.  James's,  Clapton,  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Jelf,  to  Fanny,  fifth  dan.  of 
G.  A.  Crawley,  esq.,  of  Fitzroy-farm,  Highgate. 

At  Stratford-on-Avon,  the  Rev.  J.  Godson, 
Curate  of  Hadlcigh,  Essex,  to  Helen,  elder  dau. 
of  T.  Lucy,  esq.,  J. P.,  Worcester. 

May  2.  At  St.  Mary's,  W.  Guns  ton -Gunston 
Maclean,  esq.,  of  Upcott-house  and  Freethy, 
fcomcraet,  grandson  of  the  late  Colonel  and  Lady 
Margaret  Maclean,  to  Grace,  dau.  of  the  late  W. 
Murshall,  esq.,  and  granddau.  of  the  late  Francis 


Brodie,  esq.,  of  Brodie,  and  of  Myvoir-house, 
Westmeath.  / 

At  Monkstown,  Ashley  La  Touche,  esq.,  Lieut 
R.N.,  sou  of  the  late  Peter  La  Touche,  esq.,  of 
Belle vue,  co.  Wicklow,  and  the  Hon.  Mrs.  La 
Touche,  to  Sarah  Julia,  dau.  of  Col.  Sir  William 
Cox,  D.L,  of  Coolcliffe,  co.  Wexford. 

At  St.  Michael's,  Chester-sq.,  Charles  Thomas 
Newton,  esq.,  Student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
Keeper  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities  at 
the  British  Museum,  to  Mary,  dau.  of  Joseph 
Severn,  esq.,  H.M.'s  Consul  at  Rome. 

At  Sciooby,  Robert  Turner,  esq.,  of  Biabopfleld, 
Bawtry,  to  Kate,  youngest  dau.  of  Chas.  Timm, 
M.D.,  of  Scrooby-house,  Notts. 

At  Little  Bromley,  Essex,  Thomas  Bates,  esq., 
of  Kensington-gate,  Hyde-pat k,  to  Matilda  Jane, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Edward  Harbin,  Rector 
of  Kingweeton  and  East  Lydford,  Somerset. 

May  4.  At  Glanmire,  Colonel  Pratt,  C.B.,  23rd 
R.  W.  Fu*iliers,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
R.  Pratt,  Prebendary  of  Desertmore,  to  Phoebe, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Robert  Bury,  of 
Brook-lodge,  and  Carrigrenane,  co.  Cork. 

May  7.  At  Christ  Church,  Upper  Hyde-park- 
gardens,  Algernon,  fifth  son  of  the  Lady  Caroline 
and  the  late  Sir  J.  Bathurst,  K.C.B.,  to  Rosetta, 
second  dan.  of  Thomas  Alexander,  esq.,  of  Upper 
Hyde-park-gardens,  and  Buncrana,  Ireland. 

At  Woughton,  Bucks,  the  Rev.  John  BenthaU, 
Vicar  of  Willen,  Newport  Pagnell,  to  Fanny,  dau. 
of  tbe  late  Wm.  Levi,  esq.,  of  Moulsoe. 

At  the  German  Chapel,  Islington,  Mr.  Nicholas 
Trubner,  of  Paternoster-row,  and  St.  Marys-road, 
Canonbury,  to  Cornelia,  only  dau.  of  Octave 
Delepierre,  esq.,  of  Gloucester-terr.,  Hyde-park, 
Consul-General  and  Secretary  of  Legation  to  the 
King  of  the  Belgians. 

At  Deal,  Major  Preston,  of  H.M.'s  44th  Regt, 
to  Emma  Cecilia,  eldest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  A.  W. 
Chatfield,  Vicar  of  Much  Marcle,  Herefordshire. 

At  Coin  St.  Aldwyn's,  Gloucestershire,  John 
Talbot  Dillwyn,  eldest  son  of  John  Dillwyn 
Llewelyn,  esq.,  of  Penllergare,  Glamorganshire, 
to  Caroline  Julia,  eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Sir 
Michael  Hicks  Beach,  bart,  of  Williams  trip-park, 
Gloucestershire. 

At  Stone,  Worcestershire,  G.  Rogers  Harding, 
esq.,  of  Lincoln's-inn,  barrister-at-law,  son  of  the 
Rev.  George  R.  Harding,  Vicar  of  Wandsworth, 
Surrey,  to  Emily,  fourth  dau.  of  Thos.  Morris, 
esq.,  of  Stone-bouse,  Stone. 

May  8.  At  St.  Mary's,  Twickenham,  Adolphua 
Archer,  youngest  son  of  the  late  J.  C.  Burckhardt, 
esq.,  of  Notting-hill,  to  Frances,  youngest  dan. 
of  the  late  latham  Osborn,  jun.,  esq.,  of  Margate, 
and  granddau.  of  the  late  Sir  Richard  Burton, 
of  Sackett's-hill-house,  Isle  of  Thanet. 

At  Burlescombe,  Devon,  the  Rev.  E.  W.  Fox, 
Chaplain  of  H.  M.S.  "Colossus,'*  to  Mary,  youngest 
dau.  of  J.  W.  Marder,  esq.,  of  Eastbrook,  Burles- 
combe. 

At  Truro,  Geo.  Canning  Carter,  youngest  son 
of  Matthew  Carter,  esq.,  late  H.M.'s  Consul  in 
Carthagena,  to  Catherine  Wilhelmina,  third  dau. 
of  the  late  Rev.  Wm.  Morton,  of  Calcutta. 

At  Clifton,  Capt  Granville  Lewin,  of  H.M.'  % 


696 


Marriages. 


[June, 


1.  dian  Army,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  O.  A. 
Lew  in.  Q.C.,  to  Gertrude,  only  child  of  the  late 
Hon.  Percy  Pellew. 

May  9.  At  Bishopstoke,  Hants,  the  Rev* 
Octavius  Goodrich,  of  Humber  Rectory,  Here- 
fordshire, to  Frances  Lucinda,  dan.  of  the  late 
Capt.  S.  Parker,  Rifle  Brigade. 

At  the  British  Embassy,  Paris,  Capt.  Samuel 
Creagh  Head,  of  H.M.'s  61st  Regt.,  to  Agnes, 
only  child  of  the  late  Edward  Ennis,  esq.,  and 
■widow  of  the  late  Frederick  Martin,  esq.,  J. P., 
of  Vict  >ria,  Australia. 

At  Bygrave,  Robert,  eldest  surviving  son  of 
the  late  Robert  Oresham,  esq.,  of  Chicksands- 
lodge,  Bedfordshire,  to  Matilda  Emily  Sale,  eldest 
dau.  of  James  Smyth,  esq.,  of  Bygrave,  Herts. 

May  13.  At  Kinwarton,  Warwickshire,  Gaspard 
Le  Marchant  Tupper,  Major  Royal  Horse  Ar- 
tillery, to  Mary  Charlotte,  eldtsi  dau.  of  the  late 
Sir  Charles  J.  Smith,  bart.,  of  Suttons,  Essex. 

At  St.  Olave's,  Exeter,  F.  W.  R.,  fifth  son  of 
Major-General  H.  W.  Gordon,  Royal  Artillery, 
to  Frances,  youngest  dau.  of  John  Brandon, 
esq.,  the  Priory,  Exeter. 

At  Weston,  Bath,  George  Hancock,  esq.,  of 
Old  Bond-street  and  8outh  Bank-villas,  to  Katha- 
rine, dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  George  D'Arville, 
Rector  of  Thornbury,  Gloucestershire. 

May  14.  At  Streatham,  the  Rev.  Richard  F. 
Left-vie  Blunt,  senior  Curate  of  St.  Luke's,  Chel- 
sea, second  surviving  son  of  S.  Jasper  Blunt, 
et>q.,  of  Balham,  to  Emily  Jane,  eldest  dau.  of 
J.  Simpson,  esq.,  of  the  Cedars,  Upper  Tooting, 
aid  Saville-row,  London. 

At  St.  Thomas's,  Portman-sq.,  Digby  W.  G. 
Fairfield,  esq.,  Bengal  Artillery,  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Charles  George  Fairfield,  esq.,  formerly 
of  the  Scots  Fusilier  Guards,  to  Agatha  Sophia, 
second  dau.  of  Gerard  Noel  Hoare,  esq. 

At  St.  Barnabas',  Kensington,  the  Rev.  Vere 
Broughton  Smyth,  Rector  of  Bradfleld,  Suffolk, 
to  Mary,  third  dau.  of  Sir  Geo.  Barrow,  bart. 

In  Westminster  Abbt-y,  Edward  Henry  May, 
esq.,  surgeon,  of  Pentonville-road,  to  Sarah,  third 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  James  Lupton,  of  the  Cloisters, 
Westminster. 

At  the  Cathedral,  Wells,  Edmund  H.  Dicken- 
son, esq.,  to  the  Hon.  Emily  Dulcibella  Eden. 

At  Holy  Trinity,  Gloucester-gardens,  Hyde- 
park,  the  Rev.  Edward  Larkin  Home,  B.A.,  of 
Great  Duninow,  Essex,  to  Ellen  Sadler,  of  the 
SMine  place. 

At  Clayton,  Sussex,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Wolff, 
D.D.,  LL.D.,  Vicar  of  lie-Brewers,  Somerset- 
shire, to  Louisa  Decims,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
late  Rev.  James  King,  of  Staunton-park,  Here- 
fordshire. 

May  15.  At  Holy  Trinity,  B  romp  ton,  Colonel 
George  Bryan  Milman,  5th  Fusiliers,  third  son  of 
the  late  Lieut.-General  Milman,  to  Mary  Rose, 
youngest  dau.  of  Lieut.-General  Walton,  Colonel 
of  the  5th  Fusiliers. 

At  Holy  Trinity,  Brompton,  Lieut.  Charles 
J.  HruwnriKg,  R.N.,  son  of  Captain  Marcus 
F.  Brownrigg,  R.N.,  to  Charlotte  Margaretta, 
only  d.«u.  of  (apt.  W.  Norton  Taylor,  R.N. 

At  Tottenham,  Herbert  Howard,  second  son 


of  John  Keeling,  esq.,  of  Tottenham,  Middle- 
sex, to  Fanny,  only  child  of  William  Howard, 
esq.,  of  Lee,  Kent. 

May  16.  At  St  Stephen's,  Westminster,  Chas. 
John  Bourchier,  esq.,  late  Captain  8th  Hussars, 
to  Fanny,  eldest  dau.  of  James  Fair,  esq. 

At  the  Catholic  Chapel,  Warwick -st.,  and  St. 
James's,  Piccadilly,  Paget  Mosley,  esq.,  Lieut,  in 
the  Uth  Hussars,  to  Veronica,  eldest  dau.  of  Win. 
Gerard  Walmesley,  esq.,  of  Westwood-house, 
Lancashire. 

At  St.  Paneras',  Octavius  Francis  Cipriani,  esq., 
of  Gloucester-crescent,  Regent's-park,  to  Bertha 
Mary,  second  dau.  of  the  late  J.  Hudson  Huffam, 
esq.,  Commander  R.N. 

At  Kirk  Deighton,  Wetherby,  Capt.  Ingham, 
eldest  son  of  Joshua  Ingham,  esq.,  of  Blake-halL 
Mirfleld,  Yorkshire,  to  Maria  Elizabeth,  youngest 
dau.  of  the  Rev.  C.  W.  Wilkinson,  of  Ingman- 
thorpe-hall,  Wetherby. 

At  Waloot,  Bath,  Henry  F.  Maxwell  Boisragon, 
Major  H.M.'s  Bengal  Army,  to  Anna,  dau  of  the 
late  W.  Hudleston,  esq.,  Madras  Civil  Service. 

At  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields,  Henry,  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  H.  P.  Ellington,  D.D.,  and  grandson  of 
the  late  Right  Rev.  Thomas  Elrington,  D.D., 
Lord  Bishop  of  Leigblin  and  Ferns,  to  Mary  M. 
Packenham,  second  dau.  of  E.  Marsh,  esq.,  of 
Snave-manorand  Ivy-Church,  Kent,  and  Nether- 
sole-bouse,  Bath. 

At  Westbury-upon-Trym,  Gloucestershire,  the 
Rev.  George  Elton,  of  Nailsea,  Somerset,  to  Caro- 
line Dorothea  Codrington,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
late  Rev.  J.  J.  Goodenough,  D.D.,  formerly 
Fellow  of  New  College,  and  Rector  of  Broughton 
Pogis,  Oxfordshire. 

May  20.  At  St.  Luke's,  Cheltenham,  James 
Menzies  Clayhills,  Captain  7th  Royal  Fusiliers, 
second  son  of  G.  D.  Clayhills  Henderson,  esq., 
of  Hallyards,  Perthshire,  to  Eugenia  C,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  Vice-Admiral  Geo.  Bd.  Watts, 
C.B.,  of  Alma-house,  Cheltenham. 

May  21.  At  Martham,  Norfolk,  Thomas  N. 
Fonnereau,  esq.,  of  Christ  Church-park,  Ipswich, 
to  Blanch  Editha,  youngest  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Geo. 
Pearse,  Vicar  of  Martham. 

At  St.  George's,  Hanover-sq.,  Granville  Leveson 
Gower,  esq.,  of  Titsey-park,  Surrey,  to  the  Hon. 
Sophia  Lt-igh,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  and 
sister  of  the  present  Lord  Leigh. 

At  Lympne,  Kent,  Edward  John  Briscoe,  esq., 
H.M.'s  Uth  Regt.,  only  son  of  James  Briscoe, 
esq.,  Rosse-house,  Tullamore,  Ireland,  to  Emma 
Sophia,  younger  dau.  of  the  Rev.  Edwin  Biron, 
Vicar  of  Lympne. 

May  22.  At  Bury,  Lancashire,  Hales  Wilkie, 
esq.,  Capt.  H.M.'s  29th  Regt.,  eldest  son  of  E.  C. 
Hales  Wilkie,  esq.,  of  Chislett-court,  Kent,  to 
Eleanor,  youngest  dau.  of  Wm.  Walker,  esq.,  <A 
Lark-hill,  near  Bury,  Lancashire,  and  of  Sum- 
merfield,  Bowden,  Cheshire. 

At  Enflel<\  the  Rev.  Claude  Boaanquet,  In- 
cumbent of  St.  Osyth,  Essex,  second  son  of 
Samuel  Bosanquet,  esq.,  of  Dingestow-court, 
Monmouth,  to  Amelia  Eleanor,  y*  ungewt  dau. 
of  Capt.  C.  J.  Bosanquet,  R.N.,  of  Wildwood, 
Enfield. 


1861.] 


697 


#bftuarg. 


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order  that  a  Copy  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  containing  their  Communications 
may  be  forwarded  to  them."] 


The  Duke  of  Bedford,  K.G. 

May  14.    At  Woburn  Abbey,  aged  78, 
the  Duke  of  Bedford,  K.Q. 

The  deceased  nobleman,  Francis,  seventh 
Duke  and  Earl  of  Bedford,  Marquis  of 
Tavistock,  Baron  Russell,  of  Thornhaugh, 
and  Baron  Howland  of  Streathara,  co. 
Surrey,  in  the  peerage  of  England,  was 
the  eldest  son  of  John,  sixth  Duke,  by  his 
first  marriage,  with  the  Hon.  Georgiana 
Elizabeth  By  ng,  second  daughter  of  George, 
fourth  Viscount  Torrington.  He  was  born 
May  13, 1788,  and  married  August  8, 1808, 
Lady  Anna  Maria  Stanhope,  eldest  daugh- 
ter of  Charles,  third  and  late  Earl  of  Har- 
rington, by  whom,  who  died  in  July,  1857, 
his  Grace  leaves  issue  an  only  son,  Wil- 
liam, Marquis  of  Tavistock,  now  Duke  of 
Bedford. 

The  deceased  was  educated -at  West- 
minster School,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  before  he  graduate!  as  M.A., 
in  1808,  he  had  gone  the  tour  of  Europe, 
and  he  was  for  a  short  time  attached  to 
the  embassy  of  his  uncle,  Lord   George 
William  Russell,  to  Lisbon.   On  his  return 
to  England  he  was  chosen  a  knight  of 
the  shire  for  Bedfordshire,  which  county 
he  represented  in  six  consecutive  Parlia- 
ments, until  he  was  summoned  in  Decem- 
ber, 1832,  to  the  House  of  Lords,  in  his 
father's  barony  of  Howland.     He  took  no 
conspicuous  part  in  either  House,  but  he 
systematically  voted  with  the  Whig  party, 
though  he  seldom  spoke.    On  the  death 
of  his  father,  in  October,  1839,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  dukedom,  and  a  lar*e  amount 
of  political  influence,  which,  however,  was 
far  more  hereditary  than  personal.    The 
principal  men  of  the  Whig  party  were 
collected  at  Woburn  every  Christmas,  to 
share  in  the  festivities  of  the  season ;  and 
at  these  gatherings,  it  has  always  been 


understood,  the  tactics  of  the  ensuing  par- 
liamentary campaign  were  arranged.  In 
1852  he  was  appointed  Special  Deputy- 
Warden  of  the  Stannaries,  and  on  the  death 
of  the  late  Earl  de  Grey  was  made  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Bedfordshire.  In  1846  he 
was  made  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council, 
and  the  year  following  a  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  the  Garter.  On  the  death  of 
Lord  Macaulay  he  became  High  Steward 
of  Cambridge. 

The  late  Duke  was  much  liked  in  his 
domestic  and  friendly  relations;  and  as 
a  landlord  he  set  an  excellent  example,  in 
providing  admirable  cottages  for  the  la- 
bourers and  other  workmen  on  his  estates. 
He  also  was  a  patron  of  the  turf  from 
early  life,  and  on  his  accession  to  the 
dukedom  largely  increased  his  stud  at 
Newmarket,  which  of  late  years  has  been 
of  princely  dimensions.  The  extensive 
estates  belonging  to  the  house  of  Russell 
in  Bedfordshire,  Hants,  Cambridgeshire, 
ai.d  Middlesex,  as  well  as  the  honours, 
devolve  upon  his  only  son,  William,  born 
in  1809.  The  present  duke  was  M.P.  for 
Tavistock  from  1832  to  1841,  but,  like 
his  father,  he  has  never  taken  any  active 
part  in  political  affairs. 


Sie  Hedwobth  Williamson,  Babt. 

April  24.  At  Whitburn  -  hall,  near 
Sunderland,  aged  63,  Sir  Hedworth  Wil- 
liamson, Brtrt. 

He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir 
Hedworth  Williamson,  Bart.,  of  Whitburn 
Hall,  by  Maria,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir 
James  Hamilton,  Kuight,  of  co.  Monaghan, 
Irelaud ;  was  born  Nov.  1,  1797,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  on  his  father's  death  in 
1810.  He  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated 
M  Jl  in  1819.    Sir  Hedworth  was  a  Ma- 


698 


Obituary. — Gen.  Sir  C.  JF.  Paslq/,  K.C.B.        [Juno, 


gistrate  and  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the 
county  of  Durham,  and  represented  Sun- 
derland, in  the  moderate  Liberal  interest, 
in  the  last  Parliament  of  King  William 
IV.,  and  served  the  office  of  Mayor  of  that 
borough  in  1841-42,  and  again  in  1847-48. 
He  married  in  1826  the  Hon.  Anne  Eliza- 
beth Lid  dell,  third  daughter  of  Thomas 
Henry,  first  Lord  Ravensworth,  by  whom 
he  had  issue  four  sons.  His  eldest  son, 
Hedworth,  who  now  succeeds  as  eighth 
baronet,  was  born  in  1827.  He  is  a 
Deputy*  Lieutenant  for  Durham,  and  was 
appointed  Attache*  at  St.  Petersburgh  in 
1848,  and  transferred  thence  to  Paris  in 
1850. 

"The  deceased  baronet,"  says  a  local 
paper,  "  was  deeply  respected  by  all,  and 
most  beloved  by  those  who  knew  him  best ; 
and  as  a  landlord,  he  was  exceedingly 
liberal  and  attentive  to  the  wants  of  his 
tenants.  As  his  estates  lay  principally  in 
Monkwearmouth  and  its  neighbourhood, 
his  attention  was  devoted  to  its  interests, 
and  those  of  the  borough  of  Sunderland. 
He  was  one  of  the  county  justices,  and  a 
member  of  the  Wear  Commission  and 
other  bodies.  In  Sunderland,  all  classes 
will  sympathise  with  the  family  in  their 
bereavement,  as  the  members  are  univer- 
sally esteemed." 

He  was  buried  at  Whitburn  on  the  1st  of 
May,  and  the  old  North  country  custom  of  a 
*  "  dole"  was  observed  on  the  occasion,  a  sum 
of  money  being  distributed  by  the  present 
Baronet  to  about  150  poor  people  of  Monk- 
wearmouth Shore  and  Whitburn. 


Gevebal  Sib  C.  W.  Paslky,  K.C.B. 

April  19.  In  Norfolk-crescent,  Hyde- 
park,  aged  80,  General  Sir  Charles  William 
Pasley,  K.C.B.,  Col.  Commandant  of  the 
Corps  of  Royal  Engineers. 

He  was  educated  for  the  Royal  Artillery, 
and  obtained  his  commission  as  second 
lieutenant  in  December,  1797,  but  he  re- 
moved to  the  Royal  Engineers  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  served  at  the  defence  of 
GaSta  in  1806;  afterwards  at  the  battle 
of  Maida,  and  subsequently  at  the  siege  of 
Copenhagen  in  1807.  The  following  year 
he  proceeded  to  the  Peninsula,  and  took 
part  in  the  campaign  of  1808-9,  including 
several  skirmishes  and  the  battle  of  Co- 


runna.  He  accompanied,  as  chief  engineer, 
the  Marquis  of  Huntley's  division  in  the 
Walcheren  expedition  in  1809,  recon- 
noitred the  enemy's  coast  under  the  fire 
of  batteries,  and  was  afterwards  at  the 
siege  of  Flushing.  He  received  a  bayonet 
wound  through  the  thigh,  and  a  mu»ket- 
wound  which  injured  the  spine,  in  leading 
a  storming  party  to  attack  an  advanced 
work  occupied  by  the  French  on  the  dyke 
in  front  of  Flushing,  August  14.  For  his 
military  services  he  was  made  a  Companion 
of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  of  which  Order 
he  was  made  a  Knight-Commander  in  1845, 
and  he  had  received  the  silver  war-medal 
with  two  clasps  for  Maida  and  Corunna. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  Plymouth  divi- 
sion in  1812,  and  subsequently  he  became 
Director  of  the  Royal  Engineer  establish- 
ment at  Chatham,  which  post  he  held  up 
to  Nov.,  1841,  till  his  promotion  to  the 
rank  of  Major-General.  While  at  Chatham, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Admiralty,  he 
undertook  the  task  of  blowing  up  the 
wreck  of  the  Royal  George  at  Spithead 
during  1889,  1840,  and  1841,  superin- 
tending all  the  operations ;  and  of  these  he 
published  a  very  interesting  account  in 
the  "  United  Service  Magazine."  His  com- 
plete success  in  this  matter  established 
him  as  an  authority  on  all  points  of  em- 
ploying the  galvanic  battery  for  explosive 
purposes,  and  it  was  under  Ins  superin- 
tendence, though  carried  out  Jy  a  junior 
officer,  that  the  removal  of  Round- down, 
near  Dover,  was  thus  effected  to  make 
room  for  the  South-Eastern  Railway.  On 
being  relieved  of  his  duties  at  Chatham 
he  was  appointed  Inspector- General  of 
Railways  for  the  Board  of  Trade,  which 
office  he  held  for  several  years.  The  late 
Sir  Charles  was  created  a  D.C.L.  at  Ox- 
ford in  1844.  He  was  the  inventor  of 
some  improvements  in  pontoon  bridges, 
and  author  of  a  treatise  on  "  Military  In- 
struction," "An  Essay  on  the  Military 
Policy  and  Institutions  of  the  British 
Empire,"  and  other  professional  works  of 
interest,  as  well  as  some  poetical  pieots 
published  anonymously.  General  Pasley's 
commissions  bore  date  us  follows :  —  Second 
lieutenant,  December  1, 1797 ;  lieutenant, 
August  28, 1799 ;  captain,  March  1, 1805 ; 


1861.]     Sir  G.  Jackson,  K.C.H.—Gen.  A9 Court  Repington.     699 


brevet-major,  February  6,  1812;  brevet 
lieutenant- colonel,  May  27,  1813;  regi- 
mental lieutenant-colonel,  December  20, 
1814;  brevet-colonel,  July  22,  1830;  re- 
gimental colonel,  November  12,  1831; 
major-general,  November  33,  1841;  lieu- 
tenant-general, November  11, 1851 ;  colonel 
commandant,  November  28,  1853;  and 
general,  September  20, 1860. 


Sib  George  Jackson,  K.C.H. 

Hay  2.  At  Boulogne,  aged  75,  Sir 
George  Jackson,  K.C.H.,  one  of  the  oldest 
diplomatic  servants  of  the  Crown. 

The  deceased  was  a  son  of  the  late  Rev. 
Dr.  Jackson,  Canon  Residentiary  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  and  was  born  in  1785. 
He  entered  on  his  career  of  service  at  a  very 
early  age,  by  accompanying  his  brother, 
Mr.  Francis  J.  Jackson,  to  Paris,  it  being 
the  first  mission  to  France  after  the  French 
Revolution.  He  was  attached  to  the  mis- 
sion to  Berlin  from  October,  1802,  to  1806, 
and  was  afterwards  sent  on  a  special  mis- 
sion to  that  country  at  the  end  of  the 
latter  year.  In  1807  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  Legation  and  Charge  d' Af- 
faires, but  returned  home  in  consequence 
of  the  Peace  of  Tilsit,  having  in  the  mean- 
time been  selected  to  bring  home  the 
treaty  of  peace  with  Prussia,  and  subse- 
quently the  account  of  the  surrender  of 
Copenhagen  to  the  King's  forces.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1806,  he  was  appointed  Secretary 
to  the  special  mission  to  Spain,  and  was 
ordered  home  in  the  succeeding  year  in 
order  to  repair  in  the  ss»ne  capacity  to  the 
United  States,  but  did  not  go,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  suspension  of  diplomatic 
relations  between  the  two  countries.  Early 
in  the  spring  of  1813  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  Legation  and  Charge*  d' Af- 
faires at  Berlin,  and  remained  with  the 
army  and  at  Berlin  till  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo.  In  1816  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  to  the  Embassy  at  St.  Peters- 
burgh.  While  at  Berlin  he  attested  the 
marriage  of  the  late  King  of  Hanover,  then 
Duke  of  Cumberland.  In  1822  he  was 
sent  on  special  service  to  Madrid,  aud  in 
April  the  following  year  was  appointed 
Commissioner  at  Washington,  under  the 
l*t  Article  of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent,  which 


appointment  he  filled  till  1827.  The  latter 
years  of  his  life  were  employed  in  con- 
nexion with  the  suppression  of  the  slave 
trade.  Thus  be  filled  the  office  of  Com- 
missary Judge  at  Sierra  Leone  in  January, 
1828;  at  Rio  Janeiro,  in  July,  1832;  at 
Surinam,  in  August,  1841 ;  and  at  Loanda, 
from  December,  1845,  till  1859,  when  he 
retired  from  the  public  service.  For  bis 
diplomatic  services  he  was,  in  1832,  made 
a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Royal  Hano- 
verian Guelphic  Order,  by  William  IV. 

Sir  George  married  in  1812,  Cordelia, 
sister  of  Albany  Savile,  Esq.,  M.P.  for 
Oakhampton,  (she  died  in  1853,)  and 
secondly,  at  St.  Helena,  Catharine  Han- 
nah, daughter  of  Thomas  Elliott,  E*q.,  of 
Wakefield,  who  survives  him. 


General  A'Court  Repihgtok. 

April  19.  At  Amington-hall,  near  Tarn- 
worth,  aged  75,  General  Charles  Ashe 
A'Court  Repington,  C.B.,  Col.  of  the  41st 
Regiment. 

He  was  the  youngest  son  of  Sir  William 
Pierce  Ashe  A'Court,  by  his  second  mar- 
riage, with  Letitia,  daughter  of  Mr.  Henry 
Wyndham,  of  the  College,  Salisbury.  He 
was  born  on  the  20th  of  June,  1785,  and 
married  on  the  10th  of  May,  1815,  Mary, 
the  only  daughter  of  Mr.  Abraham  Gibbs, 
by  whom  he  was  the  father  of  Lady  Her- 
bert of  Lea.  The  General  entered  the- 
army  in  1801,  and  for  the  first  fifteen 
years  saw  much  active  service,  having 
been  detached  ou  a  separate  command  in 
1806  to  the  Adriatic,  to  attack  the  islands 
of  Tremitis,  and  in  the  same  year  be 
assisted  in  the  siege  of  Scytla.  In  1807 
he  served  in  Egypt,  and  was  present  at 
the  capture  of  Alexandria  and  in  the  action 
near  Rosetta.  At  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Santa  Maura  he  was  in  charge  of  the 
Quartermaster-General's  Department;  he 
was  also  at  the  siege  of  Capri  tbe  same 
year,  and  when  the  enemy  lauded  in  Sicily 
in  1809,  he  commanded  the  advanced 
guard,  to  which  nearly  1,000  prisoners 
surrendered,  and  he  personally  capttmd 
the  enemy's  standard.  He  served  after- 
wards on  tbe  Staff  in  Sicily,  Spain,  and 
Italy,  and  was  preseut  at  Tarragona,  action 
of  Villa  Franca,  aud  retreat  thence;  »ub- 


700 


Obituary. — The  Rev.  H.  F.  Yeatman,  LL.B.         [June, 


sequently,  at  the  occupation  of  Leghorn, 
capture  of  Gnnon,  siege  of  Savona,  and 
lastly  at  the  surrender  of  Naples  in  1815. 
The  late  General  was  for  some  time  one  of 
the  Poor- Law  Commissioners.  In  1818 
he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Hanoverian 
Order  in  recognition  of  his  military  ser- 
vices, and  in  1831  was  mad  -  a  Companion 
of  the  Order  of  the  B  ith.  He  was  also  a 
Knight  of  St.  Ferdinand  and  Merit  of 
Naples,  and  a  Knight  of  St.  Maurice  and 
Lazare  of  Sardinia.  In  February,  1848, 
he  was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  41st  (the 
Welsh)  Regiment  of  Foot.  His  commis- 
sions bear  date  as  follow: — Ensign,  De- 
cember 17,  1801 ;  lieutenant,  September 
2,  1802;  captain,  July  25,  1804;  major, 
February  26,  1811  ;  lieutenant  -  colonel, 
May  19,  1813;  colouel,  July  22,  1830; 
major-general,  November  23,  1841 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, November  11,  1851 ;  and 
general,  February  20,  1856. 


The  Ret.  H.  F.  Yeatman,  LL.B. 

April  22.  At  his  residence,  Stock- 
house,  Dorset,  aged  75,  the  Rev.  Harry 
Fair  Yeatman,  LL.B.,  for  a  great  number 
of  years  Chairman  of  the  Dorset  Quarter 
Sessions. 

The  deceased  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
Harry  Farr  Yeatman,  B.D.,  formerly  Fel- 
low of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  Rector  of 
Kilve,  Vicar  of  East  Brent,  and  Preben- 
dary of  Wells,  Somerset,  and  was  born  at 
East  Brent  on  Feb.  1,  1786.  He  lost  his 
father  in  his  tenth  year,  and  after  com- 
pleting hi«  education  at  Balliol,  where  he 
took  his  LL.B.  in  1804,  he  married,  on 
the  26th  of  November,  1810,  Sarah,  only 
daughter  and  heiress  of  James  Huish 
Walcott,  Et^q.,  of  Widworthy,  Devon,  a 
lady  of  considerable  fortune,  who  survives 
him.  In  1819  the  rev.  gentleman  was 
appointed  to  the  living  of  Stock  Gay  lard, 
near  his  residence  of  Stock -house.  Both 
the  income  and  population  of  the  parish 
are  small,  the  latter  amounting  to  only 
about  HO,  and  here  with  few  exceptions 
he  officiated  every  Sunday  almost  up  to 
the  period  of  his  death.  The  leisure  thus 
given  him  was  very  naturally  spent  by 
such  a  man  in  intellectual  pursuits,  and 
these  soon  were  almost  contined  to  one 
13 


direction — namely,  that  of  law.    The  sta- 
tutes at  large,  the  practice  of  the  Courts, 
the  clearing  up  of  legal  doubts,  the  recon- 
ciling of  what  to  many  appeared  to  be 
conflicting   enactments,   were    his   study 
and  delight.    From  a  very  early  period 
he  was  a  magistrate  for  the  counti.  s  of 
Somerset  and  Dorset.     For  twenty  years 
he  presided  in  the  Second  Court  of  Quar- 
ter Sessions  tor  Dorset,  as  Deputy  Chair- 
man, and,  in  1856,  by  the  death  of  the 
Right  Hon.  George  Banks,  M.P.,  be  was 
elected  unanimously  as  Chairman  of  the 
First  Court.     He  evinced  much  talent  for 
public  speaking,  and  his  charges  to  the 
Grand  Jury,  at  the  Dorset  Quarter  Ses- 
sions, were  among  the  most  able  addresses 
that  were  ever  delivered  from  the  Bench ; 
several  of  them  have  been  published.  As  a 
lawyer,  Mr.  Yeatman  laboured  unceasingly 
to  make  himself  master  of  all  the  details 
of  the  various  enactments,  and  to  recon- 
cile their  often  conflicting  and  perplexing 
directions,  and  his  opinions  were  highly 
valued  by  the  gentlemen  at  the  bar  of  the 
Court  over  which   he  so  long  presided. 
He  was  most  laborious  and  painstaking  in 
all  matters,  and  although  he  possessed 
great  wealth,  his  time   was   continually 
occupied  in  duties  and  occupations  in  con- 
nection with  the  welfare  of  the  county. 

At  one  period  of  his  life  Mr.  Yeatman 
was  a  sportsman  of  no  mean  order,  and 
was  well  known  as  the  Master  of  the  Vale 
of  Blackmoor  Harriers.  Indeed,  through- 
out his  long  and  active  life,  he  always 
entertained  the  greatest  liking  for  field- 
sports,  and  entered  into  them  with  much 
zest. 

Mr.  Yeatman  published  many  revised 
editions  of  his  speeches,  and  he  was  also 
the  author  of  a  very  pleasing  poem  entitled 
"  Brent  Knoll,"  which  is,  we  believe,  the 
only  work  of  any  importance  that  he  ever 
gave  to  the  public.  It  is  written  in  blank 
verse,  and  contains  descriptions  of  some  of 
the  localities  in  Somerset,  which  are  visi- 
ble from  Brent  Knoll,  an  eminence  situ- 
ated about  ten  miles  north-west  of  Bridg- 
water, nearly  a  thousand  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  and  commanding  a  most 
extensive  prospect  of  the  British  Channel. 


1861.] 


Obituary. — Joseph  Hunter,  Esq.  F.S.A. 


01 


Joseph  Htotbr,  Esq.,  FJ9.A. 

May  9.  In  Torrington-square,  aged  77, 
Joseph  Hunter,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  one  of  the 
Assistant  Keepers  of  the  Public  Records. 

Mr.  Hunter  was  born  at  Sheffield  on 
Feb.  6,  1783:  he  was  the  son  of  Mr. 
Michael  Hunter,  a  gentleman  engaged 
throughout  his  life  in  the  cutlery  business 
at  that  town.  His  mother  died  while  he 
was  yet  very  young,  and  shortly  after  he 
was  placed  under  the  guardianship  of  the 
Bev.  Joseph  Evans,  the  minister  of  a  con- 
gregation of  Presbyterian  Dissenters  with 
which  his  parents  were  connected.  For 
Mr.  Evans  and  his  wife  Mr.  Jos.  Hunter 
conceived  the  highest  esteem,  which  con- 
tinued to  the  end  of  his  life.  He  was 
placed  by  them  at  a  school  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Sheffield,  where  he  received 
the  rudiments  of  a  classical  education, 
while  he  devoted  all  his  leisure  moments 
to  the  study  of  such  works  as  he  could 
procure  upon  historical,  topographical,  and 
genealogical  subjects,  and  to  copying  all 
monumental  inscriptions  and  similar  re- 
mains to  be  met  with  in  the  churches 
of  the  vicinity :  he  thus  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  that  minute  acquaintance  with 
the  family  history  of  his  native  town  and 
neighbourhood,  of  which  he  afterwards 
made  such  good  use.  Many  volumes  yet 
remain  of  church  notes  taken  by  him  at 
this  early  age. 

It  was  determined  that  he  should  be 
brought  up  to  the  ministry  among  the 
sect  to  which  his  family  belonged,  and 
accordingly,  in  1805,  he  proceeded  to  a 
college  at  York,  where  he  received  his 
professional  training  under  the  Rev. 
Charles  Wellbeloved,  a  gentleman  well 
known  to  Yorkshire  antiquaries,  and  who 
survived  till  a  recent  period.  The  course 
prescribed  to  the  students  at  this  college 
was  remarkable  for  the  attention  given  to 
minute  verbal  criticism  of  the  Greek  and 
Hebrew  Scriptures :  this  branch  of  study 
was  peculiarly  suitable  to  Mr.  Hunter's 
cast  of  mind,  and  he  retained  a  lively 
interest  in  these  questions  long  after 
abandoning  the  profession  which  first  led 
him  to  them.  In  1809  he  became  minister 
of  a  congregation  of  Presbyterian  Dis- 
senters at  Bath,  where  he  resided  for 
Gskt.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


twenty-four  years,  during  which  time,  in 
addition  to  his  professional  duties,  he  con- 
tinued his  collection  of  materials  for  tbe 
history  of  his  native  town,  part  of  which 
he  embodied  in  his  "  Hallamshire,"  pub- 
lished in  1819.  This  was  followed  by  two 
volumes  of  the  History  of  the  Deanery  of 
Doncaster  in  1828  and  1831.  He  was 
moreover  forward  in  the  promotion  of 
every  scheme  adapted  to  increase  the  then 
commencing  interest  in  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  our  country,  and  was  one  of 
tbe  original  members  of  the  Bath  Literary 
and  Scientific  Institution,  which  is  still 
a  flourishing  establishment.  He  was  a 
valued  member  of  that '  Stourhead  Circle/ 
of  which  he  afterwards  printed  some  ac- 
count,— a  party  of  gentlemen  residing  in 
tbe  counties  of  Somerset  and  Wilts,  who 
year  after  year  met  under  tbe  hospitable 
roof  of  Sir  Richard  Colt  Hoare,  of  Stour- 
head, to  compare  the  progress  they  had 
made  in  those  studies  which  had  an  in- 
terest for  them  all. 

Mr.  Hunter's  intimate  acquaintance 
with  ancient  writings  and  with  the 
minuter  details  of  our  history  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  then  existing  Com- 
missioners of  the  Public  Records,  who  de- 
termined to  secure  to  the  country  the 
services  of  one  so  well  qualified  to  assist 
in  the  work  with  which  they  were  charged. 
Accordingly  Mr.  Hunter,  being  appointed 
a  sub-commissioner,  removed  to  London 
in  1833,  and  entered  on  the  duties  ot  his 
office  at  the  midsummer  of  that  year.  His 
employment  was  at  first  editing  various 
volumes  of  record-learning  to  be  hereafter 
mentioned.  On  the  reconstruction  of  the 
Record  ervice  in  1838,  he  was  appointed 
an  Assistant  Keeper  of  the  First  Class,  and 
to  his  care  were  committed  the  Queen's 
Remembrancer's  Records,  with  the  especial 
duty  of  forming  a  Calendar  of  this  vast  mass 
of  miscellaneous  documents.  From  the  day 
of  its  commencement  till  almost  the  day 
of  his  death,  this  calendar  was  always  in 
his  thoughts :  and  whatever  might  be  his 
other  employments  he  never  allowed  them 
to  interfere  with  the  prosecution  of  the 
great  work  committed  to  him,  and  to  the 
completion  of  which  he  looked  forward  as 
the  reward  of  his  persevering  toil.    His 

4Q» 


702 


Obituary. — Joseph  Hunter,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


[June, 


family  frequently  heard  him,  during  his 
last  illness,  express  his  satisfaction  that  he 
left  behind  him,  in  Mr.  Walter  Nelson 
and  Mr.  Joseph  Redington,  two  gentle- 
men who,  having  for  many  years  been  his 
assistants,  were  perfectly  trained  in  his 
mode  of  proceeding,  and  competent  to 
bring  to  perfection  the  work  in  which  he 
had  made  so  much  progress.  We  are  glad 
to  see  that  the  former  gentleman  has  been 
appointed  to  succeed  Mr.  Hunter  in  his 
office  of  Assistant  Keeper  of  the  First 
Class. 

Soon  after  Mr.  Hunter's  removal  to 
London,  much  of  his  attention  was  occupied 
by  a  suit  in  Chancery,  well  known  as  the 
"  Hewley  suit,"  in  which  it  was  sought  to 
take  from  the  Unitarians  the  benefit  of 
property  left  by  Lady  Hewley  in  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  which 
she  destined  for  the  support  of  the  Pres- 
byterians, to  whom  she  herself  belonged. 
The  fact  seems  to  be  that  the  Presbyte- 
rians had  ceased  to  exist  as  a  distinct 
body,  a  few  of  their  members  having 
joined  Independent  or  other  Dissenting 
congregations,  while  the  mass  had  insen- 
sibly passed  through  Arian  to  Unitarian 
doctrine.  Mr.  Hunter  allowed  that  those 
who  at  the  time  of  the  suit  enjoyed  this 
property  denied  many  doctrines  which  the 
foundress  regarded  as  a  fundamental  part 
of  Christianity;  but  he  maintained  that 
the  Unitarians,  historically  speaking,  re- 
presented the  foundress,  and  that,  had  she 
then  been  living,  she  would  have  been  an 
Unitarian  herself.  The  Courts  of  Law, 
however,  decided  in  favour  of  the  new 
claimants;  when  the  Dissenters'  Chapel 
Act  was  passed  to  prevent  stale  claims  of 
the  kind  being  made  for  the  future,  by 
making  twenty  years'  use  sufficient  proof, 
in  the  absence  of  written  expressions  of 
intention,  as  to  the  doctrines  to  be  taught 
in  any  chapel.  It  is  clear  that,  had  this 
statute  existed,  the  claim  of  the  Inde- 
pendents could  at  no  time  have  been  suc- 
cessfully urged,  for  no  considerable  change 
of  doctrine  took  place  within  the  limits  of 
any  period  of  twenty  years. 

In  our  next  Number  we  shall  give  some 
account  of  Mr.  Hunter's  various  publica- 
tions;  but  we  may  here  remark   that,, 


numerous  as  they  are,  they  represent 
but  a  small  part  of  the  labours  of  his 
evenings  and  vacations.  It  was  a  prin- 
ciple with  him  to  print  nothing  of  any 
new  discovery  while  any  hope  remained  of 
finding  further  illustrations  of  it.  It  re- 
sults from  this  that  much  curious  infor- 
mation remains  in  his  manuscripts  which 
he  had  not  the  time  or  opportunity  to 
work  up  to  the  perfection  at  which  he 
aimed ;  and  he  has  left  behind  him  a  vast 
mass  of  manuscripts,  relating  to  all  the 
subjects  which  engaged  his  attention. 

Much  of  Mr.  Hunter's  time  in  middle 
life  was  devoted  to  the  illustration  of  the 
text  of  Shakespeare's  Plays.  His  genius 
led  him  to  endeavour  to  correct  what  was 
faulty,  and  to  throw  light  on  what  was 
obscure  in  the  text,  rather  than  to  the 
psychological  school  of  criticism  intro- 
duced by  Coleridge.  He  published  two 
*  orks,  containing  part  of  the  results  of  his 
labours  in  this  direction. 

In  connection  with  his  Shakespearean 
studies  we  may  mention  the  collections 
formed  by  Mr.  Hunter  towards  lives  of 
English  verse-writers  of  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries;  these  he  never 
published,  although,  in  a  tract  he  printed 
on  the  ancestry  of  Alexander  Pope,  he  in- 
timates an  intention  to  do  so.  We  may 
conclude  that  he  has  left  a  portion  at 
least  of  this  work  in  a  state  of  forward- 
ness for  publication. 

We  must  not  neglect  to  notice  Mr. 
Hunter's  discoveries  in  relation  to  the 
first  settlements  of  New  England.  His 
work  on  this  subject  attracted  great  at- 
tention in  America,  and  brought  the  au- 
thor into  correspondence  with  very  many 
gentlemen  of  Boston  and  other  cities  of 
the  United  States,  who  felt  an  interest  in 
tracing  the  first  beginnings  of  their  Com- 
monwealth. Many  of  these  printed  for 
private  circulation  accounts  of  what,  with 
Mr.  Hunter's  assistance,  they  were  able  to 
gather  of  the  early  history  of  their  fami- 
lies; and  we  believe  that  he  possessed  a 
very  extensive  collection  of  volumes  of 
this  character. 

Our  space  does  not  allow  us  to  notice 
more  of  Mr.  Hunter's  contributions  to 
the  minute  historical   literature    of  his 


1861.]        J.  Hunter,  Esq.,  F.S.A. — Clergy  Deceased. 


703 


country.  Many  of  his  communications  will 
be  found  in  the  ArcluBologia,  and  among 
the  Papers  read  at  the  annual  meetings  of 
the  Archaeological  Institute.  In  conside- 
ration of  his  contributions  to  the  former 
series,  he  was  honoured  with  the  title 
of  Vice-President  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries. 

Mr.  Hunter  relaxed  nothing  of  his  con- 
stunt  attention  to  the  studies  he  loved, 
even  while  labouring  under  the  painful 
m h lady  which  at  last  overcame  him ;  after 
mo i  e  than  two  years  of  suffering  he  sank 
under  this  disease  on  the  9th  of  May, 
1861.  He  was  interred  at  Ecclesfield,  a 
village  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Sheffield, 
in  a  spot  chosen  by  himself  some  time  be- 
fore his  death. 

In  1815  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Francis  Hayward,  M.D.,  of  Bath ;  by  her, 
who  died  in  1840,  he  had  six  children,  of 
whom  three  sons  and  a  daughter  survive 
him. 


CLERGY  DECEASED. 

March  27.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Gibbings,  Rector 
of  Templenacarriga,  Ireland,  and  Treasurer  of 
the  Cathedral  Church  of  Ck>\  ne. 

April  14.  At  Sadbergh,  Yorkshire,  aged  28, 
the  Rev.  Joseph  Richard  Shaw,  M.A.,  late  Curate 
of  Borough -under-Stainmorc,  Westmoreland. 

April  15.  Aged  79,  the  Key.  John  A'unn,  B.A., 
Hector  of  Thorndon,  Suffolk. 

April  16.  At  Willoughby,  Lincolnshire,  of 
which  parish  he  had  been  Rector  46  years,  aged 
77,  the  Rot.  Thomas  Du  Pri,  only  son  of  the 
late  Rev.  John  Du  Pre,  D.D.,  of  Weymouth. 

April  17.  At  Sutton-on-thc-hill,  aged  63,  the 
Rev.  German  Bucks  ton,  of  Bradborne. 

April  22.  At  Stock-house,  Sherborne,  Dorset, 
aged  75,  the  Rev.  Harry  Farr  Yeattnan.  See 
Obitcabt. 

April  23.  In  London,  the  Rev.  Edward  Waller 
Litre,  Rector  of  North  Wingfield,  Derbyshire. 

April  25.  At  the  Rectory,  aged  67,  the  Rev. 
Chas.  Carr,  forty-three  years  Rector  of  Burnby, 
Yorkshire,  and  thirty-nine  years  Rector  of  Uead- 
bourne  Worthy,  Ilants. 

April  30.  At  Trevor  lata,  Llangollen,  the  Rev. 
Hugh  Owen,  B.A.,  Perpetual  Curate  of  Trevor. 

May  3.  At  the  Vicarage,  A  hh  burton,  aged  62, 
the  Rev.  W.  Marsh,  26  years  Vicar  of  that  place. 

May  5.  At  Worthing,  the  Rev.  W.  Browne, 
Rector  of  Letheringsett,  Norfolk,  and  late  Fellow 
of  Worcester  College,  Oxford. 

May  9.  At  the  Rectory,  Fryerning,  Easel, 
agod  80,  the  Rev.  George  Price,  M.A. 

May  10.  At  Glanogwr,  Glamorgan,  aged  81, 
the  Rev.  J.  Harding,  U.K.,  Rector  of  Coyly  and 

Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  CCX. 


Coychurch  (Llandaff),  and  Procter  in  Convoca- 
tion for  the  Clergy  of  that  Archdeaconry. 

In  London,  of  paralysis  of  the  brain,  the  Rev. 
Edmund  Reynolds,  Vicar  of  St.  Andrew's,  Whit- 
tlesea,  Cambs. 

May  11.  At  Paignton,  aged  75,  the  Rev.  Robert 
Gee,  Vicar  of  Paignton  and  M  auldon. 

May  12.  Suddenly,  the  Rev.  George  Barber, 
Curate  of  Bawiny  bourn,  Cambridgeshire.  The 
deceased  was  officiating  at  divine  service,  when 
it  was  observed  that  he  sat  down,  instead  of 
standing  up,  while  the  choir  was  chanting  the 
Te  Deum.  One  of  the  congregation,  becoming 
alarmed,  went  into  the  reading-desk  as  soon  as 
the  Te  Deum  was  over,  and  found  him  apparently 
quite  insensible.  The  rev.  gentleman  was  con- 
veyed to  a  neighbouring  houve  and  placed  upon 
a  bed;  but,  notwithstanding  that  every  attention 
was  shewn  to  him,  he  expired  in  about  a  quarter 
of  an  boor,  having  evinced  no  signs  of  conscious- 
ness. The  jury,  in  accordance  with  the  medical 
testimony,  on  the  following  day  returned  a  ver- 
dict to  the  effect  that  the  deceased  died  of  serous 
apoplexy. 

At  Lydeard-house,  Bishop's  Lydeard,  aged  63, 
the  Rev.  Cecil  Smith,  J.P. 

At  Bristol,  the  Rev.  John  Packer,  formerly 
Perpetual  Curate  of  St.  Mary-le-Port,  Bristol, 
and  afterwards  Missionary  at  Barbados. 

May  13.  At  the  Parsonage,  Wilton,  Yorkshire, 
aged  64,  the  Rev.  Henry  Stock  en. 

Aged  56,  the  Rev.  Chas.  Irving,  M.A.,  Rector 
of  Donaghmore,  co.  Donegal. 

May  14.  In  London,  aged  40,  the  Rev.  F.  J7. 
Wilkinson,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of  West  Ashton, 
Wilts,  and  younger  son  of  the  late  Ilcnry  Wilkin- 
son, esq.,  of  White  Webbs-park,  Enfield,  Middle- 
sex, and  of  Clapham-common,  Surrey. 

At  Barton-under-Necdwood,  aged  82,  the  Rev. 
John  Dashwood,  M.A. 

At  Stoke  Ncwington,  by  his  own  hand,  aged  26, 
the  Rev.  Francis  Bayley  Shackell,  Curate  of 
Holy  Trinity)  Winchester.  lie  was  on  a  vfeit 
at  the  house  of  a  friend,  and  was  observed  to  be 
in  a  very  melancholy  frame  of  mind,  but  un- 
fortunately was  not  watched  or  put  under  any 
restraint.  The  coroner's  jury  returned  a  verdict 
of  temporary  insanity. 

May  15.  Ai  Sandyford,  Staffordshire,  the  Rev. 
Thos.  Wilds,  M.A. 

May  16.  At  Iiitcham  Rectory,  Suffolk,  aged 
65,  the  Rev.  /.  8.  Henslow,  Roctor  of  Iiitcham, 
and  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge.    See  Obixvaky. 

At  Craiwley  Vicarage,  Northamptonshire,  aged 
64,  the  Rev.  James  William  Gardiner,  M.A. 

May  19.  At  the  Cloisters,  Windsor,  aged  80, 
the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Henry  Cockayne  Oust,  of 
Cockayne  Hatley,  Bedfordsh.,  Canon  of  Windsor, 
and  brother  to  the  late  Lord  Brownlow.  He  was 
appointed  Canon  of  Windsor  in  the  year  1813. 
Mr.  Curt  married  Lady  Annie  Maria  Needham, 
sister  to  the  present  Earl  of  Kilmorey,  who 
survives  him,  and  by  whom  he  leaves  several 
sons  and  daus.  By  Mr.  Cust's  death  some  valu- 
able patronage  is  placed  at  the  disposal  of  his 
great  nephew,  Earl  Brownlow ;  bnt  we  believe 

4Q 


704 


Obituary. 


[June, 


his  canonry  lapses  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners. 

May  23.  At  Oxford,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cardwell, 
Principal  of  St.  Alhan's  Hall.    See  Obituary. 

DEATHS. 

ARRANGED  IK  CHRONOLOGICAL  ORDKB. 

Dee.  28,  W60.  On  his  nansage  to  New  Zealand 
with  his  regiment,  the  57th,  Capt.  H.  Douglas 
M.  Shute,  youngest  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Deane 
8hute,  esq.,  of  Bramshaw  and  Barton,  Hants. 

Feb.  12,  1861.  At  Cawnpore,  Caroline  Lucy, 
wife  of  Major  H.  Cortlandt  Anderson,  Command- 
ing Cawnpore  Levy. 

Feb.  14.  On  his  voyage  home  from  India,  aged 
20,  Thomas  Gerard  Elrington,  esq.,  2nd  Dragoon 
Guards,  only  son  of  the  Rev.  W.  F.  Elrington,  of 
Great  Heywood,  Stafford. 

March  2.  At  Bnrrisnnd,  Bengal,  Rich.  Calrnea 
Bailees,  esq.,  magistrate  and  collector,  Civil  Ser- 
vice, Bengal,  eldest  son  of  Richard  Mee  Raflces, 
esq.,  of  Dover. 

March  8.  At  Natal,  aged  27,  John  Athorpe, 
esq.,  Capt.  H.M.'s  85th  Lt.  Infantry,  eldest  son 
of  J.  C.  Athorpe,  esq.,  of  Dinnington-hall,  York- 
shire. 

March  5.  At  the  Burlington  Hotel,  Old  Bur- 
lington-st.,  aged  17,  Thomas  Haggerston  Robert- 
son, only  surviving  son  of  David  Robertson,  esq., 
M.P.,  of  Ladykirk,  Berwickshire. 

March  17.  At  Boston,  U.S.,  of  consumption, 
aged  23,  Ann,  widow  of  Joshua  Patten.  The  de- 
ceased, about  four  years  ago,  whil«t  on  a  voyage 
with  her  husband  to  8an  Francisco,  he  having 
become  prostrated  by  illness  and  incurable  blind- 
ness, took  charge  of  his  ship,  the  "Neptune's 
Car,"  and  in  spite  of  the  officers'  desire  to  put 
into  Valparaiso,  navigated  the  vessel  safely  to 
her  destined  haven. 

March  19.  Of  cholera,  at  Bangalore,  Madras 
Presidency,  aged  26,  James  Greatorex,  esq., 
King's  Dragoon  Guards,  youngest  son  of  J. 
Greatorex,  esq.,  Upper  Clapton,  Middlesex. 

March  20.  At  Fort  St  George,  Madras,  from 
injuries  occasioned  by  a  fall,  Ensign  Charles 
8almon,  H.M.'s  43rd  Light  Infantry. 

March  23.  At  Coonoor,  India,  Dr.  John  Mait* 
land,  of  the  2nd  European  Light  Infantry,  eldest 
son  of  Mr.  Maitlund,  Ebury-street,  London. 

March  24.  On  board  the  transport  ship  "  Mac- 
Duff,"  homeward  bound  from  China,  aged  34, 
Capt.  George  Taaffe,  of  H.M.'s  Royal  Regiment, 
son  of  the  late  George  Taaffe,  esq.,  of  Smarmore 
Castle,  co.  Louth.  He  entered  the  army  in  1845, 
and  attained  the  rank  of  Capt.  in  December, 
1854.  The  Taaffes,  of  Smarmore  Castle,  like  the 
rest  of  the  house,  are  Roman  Catholics,  and 
represent  a  branch  oi  the  family  of  Viscount 
Taaffe  in  the  Peerage  of  Ireland. 

March  25.  At  Northampton,  aged  92,  John 
Arraytage,  esq.  He  was  born  on  Dec.  15,  1768, 
the  second  son  of  Sir  George  Armytage,  the  third 
baronet,  of  Kirtriees,  Yorkshire,  by  Anna  Maria, 
dau.  of  Godfrey  Wentworth,  esq.,  of  Worthy 
and  Hickleton.  He  was  a  § ohoolfellow  at  Brussels 
of  Arthur  Wellesley,  afterwards  Duke  of  Welling' 


ton,  and  at  sixteen  joined  the  Blues,  but  did  not 
remain  long  in  the  service.  Marrying  in  1790 
Anne,  dau.  of  John  Harvey  Thursby,  esq.,  of 
Abington,  near  Northampton,  he  made  that  town 
his  permanent  residence,  and  became  before  his 
death  one  of  its  olden  inhabitants.  He  was  well 
informed  in  all  the  current  evejita  of  his  time, 
but  had  for  many  years  been  confined  to  bis 
house.  He  has  left  one  son,  the  Rev.  John  Army- 
tage, and  three  daughters. 

March  26.  At  Sidmoutq,  aged  86,  Frances,  dau. 
of  the  late  Rev.  John  Bradford  Copkaton,  In- 
cumbent and  patron  of  the  living  of  Offwell, 
Devon,  and  lister  of  the  late  Bight  Rev.  Dr.  B. 
Oopleston,  Provost  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  and 
subsequently  Lord  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  who  died 
in  1849. 

At  Ootacamund,  NeUghery-hflls,  aged  43,  Capt. 
William  E.  Remington,  of  the  5th  Regt.  Madras 
Lt.  Cavalry. 

March  28.  At  Bath,  Miss  Henrietta  Butler. 
She  was  one  of  the  daughters  of  the  late  Sir 
Thomas  Butler,  hart.,  of  Garryhundon,  near 
Ballintemple,  co.  Carlow,  sometime  M.P.  for 
that  county,  by  Dorothea,  only  dau,  of  Edward 
Bayley,  esq.,  and  niece  of  Hir  Nicholas  Bayley, 
hart.,  of  Pla*  Newydd.  Anglesey,  father  of  Henry, 
first  Earl  of  Uxbridge,  and  grandfather  of  the  lata 
Marquis  of  Anglesey. 

April  5.  At  Madras,  aged  74,  Ramsay  81aden, 
esq.,  Physician-General,  Madras. 

April  8.  In  Marylebone-road,  aged  64,  Joseph 
Taskcr,  esq.,  of  Middleton-hall,  Brentwood,  Essex. 
Mr.  Tasker,  who  belonged  to  an  old  Roman 
Catholic  family,  had  been  for  some  time  seated 
in  Essex,  but  he  principally  resided  at  bis  town- 
house,  in  York-buildings,  Marylebone-road,  and 
was  well  known  and  highly  respected  In  the 
City,  as  an  influential  member  of  the  oommittees 
for  pressing  the  claims  of  English  creditors  on 
Spain,  Portugal,  and  the  South  American  States. 
He  was  also  a  director  of  the  United  Mexican 
Mining  Association.  He  was  largely  interested 
in  Mexican,  Chilian,  Buenos  Ayres,  Venezuela, 
and  other  foreign  investments;  and  paseeseed 
estates  in  London,  Essex,  and  Yorkshire.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  literary  attainments,  and 
was  well  known  to  ill  the  London  booksellers  as 
an  indefatigable  book  collector.  His  town-house 
was  literally  crammed  with  bis  collections  from 
basement  to  attic,  lining  the  passages,  and  even 
his  stables  were  stored  with  literature.  His  only 
son,  Mr.  Joseph  Louis  Tasker,  a  young  man  of 
great  promise,  died  some  years  ago  at  Shiras, 
in  Persia,  while  travelling  in  pursuit  of  know- 
ledge ;  and  his  vast  property  now  devolves  upon 
his  daughter,  as  only  surviving  child.  Mr. 
Tasker's  death  was  sudden,  from  disease  of  the 
heart. 

April  10.  At  Norton-manor,  Radnorshire,  aged 
88,  Richard  Price,  esq.  He  was  the  elder  of  the 
two  sons  of  the  late  Richard  Price,  e*q.,  of  Nor- 
ton-manor, by  Mary,  dan.  of  the  late  Charles 
Humphries  Price,  of  Montgomeryshire,  and  was 
born  in  1772.  He  was  the  senior  Magistrate  and 
Deputy-Lieut,  for  Radnorshire,  and  for  many 
years  Lieut.-Col.  Commandant  of  the  County 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


'05 


Militia.  He  was  elected  M.P.  for  the  Radnor 
district  of  boroughs  in  1796,  and  retained  hie 
aeat  without  interruption  until  his  retirement 
from  public  Urn  at  the  general  election  of  1847, 
at  which  date  he  was  the  "  father"  of  the  House 
of  Commons.    In  polities  he  was  a  Conservative. 

April  11.  At  Rome,  of  fever,  aged  21,  Jane 
Catherine,  youngest  dau.  of  the  late  John  Hardy, 
esq.,  Jun.,  formerly  HJbVs  Consul  at  St.  Jago 
de  Cuba. 

At  Folkestone,  aged  84,  Mr.  8tephen  Court, 
Master  R.N.  This  officer  served  as  Second  Master 
in  charge  of  the  "  Investigator"  during  her 
perilous  Polar  voyage  to  Mercy  Bay. 

April  13.  At  Bath,  Alicia  Mary,  wife  of  Major 
Farmar,  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  and 
only  child  of  Capt.  Cotgrave,  R.N. 

April  14.  At  Edinburgh,  aged  32,  Randall 
Wilmer  HatfeUd,  esq.,  of  Thorp  Arch-hall,  York- 
shire, late  of  the  10th  Royal  Hussars. 

Vice-Admiral  John  George  Aplin,  (mentioned 
at  p.  590),  entered  the  navy  in  1801,  and  served 
in  the  boats  of  the  "  Terpsichore,"  in  a  gallant 
attempt  to  cut  out  a  French  eorvete  at  the  Isle 
of  Bourbon,  in  1805.  He  was  promoted  to  be 
Acting  Lieut,  of  the'"  Psyche"  in  1807,  and  was 
confirmed  in  his  rank  Feb.  18,  1808.  He  was 
very  actively  employed  at  the  siege  of  St.  Sebas- 
tian and  blockade  of  Santona,  for  which  services 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Commander, 
March  12,  1814.  He  commanded  the  "Grass- 
hopper" on  the  North  American  station  from  1828 
to  1826,  and  was  posted  28th  January  in  the 
Utter  year.  He  accepted  the  retirement  in 
1846. 

April  15.  At  Torquay,  aged  18,  Wm.  Latham, 
second  son  of  the  late  J.  Bailey,  esq.,  MP.  for 
Herefordshire. 

At  Mossley,  aged  82,  Thomas  Brown,  a  humble 
philanthropist.  "  He  was  born  at  Barrocks,  near 
Spring-cottages,  Carr-hill,  in  the  year  1829,  and 
died  of  consumption  at  the  house  of  his  brother-in- 
law.  At  about  eleven  years  of  age  he  commenced, 
and  through  life  continued,  to  solicit  subscrip- 
tions on  behalf  of  the  poor,  walking  many  miles, 
alter  his  work  as  a  cotton-spinner  was  over,  in 
the  evening,  for  that  purpose,  or  for  the  still 
more  gratifying  one  of  relieving  the  distressed. 
The  deceased  for  many  years  kept  an  accurate 
account  of  bis  receipts  and  disbursements,  which 
was  regularly  audited;  and  it  cannot  but  be 
worth  recording  in  the  'simple  annals  of  the 
poor'  what  may  be  done  by  a  persevering  person 
who  has  learned  *  the  luxury  of  doing  good.'  On 
an  examination  of  his  books  for  two  years,  ending 
January,  1861,  it  was  found  that  he  had  collected 
no  le«s  a  sum  than  £77  2a.  10d.,  in  amounts  of 
not  less  than  sixpence  nor  above  five  shillings, 
but  he  had  disbursed  in  charity  the  sum  of 
£00  14s.  2d.,  the  difference  being  smaller  sums 
received  by  him,  and  one  shilling  per  week  which 
he  contributed  from  his  own  hard  and  scanty 
earnings.  Since  ttie  above  date  he  had  received, 
according  to  his  last  entry,  £4  Is.  8d.,  and  paid 
£1  2s.  4±d."—Manch*$ltr  Examinsr. 

April  16.  At  Ewshott-hou«e,  Hants,  a*red  51, 
Charles  Edward  Lefroy,  esq.,  J. P.  for  Hampshire. 


He  was  the  second  son  of  the  late  Bev.  John 
Henry  George  Lefroy,  by  Sophia,  dau.  of  the 
Rev.  Clement  Cottrell,  of  Hadley,  Middlesex,  and 
was  born  in  1810.  He  succeeded  to  the  property 
on  the  death  of  his  elder  brother,  George,  in 
1624,  and  was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1832,  and  proceeded 
M.A.  in  1836.  In  the  same  year  he  was  called  to 
the  Bar  at  Lincoln's-inn.  In  1841  he  was  nomi- 
nated Secretary  to  the  late  Speaker  of  the  House 
•f  Commons,  (the  Right  Hon.  Charles  Shaw 
Lefevre,  now  Viscount  Eversley) ;  and  in  1856 
was  appointed  Taxing-Master  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 

April  19.  At  Hurstpierpoint,  aged  77,  Major- 
General  Thomas  Dickinson,  late  of  the  Bombay 
Engineers. 

In  Harley-st.,  aged  41,  Major  Charles  Gonne 
Bouthey,  of  H.M.'s  3rd  Madras  European  Real, 
eldest  son  of  H.  H.  Southey,  M.D. 

At  Fredericton,  New  Brunswick,  Elizabeth 
Ludlow,  wife  of  Dr.  George  M.  Odell,  and  beloved 
niece  of  Commissary-General  Robinson. 

At  Stoke,  Devonport,  aged  86,  Michael  Spratt, 
esq.,  Commander  Royal  Navy. 

April  19.  At  Yaddlethorpe,  Lincolnshire,  aged 
72,  Mr.  Richard  Barley,  farmer. 

April  20.  At  South-parade,  Bath,  Emily,  wife 
of  S.  C.  Lord,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Farnborough, 
Somersetshire. 

At  Tobago,  aged  51,  His  Honour  Edward  Dyer 
Sanderson,  Chief  Justice  of  that  island,  and  one 
of  the  Judges  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeal  in 
the  Windward  Islands. 

April  21.  At  Richmond  -  road,  Barnsbury, 
London,  aged  70,  Frederick  Stephens  Wallis,  esq., 
formerly  of  8t.  Ives  and  of  Sandhill-house,  Corn- 
wall, and  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy-Lieut,  for 
that  country. 

At  Grove-place,  Walthamstow,  Essex,  aged  81, 
Robert  Thorp,  esq.,  last  surviving  son  of  the 
late  Samuel  Thorp,  esq.,  of  Walthamstow,  many 
years  senior  member  of  the  Corporation  of  London, 
and  brother  of  the  late  Alderman  Thorp,  M.P. 

At  Hyde,  aged  81,  Ellxa,  widow  of  the  late 
Robert  Wray,  et*q.,  Bencher  of  the  Temple,  and 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Moses  Porter,  M.A. 

April  22.  At  Hargrave,  8tansted,  Essex,  at 
the  seat  of  her  son-in-law,  Charles  R.  Sperling, 
esq.,  aged  93,  Susanna,  widow  of  CoL  Astle,  of 
Gosfleld-hall,  in  the  same  county. 

At  Hauteville,  Guernsey,  aged  23,  Ellen,  eldest 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Richard  CoUinson,  Incum- 
bent of  Usworth,  Durham. 

At  Northampton,  Miss  Ann  Elisabeth  Baker, 
sister  of  the  late  George  Baker,  esq.,  historian  of 
the  county.    See  Obituary. 

At  Ballachnliah,  aged  106,  Christina  Mackin- 
tosh, or  Macgillirray.  She  belonged  to  the  Island 
of  Skye,  and  was  well  known  for  upwards  of 
half-a-ceutury  as  "Kirstan  8giathanach,"  or 
Skyc  Kirsty,  a  sort  of  female  gaberlunxie.  She 
was  always  a  strong  and  healthy  woman,  and  till 
within  a  month  or  two  of  her  death  had  all  her 
faculties,  and  w  nt  about  carrying  a  walet  of  no 
o  dinary  dimensions. — Inverness  (barter. 

April  23.  AtLoirston-house,  Ntgg ,  Kincardine- 


06 


Obituary. 


[June, 


shire,  Capt.  John  Macdonell,  Royal  Nary.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  late  Capt.  John  Macdonell, 
Kidiehonate,  Lochaher,  and  joined  the  Royal 
Nary  on  the  10th  of  February,  1811,  under  the 
auspices  of  his  uncle,  Adm.  Sir  James'Gordon, 
Governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  He  had  the 
fortune  to  be  actively  employed  against  the 
enemy,  and  at  his  decease  he  was  in  the  receipt 
of  a  small  pension  for  wounds  and  the  Greenwich 
out-pension.  In  1812,  when  serving  with  the 
boats  of  the  "Unite"  at  the  capture  of  two 
retsels  in  the  Adriatic,  he  was  severely  wounded. 
He  was  also  present  in  an  action  with  the  French 
fleet  off  Toulon  in  1814.  When  midshipman  of 
the  "  Phoenix,"  he  served  in  the  boats  at  the  cap- 
ture of  two  piratical  vessels  off  Paros  in  1815,  but 
did  not  obtain  his  lieutenant's  commission  until 
September,  1823.  He  was  a  lieutenant  of  the 
"Pandora"  during  an  attack  upon  a  piratical 
settlement  at  Barbora,  in  the  East  Indies,  and 
was  one  of  the  officers  on  board  the  royal  yacht 
which  conveyed  His  Majesty  George  IV.  to  Leith, 
when  that  monarch  visi'ed  Scotland  in  1822.  He 
was  almost  constantly  employed  for  the  period  of 
nearly  half-a-century,  and  was  well  known  in 
too  service  for  maintaining  order  and  discipline 
without  having  recourse  to  extreme  measures. — 
Banffshire  Journal. 

Herbert  Coleridge,  esq.  From  his  father,  Hen. 
Nelson  Coleridge,  and  his  mother,  Sarah  Cole- 
ridge, the  dau.  of  the  poet  and  philosopher, 
Herbert  Coleridge  seemed  to  have  inherited  all 
the  genius  of  that  gifted  family,  and  his  early 
promise  gave  high  hopes  of  future  eminence. 
His  career  at  Oxford  was  crowned  with  the 
highest  attainable  honours.  He  took  a  Double 
First  in  the  Easter  term  of  1852.  On  leaving  the 
University  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  literature 
continued  to  occupy  his  leisure.  He  became 
Secretary  to  the  Philological  Society,  and  was 
associated  with  the  Dean  of  Westminster  in  a 
project  for  rescuing  from  oblivion  and  restoring 
to  the  English  language  words  used  by  the  best 
writers  of  the  seventeenth  century  but  not  ac- 
knowledged by  Johnson  and  his  successors.  For 
the  last  five  years  his  life  and  energies  have 
been  gradually  undermined  by  that  fatal  disease 
whieh  so  often  accompanies  genius. 

At  Bickington,  near  Ashburton,  aged  80,  Mr. 
John  Smerdon,  for  above  fifty  years  elerk  of  the 
parish  church. 

April  24.  At  Whitburn-hall,  near  Sunderland, 
aged  63,  Sir  Hedworth  Williamson,  hart.  See 
Obituary. 

At  nexham,  aged  75,  Elira  (nee  Livingstone), 
relict  of  James  Kirsopp,  esq.,  of  the  Spital,  near 
Hexham. 

At  Swiss -villa,  Sidmouth,  aged  81,  James 
Godolphin  Burslem,  of  the  Royal  Artillery,  one 
of  the  last  surviving  officers  engaged  in  the 
Egyptian  Campaign,  1801,  under  Sir  Ralph  Aber- 
eromby. 

At  Abberly-hall,  near  Stourport,  Worcester- 
shire, aged  3S,  Elisabeth  Barbara,  wife  of  8.  G. 
Palmer,  esq.,  late  of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service. 

At  Great  Malvern,  Mary,  wife  of  Lieut-Col. 
John  Hallos,  of  the  Bengal  Retired  List,  and 


third  dau.  of  the  Rev.  James  Carter  Green,  of 
Grimstone,  Yorkshire. 

April  25.  At  Guernsey,  aged  102,  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  William  Annesley.  Her  death  was  the 
result  of  accident,  the  venerable  lady  having 
fallen  from  her  bed  and  dislocated  her  collar-bone 
a  few  days  previously.  She  was  the  only  dau. 
of  John  Digby,  esq.,  of  Landestown,  co.  KUdare. 
She  married,  about  the  year  1780,  the  Hon.  and 
Very  Rev.  Wm.  Annesley,  Dean  of  Down,  young- 
est son  of  the  first  Lord  Annesley  (afterwards 
Viscount  Glerawlcy),  but  was  left  a  widow  hi 
1817.  By  her  late  husband  she  had  two  sons, 
Marcus  John  Annesley,  who  married  in  180* 
a  dau.  of  F.  Smith  esq.,  of  the  Grange,  Salop; 
and  William,  married,  in  1806,  to  Miss  ReyneU. 

At  Nostell  Priory,  Yorkshire,  (the  seat  of  her 
brother,  Charles  Winn,  esq.,)  aged  61,  Mies  Louisa 
Winn.  8he  was  the  only  dau.  of  the  late  John 
Williamson,  esq.,  by  Esther,  only  dau.  of  Sir 
Rowland  Winn,  fifth  bark,  and  sister  of  Sir  Row- 
land Winn,  sixth  bart.,  of  Nostell  Priory,  who 
dying  intestate  and  unmarried  in  1805,  the  family 
estates  passed  to  his  nephew,  the  late  John  Wil- 
liamson-Winn, esq.,  (on  whose  death,  in  1817, 
they  were  inherited  by  his  brother,  the  present 
Charles  Winn,  esq.,)  while  the  baronetcy  was 
merged  in  the  superior  title  of  Lord  Headley. 

Suddenly,  near  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  Dr.  Probart, 
the  Senior  Physician  of  the  Bury  Hospital  and  a 
Magistrate  for  the  borough  and  county.  "He 
had  been  somewhat  enfeebled  since  a  fall  from 
his  horse  some  time  ago,  but  was  still  possessed 
of  mental  and  bodily  vigour  scarcely  to  be  ex- 
pected at  his  age,  verging  on  fourscore.  On  the 
afternoon  in  question  he  rode  out  alone  on  the 
Newmarket  road,  and  about  half  a  mile  beyond 
the  Risby  turnpike  he  was  seen  by  some  men  on 
the  road  to  dismount,  and  in  mounting  again,  as 
it  would  seem,  from  a  small  hillock  of  earth,  he 
fell  forward,  and  his  horse  started  away  and  ran 
off.  Another  man  stopped  the  horse,  and  on 
coming  up  to  its  rider,  whom  be  did  not  know, 
found  him  apparently  breathing  his  last.  He  im- 
mediately rode  down  to  Bury,  and  being  directed 
to  Mr.  Smith's,  that  gentleman  at  once  recognised 
the  horse,  and  hastened  with  his  assistant,  Mr. 
Hughes,  to  the  spot,  where  he  found  the  deceased 
lying  just  as  he  had  fallen,  with  his  bead  some- 
what pressed  under  bis  shoulder,  and  the  appear- 
ance of  his  face  plainly  indicating  that  the  cause 
of  death  had  been  apoplexy.  Dr.  Probart  had 
long  occupied  an  eminent  position  in  his  profes- 
sion and  in  public  affairs,  as  well  as  in  private 
society,  and  the  benefit  of  his  advice  was  freely 
afforded  to  the  poor.  A  vacancy  in  most  of  the 
public  trusts  of  the  town  is  occasioned  by  his 
death."— Burp  Post. 

At  St.  Andrew's.  Alexander  Pirie— or,  as  be 
was  generally  called,  ••  Sandy  Pirie"— the  well- 
known  golf-caddie,  a  humble  coadjutor  of  8ir 
Lyon  Playfair,  in  his  regeneration  of  the  ancient 
city  •.  "To  every  golfer  who  bas  come  about  the 
ancient  city  for  upwards  of  thirty  years  back 
Bandy  was  as  much  identified  with  golf  as  the 

•  Gsmt.  Mao.,  March,  1861,  p.  234. 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


707 


Links  themselves.  Boy  and  man.  he  baa  been 
a  professional  for  at  least  half  a  century.  In  his 
younger  days,  when  tbe  Links  of  St.  Andrews 
were  much  more  difficult  to  pixy  over  than  now, 
Sandy  was  a  moot  expert  hand  in  every  pha*e  of 
the  noble  game.  As  a  golfing  adviser  he  was 
much  prized.  His  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
game  and  the  ground,  and  his  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  game  of  every  golfer  fre- 
quenting the  Links,  made  him  a  most  desirable 
attendant  in  any  important  match.  In  his  privute 
relations  Sandy  was  a  most  upright,  honest  man. 
He  had  a  sore  and  heavy  bereavement  some  two 
years  ago,  in  which  he  was  much  sympathised 
with,  in  the  untimely  death  of  his  two  sons,  both 
sailors — the  one  captain  and  the  other  carpenter 
of  the  same  ship,  who,  when  passing  in  a  boat 
from  the  ship  to  the  port  they  were  lying  near, 
were  capsized  and  drowned.  Since  this  sad  event 
Sandy  has  never  been  the  man  he  was.  He  died 
after  an  illness  of  six  weeks'  duration."— Ed 4*1- 
burgh  Courant. 

April  26.  At  Gloucester,  aged  56,  Major-Gen. 
Harry  M.  Graves,  of  H.M.'s  Bengal  Army. 

After  a  long  illness,  aged  75,  Joyce  Susannah, 
wife  of  Col.  William  Williams  Blake,  C.B.,  of 
Regcncy-itq.,  Brighton. 

At  Winchester,  aged  67,  Thomas  Greenfield, 
esq.,  solicitor. 

At  Constantinople,  of  fever,  Dr.  Edward  G. 
Steggall,  second  son  of  Dr.  Stcggall,  of  South- 
ampton-^., Bloomsbury-sq. 

April  27.  Aged  54,  John  Clark,  M.D.,  Deputy- 
Inspector  of  Army  Hospitals.  He  entered  the 
service  in  1827. 

At  St.  George's-tcrrace,  Hyde-park,  aged  88, 
Edmund  Treherne,  esq. 

At  Brighton,  Lucy  Jane,  youngest  dau.  of  the 
late  Peter  John  Martin,  esq.,  of  Pulborough, 
Sussex. 

At  West  Mailing-lodge,  Kent,  aged  81,  Capt. 
Robert  Lucas,  late  H.E.I.C.S. 

At  Hollybush-hill,  Hampstead,  aged  100,  Mrs. 
Agnes  Baillie.  "  The  announcement  of  a  recent 
death  has  caused  some  sensation  in  society.  Mrs. 
Agnes  Baillie,  the  sister  of  Joanna  and  Dr.  Baillie, 
is  dead  at  the  age  of  100.  A  letter  of  Mrs.  Bar- 
bauld,  dated  in  1800,  tells  of  the  outburst  of 
Joanna's  fame,  a  year  or  two  after  the  anonymous 
publication  of  her  •  Plays  on  the  Passions  :'— 
*a  young  lady  of  Hampstead  who  eame  to  Mrs. 
Barbauld's  meeting  with  as  innocent  a  face  as  if 
she  had  never  written  a  line.'  At  the  time  of  the 
Treaty  of  Ghent,  Mr.  Clay,  the  American  com- 
missioner, was  advised  to  call  in  Dr.  Bail  ie,  as  a 
physician  of  long-established  fame.  A  quarter  of 
a  century  since  Joanna  and  Agnes  had  settled 
their  affairs  precisely  alike,  and  arranged  every- 
thing each  for  the  other,  wondering  how  the  sur- 
vivor could  live  alone.  They  lived  on  together 
till  long  past  80 ;  yet  Agnes  has  been  the  solitary 
survivor  of  her  family  for  so  many  years  that  it 
was  a  relief— though  still  a  reluctant  one — to  hear 
that  she  was  gone.  With  those  women— simple, 
sensitive,  amiable,  and  gay  in  temper,  and  of 
admirable  cultivation,  apart  from  Joanna's  genius 
—a  period  of  our  literature  seems  to  close;  and 


we  are  all  weak  enough  to  sigh  at  times  over 
what  is  inevitable."—  Once  a  Week. 

At  Edinburgh,  Robert  Bell,  e*q.,  advocate,  late 
Sheriff  of  Haddington  and  Berwick,  and  Pro- 
curator for  the  Church  of  Scotland. 

April  28.  At  Eshton-hall,  in  Craven,  Miss 
Richardson  Currer.    Hee  Obituary. 

At  Bcrmondsey,  aged  43,  Frederick  Day,  esq., 
solicitor,  Hcmcl  Hempstead,  Herts,  and  Coroner 
for  that  district  of  the  county. 

At  Sutton  Bonington,  Notts,  aged  69,  Elizabeth, 
relict  of  the  Rev.  E.  T.  March  Phillipps,  Rector 
of  Hathern,  and  Chancellor  of  the  diocese  of 
Gloucester. 

At  Thurstaston-hall,  aged  87.  Lieut. -Col.  Glegg. 
He  was  the  younger  son  of  the  late  John  Glegg, 
esq.,  of  Irbie,  Cheshire,  by  Betty,  dau.  of  John 
Banker v j  le  Glegg,  esq.,  of  Within  gton  and  Gay- 
ton,  and  younger  brother  of  the  late  Lieut.-Gen. 
Birkenhead  Glegg,  of  Irbie  and  Backford,  who 
died  in  1842.  He  served  for  some  years  in  the 
49th  Foot,  in  which  Regt.  he  attained  the  rank  of 
Captain  in  1803,  and  retired  on  his  rank  of  Lieut. - 
Col.  after  the  close  of  the  war. 

At  Ladyland-houae,  by  Beith,  Ayrshire,  aged 
79,  Mrs.  Cochran,  of  Ladyland. 

At  his  residence,  Notting-hill,  London,  Edward 
Deane  Freeman,  esq..  Major  Royal  Elthorne  Light 
Infantry,  and  late  of  Castle  Cor,  co.  Cork.  Ac- 
cording to  the  "  County  Families,"  he  was  the 
eldest  son  of  the  late  Joseph  Deane  Freeman, 
esq.,  of  Castle  Cor,  by  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  Robert 
McCarthy,  esq.,  of  Carrignavur,  and  was  born  in 
1818.  He  was  educated  at  the  Grammar-school 
at  Sherborne,  Dorset,  and  held  a  commission  for 
a  short  time  as  cornet  in  the  3rd  Dragoon  Guards. 
He  was  a  Magistrate  and  Dcp. -Lieut  for  co.  Cork, 
of  which  he  served  as  High  Sheriff  in  1846.  For 
some  time  before  his  death  he  had  held  a  com- 
mission in  the  Middlesex  Militia.  Mr.  Freeman 
(who,  according  to  Sir  B.  Burke,  represented  two 
very  ancient  Irish  families,  the  Freemans  of 
Castle  Cor,  and  the  Deanes  of  Ten-enure  and 
Cromlin,  co.  Dublin)  married,  in  1841,  Flora 
Jemima,  dau.  of  John  Lee  Allen,  esq.,  of  Errol- 
park,  co.  Perth,  by  uhoni  he  has  a  son,  Joseph 
Edward,  born  in  1842.— iAmdon  Review. 

April  29.  At  Miinegraden,  Berwickshire,  the 
residence  of  her  brother-in-law,  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Cuthcart,  second  dau.  of  the  late  W.  F.  Home,  esq., 
of  Wedderbum  and  Biilie.  She  married,  in  June, 
1832,  Capt.  the  Hon.  Adolphus  Frederick  Cath- 
cart,  of  the  1st  Berwickshire  Royal  Volunteers,  a 
younger  son  of  the  first  Earl  Catbcart,  and 
brother  of  the  late  Hon.  Sir  George  Catheart, 
G.C.B.,  who  fell  at  Inkermnnn. 

In  London,  aged  63,  Lieut.-Col.  George  Whan- 
nell,  late  commauding  the  33rd  (Duke  of  Welling- 
ton's) Regt 

At  Filgrove  Rectory,  Newport  Pagnel,  aged 
26,  Catherine  Eliza,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Tarver. 

April  30.  At  Fimrlas*,  near  Dublin,  aged  62, 
Edward  Eustace  Hill,  esq.,  late  resident  magis- 
trate, co.  Longford. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Uffculme,  Devon,  aged  22, 
Richard,  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  G.  T.  Marker. 


708 


Obituary. 


[June, 


In  Pelham-cresc.,  Brompton,  aged  63,  Eliza- 
beth, widow  of  John  Kaye,  esq.,  Accountant- 
Oenerol  and  Civil  Auditor  of  the  Recorder's  Court, 
Bombay. 

In  Bernard-st.,  Russell-sq.,  Mr.  Wm.  John 
Roper,  Assistant-Secretary  to  the  Artists'  General 
Benevolent  Institution. 

At  Exeter,  suddenly,  Eleanor  Mary  Elisabeth 
Locker,  widow  of  Edward  Hawke  Locker,  esq., 
formerly  one  of  the  Commissioners  of  Greenwich 
Hospital,  and  to  whose  exertions  the  formation 
of  the  collection  of  pictures  there  is  mainly  due. 

Lately.  At  his  residence  in  Bruges,  aged  90, 
Lieut. -Col.  Christopher  Chapman  Bird,  formerly 
Secretary  to  the  Government  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 

At  ber  residence,  Banning,  Kent,  aged  75, 
Anna  Maria,  widow  of  the  late  Rev.  Edward 
Carless,  Vicar  of  Wonastow,  Monmouthshire,  and 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Mark  Noble,  Rector  of 
Banning. 

May  1.  At  Harley-plare,  Regent's-park,  The*. 
Edward  Fielder,  esq.,  of  Money-hill,  Hertford- 
s'lire,  late  of  K yre,  Worcestershire,  and  Hartham- 
park,  Wiltshire. 

At  the  residence  of  her  brother-in-law,  (Jas. 
Keymer,  esq.,  Dartford,  Kent,)  aged  05,  Eliza  A., 
widow  of  N.  A.  Vigors,  esq.,  M.P. 

At  Nice,  Edward  Fleming,  esq.,  of  Bellville,  co. 
Cavan,  son  of  the  late  Lieut.-Gcn.  Fleming,  C.B., 
Colonel  of  the  27th  (Enniskillen)  Rcgt. 

At  Bastbourne-terr.,  aged  60,  Capt.  Edward 
Wukefteld,  late  15th  Hussars. 

At  Jersey,  Mr.  Rowland  Berkeley,  one  of  the 
race  of  "gentlemen  whips."  He  was  a  son  of 
Mr.  Rowland  Berkeley,  of  Benefield,  Northamp- 
tonshire. When  Sir  V.  Cotton,  bart.,  handled 
the  "  ribbons"  on  the  box  or  the  "  Age"  Brighton 
coach,  Mr.  Berkeley  was  similarly  occupied  on 
tue  Great  North  Road. 

May  2.  At  Melville  Hospital,  Chatham,  aged 
47,  Capt.  P.  Fisher,  R.N.  He  entered  the  service 
in  1828,  and  became  captain  in  1853. 

At  Bouiogne-sur-Mer,  after  a  long  illness, 
aged  75,  Sir  Geo.  Jackson,  K.C.H.,  late  H.M.'s 
Commissioner  at  Loan  da.    See  Obituary. 

At  Oakford-house,  Exeter,  aged  75,  Dr.  John 
Freer,  M.D. 

At  Torquay,  Maria,  third  dau.  of  the  late  Maj. 
J.  C.  Tr avers,  K.H.,  Rifle  Brigade. 

At  his  residence,  Higher  Kellctt,  Lancashire, 
aged  73,  John  Booker,  esq. 

In  Ann-st.,  Edinburgh,  Mr.  J.  Trotter,  of  the 
Edinburgh  Academy. 

Aged  56,  Sarah,  wife  of  the  Rev.  W.  Evans, 
Vicar  of  Rhayader,  Radnorshire. 

Aged  70,  William  Robinson  Wray,  esq.,  of  Eist- 
holme,  Wensleydale,  Yorkshire. 

At  her  residence,  North  Hidden-cott.,  Hunger- 
ford,  aged  77,  Elizabeth  C.  A.,  dau.  of  the  late 
Rev.  Dr.  Shephard,  of  Crux  Easton. 

May  3.  Of  consumption,  aged  16,  Susanna, 
yomwest  dau.  of  R.  Bullen,  esq.,  and  niece  of 
the  late  Adm.  Sir  C.  Bullen,  G.C.B. 

At  Hawfurd-house,  near  Worcester,  aged  68, 
Margaret,  relict  of  the  Rev.  T.  Clowes,  of  Hunts- 
bank  and  Gor.on,  co.  Lancaster. 


In  Jermyn-st.,  aged  OS,  R.  Wight,  esq.,  lata 
Surgeon-General,  Bombay. 

At  Edinburgh,  A.  G.  Geddes,  esq.,  Paymaster, 
H.P.,  late  22nd  Regt.  and  10th  Vetn.  Bn. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  81,  Elizabeth,  relict  of 
the  Rev.  J.  C.  Place,  of  MamhulL  Dorset. 

At  Canterbury,  aged  59,  D.  B.  Major,  esq., 
Consulting-Surgeon  to  the  Kent  and  Canterbury 
Hospital,  a  man  of  great  eminence  in  his  pro- 
fession. 

At  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  aged  79,  Lieut.  Lewis 
Buckle  Reeves,  on  the  reserved  half-pay  of  the 
Royal  Marines.  The  deceased  was  the  last  sur- 
viving officer  of  the  flag-ship  *'  Victory,"  oh  board 
which,  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  he  feud  ted  a 
severe  wound.  Subsequently  he  saw  mneh  hard 
service  in  various  climates,  bat  the  only  recogni- 
tion he  received  was  the  medal  awarded  for 
Trafalgar. 

May  4.  At  Blackheath,  aged  46,  Lieut. -Col. 
Walter  Wards,  fourth  son  of  the  late  Gen.  Sir 
Henry  Wards,  G.C.B. 

At  Highbury-pl.,  Islington,  aged  91,  Ann,  re- 
lict of  T.  Stephens,  esq.,  and  last  surviving  dan. 
of  the  late  R.  Walls,  esq.,  of  Wrangle,  Lincoln**. 

In  Cambridge-ter.,  Widoombe,  Bath,  after 
a  long  illness,  from  neuralgic  pains,  aged  69, 
Capt.  T.  P.  Robinson,  R.N.  He  joined  the  navy 
as  a  volunteer  of  the  first  class  on  board  the 
"  8wiftsure,"  74  guns,  of  which  his  father,  Adm. 
Robinson,  was  commander.  At  the  battle  of 
Trafalgar  he  was  present  on  board  the  ship 
"  Royal  Sovereign,"  bearing  the  flag  of  Ada. 
Lord  Collingwood.  Subsequently  he  saw  mneh 
active  service  in  the  Mediterranean  during  the 
same  war,  and  served  as  second  lieutenant  on 
board  H.M.S.  "  Genoa,"  which  bore  the  broad 
pennant  of  Commodore  Bathurst  at  the  battle  of 
Nsvarino  in  1827. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  55,  Elisabeth,  wife  of 
LieuU-Gen.  Ward,  R.E. 

At  the  White  Friars,  Canterbury,  suddenly, 
Jane,  wife  of  B.  Denne,  esq.,  and  eldest  dau.  of 
the  late  Maj. -Gen.  Ramsay,  R.A. 

At  Taplow-court,  aged  38,  Charles  William, 
eldest  son  of  C.  P.  Grenfell,  esq.,  M.P.  for  Pres- 
ton, and  himself  late  M.P.  for  Windsor.  Mr. 
Grenfell  was  returned  for  the  borough  of  Sand- 
wich in  1847,  and  retained  his  seat  till  1652,  in 
which  year  he  stood  successfully  for  Windsor, 
and  sat  for  the  royal  borough  till  the  general 
election  of  1859,  when  he  was  ousted  by  Mr.  G. 
W.  Hope,  a  Conservative.  He  married,  in  1652, 
Georgiana,  dau.  of  the  Right  Hon.  Wm.  Sebright 
Lascelles,  M.P.,  (brother  of  the  late  Earl  of 
Hare  wood,)  by  Georgiana,  eldest  dau.  of  George, 
sixth  Earl  of  Carlisle,  K.G.  By  this  marriage  he 
was  nephew  of  the  Earl  of  Sheffield,  Lord  Port- 
man,  and  the  Hon.  G.  H.  Cavendish,  M.P.,  and 
cousin  of  Lord  Wharncliffe  and  the  Earl  of  Hare- 
wood  ;  and  by-  his  mother  he  was  cousin  of  t..s 
Earl  of  Sefton.— M orniny  Post. 

At  Barrock-park,  Cumberland,  aged  70,  Wm. 
James,  esq.  He  was.  according  to  the  "  County 
Families,"  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Wm.  Evans 
James,  esq.,  of  May-place,  near  Liverpool^  by 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Nicholas  Ashton,  esq.,  of 


1861.] 


Obituary. 


709 


Woolton-hall,  and  wan  born  in  1791.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  be  graduated  B.A.  in  1813,  and  proceeded 
M.A.  in  1816.  Mr.  James  was  a  magistrate  and 
Deputy  Lieutenant  for  Cumberland,  for  which 
county  be  served  as  High  Sheriff  in  1827.  He 
sat  in  Parliament  on  the  Liberal  interest  as  M.P. 
for  Carlisle  from  1820  till  the  passing  of  the  Re- 
form Bill,  and  represented  the  eastern  division 
of  the  county  from  1836  to  1847,  when  he  retired. 
By  his  wife,  Frances,  dan.  of  W.  C.  Rutson,  esq., 
of  AUerton,  Lancashire,  he  had  issue  two  daus. 
and  four  sons,  and  is  succeeded  in  his  estates  by 
his  eldest  son,  William  Edward,  late  captain  in 
the  34th  Foot,  who  was  born  1816,  and  married, 
in  1841,  Elizabeth,  dau.  of  William  Hill,  esq., 
of  Ryhope,  Durham,  by  whom  he  has  William 
Edward,  born  in  1842,  and  other  luue.— London 
JReriew. 

May  5.  At  Southmolton,  Devon,  sged  6ft, 
Frances  Jane,  wife  of  J.  E.  J.  Riccard,  esq.,  and 
dau.  of  the  late  Rev.  Wm.  M.  S.  Clerk. 

In  Cadogan-pl.,  aged  77,  Rosamond,  widow  of 
CoL  Lewis,  of  the  2nd  Madras  Cavalry. 

At  York,  aged  75,  Robert  Nottingham  Notting- 
ham, esq.,  of  Laytham. 

May  6.  At  Cheltenham,  aged  62,  Major-Gen. 
Richard  Rich  Wilford  Brett. 

At  New  England-house,  Hitchin,  aged  79, 
Louisa,  widow  of  James  Stevens,  esq.,  Bombay 
Civil  Service. 

At  the  Vicarage,  Rolvenden,  Kent,  Henry 
Hunn,  third  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Rumsey, 
Vicar  of  Rolvenden. 

At  Plymouth,  aged  58,  Lady  Elliott,  widow  of 
Capt.  Sir  W.  Elliott,  R.N.,  C.B.,  K.C.H.,  K.T.8. 
At  Triplinghoes-farm,Messingham,nearKirton 
in  Lindsey,  aged  13,  Elizabeth,  eldest  dau.  of  Mr. 
G.  8.  Robinson. 

May  7.  At  his  residence,  Grosvenor-lodge, 
Dartmouth-park,  Highgate,  aged  81,  William 
Wall,  esq. 

Suddenly,  at  Lennox-place,  Brighton,  aged  70, 
Emeric  E.  Vidal,  esq.,  R.N. 

At  his  residence.  Long  Ditton,  8urrey,  aged  75, 
George  Beard,  esq. 

At  Cambridge-heath,  Hackney,  aged  71,  Mrs. 
Mary  Jones,  relict  of  Samuel  Beverley  Jones, 
esq.,  of  Bow -lane,  Cheapside,  and  only  dau.  of 
the  late  Tboe.  Taylor,  esq.,  of  Walworth,  better 
known  as  Plato  Taylor. 

May  8.  At  Birling-man'ir,  Kent,  (the  seat  of 
his  father-in-law,  the  Earl  of  Abergavenny,)  aged 
31,  the  Hon.  Thomas  Edward  Mostyn  Lloyd- 
Mostrn,  M.P.  for  Flintshire.  He  was  born  Jan. 
23,  1830,  and  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  second 
Lord  Mostyn.  ne  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  bis  B.A. 
degree  in  1851.  He  married,  in  1855,  the  Lady 
Henrietta  Augusta,  third  dau.  of  the  Earl  of 
Abergavenny,  by  whom  he  leaves  two  sons, 
Llewelyn  Neviil  Vaughan,  born  1856,  and  Henry 
Richard  Howell,  born  1857.  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  representation  of  Flintshire  in  1854, 
and  was  reckoned  among  the  Liberals,  but  his 
weak  state  of  health  prevented  his  taking  any 
prominent  share  in  politics. 


At  Nordaesque,  France,  aged  73,  Rear-Admiral 
Edward  Hinton  Scott. 

In  Lower  Berkeley-et.,  aged  54,  Seth  Thomp- 
son, M.D.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, and  formerly  Physician  to  the  Middlesex 
Hospital. 

At  Bayswater,  aged  85,  Anne  Neale,  widow  of 
W.  Lauzun,  esq.,  late  Captain  Royal  Staff  Corps. 

At  Pesth,  Count  Ladislaus  Teleki,  an  eminent 
member  of  the  national  party.  He  had  been  an 
exile  since  1848  until  very  recently,  when  he  was 
pardoned  by  the  Emperor,  and  gave  a  promise  to 
abstain  from  political  agitation.  His  former  ssso- 
ciates  considered  this  as  a  desertion  of  their 
cause,  and  the  Count,  unable  to  bear  their  re- 
proaches, committed  suicide. 

May  9.  In  Torrington-square,  aged  77,  Joseph 
Hunter,  esq.,  F.S.A.,  one  of  the  Assistant-Keepers 
of  Her  Majesty's  Records.    See  Obituary. 

In  Beaufort-street,  Chelsea,  aged  41,  William 
Maclise,  Staff  8urgeon,  formerly  of  the  90th  Light 
Infantry,  and  late  of  the  22nd  Foot  He  had  seen 
much  hard  service  in  India,  the  Kaffir  war,  and 
the  Crimean  campaign. 

At  Aveley,  Essex,  after  a  few  hours'  illness. 
Major  Henry  Clinton  Martin,  R.A.,  retired. 

At  Dawlish,  of  decline,  J.  8.  Addams,  esq., 
Military  Store  Department. 

At  Malta,  aged  74,  Robert  William  Hay,  esq. 
He  was  educated  at  All  Souls,  Oxford,  was  for 
thirteen  years  Private  Secretary  to  the  late 
Viscount  Melville,  when  first  Lord  of  the  Ad- 
miralty, and  subsequently  Under  Secretary  for 
the  Colonial  Department  in  the  year  1836. 

May  10.  In  Dorset-ter.,  Clapham-rd.,  aged  75, 
Edward  Clanficld  Brickwood,  esq.,  for  forty-six 
years  a  proctor  in  Doctors'  Commons. 

In  Eaton-pl.,  Mary,  widow  of  Col.  George  Car- 
penter, C.B.,  commanding  41st  Regiment,  (who 
fell  at  the  head  of  his  regiment  at  Inkermnn,) 
and  dau.  of  the  late  General  G.  Cardew,  Royal 
Engineers. 

At  Camden-house,  Chatham,  aged  81,  Thomas 
Hopkins,  esq. 

At  Wcstmill-house,  Carisbrooke,  Isle  of  Wight, 
aged  56,  Frances  Martha,  widow  of  Major  James 
Hobson  Serjeantson,  50th  (Queen's  Own)  Rejrt. 

In  Upper  Baker-st.,  aged  81,  Neville  Wells, 
esq.,  formerly  of  Welbeck-st.,  last  surviving  son 
of  the  late  Rev.  Neville  Wells,  Rector  of  West 
Grtmstcad,  Wilts. 

May  11.  Aged  68,  Edward  Morgan,  esq.,  of 
Golden-grove,  Flintshire,  Lieut.-Col.  of  the  Royal 
Merioneth  Militia. 

At  Ranceby-hall,  Lincolnshire,  of  apoplexy, 
Lilla,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Frederic  Fane,  of  the  Bel- 
vedere, Weymouth,  and  Brookheath,  Hants. 

At  Exmouth,  Arthur  Helsham,  late  Major  in 
the  Kilkenny  Fusiliers,  eldest  son  of  the  late 
John  Helsham,  esq.,  co.  Kilkenny. 

At  Bodmin,  aged  37,  Ann  Saunders,  wife  of 
Capt.  H.  G.  ColvilL  late  of  the  29th  Regt. 

May  12.  At  Richmond,  Surrey,  aged  79,  Anne, 
widow  of  Lieut.-Col.  Geo.  Woodroffe,  of  Poylt- 
pk.,  Surrey,  and  Nash -court,  Kent. 

Aged  80,  Ambrose  Willy,  esq.,  of  Teddington, 
Middlesex. 


710 


Obituary. 


[June, 


In  Church-st,  Soho,  Major  Dickson,  retired 
full  pay,  95th  Rcgt,  and  brother  of  James  Dick- 
son, esq.,  of  the  Alma-house,  Londonderry. 

At  his  residence,  Berkeley-place,  Cheltenham, 
aged  76,  James  Basevi,  esq. 

Accidentally  drowned  while  descending  the 
river  Douro,  by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat  at  the 
Ponto  do  Cachao,  aged  51,  Joseph  James  For- 
rester, esq.,  Baron  de  Forrester  in  Portugal. 

May  13.  At  Brighton,  aged  82,  Lady  Elizabeth 
Tollcmache,  widow  of  Admiral  Tollemache.  She 
was  the  dau.  of  the  third  Earl  of  Aldborough, 
was  born  in  1778,  and  married,  in  1797,  Rear- 
Adm.  John  Rich.  Delap  Halliday,  who  took  the 
name  of  Tollemache  only  by  sign  manual  in  1821 
(his  mother  having  been  Lady  Jane  Tollemache, 
younger  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Lionel,  third 
Earl  of  Dysart),  and  died  in  1837.  Her  Ladyship 
had  issue  three  sons  and  several-  daughters.  Of 
the  sons  the  eldest  is  Mr.  John  Tollemache, 
of  Helmingham-hall,  Suffolk,  and  Peckforton 
Castle,  Cheshire,  M.P.  for  Cheshire,  D.L.,  &c. 
Of  the  daughters,  the  eldest,  Elizabeth  Jane 
Henrietta,  married,  in  1826,  the  present  Earl  of 
Cardigan;  and  the  youngest,  Georgian  a,  married, 
Nov.  21,  1849,  Capt  the  Hon.  William  Cowper, 
M.P.,  son  of  Earl  Cowper  and  the  present  Vis- 
countess Palmerston,  now  Chief  Commissioner 
of  Works. 

At  his  residence  in  the  Edgware-rd.,  aged  74, 
Geo.  8tacy,  esq.,  who  was  Secretary  to  the  City  of 
London  Literary  and  Scientific  Institution,  Al- 
dersgate-street,  from  its  commencement  in  1825 
to  its  dissolution  in  1852. 

In  Sussex -gardens,  Ilyde-pk.,  aged  81,  William 
Henry  Fitton,  esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c. 

May  14.  At  Woburn-abbey,  aged  73,  the  Duke 
of  Bedford.    See  Obituary. 

At  Cheltenham,  aged  77,  Catherine  Dorothea, 
relict  of  Capt.  George  Burdett,  U.N. 

May  15.  At  Brooke-house,  Ash-ncxt-Sandwich, 
Auguttta  Frances  Elizabeth,  eldest  dau.  of  the 
late  John  Godfrey,  esq. 

At  Dublin,  aged  74,  Dorothea,  wife  of  John 
Cornwall,  esq.,  of  Brownstown-house,  co.  Meath. 

May  16.  At  Monkstown,  aged  50,  the  Lady 
Janet,  daughter  of  the  thirty-first  Earl  of  Mar, 
and  wife  of  Edward  Wilmot-Chetwode,  esq.,  of 
Woodbrook,  Portarlington. 

At  his  seat,  Skettowc-halL  Norfolk,  aged  54, 
Sir  Thomas  Henry  Estridgc  Durrant,  bart.  He 
was  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Sir  Thos.  Durrant, 
bart.,  of  Skottowc-hall,  by  Sarah,  dau.  of  Henry 
Stcinbergen,  esq.,  of  St.  Christopher's,  in  the 
West  Indies,  was  born  in  1807,  and  succeeded  to 
the  title  and  estates  of  his  futher  in  1829.  The 
deceased  was  twice  married — first,  in  1830,  to 
Agnes  Sophia  Catherine,  dau.  of  the  late  Robert 
Marsham,  esq.,  of  Str.itton  Strawlcss,  Norfolk, 
but  was  left  a  widower  in  the  following  year.  In 
1833  he  married,  secondly,  Julia,  dau.  of  the  late 
Sir  Josias  Henry  Stracey,  hart.,  of  Rickheath- 
hall,  in  the  same  county,  by  whom  he  has  left 
issue  severul  daus.,  and  a  son  and  heir,  Thomas, 
born  in  1838,  now  fourth  bart.    The  late  baronet 


was  a  Magistrate  for  Norfolk ;  and  the  title  was 
conferred  upon  the  family  in  1788.— London  Be 
view. 

At  Knightohridge,  Amelia  Lady  Smith,  wife  of 
Henry  Pounsett,  esq.,  and  relict  of  Major-Gen. 
Sir  Sigismund  Smith,  K.C.H. 

At  Co  ton-boll,  near  Whitchurch,  Shropshire, 
aged  60,  George  Bowen,  esq. 

At  Dublin,  aged  31,  Charles  Ellis,  third  sod  of 
H.  T.  Wilkinson,  esq.,  of  Wal&ham-hall,  Suffolk. 

At  Rodwell,  Weymouth,  aged  .67,  J.  Hancock, 
esq.,  J. P.,  a  member  of  the  old  corporation,  and 
also  for  many  years  an  Alderman  of  the  new 
Town  Council. 

At  Brompton,  Georgiana,  widow  of  Lieutenant 
Horace  Mathias,  Royal  Artillery,  dau.  of  the  late 
Col.  Bodens,  4th  Rcgt 

May  17.  At  Leamington  Priors,  aged  83,  Miss 
Foster,  sister  of  the  late  James  Foster,  esq.,  of 
Stourton  Castle,  Worcestershire. 

At  Little-grove,  East  Barnet,  Herts,  aged  73, 
Frederick  Cass,  esq.,  a  Magistrate  and  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  that  county. 

At  Farnacres,  near  Gateshead,  aged  77,  John 
Barras,  esq.,  J.P.  for  Gateshead,  and  a  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  for  the  county  of  Durham. 

May  18.  In  Eccleston-square,  Augusta  Sophia, 
wife  of  Vice-Admiral  Sir  H.  Leeke,  K.C.B..  M.P. 

At  Lewes,  Sussex,  aged  51,  Arthur  Rennie 
Briggs,  esq.,  youngest  son  of  Sir  John  Briggs,  of 
Brighton. 

At  Valetta,  Malta,  aged  56,  Richard  Wellesley, 
esq.,  eldest  son  of  the  late  Richard  Wellesley, 
esq.,  and  grandson  of  Richard,  Marquis  Wellesley. 

May  19.  At  Boyle-farm,  Thames  Ditton,  aged 
80,  the  Right  Hon.  Lady  St.  Leonards.  She  was 
the  only  child  of  Mr.  John  Knapp,  and  married, 
December,  1808,  Mr.  E.  Burtenshaw  Sugden, 
now  Baron  St.  Leonards. 

At  Pembroke  Dock,  aged  45,  Colonel  St.  John 
Browne,  R.A. 

In  South  Audley -street,  Sarah,  widow  of  Lieut- 
Gen.  George  Guy  Carlton  L'Escrange. 

May  20.  At  Copse-hill,  Wimbledon,  aged  60, 
J.  Hcneage  Ash,  esqv  Assistant  Military  Secre- 
tary, Commander-in-Chiefs  office,  Horse  Guards, 
third  son  of  the  late  Edward  Ash,  M.D. 

At  Egham  Hithc-cottage,  Egham,  Alicia  Lucea, 
eldest  dau.  of  the  late  Lieut. -Colonel  Moore, 
56th  Regt 

At  Greenwich  Hospital,  Magdalena  Johanna 
Geertruyda  (nee  Wiltcns  Andree),  of  Surinam, 
Dutch  Guiana,  and  relict  of  Lieut.  Edward  Wylde, 
late  of  Greenwich  Hospital. 

Aged  61,  George  Olliver,  esq.,  of  Kingston, 
near  Arundel,  Deputy-Lieutenant  for  the  county 
of  Sussex. 

At  Preston,  aged  70,  James  Chapman,  esq., 
Lieut.  R.N. 

At  Ilkley,  aged  84,  Miss  Elizabeth  Wilson,  last 
surviving  dau.  of  the  late  Matthew  Wilson,  esq., 
of  the  Manor-bouse,  Otley. 

May  21 .  At  Maidcncombe-house,  near  Torquay, 
aged  76,  Sophia,  relict  of  Richard  Fountayne 
Wilson,  esq.,  of  Melton-park,  near  Doncattcr. 


% 


14 


1861.] 


711 


TABLE  OF  MORTALITY  AND  BIRTHS  IN  THE  DISTRICTS  OP  LONDON. 

(From  the  Return*  issued  by  the  Registrar- General,) 
DEATHS  REGISTERED. 


BTTPBBINTElfDKlfT 

BEGI8TBAB8* 

DISTRICT!. 


Mean  Temperature 


in  Districts,  &c.,  in  the  Week 
ending  Saturday! 


May  ,  May  j  May 

4,    11,  I  18, 

1861.  1861.  I  1861. 


443  46*3 


78029 

2362236 

1-6.  West  Districts    . 

7-11.  North  Districts  . 

12-19.  Central  Districts 

20-25.  East  Districts     . 

26-36.  South  Districts  . 

10786 

13533 

1938 

6230 

45542 

376427 
490396 
393256 
485522 
616635 

1182 

1210 

1261 

186 

187 

219 

285 

243 

258 

172 

148 

190 

264 

254 

246 

303 

345 

348 

43*4 

519 

1240 

1219 

188 
263 
195 
265 
329 


199 
273 
173 
256 
318 


Deaths  Registered. 

1     Births  Registered. 

Week  ending 
Saturday, 

si  5  * 

s  * 

©rg 

*9g 

*8 

a  u 
.81 

0 

• 

*  g 

s| 

48 
43 
43 
38 
39 

3 

-a 

3 

i 

a 

fa 

1 

April     20    . 

„        27     . 

May        4    . 

»        11     • 
„        18     . 

638 
591 
668 
667 
621 

153 
162 
165 
148 
162 

164 
182 
186 
168 
174 

198 
200 
199 
209 
214 

1210 
1182 
1261 
1240 
1219 

1007 
930 
951 
972 

1013 

954 
928 
1057 
876 
922 

1961 
1858 
2008 
1848 
1935 

PRICE  OF  CORN. 


Average  "\    Wheat, 
of  Six     >    s.    d. 
Weeks,  j    56    0 

Week  ending  1  55    0 
May  17.     J 


Barley. 
s.    d. 
37    3 


Oats. 
8.  d. 
24    0 


Rye. 
s.  d. 
35    7 


Beans. 
8.    d. 
42    5 


Peas. 
9.     d. 

40    4 


|     36    4     |     25    0      | 


|    43  10      |     40  11 


PRICE  OP  HAY  AND  STRAW  AT  SMITHPIELD,  Mat  16. 
Hay,  2/.  10*.  to  5/.  5#.  —  Straw,  1/.  10#.  to  21.  2*.  —  Clover,  3/.  10*.  to  6/. 

NEW  METROPOLITAN  CATTLE-MARKET. 
To  sink  the  Offal — per  stone  of  81bs. 


Beef 4*.    Ad.  to  5>.  Orf. 

Mutton 4».    8<*.  to  5*.  2d. 

Veal 4*.  lOrf.  to  5#.  6d. 

Pork 4t.    6rf.  to  5*.  0d. 

Lamb 6s.    44.  to  7«.  Ad. 


Head  of  Cattle  at  Market,  May  16. 

Beasts 850 

Sheep  8,240 

Calves 395 

Pig* 170 


COAL-MARKET,  Mat  17. 
Best  Wallsend,  per  ton,  15*.  9d>  to  17*.  6d.    Other  sorts,  13*.  to  16t.  9d. 


METEOROLOQICAL  DIARY,  bt  H.  GOULD,  late  W.  CART,  181,  SlBiim. 

From  April  21  to  May  23,  ineluiiee. 


DAILY  PRICE  OP  STOCKS. 


in  5  2! 

ail  2J 

911  i 

81*  i 

8U  i 

9U  i 

91}  3 

91!  2 


232  33) 
232  33* 
232  331 
232  34 


1011  « 
108   1 

1011  « 

101}  8 

ioi  {  a 

1011  3 

ion  n 

101  (  2 
1011  I 
1011  2 
10l|  i 
101| 
101i  i 
101*  1 
1011 
1011 
101|  i 
1011  1 

ion  1 
ion  1 
1011 

lOlf 

ion  1 

1011  t 
1011 


ALFRED  WHITMORE, 

Stock  md  Share  Broker, 

19,  Change  Alter,  Loudon.  E.C. 


INDEX 


TO  ESSAYS,  DISSERTATIONS,  HISTORICAL  PASSAGES, 

AND  BOOKS  REVIEWED. 


The  Principal  Memoirs  in  the  OBITUARY  are  distinctly  entered  in  this  Index. 


Abbeville,  flint  implements  found  at  or 
near,  260,  436 

and  Amiens,  discoveries  at,  437 

Abbot,  Mr.  See  Colchester,  Lord,  Diary  of 
Abbott,  J.  T.,  Ecclesiastical  Surnames,  450 
Abenhall  Church,  curious  brass  from,  291 
Aberdeen,  Earl  of,  memoir  of,  206,  238 
Aberdeenshire,  stone   implements  fouud 

in,  420 
Abingdon,  silver  coin  of  Carausins  found 

at,  304 
Able  and  Ible,  2 
Adams,  Dr.  Francis,  memoir  of,  574 

W.  H.  D.,  Neptune's  Heroes,  196 

Addington  and  Pitt,  635 
JEgina,  Temple  of  Jnpiter  at,  272 
JEthelbearth,  coin  of,  656 
Alba,  Cardinal,  portrait  of,  191 
Aldersgate  Ward,  mace  and  cup  belong* 

ing  to,  543 
AUhallows  Barking,  Notes  on  Sepulchral 

Brasses  in  the  Church  of,  450 
Almanacs,  Christian  Knowledge  Society, 

91 
Alps,  ruins  of  ancient  buildings  in  the,  173 
Amiens,  flint  implements  found  at,  260 

Cathedral,  pavement  in,  126 

Anglo- Roman  ladder,  534 
Anne,  Queen,  medallion  of,  5-16 
Antediluvian  Hatchets  and  Primitive  In- 
dustry, 253,  436 
Antiquaries,  Society  of,  proceedings  of, 
53, 163,  286,  404,  536,  650 

anniversary  meeting  of,  536 

Antiquities,  non-appreciation  of,  78 
Antoninus  Pius,  coin  of,  651 
Arcadius,  coin  of,  118 
Archato- Geology,  On,  253 
Archaological    Association,   proceedings 
of,  67,  301,  419,  539,  656 

annual  meeting 


of,  540 


Institute,  proceedings  of,  64, 


296,  420,  538,  652 
Archaologia  Cantiana,  1 10 

Out.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


Archeology;  and  literature  of  the  Middle 

Ages,  375 
Architects,  Institute  of  British,  proceed- 
ings of,  422 
Architectural  operations   of  Dissenting 
bodies,  161 

Exhibition,   Lectures   at 

the,  657 
Architecture  in  1860,  Progress  of,  154 

London,  657 

Ardennes,  The  Abb*  y  of,  371 

Arms,  Grants  of,  439,  555 

Arrays  in  East  Kent,  358 

Arthur,  Prince,  portrait  of,  408>  539 

Artillery  Companys  (Son.,)  arms  of,  71 

Ashford  Church,  Brasses  in,  142 

Ashmolean  Museum,  proposed  conversion 

o',  7 
Assyrian  cylinders,  651 
Astrop,  iron  implement*  found  at,  419 
Atkinson,  Rev.  J.  C,  Playhours  and  Half- 
holidays,  196 
Australia,  discovery  of,  411 
Autobiography  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  118t> 

238 
Avignon,  sculpture  of  a  Roman  chariot  at, 

432 
Awliseomhe  Church,  architecture  of,  310 
Aylesbury,  A  Brief  Historical  Sketch  of 

the  Town  of,  306 
Aylmer,  John,  Bishop  of  London,  69 
Bacon,  Lord,  personal  history  of,  245 

Sir  Anthony,  letter-book  of,  69 

Baddesley  Clinton,  undescribed  brass  at, 

410 
Boies,  WVliam,  Will  of,  631 
Baldwin's  Gardens,  new  church  in,  155 
Ballylarkin,  antiquities  discovered  a»,  173 
Bamford,  St.  John  Baptist,  158 
Bmndinel,  Rev.  Dr.,  memoir  of,  465 
Bannatyne  Club,  final  meeting  of,  487 
Barboume,  new  church  at,  175 
Basso),  temple  of  Apollo  Epicurius  at,  272 
Bath,  Roman  remains  at,  301 

stone  coffins  found  at,  657 

4m 


714 


Index  to  Essays,  Sfc. 


Battersea,  Celtic  bronze  sword  found  at, 
68 

Beadnell,  St.  Ebba's  Chapel  near,  holy- 
water-stoup  found  at,  669 

Beatitudes,  Sermons  on  the,  450 

Beau  lieu,  brooch  found  at,  309 

Becket,  Chancellorship  of,  290 

Bedford,  Duke  of,  memoir  of,  697 

Bedfordshire,  brasses  in,  386 

Bekesboum,  Sepulchral  Shaft  discovered 
at,  140 

Bellarmines,  variety  of  specimens  of,  68 

Bells  of  East  AngUa,  171 

Bent  ley,  Edward,  Esq.,  M.D.,  memoir  of, 
340 

John,  Esq.,  memoir  o£  339 

Berdon  Priory,  coffins  discovered  at,  58 

Bergholt,  East,  ancient  crozier  preserved 
at,  439 

Bernard,  M.,  On  the  Principle  of  Non- 
intervention, 451 

Bernieres-sur-mer,  church  of,  372 

Bewdley,  branks  from,  651 

Bibliographer's  Manual  of  English  Lite- 
rature, 196 

Birmingham,  All  Saints',  King's  Heath, 

157 

church  of  St.  Barnabas,  157 

Blakedown  Chapel,  156 

Blots,  St.  Nicholas  Church  at,  west  win- 
dow of,  313 

Blyth,  History  and  Antiquities  of,  128 

Boar's  Bead,  Eastcheap,  silver  cup  and 
snuff-box  used  at,  666 

Bodelwyddau,  St  Margaret's  Church,  156 

Bodleian  Library,  MSS.  in  the,  296 

Bohn,  R.  O.,  The  Pictorial  Handbook  of 
Modern  Geography,  195 

Bookbindings,  exhibition  of,  656 

Book  of  Offices,  1637,  287 

—  illuminated,  657 

Bosanquet,  W.  H.  FH  The  Fall  of  Man, 
193,  681 

Boscobel,  an  acorn  from,  308 

Boston  Corporation  seals,  169 

Botfield,  B.,  The  Prefaces  to  the  first  edi- 
tions of  the  Classics,  78, 614 

Bourbon,  Louis  de,  matrix  of  seal  of,  651 

Bournemouth  Church,  rebuilding  of,  663 

Bourton-on-the- Water,  swords  found  at, 
53 

Bovey  Tracey  coal,  673 

Bowdon,  new  church  at,  159 

Box,  ornamented,  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, 56 

Boys,  T;  God  and  Man  considered  in  re- 
lation to  Eternity,  451 

Boyton  Church,  rebuilt,  159 

Bradford,  church  of  St  Philip,  Girling- 
ton,  157 

Bradley,  tumulus  at,  66 

Brass  ewer,  in  form  of  a  mounted  warrior, 
539 


Brasses,  Monuraeital,  383 

remarks  on  rubbing,  533,  667 

Braybrooke,  Lord,  death  of,  538 
Brechin  Bound  Tower,  549 
Brecon,  St.  David's  Church,  156 
Bridport,  St.  Mary's,  restored,  160 
Briggs,  Notes  on  the  Cat  Stone  at,  433 
Bristol  Cathedral,  restoration  of,  158 

stalls  in,  655 

British  bronze  shields,  656 

Museum,  some  ancient  MSS.  in 

the,  420 

Brit  or  Britt,  discussion  on,  57,  165 
Broadside,  on  the  Great  Frost,  305 
on  the  Gift  of  Healing  by  the 

Rnyal  Touch,  305 
Brompton,  new  church  at,  155 
Bromsgrove  Church,  restoration  of,  176 
Bronze  cross,  ancient,  652 
Bronzes,  ancient,  dissertation  on,  420 
Broughiy  Castle,  antiquities  found  at,  548 
Broicn,  John,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  571 
Bruce' s  (Robt.)  residence  at  Cardross,  17 
Bruges  Cathedral,  brass  in,  544 
Brussels,  MS.  treasures  in,  538 
Bryn-y-Pys,  designs  for  a  mortuary  chapel 

at,  541,  663 
Buckington,  Christ  Church,  156 
Bucks  Architectural  and  Archesological 

Society,  305 
Bunsen,  Baron  de,  memoir  of,  100 
Burg » head,  sculptured  stones  at,  548 
Burgred,  coin  of,  656 
Burmah,  Personal  Narrative  of  Two  Years' 

Imprisonment  in,  90 
Burrows,  M.  E.,  Pass  and  Class,  319 
BurweU  Guildhall  taken  down,  170 
Butler,  Sir  Walter,  identity  of,  430 
Butterworth,  Henry,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  217 
By  ton,  new  church  at,  156 
Cadder  Castle,  gold  coins  fonnd  at,  549 
Cadmon's  Poem,  The  Fall  of  Man,  193, 681 
Caen,  buildings  and  churches  o£  364 

destruction  of  the  church  of  St. 

Sauveur,  365 

church  of  St  Jean,  leaning  tower  at, 


368 


domestic  architecture  of,  368 
stone  quarries,  370 
■  military  and  eivil  architecture  of,  374 


Caius,  Dr.  John,  On  the  Sweating-sick- 
ness at  Shrewsbury,  1551,  657     \ 

Calendrier  Normand,  449,  556         ^ 

Callington    Church,   Monograph   oo,  the 
History  of,  689  1 

Cambridge  Architectural  Society,  meeting 
of,  169,  429,  666  x 

New    Court,   Trinity    College; 

built,  169  V 

Queen's  College  Chapel  finished,      ^ 

170 

Cambridgeshire,  Monumental  Brasses  of, 
667 


Index  to  Essays,  &-c. 


715; 


Candlesticks  of  steel,  chased,  300 
Canina,  the  Commendatore,  death  of,  655 
Cannon-street,  London,  fragments  of  an 

inscribed  stone  fonnd  in,  169 
Canterbury  Cathedral,  pavement  in,  122 

tomb  at,  66 

municipal  seal  of,  69 

Roman  buildings  discovered 

at,  78»  301 


brooch  fonnd  at,  164 

antiquities  discovered  at,  405 

Canton,  ancient  sepulchral  remains   at, 

483,  673 
Castle-on- Dinas,  entrenchment  of,  65 
Carausius,  coin  of,  665 
Carcassonne,  siege  of,  25 
Cardiff,  St.  Nicholas,  restored,  160 
Cardinal  Pole's  Pension  Book,  141,  303 
Caricatures,  Historical,  on  vellum,  404 
Carthage,  Coins  of,  165 
Cartoons  by  Messrs,  Clayton  and  Bell, 

803 

by  Messrs,  Lavers  and  Bar- 

raud,  542 

Caryatid,  design  for  a,  422 
Cathedrals,  restoration  of,  158 
Celtic  antiquities,  538 

weapons,  56 

Ceolnoth,  coin  of,  656 

C/ialmers,  Dr.  Patrick,  notice  of,  548 
Chalon,  A.  E.,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  101 
Champlieu,  The  Theatre  of,  191 
Charlemagne,  Remains  of,  684 
Charles  I,  velvet  gloves  of,  656 

hunting-knife  of,  656 

II,  regalia  of,  427 

V.,  portrait  of,  409 

Chart,  The  Dumb  Borsholder  of,  141 
Charter  of  King  Edgar,  167 
Chartres  Cathedral,  labyrinth  in,  120 
Chasse  of  Limoges  work,  enamelled,  163 
Chateau  Qaillard,  v  mlts  of,  30 
Chatelaine  and  Etui,  specimens  of,  540 
Chatham,  St.  Peter's,  Troy  Town,  158 
Chester,  Roman  bridge  at,  432 
painting  discovered  in  St.  John's 

Church,  5-13 
Chew  Magna  Church,  restoration  of,  160 
Chichester  and  its  Cathedral,  archaeology 

of,  540 

Cathedral  Spire,  Fall  of,  526, 

5 11,  655 

Chinese  medals,  542 

sepulchral  remains,  483 

vases  in  bronze,  422 

Chlotaire  II,  solid  us  of,  304 

Christchurch  Archaeological  Association, 
808 

Priory  Church,  restoration 

of,  308 

Christmas  Carols,  Collection  of,  91 

Chronicles  and  Memorials  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Ireland,  316,  358 


Churches,  Early  English,  156 

new,  155,  161 

On  the  Decent  Adorning  of,  311 

Church  Stowe  Church  restored,  160 
Churton,  E.,  Memoir  of  Joshua  Watson, 

690 
Chysauster,  British  village  at,  65 
Cilurnum,  excavations  at,  670 
Cirencester,  Siege  of,  a  Royalist  Rhyme, 

391 

flint  chippings  from,  420 

Civilization,  Early  Forms  of,  663 
Clapton-in-Gordano,  the  manor-house  at, 

493 
Classical  Architecture,  272 
Clerkenwell  Nunnery,  possessions  of,  428 
Clevedon  Court,  plan  and  architecture  of, 

488,489 
Coal  Trade,  Annals  of  the,  399 
Coat  Armour  ascribed  to  our  Saviour,  2   • 
Cobham  Church,  discovery  in,  542 

palimpsest  brass  at,.  544 

Cochet,  VAbbS,  letter  of,  74 

Report  by,  253 

Cockerell,  C.  R.,  Classical  Architecture, 

272 
Cockney  as  applying  to  London,  657 
Colchester,  Lord,  Diary,  Ac.,  of,  634 
Roman  sepulchral  remains  found 

at,  311 

seal  of  the  Corporation,  661 

Colerne,  domestic  architecture  at,.  421 
Colour,  how  far  admissible  in  architecture, 

307 
Comprehensive  History  of  England,  690 
Condercum,  iron  horse-shoe  found  at,  432 
Congleton,  St.  Stephen,  Moor-lane,  156 
Congresbury,  porch  at  the  Rector)  -house, 

495 
Conolly,  Dr.  William,  memoir  of,  582 
Conradino  and  Frederic,  monument  at 

Naples  to  the  memory  of,  409 
Constantine,  palimpsest  brass  from,  168 
Constantinople,  plate  armour  from,  67, 656 
Cookham,  Saxon  weapons  found  at,  67 
Cope  of  cloth  of  gold,  654 
Corbrxdge,  Roman  station  at,  669 
Cordwainers*  Ward,  mace  of,  665 
Corfe  Castle,  St.  Edward  the  Martyr,  re* 

built,  160 
Cork,  Wills  and  Inventories,  from  the  Re* 

gistry  Office,  530 
Comer,  Arthur  Bloxham,  Esq.,  memoir 

of,  343 
Cornhill,  St.  Michael's  Church,  alteration 

of,  159 
Cornwall,  cromlechs  in,  65 
Roman  vestiges  on  the  coast  of, 

300 
Corringham  Church,  painted  glass  from,  70 
Corris,  memorial  church,  156 
Corsair  and  his  Conqueror,  The,  196 
Costume  in  England,  39 


716 


Index  to  Essays,  $c. 


Cotton  Manufacture  of  Great  Britain,  563 
Cow  Honeyboume  Church,  restoration  of, 

175,684 
Cowling  Castle,  building  accounts  of,  141 
Crannoges,  or  Ancient  Lake-dwellings  of 

Ireland,  132 
Croly,  Rev.  G.,  LL.D.,  memoir  of,  104 
Cromwell,   Oliver,  Early  History  of,  58, 

163 

portrait  of,  422 

Cucking  stool.  The,  440 

Dtedafus,  686 

Dalhousie,  Marquis  of,  memoir  of,  207 

Danby,  Francis,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  573 

Moors,  excavations  on  the,  501 

Darcy,   John,  Inquisition   post  mortem 

of,  419 
Dartmoor,  rock  basins  on,  68 
Dace u try  Priory,  Thomas  k  Kempis  an 

inmate  of,  414 
Dor,  Roman  Walls  at,  672 
De  Bunaen,  Baron,  memoir  of,  100 
Deed  of  Acquittance  between  Henry  VII. 

and  Richard  Oardyner,  413 
Deerhurst,  St.  Mary's  Church,  proposed 

restoration  of,  803 
Church,   Anglo»Saxon    details, 

6G2 
De  Fortibus  family,  seals  of  the,  300 
De  la  Delivrande,  Chapel  of  Notre  Dame, 

shrine  of  the  Virgin  at,  373 
Delepierre,  O.,  Sketch  of  the  History  of 

Flemish  Literature,  558 
Dennis,  Rev.  J.  H.  P.,  memoir  of,  462 
Derby,  Earldom  of,  594 
Designs  and  plans  for  the  building  and 

restoration  of  churches,  303 

for  rebuilding  churches,  541 

for  new  churches,  662 

Devizes,  seal  of  Corporation,  651 
Diagram  of  various  types  of  stone  wea* 

pons,  67 
Diary  of  Charles  Abbot,  Lord  Colchester, 

634 
Ditchley,  The  Lees  of,  304 
Ditto*  Church,  restored,  160 
Dixon,  W.  H.,  Personal  History  of  Lord 

Bacon,  245 
Djd,  Capt.  R.  P.,  Peerage,  Baronetage, 

Knightage,  1861,  448 
Domesday  Book,  reproduction  of  part  of, 

by  photozincography,  652 

covers  of,  654 

Donaldson,  Rev.  Dr.,  memoir  of,  '466 
Douvres,  St.  Remy,  church  of,  373 
Dover  Corporate  Seal,  651 
Down  Haiherley  Church,  rebuilt,  160 
Drawings  of  new  churches,  663 
Dringhouses,    Roman    monument    disco- 
vered at,  434 
Drumaleague    Lough,  autiquities    disco- 
vered at,  136 
Duff,  Patrick,  Esq ,  memoir  of,  581 


Dumbarton,  origin  of,  18 

Church,  20 

Dumbartonshire,  History  of,  13 
Dunshaughlin  Crannoges,  discovered,  133 
Durham,  Bishop  of,  seal  of  Anthony  de 

Bek,  69 

Cathedral,  restoration  of,  158 

chapel  in,  663 

*  central  tower  of,  restoration  ot, 

398 
East  Anglian,  The,  450,  563 

Hendred,  quarry  in  window  at,  439 

Ilsley,  Roman  villa  at,  657 

Malting  Church,  painted  glass  from, 


70 


Orchard,  new  church  at,  156 


Easter  Week,  In,  poem  translated  from 

the  Danish,  508 
Easton  Church,  mural  paintings  at,  656 
Eburacum,  plan  of,  434 
Ecclesiastical  Surnames,  Brief  Attempt 

to  account  for,  450 

seal  of  silver,  409 

Ecclesiological  Society,  meetings  of,  302; 

541,  594,  662 
Edinburgh  Market- Cross,  proposed    re* 

storation  of,  277,  547,  670 

Haddo's  Hole  in  St  Giles's 

Church,  671 

Edmund  and  Canute,  combat  between,  631 

Education  in  Oxford,  319 

Edward  III.,  signet-ring  of,  656 

Egbert,  coin  of,  656 

Egypt,  Excavations  in,  510 

Egyptian  relic,  422 

Elis,  axe-hammer  found  in,  420 

Elizabeth,  Queen,  portrait  of,  62 

general  pardon  granted  to  an 

individual  on  the  accession  of,  67 

Ely  Cathedral,  decoratioa  of,  158 

restoration  of,  170 


convent  of,  mortuary  roll,  287 


Encyclopedia  Britannica,  VoL  XXI.,  447 
England,  Early  Naval  History  of,  69 
On  the  Dedications  of  Churches 

in,  171 

rubbings  from  braises  in,  434 

and  Wales,  classification  of  the 

inhabitants  of,  664 
English  carvings  in  ivory,  535 

Heroic  Verse,  681 

head-gear,  35 

Lace  exported  to  France,  192 

Erishacore,  ancient  earthen  urn  foui.d  at, 

430 
Essex,  two  British  coins  in  red  gold  found 

in,  419 

Lord,  warrant  by,  164 

Esther  Langlois,  Anglois,  or  Inglis,  writing 

of,  289 
Ethelstan,  variety  of  th>>  pennies  of,  426 
Ethnological  <Sbc^,  meetings  of,  4*4*  668 
Eton,  Thoughts  on,  448 


Index  to  Essays,  ife. 


717 


St  ran,  near  Dieppe,  excavations  at,  56 
Ewell,  Roman  pits  and  shafts  at,  192, 288 
Exeter  Cathedral,  monuments    recently 
erected  in,  309,  311 

Diocesan  Architectural  Society, 


meeting  of,  309 


Transactions 


of,  684 

The  Dean  of,  memoir  of,  342 


Fairford,  Anglo-Saxon  ornaments  from, 

422 
Fairholt,  F.  W.,  Costume  in  England,  40 
Falfield,  new  church  at,  156 
Falkener,  E.t  Darialus,  686 
FecundUas,  The  Goddess,  552 
Feliskirk  Church,  rebuilt,  160 
Felixstow,  gold  coin  of  Panorama  found 

at,  303 
Fellow,  Sir  C,  memoir  of,  103 
Fergusson,  J.,  Illustrated  Handbook  of 

Architecture,  81 
Feversham,   Lewie  de  Dura*,  Earl  of, 

autographs  of,  55 
Figures  in  white  marble,  419 
Fitz  Andrew,  James  Browne,  Will  of,  532 
Flemish  Brasses  in  England,  410 

Literature,  Sketch  of,  568 

Flint  Implements  in  the  Drift,  265,  420, 

436 
Foggey  Sir  John,  memorials  of,  142 
Folkestone  Church,  monument  in,  142 
Fotkscourt  Church,  east  window  of,  173 
Fossil  Fishes  of  Monte  Bolca,  673 
France,  incised  slabs  in,  121 
French  Churches,  labyrinths  in,  120 
Frome,  British  coins  discovered  at,  166, 

414 
Furness  Abbey,  excavations  at,  684 
Furnival's  Inn,  drawing  of  the  old  Gothic 

Hall,  428 
Oaell,  John,  monument  to,  151 
Qastinel,  discovery  of  Gaulic  tomb  at, 

252 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  Royal  Paper  Copies 

of  the,  478 
Geometry,  A  Novel  Solution  in,  363 
George  II.,  medallion  portrait  of,  422 

III.,  illness  of,  639 

Georgia,  Ecclesiological  Discoveries  in,  171 

Eccles  astical  Researches  in,  429 

ChurcheH  of,  667 

Qilfillan,   Rev.    Q.,  Poetical   Works    of 

Edmund  Spenstr,  267 
Gittisham  Church,  architecture  of,  310 
Glassmullah,  coins  foun<!  at,  172 
Glastonbury  Calendar,  1438,  286,  309 
Gloucester,  Local  Names  connected  with, 

631 

Museum,  catalogue  of,  300 

God  and  Man  considered  in  Relation  to 

Eternity,  451 
7od  Save  the  King,  history  of,  317 
fore,  Mrs.,  memoir  of,  345 


Gosse,  P.  IT,  The  Romance  of  Natural 

History,  194 
Gouger,  JL,  Personal  Narrative  of  Two 

Years*  Imprisonment  in  Burmah,  90 
Gower"s  Confessio  Amantis,  MS.,  669 
Granaries  of  the  London  Companies,  map 

of,  428 
Grantckester  Church,  restoration  of,  170 
Grays  Thorrock,  parish  register  of,  412 
Great  Amwell  Church,  chancel  of,  56 
Grimaldi,  family  of,  512 
Grimsby  seals,  67 
Guide  to  the  Architectural  Antiquities  in 

the  Neighbourhood  of  Oxford,  3 
Guisborough,  Priory  Church  of,  498 
Guy,  Thomas,  portrait  of,  535 
Habitations  Lacustres,  561 
Hackettes  Diluviennes  et  Industrie  Primi- 
tive, 74 
Hadleigh  Church,  monument  in,  151 
■  Grant  of  Arms  to  the  Town  of, 

150 
Hadrian,  medallion  of,  166 
Haggerstone,  St.  Paul's  Church,  154 
Holies,  John,  portrait  of,  358,  534 
Haines,  Rev.  H.,  Manual  of  Monumental 

Brasses,  383 
Hales,  John,  portrait  of,  358,  534 
Hammersmith,  Church  of  St.  John   the 

Evangelist,  155 
Hampshire,  gold  torques  found  in,  56 
Harpenden  Church,  drawings  for,  662 
Harris,  T.,  Victor  an  Architecture,  89 
Hatwow,  palimpsest  brass  found  at,  53 
Hartlepool,  seal  of  the  Corporation,  651 
Hatt,  John,  pedigree  of,  666 
Haut  Allemagne,  St.  Martin's  Church,  374 
Hauxton  Church,  repairs  at,  170 
Haw,  bowl  of  bell-metal  found  at,  53 
Hazel  wand,  inscribed,  163 
Headless  Cross  Chapel,  visit  to,  177 
Healing -medals,  167 
Heath,   L.  C.  J.,  biographical   notes  on, 

407 
Heathcoat,  John,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  344 
Heathen  Huts  in  the  Alps,  173 
Hebrides,  ant' qui  ties  collected  in  the,  434 
Henrietta  Maria,  Queen,  locket  given  by, 

309 

seal  of,  639 

Henry  III,  charter  of,  419 

VI,  illumiuations  temp.,  57 

VII.  and  the  Abbot  of  Westmin- 
ster, Indenture  between,  654 

and  Richard  Gardyner,  Deed 


of  Acquittance  by,  413 

VIII.,  leather  binding  temp.,  666 

arms  of,  crowned,  669 


Hereford  Cathedral,  restoration  of,  158 

processional  cross  found  at,  67 

Town-hall  taken  down,  539 

Heron,  William,  inquisition  p.  m.,  419 
Ueronville,  St.  Clair,  church  of,  374 


718 


Index  to  Essays,  §c. 


Hewett,  Origin  of  the  Name  of,  678 

Hexham  Church,  drawings  of,  542 

Higher  Bebington,  Christ  Church,  156 

Hiqhwaymen,  32 

Holbein,  Alleged  Portrait  by,  358 

Holbeine,  John,  will  of,  405* 

Holland,  ancient  brass-fouudries  in,  655 

Hollar's  engravings,  299 

Horsleg,  St.  Clement's  Church,  160 

Horton,  The  Parsonage  of,  118 

Howsham,  memorial  church  at,  157 

Hunter,  Joseph,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  701 

Huntingdon,  All  Saints'  Church,  170 

Hurt,  Francis,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  681 

Hutchison,  Rev.  JE.  B.,  Monograph  on 

the  History  of  Callington  Church,  689 
Hgthe  Church,  Collection  of  Human  Bones 

at,  424 
Ichthus,  meaning  of,  191,  318 
Ifs  Church,  architecture  of,  374 
Illuminations,  curious,   representing  the 

Law  Courts  at  Westminster,  168 
India,  arrow-head  and  knife  from,  420 
Indian  Tribes  of  North  America,  664 
Inistiogue,  grant  by  patent  of  land  at,  430 
Inveramsag,  urn  and  bones  found  at,  548 
Ireland,  Ancient  Lake-dwellings  in,  77 

brouze  implements  found  in,  287 

History  of,  On  the  best  mode  of 

writing  and  publishing  the,  545 
gold  tore  found  in,  300 


Irving,  J.,  History  of  Dumbartonshire,  13 
Isle  of  Wight,  knife  found  in,  420 
Islington,  new  church  o'  St.  Thomas, -155 
Is  lip  Church,  painting  on  the  wall  of,  4 

proposed  restoration,  285 

Italian  tapestries,  656 

Iredon,  Pring  of,  monument  to,  310 

Ivory  fork  and  spoon,  sixteenth  century, 

163 
Jackson,  Sir  George,  memoir  of,  699 
Jewess  Sermons,  176 
John  III.,  Duke  of  Brittany,  denier  of,  426 
Kelham,  Alexander,  memorial  to,  162 
Kennedy,  C.  R.,  The  Works  of  Virgil,  451 
Kensington  Architectural  Museum,  Lec- 
tures at,  302 
Kent  Archaeological  Society,  Transactions 

of,  140 

H.R.H  Duchess  of,  memoir  of,  456 

Keythorpehall,  Anglo-Saxon  relics  found 

at,  66 
Kilcolman  Castle,  burned  to  the  ground, 

269 
Kilkenny  Archaeological  Society,  meetings 

of,  171,  429,  545 

Museum,  support  of,  430 

arch  of  St.  Janies's-gate,  645 

Rent  Roll  of  the  Mayor  and 

Citizens  of,  545 
Kimpton  Church,  paintings  discovered  at, 

662 
King's  Evil,  The  Royal  touch  for,  167 


King's  Sutton,  antiquities  found  at,  404^ 
419 

Kinsale,  Will  of  William  B»ie»,  of,  631 

Kirmington,  St.  Helen's,  stained  glass  win- 
dows at,  160 

Kirkwall,  cathedral  of  St.  Magnus,  666 

Kite,  E.,  Monumental  Brasses  of  Wilt- 
shire, 383 

Knevet,  Elizabeth,  brass  of,  390 

Konigsfelden,  window  at,  536 

Lake- Dwellings,  Ancient,  77 

Lanarkshire,  Record  of  the  Court  of  the 
Township  of  Dolphinton,  301 

Lancing  College,  drawings  of,  641 

Lane  cup,  incited  arms  on  the,  410 

Langham,  Abbot  Simon,  will  of,  601 

Langrune,  church  of  St,  Martin,  architec- 
ture of,  372 

Lea,  Sir  Richard,  appointment  as  ambas- 
sador to  Russia,  304 

Le  Fresne  Camille,  Norman  church  at,  374 

Legend  of  St.  James,  479 

Leicester,  Earl  of,  letter  to  Lord  Burgh- 
ley,  51 

St.  Mary's  Church,  restored,  160 

Roman   coins  and  antiquities 

found  at,  5-17 

Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Archaeo- 
logical Society,  meeting  of,  646 

Church  restoration  in,  647 

Leinster,  topographical  collection  for  the 

province,  173 
Levenshulme,  Church  of  St.  Peter,  167 
Lewis,  antiquities  found  in,  434 
Library  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 

Rules  of,  164 
Lichfield  Cathedral,  Norman  vestiges,  67 

restoration  of,  168 

discoveries  in,  296 

parallelism  with  that 

of  York,  299 
Life-boat,  The,  or  Journal  of  the  life- 
boat Institution,  197,  564 
Light  Cliffe,  near  Halifax,  British  coins 

found  at,  304 
Lilford,  Lord,  memoir  of,  571 
Lillebonne,  Roman  sepulchral  remains  at, 

164 
Limerick,  siege  of,  430 
Lincoln,  St.  Hugh  of,  2 

Cathedral,  The  Arch  tect  of,  18^ 


674 


restoration,  168 
Architecture  of,  31% 


551 


Lincolnshire,  Roman  Villa  in,  discovery 
of,  683 

Linhope,  remains  of  the  Celtic  village,  174 

Lion-sur-Mer  Church,  374 

Literature,  Contributions  to  the  History 
of,  78 

Lit  ling  ton,  Abbot,  hall  of,  at  Westmin- 
ster, 603 


Index  to  Essays,  $c. 


719 


Little  Bradley,  epitaph  at,  889 

Cawthorpe,  new  church  at,  158 

Greencroft,  weapons  and  imple- 
ments found  at,  65 

Leighs  Church,  effigy  in  wood,  66 

Wilbraham,  graves  at,  165 


lAttleport  Church,  completed,  170 
Liverpool  Town  Museum.  49,  192,  317 

Free  Public  Library,  190 

St  Aidan's  Church,  156 

Llandaff  Cathedral,  restoration  or,  158 
Lodge'*  Peerage  and  Baronetage,  448 
London    and    Middlesex    Archaological 

Society,  general  meeting,  58 
and  Surrey  Ar- 
chaological Societies,  meetings  of,  69, 
167,  304, 426.  543,  665 

Street  Architecture,  162 


Long  Compton,  Roman  coins  found  at,  420 

Wittenham,  excavations  at,  165 

Lowe,  Very  Rev.  Thos.  Hill  P.  F.,  Dean 

of  Exeter,  memoir  of,  342 
Lowndes,  W.  71,  Bibliographer's  Manual 

of  English  Literature,  197 
Loyal  and  Patriotic  Songs,  690 
Lubeck,  monumental  brass  from,  68 
Luc,  The  Church  of  St.  Quent'n  at,  374 
Ludborough,  St.  Mary's,  restoration  of,  160 
Lyme  Regis,  siege  of,  silver  goblet  used 

at  the,  309 
Lysons,   Rev.  S.,  Authentic    History  of 

Whit  ting  ton  and  his  Cat,  8 
MCarthy,  Florence,  Life  and  Letters  of, 

430 
Maedermott,  M.,  Translation  of  Viollet- 

lf-Duc  on  Military  Architecture,  24 
Maclaine,  Oen.  Sir  Archibald,  memoir  of, 

459 
Macpherson,  Mr.  Francis,  memoir  of,  580 
Malta,  Ancient  Tomb  at,  553 

pottery  from,  553 

Maltby  Church,  monumental  window  in, 

482 
Malton,  excavations  at,  318 

and  Norton,  excavations  at,  446 

Manchester  Cathedral,  restoration  of,  158 

church  of  St.  Mary,  Crump- 
sail,  157 

St.  Philip,  Hulme,  157 

St.  Peter's,  Oldhamroad,  158 

Manual  of  Monumental  Brasses,  383 

Mappemonde,  MS.,  412 

Margate  Church,  Who  was  the  Founder 

of?  478 
Market  Deeping,  seal  dug  up  at,  428 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  portraits  of,  535, 589 
Maskell,  J.,  Not«'8  on  Sepulchral  Brasses 

in  Allballows  Barking,  450 
Mathieu,  church  at,  374 
Matrices  of  early  workmanship,  651 
Mayence,  phalaro  discovered  near,  55 
Medallion  in  horn  stone,  533 
Medallions  of  Commodus,  513 


Memoir  of  Joshua  Watson,  690 

Memorial  Heart,  309 

Menchecourt,  Section  of  the  Soils  at,  263 

Mentoni  and  Roccabruna,  climate  of,  516 

Merstham  Church,  Newdegate  brass  at, 
5-14 

Merton,  Walter  de,  Memoir  of,  415 

Middlesex,  Records  of  the  County  of,  Ex- 
tracts from,  31 

Milanese  armour,  539 

Military  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
24 

Milton,  portrait  of,  286 

Moberly,  G.,  Sermons  on  the  Beatitudes,' 
450 

Moggerhanger,  St.  John's  Church,  157 

Monaco  and  its  Princes,  511 

Monaghan  crannoges,  antiquit!es  found 
in,  138 

Monumental  Brasses,  Manual  of,  291, 383 
inscriptions    from, 


544 


rubbings,  533,  667 

effigies  in  wood,  66 


modes    of   taking 


Mortimer,  Roger,  seal  of,  67 

Motley,  J.  L.,  History  of  the  Netherlands, 
520,  619 

MS.  Books  of  Recipes,  669 

Murano,  co  lection  of  vessels  the  work  of, 
300 

Mynchin  Buckland,  priory  of,  410 

Napier,  Jlce-Adm.  Sir  Charles,  memoir 
of,  209 

Needle  work,  specimens  of,  542 

Nell  Gvynne,  power  of  attorney  by,  168 

Neptune's  Heroes,  196 

Netherlands,  History  of  the,  520,  619 

Netley  Abbey,  encaustic  tile  found  at,  172 

sepulchral  slab  at,  657 

repairs  at,  684 

New  Basford,  St.  Augustine's  Church,  157 

Newbury,  new  church,  158 

Newcastle  Museum,  building  fund  of,  432 

Society  of  Antiquaries,  meet- 
ings of,  431, 668 

upon-Tyne,    St.   Paul's,    High 


Elswick,  156 
Newland  Church,  brass  from,  291 
Newport,  MS.  Volume  of  the  Treaty  of,  55 
Nice,  ancient  galley  built  at,  41 1 
Nobility  and  Gentry  of  England,  625 
Noiers,  Gaufridut  de,  Who  was?  313 

Robert  de,  family  of,  674 

Norden,  new  church  at,  156 
Norfolk,  Duke  of,  memoir  of,  98 
Norman  Conquest,  descent  of  estates  pre- 
vious to  the,  426 
Normandy,  Architecture  in,  364 
Norrey,  Early  English  Church  at,  874 
North  Morton  Church,  painted  glass  in, 

539 
Northern,  F.  H.,  memoir  of,  459 


720 


Index  to  Essays,  1{C. 


Northumberland,     suggestions    for    the 

Ordnance  map  of,  431 
Northwoods,  Genealogical  Notices  of  the, 

140 

Note-book  of  Syivanus  Urban,  78,  191, 
318,  443,  657,  683 

Notre  Dame,  Fontaine  Htnri,  architec- 
ture of,  374 

Nottingham,  antiquities    found  at,  300, 
406 

Noviotnagus,  the  station,  145 

Noyers,  the  family  of*  180 

Numismatic  Chronicle,  690 

Society,  meetings  of,165>  303, 

426,  642,  665 

Nuremberg,  tankard  from,  67 

Oakham,  carious  casket  found  at,  546 

Offa,  coin  of,  656 

Offham,  new  church  at,  157 

Oistreham  Church,  architecture  of,  374 

Old  Basford,  St.  Leodegarius,  re-opened, 
159 

Oliver  Cromwell,  early  history  of,  287 

Rev.  Dr.  George,  memoir  of,  575 

O'Neill,  Thomas,  Grant  of  E.  glUh  Li- 
herty  to,  172 

O'Neills  of  Ulster,  silver  matrix  of  a  seal 
belonging  to  the  family  of,  172 

Order  of  the  Bath,  institution  of,  60 

Original  Documents,  51,  278,  530,  647 

Orthography  of  Names,  432 

Orlestone,  Parochial  Register  of,  141 

Orwell  Church,  repairs  of,  170 

Saxon  cemetery  at,  535 

Otho  IV.,  denarius  of,  656 

Owen,  CoL  Hugh,  memoir  of,  339 

Sir  John,  memoir  of,  458 

Oxford  Architectural  and  historical  So- 
ciety, history  of,  3 

meetings 

of,  62,  290,  414 

Cathedral,  St  Frideswide's  Shrine 


at,  76 


70 


new  east  window,  160 
painted  glass  from  Merton  College, 

University,  Histo'y  of,  292 
Oystermouth  Church,  enlarged,  160 
Pagan,  Cromlech  at,  557 
Palimpsest  sepulchral  brasses,  67 
Palmerston,  Lord,  Architectural  Taste  of, 

80 
Paris,  sale  of  early  printed  books  at,  79 
Parker,  J.  H.,  Description  of  Clevedon 

Court,  489 
Introduction  to  the  Study 

of  Gothic  Architecture,  562 

Mr.  John  William,  memoir  of,  221 


Parliament,  New  Houses  of,  D.  <*y  of,  162 
Pasley,  Qen.  Sir  Charles   William,  me- 
moir of,  698 
Pass  and  Class,  819 
Patrick,  William,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  579 


Patronymiea  Britanuica,  238 

Pavement  in  the  Church  of  St.  Denis,  124 

in  the  Castle  of  Couey,  126 

Peace,  Mr.  John,  memoir  of,  577 
Ptckham,  Archbishop,  tomb  of,  66 
Pedigree  qf  the  fflywelim  family,  544 
Peerage,  Baronetage,  Knightage,$c,  1861, 

418 
Penhow,  relics  found  in  a  tumulus  at,  66 
Penn,  William,  Charter  granted  by,  536 
Pennell,  William,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  341 
Pennsylvania,  Charter  of  the  Liberties  of, 

536 
Penrhyn,  Edward,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  467 
Perceval,  Mr.,  murder  of,  640 
Perkin  Warbeck,  jetton  of,  426 
Peto,  J.,  Esq.,  mt moir  of,  107 
Petre,  Dowager  Lady,  memoir  of,  333 
Pewsey  Church,  designs  for  restoration  of, 

663 
Pfahlbauten  and  Crannoges,  73 
Photozincography,  new  process  of,  applitd 

to  the  reproduction  of  records,  652 
Pictorial  Handbook  qf  Modern  Geogra- 
phy, 195 
Ptersbridge,  statuette  of  Mercury  found 

a',  422 
Pilgrims'  tokens,  exhibition  of,  533 
Pitt,  William,  Earl  Stanhope's  Life  of,  609 
Plaque  of  enamel,  inscribed,  163 
Plaxtol,  Romau  remains  at,  140 
Player  family,  arms  of  the,  428 
Playfair,  Sir  Hugh  Lyon,  memoir  of,  333 
Play  hours  and  Half  Holidays,  196 
Poem  (French)  on  the  Death  qf  Anne  qf 

Boleyn,  189 
Poetical  MS.  qf  the  sixteenth  century,  419 
Pointed  houses,  designs  for,  663 
Poitiers  Cathedral,  labyrinth  in,  121 
Pontigny  Abbey  Church,  pavement  in,  123 
Pope,  H  E.,  The  Corsair  and  his  Con- 
queror, 196 
Pontardawe,  new  church  at,  157 
Portsmouth,  municipal  seal  of,  69 
Prafaliones  ad  Editiones  Principes  Auc* 

toi-um  Classicorum,  78,  614 
Prayers,  Thomas  de,  silver  matrix  of  seal 

of.  650 
Prefaces  to  the  Editiones  Principes,  614 
Primeval  Antiquities,  262 
Principle  qf  Non-intervention,  On  the, 

451 
Prussia,  H.M.  the  King  qf,  memoir  of, 

203 
Publow,  parish  church,  reconstruction  o?, 

159 
Purfleet,  silver  ring  round  at,  543 
Purse,  highly  decorated,  67 
Putt,  Sir  Thomas,  monument  to,  310 
Queries,  318, 478 
Badley  and  Dr.  Sewell,  824 
Baine,  Rev.  J,  History  of  Blyth,  128 
Rantzou*,  family  of  the,  412 


Index  to  Essays,  fyc. 


721 


Ravenna,  church  of  St.  Apollinaris  at,  429 
Reader,  W.,  Loyal  and  Patriotic  Songs, 

690 
Reading  Abbey,  Norman  gateway  of,  421 
Reasons  for  Inquiry  into  the  Position  of 

Officers  in  the  Royal  Navy,  448 
Reay,  Professor  Stephen,  memoir  of,  463 
Reculver  Church,  recovery  of  two  ancient 

column*  of,  148,  534 
Reliquary,  The,  197,  563 

of  the  sixteenth  century,  413, 

533 

Rendlesham  Park,  coin  of  Philip  Aridaeus 

found  at,  304 
Rent  Roll  of  the  Mayor  and  Citizens  of 

Kilkenny,  545 
Repington,   Gen.  Charles  Ashe  A*  Court, 

memoir  of,  699 
Repton,  J.  A.,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  107 
Rheims,  drawings  of  the  pavement  of  the 

church  of  St.  Remi  at,  302 
Rhodes,  enamelled  vessel  from,  67 
Richard  Duke  of  Gloucester,  seal  of,  301 
Richmond,  St.  Msry's  Church,  restored, 

159 
Ring  of  gold  with  medallions,  163 
Rings,  collection  of,  exhibited  by  E.  Wa- 

terton,  Esq.,  164 
Robertson,  J.    C,   "  W.  S.  N."  and  the 

"  National"  Reviewer,  75 
Rochester,  site  of  the  Roman  station,  141 

Records,  141 

Rogers,  J.  E.  T.,  Education  in  Oxford,  319 
Rolleslon  Church,  slab  in,  44 
RolU  Chapel,  restoration  of,  159 
Roman  city  of  Eboracum,  discovery  of 

a  portion  of  the  wall  of,  179 

Coins,  Unpublished,  165 

Oats  on  English  Farms,  683 

Villa  in  Lincolnshire,  discovery 

of,  683 

Wall  of  London,  &16 

wall  near  Monk  Bar,  York,  ex- 


cavations at,  672 
York,  48 


Romance  of  Natural  History,  191 
Rome,  stone  slabs  in  the  Catacombs,  63 

specimens  of  glass  dug  up  at,  419 

Ros,  Isabella  de,  deed  of,  286 
Rosel  Church,  374 

Ross,  F.  \V.  R.,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  340 
Royal  arms  on  bookbindings,  10 1 

autographs,  71 

Stables,  1554,  Expenses  of  the.  278 

Royslon, copper  ingots  found  near,  421 
Rupert,  Prince,  inscribed  silver  box,  286 
Ruthwell,  inscription  on  the  cross  at,  433 
Ryarsh,  gold  coins  found  near,  303 
St.  Andrew's  Chapel- Royal,  Plan  of  the 

Remains  of,  433 
St.  Barbara,  legend  of,  480 
St.  Catharine's  Hill,  near  Christchurch, 

308 

Gint.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


St.  Fag  an* s  Church,  restored,  160 

enlargement  of,  663 

St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln,  2, 182 
St.  Ives,  coin  of  Constantino  found  at,  420 
St.  PauTs  Cathedral,  London,  alterations 
in,  158 

Cross,  pulpit  lit,  70 

St.  Peter's  Chair,  drawing  of,  535 

St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  mitre  of,  654 

Salisbury,  Robert  Cecil,  Earl  of,  let  er 

to  his  son,  287 
Sandes,  Sir  George,  death  of,  32 
Sandhurst  Church,  encaustic  tiles  from, 

288,413 
Sandy,  St.  Swithin's  Church,  restoration 

of,  159 
Saphara,  The  Convent  of,  429 
Sarr,  Kent,  gold  coins  found  at,  304 
Savile  MSS.  and  Rooks,  443 
Saxon  fibula  from  Kent,  657 
Scotland,  Society  of  Antiquaries,  meetings 
of,  173,  432,  547,  670 

antiquities  found  in,  672 

On  the  Early  Frisian  Settle- 
ment in,  547 

National  Covenants  of,  670 

Superstitions  relating  to  Lunacy 


in,  671 
Scott,  W.  B.,  Lectures  on  the  History 

and  Practice  of  the  Fine  Arts,  688 
Scottish  Curing  Stones  and  Amulets,  550 

Market  Crosses,  Notice  ot,  433 

Scribe,  M.  Eugene,  memoir  of,  574 
Sculptured  ivory  figure,  656 

Seals  of  Stcavesey  Priory,  169 
Sedding,  E.,  Collection  of  Christmas  Ca- 
rols, 91 
Seleucus,  copper  coin  of,  665 
Severn,  brass  basins  discovered  in  the,  66 
Sheffield,  coins  discovered  near,  66 
Shetland,  Pech's  knife  found  in,  420 
Shottesbrook  Church,  painted  glass  from, 

70 
Sibertswold,  explorations  at.  165 
Silchester,  bottle  of  the  sixteenth  century 

dug  up  at,  419 
Silver  dish  bearing  a  coat  of  arms,  651 

jetton,  304 

Smithers,  Rev.  Dr.  William  Collier,  me- 
moir of,  466 
Soames,  Rev.  Henry,  memoir  of,  216 
Sockling -houses,  derivation  of,  191 
Southampton,  Saxon  coins  found  at,  656 
South  Thringstone,  design  for  church  at, 

542 
Southunck  Priory,  matrix  of  the  seal  of, 

650 
Southwold,   paintings  in  the  church  of 

St.  John.  68 
Spanish  Armada,  medals  to  commemorate 
the  defeat  of  the,  546 

destruction  of,  622 

Spenser,  Edmund,  Poetical  Works  of,  267 

48 


722 


Index  to  Essays,  fyc. 


Spheroids  of  ancient  glass,  301 

Spurs,  collection  of,  168 

Stanhope's,  Earl,  Life  of  Wm.  Pitt,  609 

Statutes  of  the  Garter,  1522,  413 

Stockton  Church,  restoration  of,  159 

Stoke  Prior  Church,  restoration  of,  175 

Stoke,  St.  Mary  Magdalene  Church,  156 

Stone,  floriated  cross  at,  389 

Hatchets,  $c,  discovered  in  France, 

665 
various  processes  for  tho  preserva- 
tion of,  422,  677 
Stuart  Belies,  145 
Stubbs,  W.,  Foundation  of  Waltham  Ab- 

bt  y,  "  Do  Inventione  Sancteo  Crucis/' 

419 
Sutherland,  Duke  of  memoir  of,  458 
Sutton  Chroferi,  seal  of,  420 
Swains,  Mr.  John,  memoir  of,  337 
Swanage,  St.  Mary's,  restored,  160 
Swanwick,  church  of  St.  Andrew,  158 
Swavesey  Priory,  deed  of,  169 
Sword,  pommel  of  a,  chased,  422 
Swords,  inlaid  and  damascened,  65 
Syracuse,  R.R.H.  Count  of,  memoir  of,  98 
Tadlow  Church,  restored,  170 
Talaton  Church,  restored,  160 

architecture  of,  311 

Tayleure,  Mr.  John,  memoir  of,  578 
Tazewell,    The   Hon.    Littleton    Waller, 

memoir  of,  336 
Temple,  boundary  wall  discovered,  169 

Church,  porch  of  the,  303 

Tendring,  deed  relating  to  the  sale  of 

land  at,  301 
Tewkesbury  Abbey   Church,  photographs 

of,  67 
Thackwells,  the,  Grant  of  Arms  to,  439, 

478 

Motto  of  the,  594 

Thames,  javelin  found  in  the,  67 

stone  celt,  286 

signaculum  of  lead,  420 

other  antiquities,  540 

Street,  excavation  in,  665 

Than,  church  of  St.  Mauvieux,  374 
Therfield,  antiquities  found  at,  288 
Thomas  Becket  or  Thomas  of  London  ? 

188 
Thurbem,  Robert,  monument  to,  390 
Tickenham  Court,  Description  of,  491 
Tiles  and  Pavements,  Medieval  Specimens 

of,  119 
Tinctures  in  Heraldry,  430 
Tingewick,  antiquities  found  at,  307 
Tosson,  Sepulchral  Remains  at,  173 
Treasure  Trove,  633 
Traces  of  our  Remote  Ancestors,  498 
Tradesman's  token,  inedited,  172 
Trollope  Testimonial  Fund,  547 
Troyon,  F.,  Habitations  I^acustrec,  561 
Twinstead,  St  John  the  Evangelist,  158 
Udine  Cathedral  Church,  seal  of,  651 


Udny,  antiquities  in  the  pariah  of,  174 
Ure,  A.,  Cotton  Manufacture  of  Great 

Britain,  563 
Uriconium  Excavation  Fund,  630 
Velvet  Vestments,  Embroidered,  654 
Victorian  Architecture,  89 
Virgil,  The  Works  of,  451 
Vivoin  Church,  pavement  in,  125 
Walcott  family,  antiquities  belonging  to, 

288 
Walford,  E.,  The  County  Families  of  the 

United  Kingdom,  625 
Walker,  T.  L.,  Esq.,  memoir  of,  337 
Warley    Church  (Little),  painted    glass 

from,  70 
Waltham  Abbey,  Mr.  Fergusson  on,  184 

Foundation  of,  440 

Warrington,  wassail  cup  at,  68 
Waterhouse  family,  engravings  of,  70 
Waterton,  Mr.   E.,  collection  of  finger 

rings,  300 
Watford,  brass  of  Sir  John  de  Holes  at,  390 
Weaving,  origin  and  progress  of,  653 
Wedgwood  the  Potter,  145 
Wells  Cathedral,  restoration  of,  158 
Corporation  of,  collection  of  deeds, 

651 
Wenlock,  spice-mortar  of  the  sixteenth 

century  found  at,  301 
Wentbridge,  Drunken  Barnaby*s  Inn  at, 

238 
West  Coker,  British  interment  at,  657 
West  Dereham  Abbey,  mortuary  roll  of, 

286.428 
Westley  Waterless,  bran  at,  389 
Westminster  Abbey,  old  organ  at,  59 
paintings  in  the  chap- 
ter-house, 62 


of,  72 


-  Anglo-Saxon  charter 

-  Norman  remains,  595 

Library,  58,  239,  479 

Chapel  of  the  Pyx,  597 

Chapter-house,  159 

Ancient  Treasury  o£  Disco- 
veries in,  59,  359 

the  New  Palace  of,  decay  of, 


422 

Crimean  Memorial,  303 

Four   Illuminations  of   the 

Courts,  305 

—  Play,  Prologue  and  Epilogue, 


146 
Weston  Turville  Church,  stone  coffin  found 

at,  307 
Wheathamstead,  brass  at,  387 
Whitfield,  new  chnrch  at,  156 
Whitgift,  Archbishop,  seal  of,  427 
Whittington,  bronze  celt  found  at,  63 
and  his  Cat,  Authentic  His- 
tory of,  8 

Richard,  Death-bed  of,  11 

WhUwell,  St.  John  Evangelist,  157 


Index  to  Names. 


723 


Wicken  Church,  restoration  of,  541 
Wilbraham,  Handle,  Esq,,  memoir  of,  460 
Williamson,  Sir  Hedworth,  memoir  of, 

697 
Wills  and  Inventories  (Irish)  temp,  Eli- 
zabeth, 530 
Winchester  Cathedral,  restoration  of,  158 
Windsor,  MS.  of  sixteenth  century  from, 
409 

Castle,  Hampton  Court,  and 

Wilton  House,  portraits  from,  407 
Wiltshire,  Monumental  Brasses  of,  383 
extensive  Roman  dwelling  dis- 
covered in,  538 
Wivenhoe  Church,  restoration  of,  160 
WoUaston,  new  church  at,  157 
Wolstanton  Church,  reconstructed,  160 
Wood  and  Aubrey,   Correspondence  of, 

647 
Woolley  Park,  MSS.  from,  419 
Woolvercot  Church,  rebuilt,  160 
Wooton  Rivers  Church,  restoration  of,  663 
Worcester  Cathedral,  restoration  of,  158 

new  east  window  at, 

175 
Worcestershire     Architectural     Society, 
meeting  of,  175 


Wratling,  derivation  of,  191 
Wraxhall,  North,  Roman  villa  at,  78 
Wright,  T.,  Essays  on  Archaeological  Sub- 
jects, 375 
Wroxeter,  Roman  coins  found  at,  68 

excavations  at,  68,  630,  652 

Excavation  Fund,  630 

Wykeham,  William  of,  his  architectural 

abilities,  294 
Yarmouth,  St.  Andrew's  Church,  156 
Yeatman,  Rev.  Harry  Farr,  memoir  of, 

700 
Yeovil  Church,  restoration  of,  159 
York,  Duke  of,  accusation  against  the, 
637 

Roman  remains  in,  48, 594,  672 

sculptured  stone  cross  found  at,  672 

Minster,  Cope  Chests  in,  497 

Pageant  Play,  MS.  of,  177 

Yorkshire,  Celtic  remains  in,  499 

moorlands  of,  498 

spurious  flint  implements  from, 

540 

Philosophical  Society,  meetings 

of,  177,  434.  435,  672 
Youghal,    tradesmen's   tokens,  inedited, 

546 


INDEX  TO  NAMES. 


Including  Births,  Marriages,  and  Deaths. — The  longer  articles  of  Deaths  are 

entered  in  the  preceding  Index  to  Essays,  Sfc. 


Abbott,  Mrs.  C.  T. 

566 
Abercromby,  R.  W. 

D.692 
Aberdeen,  Rt.  Hon. 

Earl  of,  114,  238 
Acton,   A.  S.  569  ; 

Mrs.  J.  329 
Adam,  Mrs.   O.  R. 

380;  Mrs.  W.  P. 

567 
Adams,  A.  M.  454 ; 

Dr.    F.  471 ;    M. 

J.  96;  Mrs.  453 
Addams,  J.  S.  709 
Addison,  C.  202 
Adye,  Mrs.  93 
Agar,  A.  M.  472 
Agnew,  Lady  L.  1 99 
Aiken,  C.  M.  200 
Ainslie,Mrs.H.69S 
Ainsworth,  T.  327 
Airey,   Mrs.   U.  C. 

692 
Aitken,  Mrs.J.  94 


Akers,  I.  D.  694 
Alan,    Lt-Col.    H. 

227 
Albrecht,  S.  F.  570 
Alcock,  R.  92 
Alder,  E.  T.  110 
Alderson,  F.  C.  569 
Alexander,  E.  C.  95; 

Mrs.  R.  565 ;  R. 

695  ;  T.  452 ;  W. 

G.  567 
Alison,  C.  92 ;  Mrs. 

693 
Allen,  E.  114,569; 

E.    M.    569;    J. 

1 14,  694 
Alleyne,  A.  O.  469 ; 

Mrs.  B.  453 
Almack,  E.  570 
Alston,      Mrs.      C. 

199 
Amcotts,  W.  C.  327 
Amos,  J.  569;   W. 

570 
Anderson,  A.  472; 


C.    L.  704;     G. 

227;     I.   S.    97; 

Lieut.  225;  Mrs. 

453  ;  R.  B.  226 ; 

Sir  J.  C.  588;  W. 

G.  452 
Anderton,  Lady  E. 

199 
Andronesco,  F.  227 
Annesley,  Hon.  Mrs. 

H.  A.  586 ;  Hon. 

Mm.     W.     706 ; 

Hon.  Mrs.  W.  B. 

330 ;  J.  O'D.  96  ; 

Mrs.  F.  C.  567 
Anson,  Capt.  A.  E. 

H.  92 
An  strut  her,  Mrs.  R. 

93 
Antrim,    C'tess    of, 

566 
Aplin,  Vice-  Adm.  J. 

G.  590,  705 
Appletou,   Maj.  E. 

353 


Appleby,  Mrs.  G.  W. 

94 
Aptliorpe,  A.  95 
Arden,  C.  589 
A  rd  mill  an,  J.  568 
Argyle,Dukeof,452 
Armitage,  S.  455 
Armstrong,   Col.  J. 

W.  455 
Armytage,    J.  586, 

704 
Arnold,  C.  A.  232 ; 

Mrs.  E.  G.  566 
Arnould,  Lady,  565 
Arrow,  M.  A.  569; 

Maj.  W.  G.  569 
Arthur,  O.  C.  332 
Archer,  M.  A.  694 
Arundell,    Hon.  T. 

M.694 
Ash,  J.  H.  710 
Ashburnham,    Hon. 

Mrs.  T.  350 
Ashington,  Mrs.  H. 

453 


72 1 


Index  to  Names. 


Askew,  Mr*.  473 
Askwith,    Mrs.   W. 

H.  330,  453 
A*pinall,J.202,467 
Astell,   Mrs.  J.   H. 

93 
Attle,  S.  705 
Astley,  Mr*.  693 
Athorpe,    J.     704 ; 

Mrs.  453 
Atkinson,  G.  B.331 
Atlay,  H.  468 
Attv,  Mrs.  J.  L.9t 
Aubertin,  C.  474 
A u dain,  Mrs.  J.  94 
A  u  Id  jo,  Mrs.  470 
Austin,  £.  A.  454 
Back,   Lady   T.   £. 

232 
Bacon,  B.  L.  £94; 

T.  569 
Bagally,  R.  452 
Baggallay,  Mrs.  R. 

200 
Bagley,  Mrs.  H.  W. 

228 
Bagnell,  J.  569 
Bagot,  £.  A.  347 
Bagshawe,  W.  H.  G. 

201 
Bailey,  E.  455;  G. 
228 ;   W.  L.  590, 
705 
Baillie,  Lady  F.692; 
Mrs.  329;  Mrs.  A. 
707 
Baily,  Sir  J.  R.  569 
Bain,  J.  B.  470 
Baird,  J.  S.  568 
Baker,  Capt.  G.  353; 
Miss  A.  E.  705; 
Mrs.  F.  W.  567; 
R  229 
Baldwyn,  M.  569 
Balfour,  C.  95;  E. 
E.  331 ;  Mrs.  94 
Ball,  W.  473 
Ballantyne,  J.A.350 
Ballard,  Lt.-Col.  J. 

A.  695 
Balls,  O.  C.  583 
Baltnain,  Mrs.  454, 

566 
Baly,  Dr.  W.  352 
Bamford,  T.  B.  229 
Bandinel,  B.  347 
Baukes,  Lady  C.  330 
Barber,  G.  703 
Barclay,  Dr.  J.  228  ; 

M.  A.  G.  202 
Barlee,  C.  M.  694 
Barley,  R.  705 
Barnard,  Mrs.  566; 

Mrs.  H.J.  199 
Barnardiston,       A. 


570 ;      Lady     F. 


ri67 


Barnes,  J.  96;  P.  E. 

Ill;  T.  328 
Baron,  Mrs.  J.  454 
Barr,    L.    C.   331  ; 
Mrs.  199;  W.  S. 
454 
Ban-as,  J.  710 
Barrel  I,  Capt.  J.  353 
Barrett,  W.  225 
Barrington,  Hon.  A. 
95  ;  Hon.  Mrs.  H. 
693 ;  Sir  M.  587 
Barron,  E.  233 
Barrow,  C.  B.  202 ; 

M.  696 
Barry,  M.  350 ;  Mrs. 

R.  H.  S.  692 
Barter,  R.  S.  347 
Bartholomew,  M.  H. 

96 
Bartlett,  E.  234 
Barttelot,P.  J.  201; 

W.  B.  198 
Basevi,  J.  710 
Baskcrville,  Mrs.  H. 

329 
Bass,  G.  95 
Basset,  J.  F.  327 
Bate,  G.  354 
Bateman,  Lady,  94 
Bates,  T.  695 
Bathurst,  A.  695 
Batsnn,      Mrs.     A. 

2C0 
Batty,  E.  570 
Bawr,   Madame  de, 

352 
Bayley,  S.  C.  200 
Bayly,  W.  G.  110 
Baynton,    Maj.    C. 

352 
Beach,  C.  J.  695 
Beadon,  Mrs.  H.  W. 

693 
Beale,   R.   B.  587; 

W.472 
Beard,  G.  709 
Beardmore,  J.  231 
Beart,  C.  J.  470 
Beaty,  F.  230 
Beauchatnp,   C.    E. 

351 
Beauclerk,  Mrs.  C. 

R.  567 
Beaumont,  C.  472 ; 
Lady  M.   93;    S. 
A.  92  ;  W.  B.  97 
Bee  her,  Lady  E.  567 
Becke,  M.  H.  568 
Beckwith,  J.  114 
Bedford,    Duke  of, 
710;  E.  M.584; 
Mrs.  W.  K.  R.  94 


Bedingfeld,    M.   L. 

469,  583 
Bedingfieid,  F.  328 
Bedwell,  C.  97 
Begbie,  G.  J.  F.  200 
Bel  ha ren,  Rt.  Hon. 

Lord  R.  M.  691 

Bell,  A.  H.  202;  C. 

202;    E.  S.  590; 

R.  707  ;  T.  231 ; 

W.  B.  112 

Bellew,  Hon.  I.  201 

Bence,  E.  R.  S.  327  ; 

Col.  H.  354 
Benett,  Capt.  C.  C. 

331 
Bennett,     E.    694; 
Miss  E.  P.  234; 
Mrs.  J.  H.  5b7  ; 
S.  F.  331 
Bennetts,  J.  I.  694 
Benson,  J.  468;  11. 

G.  570 
Benthall,  J.  695 
Bentham,  M.  474 
Bent  ley,  Dr.  E.  353; 

J.  114 
Beresford,  J.  H.  452 
Berkeley,  R.  708 
Bernal,  F.  328 
Bernard,  Hon.  C.  L. 

350 
Berwick,    Rt.   Hon. 
R.  N.  N.  H.  590 
Best,  B.  353 
Bethune,  Mrs.  199 
Betts,  M.  455 
Beynon,  T.  198 
Bianca,  Sig.  F.  228 
Bidwell,  C.  T.  330 
Bingham,   Lady  C. 

94 
Bingley,  R.  M.  694 
Bird,    A.    P.    695; 
Capt.  W.  C.  I.  F. 
584;     C.  J.  332; 
Lt.-Col.C.C708 
Birkett,  T.  96 
Birley,  A.  568 
Biron,    E.   S.  696; 

R.  J.  201 
Bishop,    Dr.   J.   G. 

354 
Blackburn,    W.    R. 

473 
Blake,  J.  S.  707 
Blacker,     Mrs.    M. 

M.  93 
Blackett,  Capt.  570 
Blackwood,       Hon. 
Mrs.  J.  114;  Maj. 
W.589 
Blagden,  R.  587 
Blagrave,  A.  228 
Blair,  C.  C.  95 


Blake.  J.  332 
Blankson,  G.  691 
Blathwayt,    M.    E. 

455 
B I  en  co  we,    Mrs.    J. 

G.94 
Bliss,  F.  347 
Blommart,  J.  568 
Bloomfield,      Lord, 

92;  J.  227 
Blosse,  Lady  H.  L. 

330;  L.  E.  470 
Bloxam,  H.  M.  332 
Blundell,  E.  A.  331 
Blunt,  Mrs.  G.  94; 

R.F.L.696;  W. 

694 
Bluton,  Mrs.  353 
Blyth,  D.  W.  691 
Boileau,    Maj.-Gen. 

229 
Boisragon,     H.     F. 

696 
Boisselier,  M.  H.E. 

A.  E.  691 
BolithofMrs.W.692 
Bolland,  Lady  E.  J. 

230 
Bolton,  W.  96 
Bomford,  G.  W.570 
Bom  pas,  C.  C.  351 
Boodle,  Capt  C.  E. 

348 
Booker,  J.  708;  R. 

B.  471 
Boone,  E.  E.  201 
Booth,  Mrs.  J.  694 
Boothby,  Hon.  Mrs. 

B.  472 
Borgononi,  L.  G.  96 
Borrett,  E.  473 
Borroughes,       Hon. 

Mrs.  K.  329 
Bosanquet,     A.    E. 

696;  C.  696 
Boscawen,  M.  474 
Bosquet,     Marshal! 

353 
Boston,  H.  S.  228 
Bosworth,  C.  S.  331 
Boteler,  E.  M.  694 
Boulay,  Mrs.  J.  T. 

H.  du,  94 
Boulton,     C.     229 ; 

M.  A.  97 
Bourchier,  C.  J.  696 
Bourdillon,     R.     P. 

114 
Bourke,  P.  J.  201 
Bourne,  C.  J.  467 
Bouverie,  H.  470 
Bowen,  Dr.  F.  201  ; 

G.  710 
Bower,  E.  A.  232; 
L.  M.  569 


Index  to  Names. 


725 


Bowlby,    Mr.   225; 

T.  W.  226 
Boyd,   Mm.   R.    B. 

330 
Boyer,  E.  97 
Boyle,    Lt.-Col.   R. 

509 
Bovs,  J.  234 
Boyse,  W.  B.  232 
Boy  ron,  F.  455 
Brabazon,  Capt.  225 
Bracken  bury,  11.331 
Braddick,  J.  W.455 
Braddon,  C.  M.351 
Bradley,  Mrs.  E.566 
Bradney,  J.  H.  468 
Brad8haw,J.E.3£0; 

T.  200 
Brady,  Rt  Hon.  M. 

200 
Braine,  II.  587 
Bruit h wait e,  C.  202 
Bramwell,  H.  332 
Brander,  F.  354 
Brandon,  F.  696 
Bravo,  C.  C.  92 
B  ray  brook  e.    Baron 

H.  C.  471 
Brazier,    Lieut.   E. 

B.  96 
Brebner,  E.  U.  569 
Brereton,  H.  L.  6 J 4 
Brett,  Maj.-Gen.  R. 

R.  709;    Mrs.  J. 

T.  330;     W.   B. 

452 
Brewster,  Lady,  329 
Brick  wood,    E.    C. 

709 
Bridge,  Mrs.  565 
Bridget,  H.  113 
Briggs,  A.  472;  A. 

R.  710  ;    Dr.  J. 

232;  P.  225 
Bright,  Lady,  329 
Brightwen,  E.  200 
Brind,  J.  F.  469 
Brisbane,  Miss,  231 
Briscoe,  E.  B.  331 ; 

E.  J.  696;    Mrs. 

H.  453 
Britton,  J.  692 
Broackes,  W.  589 
Broadbent,"  C.     D. 

200 
Brocas,  B.  585 
Brock,  F.  M.  230; 

Mrs.  C.  93 
Broglie,  Princess  A. 

de,  112 
Broke,  Lady  E.  Z. 

568 
Bromley,  J.W.I  14 
Brooke,     M.    570 ; 

Mrs.  R.  A.  567 


Brotherton,  M.  35 1 
Brown,  J.  353  ;   L. 

354;  Lady,  589; 

Mrs.  D.  693;  Mrs. 

D.  P.   565;     T. 
705;  W.352 

Browne,     Col.     M. 

112;    Col.  St  J. 

710;  LadyC.354; 

Mrs.  A.  330;  Mrs. 

S.J. 692;  W.472, 

703 
Browning,     E.     A. 

233;    Mrs.  C.  A. 

R.  565 
Brownrigg,      Lieut. 

C.  J.  696 
Bruce,   Hon.  E.  C. 

589 ;  Lady  A.  F. 

E.  565 ;   Lady  C. 
586;  Mrs.  R.  C. 

D.  329 
Brymer,  M.  J.  96 
Buchanan,  J.  229; 

Sir  A.  92 
Buck,  H.J.  569;  J. 

P.  346 
Buckle,  Mrs.  R.  T. 

453 
Buckley,    Mrs.    E. 

454 
Buckston,    O.    583, 

703 
Budd,  T.  H.  97 
Buhler,  S.  M.  3*8 
Bulkeley,  Capt.  R. 

353;  Maj.  C.  473 
Bullen,  S.  708 
Buller,  H.  M.  472 
Bullock,  C.  A.  568 
Bunn,  A.  229 
BuiiKen,   Baron   de, 

112 
Burckhardt,    A.   A. 

695 
Burdett,  C.  D.  710  ; 

Mrs.  S.  454 
Burford,  R.  352 
Burgess,  S.  Ill 
Burke,  Lady,  693 
Bum,  A.  95;   Mrs. 

A.  93 
Burnard,  M.  W.  202 
Burne,    Hon.    Mrs. 

N.  566 ;  J.  B.  331; 

T.  II.  473 
Burnell,  G.  348 
Burnet,  C.  472 
Burnett,  Sir  W.  354, 

470 
Burr,  Mrs.  J.  93 
Burrett,  Mrs.  C.  L. 

469 
Burridge,      E.     E. 

202 


Burroughes,      Hon. 

Mrs.  T.  II.  329 
Burslem,  J.  G.  706 
Burstal,  E.  452 
Burton,  Capt.  R.  F. 

691;   J.  H.  198; 

Mrs.  R.  93 
Burv,  E.  568 ;  Lady 

C.  587 ;  Lady  H. 

H.  A.  588;  P. 

695 ;  Rt.  Hon. 

Vise.  W.  C.  K.  92 
Butler,   E.    H.  97; 

Lady     M.     584 ; 

Miss  H.  704 
Butt,  Mrs.  198;  W. 

H.  L.  470 
Butierfield,  Hon.  T. 

469;   N.  691 
Byde,  E.  L.  455 
Byng,  E.  M.  L.  332 
Byron,  Hon.  F.  588; 
"Hon.    Mrs.    199; 

Hon.  Mrs.  F.  566 
Cadel),  Capt.  H.  M. 

567 
Cadogan,    Mrs.     E. 

•153 
Cahill,  Mrs.  W.  E. 

454 
Calilmann,    Mr.    S. 

565 ;  S.  198 
Caine,  Mrs.  G.  W. 

454 
Cairuess,  J.  E.  95 
Caldecot,  S.  S.  694 
Caldicott,  H.  97 ;  J. 

W.  97 
Callander,  Mrs.  566 
Callcott,  A.  11.354; 

S.  11.35* 
CaHender,      J.      A. 

198 
Callow,  E.  455 
Cambridge,  II. RH. 

the  Duke  of,  691  ; 

II.  T.  695 
Cameron,      A.     M. 

351;       D.     692; 

Mrs.  C.  566 
Campbell,     A.     G. 

695;     E.    F.   96; 

I.  H.  D.  234;  J. 

S.   569 ;  M.  470  ; 

Maj.-Gen.  A. 230; 

Mrs.  G.  692;  Mrs. 

J.  693;  S.  198 
Candy,  J.  J.  330 
Cann,  J.  S.  583 
Capper,  S.  S.  228 
Cardale,  L.  349 
Cardew,  Mrs.  J.  W. 

454 
Cardwell,  Dr.  704 
Carcw,  Mrs.  P.  454 


Carey,  G.  J.   332; 

Mrs.  F.  199 
Carless,  A.  M.  708 
Cannichael,Lady  E. 

A.  232 ;  Lady  G. 

199 
Carnegy,  P.  O.  585 
Carnsew,  T.  S.  202 
Carolin,  S.J.  R.  97 
Carpenter,     G.     C. 

589;    Lieut.-Col. 

232 ;  M.  709 
Carr,    C.    703;    J. 

225;     M.     HI; 

Mrs.  693 
Carrol),  Sir  G.  114; 

Mrs.  F.  567 
Carruthers,J.P.327 
Carter,  Capt.  V.  B. 

D.202;  G.C.695 
Cartwright,J.B.347 
Caruthers,A.G.692 
Carwardine,  E.  570 
Cary,  G.  H.  565 
Case,  B.  E.  B.  95 
Cass,  F.  710 
Castleman,  E.  470 
Castro,  M.  Il.de  695 
Cater,  Capt.  W.  E. 

348 
Cathcart,  Hon.  Mrs. 

707 ;  Mrs.  693 
Caussidiere,  M.  351 
Causton,  H.  E.  569 
Cave-  Brown -Cave, 

W.330 
Cawdor,  Rt.  Hon.  J. 

F.  V.  Earl,  691 
Cawne,  E.471 
Cay,  C.  V.  332 
Chadwick,    Col.    T. 

351 
Challis,  Mrs.  J.  L. 

693 
Chamberlaync,Capt. 

J.  469 
Chamherlin,  G.  201 
Chambers,  Com.  E. 

229:  T.452 
Chambre,  Miss,  584 
Champion,  Mrs.  566 
Chapman,    J.    710; 

R.231;W.E.110; 

W.  H.  96,  468 
Chappell,        Rear- 

Adm.  E.  350 
Charlton,  L.  202 
Chase,  Mrs.  M.C.  94 
Chataway,   Mrs.  J. 

330 
Chatfield,E.C695; 

G.  M.  200 
Chauncy,  G.  200 
Cheek,  L.  M.  348 
Cherry,  C.  470 


726 


Index  to  Names. 


Chesney,Mrs.G.198 
Chester,  H.M.570; 

Mrs.  93 
Chetwode,  Sir  J.  N. 

L.  202 
Chichester,       Hon. 

Mrs.  F.  693;  R. 

B.455;  Rt.  Hon. 

H.  T„  Earl  of,  92 
Child,  Mrs.  A.  94 
Childers,  S.  A.  229 
Chisholm,  G.  C.  T. 

202 
Chitty,  H.  331 
Cholmeley,  J.  691 
Choppin,  J.  C.  328 
Christian,  H.  G.  472 
Churston,  Rt.  Hon. 

Lord,  570 
Cipriani,  O.  F.  696 
Clark,   B.  114;    J. 

707 
Clarke,  C.  L.  331 ; 

G.    N.    469;    J. 

346,350;  L.568; 

L.    T.   354  ;    M. 

O.  584;  Mrs.  94; 

Mr».  C.  H.  694; 

S.  A.  202  ;  T.  202 
Clarkson,    F.   586  ; 

Mrs.  J.  W.  94 
Clayhills,  J.  M.  696 
Clayton,  M.J.  E.  96 
Cleasby,  A.  452 
Cleaver,  W.  225 
Clegg,  W.  331 
Clerke,    Lieut.- Col. 

Sir    W.    H.  354, 

470 
Cleve,Capt.S.A.331 
Cleveland,  E.  Dow., 

Duchess  of,  352 
Clifford- Butler,Hon 

Mrs.  692 
Clifton,  Lady,  229 
Clowes,  M.  708 
Clutterbuck,  E.   L. 

354;  L.  588 
Coates,  L.  M.  332 
Cobbe,     Lieut.-Col. 

C. A.  202 
Cochran,  Mrs.  707 
Cochrane,  J.  228 
Codrington,  Lieut.- 

Gen.SirW.J.  198 
Coetlogon,  C.  P.  de, 

695 
Coffin,  M.  232 
Coker,  C.  A.  96 
Colclough,      Mc  C. 

229 
Cole,  E.  C.  S.  568  ; 

Com.  E.  P.  694 ; 

H.  W.  452  ;  J.  E, 

96;  Mrs.  A.  L.  93 


Colenso,  J.  W.  229 
Coleridge,  H.  706  ; 
J.  D.  452 ;    Mrs. 

F.  J.  565 
Coles,  Mrs.  C.  P.  692 
Collier,  A.  T.  590 
Col  ling  wood,  J.  201 
Collins,  Mrs.  W.692; 

W.  A.  452 
Collinson,  E.  705 
Collis,  J.  590 
Coltman,  W.  B.  200 
Colvil,  A.  S.  709 
Colvile,  Com.  G.  T 

225 
Colville,  Lady,  453 
Comins,  W.  347 
Compson,  E.  A.  234 
Compton,  1.  S.  96 
Coney,  W.  J.  347 
Congleton,        Dow. 

Lady,  469 
Connolly,  A. E.  353; 

Dr.  W.  233 
Constantine,LJ.202 
Conyers,  Lady,  693; 

M.  585 
Cooch,  Mrs.  C.  434 
Cook,  H.  112 
Cooke,  J.  96 
Cookney,  J.  T.  114; 
Cooksey,  C.  470 
Cook8on,Mr8.C566; 

Mrs.  W.  J.  829; 

W.  S.  452 
Cooper,  A.  M.  202  ; 

H.  585  ;  M.  L. 

694 ;  Mrs.  A.  P. 

329  :  M.  L.  95  ; 

W.  455 
Copleston,  F.  704 
Corbet,  G.  F.  570; 

L.  570 
Corbett,  J.  110 
Corner,  A.  B.  349  ; 

C.  454 
Cornwall,    A.    710; 

G.  C.  570 
Cosgreave,  M.  230 
Cotesworth,  C.  198; 

H.  587 

Cotton,  Col.  A.  828; 

H.  L  587;  Mrs. 

H.  330 
Coulson,  \V.  Ill 
Couper,  Col.  Sir  G. 

584 
Courcy,  H.  de,  695 
Court,  Mrs.  J.C.  L. 

330 ;  S.  705 
Cousin  •  Montauban, 

C.G.M.A.A.452 
Covey,  F.  S.  570 
Cox,  D.  E.  202 ;  K. 

R.  695  ;   Mrs.  J. 


E.692;  S.J. 695; 

W.  T.  C.  327 
Cozon,  M.  A.  348 
Cracroft,Maj.H.  588 
Cradock,  C.  E.  97 
Cramptou,SirJ.F.92 
Craven,  J.  A.  332; 

Mrs.  D.  567 
Crawford,  J.  M.  567; 

R.  W.  452 
Crawhall,   Mrs,    T. 

W.  453 
Crawley,  F.  695 
Creelman,  S.  198 
Crespigny,  Lady  de, 

199 
Cress  well,  F.  585 
Crispin,  E.  588 
Crofton,  A.  468 
Croke,  G.  232 
Croly,  G.  110 
Crommelin,  Mrs.  W. 

A.  329 
Crooke,  Mrs.  M.  453 
Crookshank,      Mrs. 

453 
Crosby,  Mrs.  R.  G. 

329 
Cross,  A.  C.  568  ;  J. 

471  ;  W.  S.  589 
Crosse,  Lady  M.  93 ; 

Mrs.  J.  H.  692 
Cross  field,  Mrs.   A. 

567 
Crozton,  G.  695 
Cruttenden,  Mrs.  G. 

W.  453 
Cullum,  S.  H.  227 
Cumberbatch,   Mrs. 

L.  H.  454 
Cumberland,     Maj. 

W.  114 
Cuming,  Mrs.  E.  W. 

200 
Cumming,    Mrs.   J. 

H.  M.  588  ;  Mrs. 

J.  P.  454 
Cureton,  Mrs.  453 
Currer,  Miss  R.  707 
Currey,  E.  S.  470  ; 

Mrs.  E.  C.  566  ; 

Mrs.  J.  B.  329 
Currie,  E.  R.  590; 

J  229 
Curtis,  H.  C.  473 ; 

M.  H.  L.  455 
Curzon,  Hon.  Mrs. 

E.  G.  199 
Cust,  Capt   W.  P. 

198;    H.  C.  703; 

Lady E.  694;  Mrs. 

R.  N.  693 
DadeUzen,  C.  D.  C. 

Ton,  225 
Dalhousie,  Most  No* 


ble  the  Marq.  o£ 

114 
Dalkeith,   C'tess  oi, 

200 
Dalton,  Miss  E.  474 
Dalyell,  E.  G.  570; 

J.  T.  567 
Dampier,    E.   590; 

W.  851 
Danby,  F.  354 
Daniel,  W.  P.  353 
Daniell,  F.  455  ;  L. 

H.  330 
Darby,  M.  474 
Darn  ley,  C'tess  of;  94 
D'Arville,  K.  696 
Darwin,  Mrs.  F.  692 
Dasent,  H.  328 
Dash  wood,  J.  703 
Dauhuz,H.M.C200 
Dautrey,  W.  C.  469 
Davenport,  E.L.233 
Davidson,  Mrs.  199 
Davies,A.  H.S.327; 

A.T.230;G.110; 

J.  R.  J01  ;   Mn. 

A.  H.  S.  694 
Davis,  C.  472 
Davys,  Mrs.  O.  W. 

692 
Dawes,  A.  229 ;  M. 

114,229 
Dawkins,Mrs.C566 
Dawson,  Col.  R.  R. 

586  ;  Mrs.  C.  H. 

692 
Daz,  A.  E.  590 
Day,  F.  707 
Deacon,  H.  W.  96 
Dealtry.Dr.T.  583; 

T.  691 
Dean,  J.  467 
Deane,  F.  E.  332 
Deans,  P.  349 
Deasy,  Rt  Hon.  R. 

452,  568 
De  Bretton,  M.  350 
Deck,  E.  586 
Deering,  Mrs.  453 
De  la  Cour,  C.  468 
Delamere,  Rt.  Hon. 

Lord  H.  200 
De  la  Motte,  Gen. 

P.  353 
De  Lancey,  Lieut- 
Col.  350 
Delepierre,  C.  695 
Denham,  J.  F.  347 
Denroan,   Hon.    G. 

452 ;    Hon.  Mrs, 

G.  200 
Denne,  Capt.  L.  H. 

570;  J.  708;  L. 

455 
Deuneby,  Mn.  198 


Index  to  Names. 


727 


Dennis,  J.  B.  P.  225 
Dennistoun,   A.    P. 

C.  331 
Dennv,  M.  584 
De Norman, Mr.  226 
Dettmar,  G.  202 
Deverel),  W.  H.  327 
Devev,  A.  A.  454 
Dew,' F.N.  694;  G. 

M.  228 
Dewar,  J.  W.  95 
Dias,  H.691 
Dickens,  MiftsG. 230 
Dickenson,  E.H. 696 
Dickey,  C.  691 
Dickinson,       Maj.- 

Gen.  705 
Dickson,  Maj.  710 
Disney,  Capt.  H.  N. 

232 
Ditmas,  L.  K.  201 
Dix,  M.  328 
Dixon,  Mrs.  A.  233; 

Mrs.  H.  693 
Dobie,  £.  M.  694 
Dobson,  R  R.  227 
Doidge,  Mrs.  J.  231 
Donaldson,  J.  W.  347 
Donne,  J.  346 
Dougal,  F.  £.  455 
Douglas,  A.  M.  M. 

202;    C.  455;  E. 

452;  Miss  E.  473; 

Mrs.  A.  A.  199 ; 

Mrs.  B.  94;  S.  112 
Doull,  Mm.  A.  93 
Dove,  M.  V.  96 
Dowers,  A.  470 
Dowland,  II.  227 
Doyle,  B.  W.  328 
D'Oyly,  C.   J.  92; 

Mrs.  C.  J.  567 
Drabble,  M.  A.  352 
Drake,  C.   S.  110; 

F.  C.  382 
Drewe,  W.  B.  570 
Drought,  G.  W.  569 
Drummond,      Hon. 

Mrs.  J.  454 
Drury,  A.  97 
Du  Cane,  Mrs.  E. 

F.  199 
Duckworth,   Sir    J. 

T.  B.  327 
Duff,  Maj.  L.  D.  G. 

692 
Dugmore,  W.  452 
Duke,  E.  95 
Duncan,  F.  E.  97 
Duncombe,  E.  332 
Dundas,  C.  A.  233  ; 

Rt.   Hun.  Sir  D. 

565 
Dunderdale,  H.  347 
Dungan,Maj.W.473 


Dunkin,  H.  229 
Dunsford,  Mrs.  H. 

F.  330,  453 
Du  Pre,  T.  703 
Durand,  Col.  H.  M. 

452 
Durham,C'tessof,93 
Durnford,    Col.    G. 

695 
Durrant,  Sir  T.  H. 

E.  710 

Dyer,  F.  C.  S.  455  ; 

Mrs.  J.  H.  199 
Dyke,  W.  331 
Dyson,  Gen.  470 
Eales,  Capt.G.D.97 
Eccles,  J.  112 
Eden,  Capt  M.  569; 

Hon.  E.  D.  696  ; 

Maj.- Gen.  G.  M. 

691 ;  R.  570 
Edeveain,  R  F.  568 
Edmonds,  W.  J.  96 
Edwards,  C.  353  ;  C. 

K.354;  J.  C.331; 

Mrs.  J.  692;  W. 

583;  W.H.  201 
Egerton,  F.  T.  590; 

lion.  Mrs.  A.  93 ; 

Lady  M.  W.  1 99 
Eglinton  and  Win- 
ton,  C'teh*  of,  94, 

230 
Elliot,  Mrs.  W.  566 
Elliott,  Lady,  709 
Ellin,  A.  A.  96  ;  G. 

468 ;  T.  F.  588 
Ellison,  E.  J.  L.  225; 

M.  J.  229 
Elmhirst,Col.C.201 
Elphinstone,    Lord, 

234 
Elrington,  H.  696 ; 

Mrs.  454;  T.  G. 

704 
Elton,  G.  696;  Lt.- 

Col.  R.  W.  473  ; 

Mrs.  E.  199 
England,    Lt-Gen. 

Sir  11.691;  R.  201 
Erskine,A.M.348; 

F.  M.  201  ;  Hon. 
E.  M.  92 ;  M.  234; 
Mrs.   330  ;    Mrs. 

D.  H.  566 ;  Mrs. 
T.  94 

Esmonde,  J.  570 
Esparanza,  Don  P. 

de,  328 
d'Etlinger,  A.  455 
Evans,  C.  W.  225  ; 

E.  J.  583  ;  F.  E. 
97;  Lady  J.  354; 
Lieut.-Col.  W.  E. 
455;M.201;Maj. 


H.L.454;  R.  H. 

352 ;  S.  708 
Everard,  W.  588 
Everest,  CoL  G.  452 
Everitt,  Mrs.  J.  9* 
Eversley,  W.  691 
Ewart,   Mrs.  C.   B. 

200;  Mrs.J.A.566 
d'Eyncourt,Lady  H. 

199;  Mrs.  L.  94 
Eyre,  F.  G.  350 
Faber,  H.  R.  567 
Faddy,  A.  H.  589 
Fagan,  G.691;  Lt.- 

Col.  C.   G.   231; 

Mrs.  C.  S.  329 
Fair,  Don  J.    198; 

Gen.  A.  352 
Fairbairu,SirP.231 
Fairfield,  D.  W.  G. 

696;  Mr.  198 
Fairtlougb,  Mrs.  C. 

E.  93 
Faithfull,   Mrs.    G. 

566 
Falconar,  Mrs.  566 
Falconer,  C.  228 
Falkenburg,  E.  96 
Falmouth,  Vise' teas, 

9* 
Fane.  Hon.  J.  II.  C, 

92;  L.  709;  Lt- 
Gen.  M.  198 
Fardell,  E351;  T. 

225 
Farley,  T.  455 
Farman,  S.  331 
Farmar,  A.  M.  705 ; 

M.  M.  331 
Farnham,Mr.R.348 
Farquharson,  A.200 ; 

C.  96 ;   L.  M.  A. 

201  ;   Mrs.  R.  O. 

199 
Farr,  F.  696 
Farrell,   Hon.  Mrs. 

693 
Fasson,  S.  H.  96 
Faussett,  Mrs.   93; 

Mrs.  H.  G.  692 
Fawcett,  J.  G.  583 
Fayle,  S.  M.  202 
Fearon,  Mrs.  P.  S. 

566 
Feilden,  Mrs.  H.  A. 

453  ;   R  J.  -68 
Feilding,    Visc'tess, 

329 
Fell,  J.  E.  694 
Fenton,  C.  M.  455  ; 

1.201 
Ferguson,  Capt.  332; 

E.  B.  569;  Mrs. 

567 
Fe»ting, Capt  H.  469 


Ffolkcs,  Mrs.  H.  E. 

B.  330 

Field,   E.  W.  452; 

Hon.  W.  234 
Fielder,  T.  E.  708 
Fiennes,  LadyA.693 
Fife,  Capt.  570 
Finch,  G.  H.  331; 

Mrs.  II.  565 
Fine-ham,  A.  454 
Finder,  C.  229 
Fiulay,  M.  S.  228 
Finnis,  E.  A.  202 
Fish,  T.  L.  585 
Fishburn,  T.  58* 
Fisher,  A.  C.  330 ; 

C.  231 ;  Capt  P. 
708  ;  E.  T.  569  ; 
H.  234  ;  M.  570 

Fitt,  H.  A.  691 
Fitton,  W.  H.  710 
Fitz  Gerald,  F.  A. 

H.  95;     P.  570; 

Rt.  Hon.  Mrs.  J. 

D.  330 

Fitz  Maurice,  A.  E. 

1.95 
Fitz  mau  rice,     Hon. 

J.  T.  455 
Fitz  Roy,  A.  348; 

Hon.  Mrs.  H. 694; 

Lt.   A.    H.   225; 

Lady  F.  93 
Fitzroy,  M.  L.  473 
Fleming,    E.    708; 

LadvA.F.  E.  588 
Floyd,' G.  569 
Fletcher,  A.  691 
Fludyer,  W.  327 
Foley,  Hon.  Mrs.  F. 

A.199;Hon.Mrs. 

H.W.  113 
Follett,  T.  L.  586 
Fonnereau,T.N.696 
Fookes,  M.  G.  567 
Foot,  C.  N.  202 
Forbes,  C.227;  Dow. 

Lady E.  590;  M. 

J.  567;  Mrs.  565 
Fordyce,  A.  T.  D. 

Ill 
Forrester,  J.  J.  710 
Forrest,  M.  224 
Forster,  J.  452  ;  W. 

E.  328 
Fortescue,  J.  695 
Foskey,  M.  231 
Foster,  J.  K.  353; 

Miss,  710;  M.  H. 

200 
Fothergill,  A.  E.  454 
Fothringham,  Lady 

C.  694 
Fourmy,  T.  569 
Fowler,  C.  97;  Mrs. 


728 


Index  to  Names. 


G.  C.  586;  Mrs. 

H.  D.  692 
Fox,  E.  198;  E.  F. 

351  ;  E.  W.  695; 

I.  58!)  ;     Mrs.  C. 

B.  693 
Frankland,    E.    H. 

A.  200 
Fraser,  Capt.  C.  584; 

Capt  J.  585 ;  D. 

692 ;   Hon.  C.  T. 

95;  J.  233;  L.569 
Fredricks,  J.  W.  327 
Freeman,    E.    112; 

E.  D.  707 
Freer,  Dr.  J.  708; 

J.  B.  349 
Freeth,  F.  H.  570 
Fremantle,  Lady  A. 

453 
French,  E.  112;  Lr.- 

Col.  W.  T.  112 
Fripp,  Dr.  J.  474 
Fuller,  J.  G.  114 
Furlonge,W.D.198 
Furly,  C.  P.  585 
Furniss,  J.  E.  694 
Gairdner,  Maj.-  Gen. 

353 
Galbraith,  W.  471 
Galton,  Capt. D. -152 
Gambier,  W.  114 
Gardiner,  J. W.  703; 

Mrs.  T.  G.  693 
Gar  fit,  Mrs.  M.  93 
Gamett,  Capt.  A.W. 

202 
Garrard,  Mrs.  566 
Gatty,  G.  327 
Gaussen,  M.  A.  229 
Geddes,  A.  G.  708 
Gee,Mw.  F.H.300; 

Mrs.T.94;R.703 
Gell,  F.  691 
Gent,  M.  G.  585 
George,  J.  228 
Gibb;Mrs.C.J.329 
Gibbings,  T.  703 
Gibson,  J.  B.  452; 

J.  E.  454;  J.  H. 

A.  201  ;   Mrs.  E. 

693  ;   Mrs.  T.  W. 

199;  W.  C.  328 
Gibsone,  Capt  96 ; 

Maj.- Gen.  D.  A. 

585;  M.474 
Giflbrd,J.W.J.56S; 

Lady.  567 
Gilbee,  H.  A.  331 
Gilbirt,K.472;Mrs. 

E.(LolaMontez), 

349 
Giles,  S.  C.  332 
GiDiug,  Mrs.  G.  R. 

454 


Gipps,  Mrs.  F.  94 
Girdlestone,  M.  471 
Gisborne,  L.  473 
Glascott,  T.  97 
Glegg,  E.  H.  327 ; 

Lt-Col.  707 
Glossop,  F.  583 
Glyn,  Mrs.  93 
Godfrey,   A.  F.  E. 

710;  J.  351 
Godson,  J.  695 
Gold,  C.  454  ;    H.% 

C.  C.  330 
Goldsmid,       Maj.  - 

Gen.  A.  232 
Gomonde,  S.  96 
Gonne,  Mrs.  C.  329 
Gooch,  T.  S.  570 
Good,  A.  M.  E.  200 
Goodall,  I.  470 
Goodenough,  C.  D. 

C.  696 
Goodlake,E.W.691 
Goodrich,  O.  696 
Goodsoii,  W.  354 
Goodwyn,  E.  230 
Gordon,  D.  92 ;  F. 

W.  R.  696 ;  G.  H. 

95;  Hon.Mrs.566; 

J.  A.  96 ;  Maj.W. 

F.  569 ;    Miss  S. 

C.  472 
Gore,  A.  F.  454;  C. 

F.  352 
Gosling,  M.  E.  570 
Gossling,  W.  469 
Gosse,  P.  H.  200 
Goulburn,E.M.452 
Gower,  G.  L.  696; 

W.  L.  228 
Grace,  H.  A.  S.  97 
Graham,    Lady   H. 

94;  Mrs.  J.  453 
Graham-Dunlop,  A. 

568 
Grahame,  A.  H.  331 
Grahamstown,     Bp. 

of,  F.  E.  dau.  of, 

567 
Grange,  Maj.  R.  G. 

353 
Granger,  A.  M.  233 
Grant,  Lady,  565  ; 

Maj.  D.  T.  350 ; 

Maj. -Gen.  Sir  P. 

452  ;  M.  P.  354  ; 

W.  C.  568 
Grattan,     L.    670  ; 

Mrs.  E.  A.  330 
G raves, H.  95;  Maj.~ 

Gen.  H.  M.  707 
Gray,  C.  C.  694;  E. 

454;Mrs.W.199; 

S.    B.    691  ;    W. 

470 


Greathed,    Col.    H. 

200 ;  E.  F.  568 
Greatorex,  J.  704 
Greaves,    G.    230 ; 

Mrs.  J.  692;    It. 

327 
Greenfield,  T.  707 
Green,  J.   G.   328; 

Lt.  J.  352;  Mrs. 

A.  453 
Greene,  Rt.  Hon.  R. 

W.  586 
Greenlaw,  E.  590 
Greenstock,  W.  567 
Greenwood,  G.  327 
Gregson,  I.  114 
Grenfell,  C.  W.  708 
Gresham,  R.  696 
Grey,  Capt  G.   H. 

95;  Lt.C.W.348; 

Mrs.  F.  D.  329; 

Rt.Hon.SirG.452 
Griesbach,  H.E.3J8 
Griffith,  C.  A.  202; 

C.  M.  202 
Griffiths,  A.  E.  471; 

C.   A.   455  ;    H. 

W.  201 
Grigg,  C.  472 ;    L. 

P.  694 
Grundy,  A.  234 
Gubbins,  N.  L.  567 
Guest,  K.  G.  569 
Guilford,  F.N.,  Earl 

of,  347 
Guise,  V.  G.  468 
Gum  pert,  A.  C.  328 
Gunnery,  R.  570 
Gunning,  Mrs.P.  454 
Gurdon,  Mrs.  E.  567 
Gurney,  S.  327 
Gwilt,  L.  590 
Gwynne,    Hon.    G. 

M.  350 
Hacon,  E.  A.  228 
Haddington,     Dow. 

C'tess  of,  354 
Haggard,  Mrs.  199 
Hailes,  M.  706 
Haines,  W.  F.  590 
Hale,  Mrs.  E.  566 
Hales,  Lady  L.  229; 

M.  A.  472 
Ha) ford,  Hon.  Mrs. 

A.  566 
Halkett,  E.  I.  201 ; 

Lady,  693 
Hall,  Lt.-Col.  J.  T. 

590;   Mrs.  A.W. 

693  ;  S.  202  ;  Sir 

J.  350 
Hallett,G.A.J.  114; 

M.  A.  96 
Hambro,C.J.Baron, 

568 


Ha  mb  rough,     Hon* 
Mrs.  A.  567 

Hamerton,  Lt.-Col. 

112 
Hames,  Mrs.  H.  G. 

94 
Hamilton,  C.E.  96; 

Dr.  R.  92 ;  F.  H. 

228;  F.  M.  331  ; 

J.  471;    M.  473; 

Mrs.  93, 199;  Mm. 

F.350;  Mrs. J. 329 
Hampson,  Mrs.  W. 

S.  329 
Hanbury,    Mrs.    R. 

199 
Hancock,  G.696;  J. 

710  ;  Mra.  W.  9t 
Hannah,  Col.  S.  F. 

583 
Hansler,  J.  97 
Hanson,  S.  114 
Han  well,  J.  201 
Harbin,  M.  J.  695 
Harcourt,  Mrs.  94 
Harding,  G.  R.  695 ; 

J.  703;    Mrs.  H. 

M.  693 
Hardy,  C.  589;  G. 

201;    J.   92;    J. 

C.  705 
Hare,   £.  568;    P. 

832 
Hargraves,  Mrs.  94 
Hartnan,  T.  1 1 1 
Harmar,  M.  473 
Harnett,  F.  W.  96 
Harraden,  A.  M.201 
Harrington,  A.  47 1 
Harris,  M.  E.  568  ; 

Mrs.  R.  199 
Harrison,    G.    473 ; 

Maj  .-Gen.  A.   R. 

470;   Mrs.  E.  F. 

454;  R.471;  R. 

E.   694;    W.   G. 

330 
Hartley,  W.  467 
Harvey,  E.  C.  97; 

G.  N.  198;  J.  233 
Harwood,  A.  232 
Hassall,  Mrs.  R.  566 
Hassard,  C.  691 
Hasted,  H.  569 
Hastings,  A.  G.  470 
Hatch,  Mrs.  W.  S. 

329 
Hatchard,   Mrs.    G. 

693 
Hatfeild,  R  W.  705 
Hatfield,  J.  H.  583 
Hathway,  H.  W.  M. 

468 
Hatton,  Mrs.  W.  F. 

94 


Index  to  Names. 


729 


Hausburg,  C.  570 
Haverfield,   Mrs.   J. 

T.  9* 
Havers,  R.  225 
Hawarden,  Visc'tess, 

93 
Hnwkes,  C.  S.  202 
Hawkins,      Lt-Col. 

H.   589;     G.   V. 

569 
Hawks,  M.  S.  869 
Hay,  Hon.Mrs.566; 

M.  A.  97;    Maj. 

R.  J.  570;    Miss 

L.   233;     R.    W. 

709;    S.   95;    Sir 

J.  D.  474,  584 
Hayes,  U.452 
Hayter,  A.  C.  455 ; 

Mrs.  W.  G.  566 
Hay  ward  -  South  by, 

J.  472 
Haywood,  A.  H.  200 
Head,    Capt.   S.  C. 

696 ;  Rt.  Hon.  Sir 

E.  W.  92 
Hralley,  Mrs.  H.D. 

93 
Heap,  R.  570 
Heard,  E.  569 
Heartley,  Capt.  469; 

Capt  A.  354 
Heatb,  W.  H.  233 
Heathcoat,  J.  349 
Heathcote,  J.  M.  97 
Helmore,  H.  225 
Helsham,  A.  709 
Henderson,  C.  A  P. 

202;    F.  228;   J. 

M.  C.  696 
Heneage,  L.  454 
Hen-Gennys,  C.201 
Hennah,  Mrs.  589 
Henry,  Lt-Gen.  J. 

114 
Henslow,  J.  S.  703 
Henty,  R.  695 
Heppel,  G.  454 
Herbert,    Lady    A. 

112;  R.347;  RU 

Hon.  S.  198 
Hervey,  Capt  F.  F. 

W.587;    E.A.  C. 

354;     F.    M.    L. 

113;  Mrs.  G.  330 
Hesketh,     Mrs.    W. 

P.  693;  W.  R.95 
Hewett,     Capt     G. 

470;    F.  S.  234; 

Mrs.   W.  N.   W. 

567 
Hevgate,    Mrs.   W. 

U.   200;     W.    U. 

328 
Hey  ward,  J.  H.  327 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol. 


Hey  wood,  J.  J.  95 
Hickes,  E.  M.  332 
Hickin,  W.  347 
Hickley,  Mrs.  453 
Hicks,  E.  327;  Mr*. 

B.  692;  Mrs.  J. 

C.  94 
Higginson,T.C694 
Hill,  E.  E.  707  ;  E. 

N.    330;     F.    E. 

569 ;      Lady     E. 

232,  566 
Hilliard,  F.  J.  347 
Hillyer,Mrs.C693; 

W.  R.  233 
Hilton,  J.  468 
Hinchliff,    Mrs.   C. 

H.  453 
Hind,  H.  474 
Hine,  H.  T.  C.  847 
Hitchcock,  M.  234; 

Mrs.  W.  H.  693 
Hoare,  A.  S.  696 
Hohson,  A.  P.  452; 

Mrs.  J.  565 
Hoby,  E.  47 1 
Hodge,  J.  568 ;  W. 

583 
Hodgkinson,      Mrs. 

R.  J.  693 
Hodgson,  J.  L.  583 ; 

R.  692 
Hodson,   M.  V.   E. 

230 
Hogarth,    Mrs.    G. 

693 
Hogg,   C.   L.  201; 

J. 229;  S.  200 
Hohenlohe  Langen- 

berg,    Prince    V. 

of,  331 
Holden,  Mrs.  566 
Holdsworth,  Col  T. 

W.    E.    114;    R. 

225 
Hole,  F.  570 
Holland,    Mrs.    W. 

567 
Holley,  Miss,  584 
Hollingworth,  L.455 
Holme,  M.  J.  228 
Holmes,  J.  584;  J. 

M.  454 
Holworthy,     D.    S. 

587 
Honywood,    F.    H. 

202 
Hood,  N.  M.  332 
Hooper,    Lieut.   H. 

H.  588 
Hope,   C.  W.  694; 

Miss  332 
Hopegood,  Mrs.  F. 

V.  199 
Hoj  er,  E.  472 
CCX. 


Hopes,  W.  327 
Hope- Scott,    J.    R. 

201 
Hopkins,    Mrs.    T. 

M.  567;  T.  709 
Hore,  E.  568 
Hornby,  F.  H.570; 

G.  474;  Lady  M. 

S.  230 ;  V.  S.  202 
Home,  E.  L.  696; 

Mrs.  453 
Horton,  F.  E.  586 
Horwood,  C.  332 
Hoskins,  T.  353 
Howard,  A.  C.  233 ; 

F.  696;  J.  584; 
K.  E.  350;  Lady 
V.  F.  201;  R. 
827 ;  Rt.  Hon.  E. 

G.  F.  328 
Howell,  J.  R.  202  ; 

W.  W.  353 
Howison,  W.  Y.227 
Howman,  E.  J.  570 
Hosier,  J.  C.  568 
d'Huart,  I.  F.  587 
Hudleston,  A.  696 
Hudson,  Mrs.  E.  T. 

199;  R.570 
Huffam,  B.  VI.  696 
Hughes,  G.  S.  694 ; 

H.  M.  228;  J.  H. 

568 ;      Mrs.     M. 

454 ;  Mrs.  W.  T. 

198;  W.  B.  327 
Hulle,  L.  F.  234 
Hulme,    J.  J.  97 ; 

W.  472 
Hulse,  Lady,  93 
Hume,  Lieut.  F.  A. 

330 ;  T.  E.  234 
Hunt,  A.  351  ;    F. 

D.   201;     H.   A. 

452 
Hunter,  A.  202 ;  H« 

L. 327 ;  J.  709 
Huntly,    C.   Marq. 

of,  328 
Hurcomb,  F.  B.  455 
Hurt,  F.  587 
Hurtado,  A.  330 
Hutchinson,  Mrs.  A. 

R.  E.  330 
Hutchison,  R.  691 
Hutley,  W.587 
Hutton,  C.  114;  W. 

Ill 
Hyde,  C.  C.  349 
Inderwick,J.E.201 
Inge,  Maj.  C.  97 
Ingham,  Capt  696 
lnglefield,F.H.568; 

Mrs.  567,  693 
Inglis,  Mrs.  329 
Iunjan,  Mrs.  C.  199 


Innes,  Mrs.  F.  W. 

93 
Irving,  C.  703;    P. 

W.  202 
Isaacs,  A.  A.  569 
Isaacson,  E.  C.  H. 

230 
Jackson,  E.  C.  350 ; 

Sir  G.  708 
James,  C.L.M.570; 

C.  P.  455;  E.  331; 

E.  J.  565  ;  H.  M. 

570;  Mrs.  H.  H. 

13;    T.  M.  Ill; 

W.  708 
Jameson,  Col.  G.  I. 

568 ;  T.  L.  201 
Jamieson,  R.  588 
Jay,  W.  T.  848 
Jebb,  C.  228;   F.  B. 

570;  Sir  J.  452 
Jelf,  G.  E.  695 
Jenkins,  Dr.  J.  587 ; 

J.  Ill 
Jenkinson,  F.  A.  113 
Jenner,  Dr.  W.  828 
Jenney,  C.  F.  232 
Jennings,  R.  228 
Jervis,  Mrs.  229 
Jervis-  White- J  ervis, 

Lady  M.  473 
Jex-Blake,  Mrs.  T. 

W.  93 
Jodrell,    Sir    R.   P. 

234 
Joel,  J.  328 
Johns,   Mrs.  C.   A. 

567 
Johnson,  J.   S.   W. 

692;  Mrs.  C.  G. 

330 ;  Mrs.  G.  H. 

S.  566 
Johnston,     H.     M. 

568 ;  L.  231 
Johnstone,  Mrs.  R. 

G.  H.  566 
Jolit,  I.  228 
Jol  lands,  W.  230 
Jolliffe,  Lady  A.  H. 

93 ;  P.  W.  468 
Jonassohn,  Mrs.  M. 

J.  94 
Jones,   C.   E.    567; 

G.M.97;  H.350; 

H.H.468;  J.354; 

J.  M.  200 ;  Lady, 

566;Mrs.M.709; 

Mrs.  M.  L.  566 ; 

R.  P.  202 
Jonson,  F.  198 
Jordan,    E.    E.    E. 

694;  Maj.  569 
Joseph,  J.  469 
Jubb,  W.  455 
Julian,  R.A.I  10 

4T 


730 


Index  to  Names. 


Karney,  Mrs.  G.  S. 

329 
Karr,  Mrs.  W.  S.  S. 

199 
Karslake,  J.  B.  452 
Kay,  Dr.  W.  233 
Kaye,  E.  708 
Keeling,  H.  H.  696 
Keene,  A.  A.  354; 

H.  R.  202 
Kekewich,  Mrs.  A. 

330 
Kelly,  M.  L.  229 
Kelsal,  H.  228 
Kendall,    Mrs.    H. 

198 
Kennedy,    Mrs.    C. 

94 
Kennerley,  J.  331 
Kenrick,  J.  B.  694 
Kensington,  Rt.  Hon. 

Lord  W.691 
Kent,    Duchess    of, 

474 
Kentish,  J.  474 
Kenyon,  Mrs.  A.  R. 

567 
Ker,  Hon.  Mrs.  329 
Kerr,  W.  W.  R.  452 
Kettlewell,  £.  331 
Keyt,  Lt-Col.  234 
Kidd,  B.  M.  232 
Kinahan,  J.  200 
Kindersley,  Mrs.  F. 

M.  199;  Mrs.  R. 

C.  453 

King,  H.  W.   569; 
J.  347,  691 ;    L. 

D.  696 ;  Mrs.  S. 
94 

King- Church,  C.  M. 

570 
Kingsdown,     Lord, 

452 
Kinloch,  Lady,  473 
Kinnebrook,  Mr.849 
Kirby,  A.  455;  M. 

A.  232 ;  R.  C.  828 
Kirke,   A.   E.  569; 

St.  G.  347 
Kirsopp,  E.  706 
Kirwan,  Mrs.  R.  454 
Klasen,  P.  J.  695 
Knapp,  C.  T.  570 
Knight,  E.  570;  E. 

C.  694 
Knollys,  Lt-Col.  E. 

58* 
Knox,  Hon.  Mrs.  V. 

Ill;  Mrs.  454 
Knyvett,    F.  A.   C. 

332 
Labuan,  Bp.  of,  wife 

of,  453 
Laiog,  W.  C.  586 


Laird,  Mr.  M.  351 
Lake,  Mrs.  J.  J.  93 
Lambe,  T.  R  347 
Lambert,  Lad  v,  329; 

Mrs.  W.  329 
Landon,  E.  H.  567 
Lane,    Mrs.    N.   J. 

692 
Lang,    Mrs.   F.    H. 

94 
Langdale,  C.  233 
Langdon,  K.  A.  332 
Lang  ford,    Mrs.   T. 

692 
Langley,  A.  J.  692 
Lant,  R.  233 
Larken,  Dr.  E.   L. 

M.  584 
Larkins,     Maj.     R. 

454 
Lascelles,  C.  H.  96 ; 

Hon.  Mrs.  E.  329 
La  Toucbe,  A.  695 
Lauder,  H.  470 
Lauzun,      A.       N. 

709  ;  Capt.  F.  D. 

5b6 
Lavie,  A.  233 
Law  ford,  E.  S.  234; 

F.  A.  584 
Lawrence,  G.  H.332 
Lawrie,  C.  350 
Lawson,  Lady  C.  C. 

233;  Mrs.  J.  329 
Lawton,  H.  694 
Layard,  A.  H.  92; 

B.  V.  583 
Leader,  N.  P.  452 ; 

W.  469 
Lear,  F.  328 
Leathes,   Mrs.   Hill 

M.  694 
Le  Bas,  C.  W.  347 
Leckie,  Mrs.  W.199 
Lee,  E.  97 
Leeke,  Lady  A.  S. 

710;      Lady     H. 

692 
Lees,  H.  J.  95 ;  Lt 

H.  C.  227;  Mrs. 

J.  L.  L.  94 
Lefroy,  C.  E.  705 
Legard,   Sir  T.   D. 

114 
Legge,  F.  L.  568; 

G.  351 

Leigh,  F.  G.   112; 

Hon.      S.     696 ; 

Lady,  200 
Lennard,  J.  569 
Lennox,  F.  455 
Leslie,   Lt.-Gen.  J. 

354,469;  Mrs.C. 

S.  330 
L'Estrange,  S.  710 


Lethbridge,  Mrs.  E. 

C.692 
Leuw,  Dr.  de,  234 
Levesou,  M.  E.  G. 

328 
Lavi,  F.  695 
Lewin,  Capt.  G.  695 
Lewis,  A.  229;    C. 

M.   332;    J.   H. 

565;  R.709;  W. 

D.  350 
Liddell,  Hon.  A.  F. 

O.    452 ;      Hon. 

Mrs.  A.  329 
Liebert,  J.  201 
Light,   Mrs.  W.  E. 

93 
Lightfoot,  J.  B.  328, 

691 ;  T.  F.  454 
Lilford,  Lady,  566 ; 

Lord,  474 
Lilly,  S.  452 
Lincoln,  Earl  of,  332 
Lindsay,  Hon.  Mrs. 

H.   G.   566;     T. 

350 
Lin  wood,   Mrs.   W. 

566 
Lipscomb*  8.  352 
Little,    Mrs.  J.   R. 

330 
Llewelyn,  J.  T.  D. 

695 
Lloyd,    E.    W.    C. 

455;  Mrs.  H.453; 

R.  W.  111,224 
Loch,  H.  B.  691 
Locke,  J.  692 
Locker,   E.   M.   E. 

587,  708 
Lockhart,    Lt-Col. 

569 
Lodge,  Mrs.  S.  93 
Loft  us,  Lord  A.  W. 

F.  S.  92 
Logan,  Lieut  A.  G. 

D.567 
London,  Lord  Mayor 

of,  452 
Long,   H.  H.  202; 

M.  E.  201 ;  Mrs. 

R.  P.  329 
Longe,  M.  C.  A.  332 
Longlanda,    E.    D. 

570 
Longman,  A.  M.  S. 

231 
Longstaffe,    W.  H. 

D.  455 
Loraine,  I.  J.  569 
Lord,  E.  705 
Lory,  A.  694 
Lough,    C.    E.    B. 

454 
Lound,  T.  468 


Lore,  Capt  590 
Loveden,  P.  327 
Lovell,  Lt-Gen.  Sir 

L.  B.  473 
Lowe,     Comm.     F. 

233  ;  E.  W.  703  ; 

Mrs.   A.  329;  T. 

346;  T.  H.225 
Lowndes.  G.  A.  327 ; 

Mrs.  J.  200 
Lowry,  Mrs.  H.  93 
Loyd,  W.  J.  327 
Lucas,  Capt.  R.  707; 

M.  A.  569 ;  Mrs. 

C.  H.  693 
Lucena,  M.  C.  473 
Lucy,  H.  695 
Ludlow,  M.  232 
Lufkin,  G.  97 
Lumley,     Miss    E. 

469;  J.  S.  82 
Lumsden,  J.  201,232 
Lund,  J.  G.  471 
Lupton,  S.  696 
Lutterell,  F.  H.568 
Lyall,  C.S.  96 
Lydiard,  M.  E.  350 
Lynch,  Capt.  C.468; 

H.  J.  565 
Lynes,  R.  F.  332 
Lyons,  Lord,  92 
McAllister,  Mrs.  J. 

94 
Macaodrew,    Sir  J. 

200 
Macartney,  Capt  J. 

L.473 
Macaulay,   Mrs.   S. 

H.  94 
Macbean,  E.  96 
McCalmont,  Mra.T. 

93 
McChristie,    T.    Y. 

114 
M'Clean,  J.  R.  452 
Macclesfield,   C'teaa 

of,  94 
Macdonald,  Hon.  A. 

353;    Hon.    Mrs. 

693  ;     Maj.-Gen. 

G.  198 
Macdonell,  Capt  J. 

706 
McDonnel,    Sir    E. 

112 
Mac  Evoy,  J.  J.  95 
Mac  Gregor,      Mi&s 

M.    J.   473;    W. 

454 
Mc Hardy,  Lieut.  J. 

G.  G.  201 
McHutchin,  M.  W. 

200 
M'Kelltr,  H.  327 
Mackenzie,  Capt  A. 


Index  to  Names. 


731 


583;  D.328;  Sir 

K.  S. 96 
Mackie,  Mrs.  J.  329 
Mackinnon,   K.    M. 

354 
Mackintosh,  C.  705 ; 

Mrs.  93 
Maclaine,   Gen.  Sir 

A.  473 
Mac  Lauchlan,  Mrs. 

J.  472 
McLaughlin,  M.  S. 

A.  455 ;  Mrs.  £. 

93 
Maclean,  J.  92 ;  W. 

G.  G.  695 
Mac  Leod,  A.  233  ; 

L.  C.  97 
Maclise,  W.  709 
McMurdo,  Mrs.  454 
Macnahb,  F.  201 
Macnamara,    J.    A. 

229 
McNeil],  Mrs.  A.693 
Macpherson,  F.  587 
Macqueen,  J.  F.  452 
McTaggart,  C.  95 
Madan,  Mrs.  199 
Madden,  Mrs.  J.  W. 

692 
Maddox,  J.  M.  472 
Magee,  Mrs.  567 
Magrath,  A.N.  230; 

C.  M.  473 
Maguire,    Mrs.    R. 

566 
Mainwaring,  L.  A. 

C.  A.  568 
Maitland,Dr.J.704; 

M.  T.  350 
Majendie,  E.  A.  332 
Major,  D.  B.  708 
Makeson,    Mrs.   H. 

B.693 
Malcomson,  Capt  J. 

H.  P.  200 
Malet,  S.  L.  230 
Malhao,  F.  R.  da  S. 

227 
Man,E.E.455;  W. 

455 
Manclark,  Mrs.  W. 

199 
Manchester, D'chess 

of,  93 
Mandeville,    J.    H. 

474 
Mangles,  M.  831 
Mann,  Mrs,  567 
Manners,    E.    469 ; 

Mrs.  H.  R.  330 
Mansel,  A.   E.  96; 

Mrs.  G.  330 
Mapletoft,  A.  233 
Mapleton,  H.  201 


March  ant,  E.  455 
Marder,  M.  695 
Margesson,  Mrs.  R. 

566 
Marker,  R.  707 
Markham,  U.  R.96; 

Mrs.  330 
Marrable,  E.  201 
Marriott,  Mrs.  G.  94 
Marsden,  W.  467 
Marsh,  A.  354;  D. 

201,  585  ;  M.  M. 

P.   696;    Sir   H. 

113;  W.  703 
Marshall,  E.M.96; 

G.  695 ;  J.  354 ; 

Mrs.  F.  A.  S. 693; 

Mrs.  J.  566;  Mrs. 

R.    D.    282;    T. 

588  ;  W.  J.  96 
Marston,  E.  B.  228 ; 

Mrs.  C.  D.  94 
Martin,  A.  696;  C. 

W.  381;   H.   M. 

201  ;  L.  J.  707 ; 

Maj.  H.  C.  709 ; 

Mrs.  W.  E.  199  ; 

R.  F.  587  ;  S.  346 
Martino,  M.  G.  de, 

691 
Marzials,  F.  M.  473 
Mason,  J.  H.  347; 

T.  W.  Ill 
Massey,  A.  F.  331 
Master,  Lt.-Col.  W. 

C.  C.  455  ;  M.  A. 

568 
Masters,  Dr.  468 
Matcham,W.E.  201 
Matchell,  M.  200 
Ma  the  son,  Mrs.  A. 

330;  Mrs.  C.  453 
Mathias,  E.  473  ;  G. 

710 
Mattam,  F.  353 
Matthew,  Mrs.  D.  S. 

567 
Matthews,  E.  228 
Matthey,  Mrs.  A.  93 
Maude,  J.  468 
Maul,  S.W.  847, 468 
Maunoir,  Prof.  I.  P. 

234 
Maunsell,   Mrs.   E. 

454 
Maura,  Don  J.  691 
Maxwell,  J.  C.  469 ; 

Mrs.  C.  F.  566 
May,  E.  H.  696 ;  J. 

201  ;  M.  S.  695 
Mayers,  Mrs.  H.  93 
Maynard,    Mrs.    E. 

G.  330 
Mayne,  Mrs.  T.  692 
Mead,  Mrs.  C.J.  829 


Medley,  Mrs.  566 
Medlycott,  J.  M.  95 
Mee,  F.  228 
Mein,  S.  L.  587 
Mellish,  G.  452 
Melvill,  Mrs.  P.  S. 

565 
Mence,  S.110 
Menzies,  A.  96;  E. 

114;  J.  S.  95 
Meredith,  F.  S.  97 
Merest,  J.  D.  230 
Mesham,  A.  202 
Metcalfe,  J.  W.  225  ; 

Mrs.    693;    Mrs. 

F.   93;    R.   228, 

568 
Mexborough,     Earl 

of,  229 
Meyer,  A.  J.  200 
Michel,  Mrs.  330 
Michell,     A.    232; 

Capt.  W.  T.  Ill; 

L.232 
Middleton,  G.  589 
Mildmay,L;idy,199; 

Mrs.  B.  692 
Miller,  Capt.  C.231; 

W.  468,  472 
Milles,    Hon.   Mrs. 

693 
Milligan,  Capt.  97 
Mills,    H.   452;    J. 

Ill 
Milman,    Capt.   W. 

D.  848;  Col.   G. 

B.  696  ;  Mrs.  199 
Milne,  A.  588 
Milner,  E.  W.  201 
Miines,  C.  H.  228 
Mingay,  J.  231 
Mirehouse,  H.  694 
Mitchell,     H.    202  ; 

Mrs.  J.  566 
Moberly,    Mrs.    H. 

E.  199 
Moflatt,  Mrs.  G.  330 
Mogg,  Mrs.  200 
Moilliet,  J.  327 
Monck,LadyM.47l 
Moncrieft)    J.    695 ; 

J.  E.  S.  110;  Sir 

H.  W.  198 
Money,  Mrs.  G.  W. 

453 ;  W.  J.  454 
Monk,  H.  G.  584 
Monsell,  E.  I.  587 
Montague,  G.  198; 

Mrs.  J.  693 
Monteith,  A.  E.  233 
Montemolin,  Count, 

234 ;  C'tess,  234 
Montgomery,  Lady 

C.  829 

Moore,  A.  L.  710; 


Capt  W.  H.  470 ; 

E.  229 ;  E.  J.  K. 

201;  Mrs.  G.  B. 
692  ;  M.  W.  232 
Mooyaart,  E.  97 
Moreau,  M.  C.  112 
Moresby,  M.  F.  454 
Moreton,    Mrs.     R. 

693 
Morgan,  A.  331 ;  C. 
454;  E.  709;  E. 

H.  S.  472 
Morice,  R.  G.  110 
Morison,  A.  C.353 
Morley,  E.  381 
Morrice,  Mrs.  W.  D. 

693 
Morris,  E.  695 ;  Mrs. 

566;  Mrs.  G.   B. 

199;  Mrs.  H.  94; 

R  585 
Morse,   Mr.    F.   H. 

692 
Morton,  C.  W.  695 
Mosley,  M.  S.  569; 

P.  696 
Mostyn,  Hon.  T.  E. 

M.  L.  709 
Mott,  J.  T.  827 
Mould,  H.  232 
Moultrie,  C.  227 
Mounsey,  A.  B.  583 
Mourilyan,  M.  351 
Moxon,  Lieut.  J. 348 
Mulcaster,  F.  M.  95 
Mules,  M.  228 
Mulock,  Maj.  202 
Muller,  Mrs.  M.  199 
Mundy,  Adm.  Sir  G. 

354 
Munro,  W.  471 
Murchison,  E.  113 
Murray,  D.  M.  201 

Lady  S.  C.  M.  95 

Lord  J.  C.  P.  5'  5 

Rt.  Hon.  Lady  A. 

A.  L.  114 
Mush,  M.  331 
Muttlebury,  Col.  G. 

353 
Myers,  J.  M.  467; 

M.  200 
Mynors,  Mrs.W.  B. 

94 
Napier,   C.  G.   97; 

Lord,   92;    Maj.- 

Gen.  Sir  R.  452  ; 

Mrs.  W.  330,  566 
Nash,   J.    E.    567; 

Mrs.  G.  L.  330 
Nation,  W.  588 
Neave,  K.  468 
Nedham,  Mrs.  330 
Need  ham,  Lady  E. 

230 


732 


Index  to  Names. 


Nelson,  T.  586 
Nepean,    Capt.    H. 

M  568 
Netterville,  Hon.  M. 

95 
Nevile,  Mrs.  C.  698 
Newbery,  C.  J.  232 ; 

T.  583 
Newland,  A.  E.  W. 

584 
Newlands,  J.  233 
Newlove,  E.  230 
Newman,    C.    570  ; 

S.568 
Newton,  C.  T.  695  ; 

F.  W.  327  ;  Mrs. 

453  ;  M.  W.  455 
Neyland,  M.  228 
Nicholas,  E.  231 
Nicholl,  Mrs.  J.  C. 

693 
Nicholls,  Maj.  H.  J. 

348 
Nicholson,     G.    H. 

350  ;  G.  J.  589 
Nickle,  Miss  J.  232 
Nicol,  A.  198 
Nicolls,  Mrs.  R.  O. 

T.  94 
Nicol  son,    Lady  A. 

590 
Niebuhr,  J.  F.  W. 

691 
Nisbet,  Mrs.  T.  329 
Nixon,  Mrs.  A.  199 
Noble,  J.  W.  232 
Noel,  Mrs.  B.  453 
Norfolk,   Duke    of, 

112 
Norman,  M.  O.  97 
North,  F.  347 
Northcote,A.H.110; 

Capt.  L.  569 
Northen,  Dr.  F.  H. 

233 
Nottingham,  Archd. 

of,  H.  A.  dau.  of, 

96  ;  R.  N.  709 
Nunn,  J.  703 
Oakes,  J.  347 ;  Lt- 

Col.  455  ;  M.   L. 

112 
Oakley,  T.  587 
O'Brien,    H.    848; 

Mrs.  E.  D.  329; 

Mrs.  H.  M.  S.  94 
O'Connor,  M.  568 
Odell,  E.  L.  705 
Ogilvie,  Mrs.  692 
Ogilvy,  M.  A.  S  587 
O'llara,  Mrs.  C.  W. 

94 
Oldbury,  E.  331 
Oldfield,   Mrs.    93; 

Mts.  R.  565 


O'Leary,    Maj.    A. 

472 
Oliphant,    L.    452; 

Mrs.  J.  351 
Oliver,  G.  586  ;  R. 

M.  471 
Olliver,  G.  710 
Ommanney,   C.  M. 

569 
Onslow,  W.  L.  92 
Oranmore  &  Browne, 

Lady,  199 
Ord,  Lieut.- Col.  H. 

S.  G.  328 
Ormston,    Mrs.    H. 

B.453 
Orpen,  Mrs.  E.  C. 

93 
Orchard,  E.  A.  331 
O'Reilly,    Hon.   R. 

848 
Orme,  Mrs.  W.  830 
Orson,  M.  96 
Osborn,  F.  695 
Osborne,    Lady  W. 

G.  199;  Lord  S. 

G.  590 
Osier,  T.  232 
OuHkerk,    G.    452, 

691 
Ouseley,  F.  R.  455 
Outram,  Lieut-Gen. 

Sir  J.  452 
Owen,  Col.  H.  228  ; 

H.703;  H.J. 97; 

Sir  J.  353;  Sir  H. 

O.  452 
Oxemlen,  Lieut.-Col. 

C.  V.  567 
Oxley,   Mrs.   J.    S. 

329 
Packe,  A.  347 ;  Mrs. 

H.  V.  93 
Packer,  J.  703;  Mrs. 

J.  G.  93 
Pagani,  Dr.  230 
Paget,   A.   H.  198; 

Lady      A.     454; 

Lord  G.  454 
Palmer,   E.  95;  E. 

B.   706;    H.   W. 

474;   J.    328;   J. 

J.  588  ;  Lieut.  C. 

589;  Mrs. CO' B. 

198;  Mrs.  S.  G. 

453 
Palmeraton.Rt.Hon. 

H.  J.  Vise.  565 
Parish,  Mrs.  W.  S. 

556 
Park,  Mrs.  J.  A.  566 
Parker,  Capt.  R.  B. 

585;    C.  G.    96; 

F.95;  F.  L.696; 

H.    A.    A.     95; 


Lady,  199;  Mrs. 

W.  566 
Parr,  J.  H.  95 
Parry,   C.   L.  567; 

L.  H.  454 
Parsons,  Rear- A  dm. 

R.  W.  850 
Partridge,  J.  A.  468 
Pa*ke,  F.  96 
Pasley,  Gen.  Sir  C. 

W.590;  Mrs  566 
Paterson,  Lt.-Col.  J. 

231 
Patten,  A.  704 
Patterson,  L.  H.  350 
Patteson,  J.  H.  97 
Pauer,  E.  354 
Paul,  C.  583 
Pauli,  Mrs.  R.  453 
Pawson,  W.  P.  327 
Peacock,  A.  S.570; 

C  G.  455 
Peace,  W.  349 
Pearce,  G.  224  ;  R. 

584 
Pears,  A.  E.  95 
Pearse,  B.  E.  696 
Pearson,  H.  J.  95 
Peddon,  E.  585 
Peel,  Capt.  227 ;  G. 

C.  568;  Lady  J. 

586  ;  Mrs.  A.  566 
Peirce,  C.  S.  473 
Pelegrin,  Don  M.  J. 

691 
Pellew,  G.  696 
Pelly,  Mrs.  93 
Pemberton,    F.    M. 

568;  R.  L.  327; 

S.691 
Pennefather,     Hon. 

Mrs.  E.  589;  R. 

T.  691 
Pennell,  W.  230 
Penruddock,  I.  382 
Penruddok,  C.  827 
Perceval,  A.  691 
Percival,  R.  352 
Perfect,  A.  P.  568 
Per  ley,  A.  95 
Perrot,  S.  H.  114 
Perry,    Mrs.  W.  J. 

93;  S.C.200 
Pery,  Hon.  E.S.231 
Pester,  G.  L.  H.  569 
Peter,  R.  G.  96 
Petre,    Dow.    Lady, 

354;  Lady  G. 694 
Petry,  H.  J.  95 
Petter,  W.  471 
Pettiward,  Lady  F. 

567 
Phelps,  P.  200 
Pbibbs,  Hon.  S.  565 
Philips,  J.  W.  327 


Phillipps,  E.  707 
Phillips,  E.  L.  200; 

Hon.   Mrs.    199; 

S.  472 
Philpott,   Dr.   691  ; 

Mrs.  R.  S.  453 
Picken,  Mrs.  R.  692 
Pickersgill,    H.    H. 

232 
Pigueur,  T.  352 
Pilling,  C.  R.  346    . 
Pinckney,  Mrs.  453 
Pine-Coffiu,    J.    T. 

347 
Pinniger,  J.  113 
Pirie,  A.  706 
Pitcairn,  A.  A.  231 
Place,  E.  708 
Play  fair,  Lieut.  >  Col. 

Sir  H.  L.  350 
Plomley,  F.  233 
Plumptre,  Mrs.  J.  B. 

94 
Plumridge,      Lady, 

830 
Pole,  C.  C.  Van  N. 

694 
Pollard,  W.  231;  W. 

B.  691 
Pollock,  A.  J.  455 ; 

Mrs.   F.    R,    93; 

H.L.I  13 
Pomeroy,  Hon. J.  S. 

568 
Poole,  Mrs.S.G. 200 
Pope,  H.  G.  332 
Popham,  Mrs.  F.  L. 

329 
Portal,  G.  R.  200 
Portman,E.N.B.584 
Portsmouth,    C'tess 

of,  199 
Potter,  J.  P.  347 
Powell,  Maj.  G.  C. 

E.  455 
Power,  M.  E.  231 
Pratt,  Col.  695 
Preedy,  I.  587 
Prendergast,  R.   K. 

200 
Pressly,  C.  828 
Preston,     C.      231 ; 

Hon.  J.  201;  Maj. 

695  ;  Mrs.  B.  U. 

829 
Price,   E.    P.    452; 

G. 708 ;  R.  704 
Prichard,  J.  C.  352 
Pridham.  S.  695 
Prince,  T.  92 
Prinsep,  II.  S.  569 
Prior,  K.  587  ;  Mrs. 

329 
Pritchard,  G.  327  ; 

Mrs.  C.  W.  693 


Index  to  Names. 


733 


Probart,  Dr.  706 
Procter,  B.  W.  452 
Proctor,  Vice  A  dm. 

Sir  W.  B.  473 
Prole,  W.  354 
Pryor,  C.  234 
Pugh,  D.  590,  692 
Puleston,  Sir  R.229 
Pulteney,    Mrs.    R. 

693 
Purnell,  W.A.  112 
Purser,  S.  P.  110 
Pym,  Sir  W.  474 
Quicke,  C.  I.  202 
Radford,  Rear-  A  dm. 

S.  350 
Raikes,  Mrs.  H.  C. 

329;  R.   C.  584, 

704 
Rainey,  Lieut.-Gen. 

230 
Ralph,  C.  E.  97 
Ramsay,  G.  H.570; 

W.  F.  331 
Ramsbottom,  A.  C. 

202 
Randall,  A.  327  ;  R. 

R.  233  ;  T.  228 
Randell,  H.  L.  332 
Randolph,  Hon. Mrs. 

L.  199;  Mrs.  E. 

199;  S.  229 
Rattenbury,  E.  694 
Rawlins,  J.  349 
Rawdon,  Mrs.  J.  D. 

K.566 
Raw  son,  Hon.  Mrs. 

R.  W.  453 
Read,  M.  590 
Reade,  A.  P.  202 
Reade,  Lady  M.  330 
Reay,  Mrs.  692 ;  S. 

347 
Reed,  A.  B.  695 
Rees,  E.  D'O.  227; 

M.  H.  331 
Reeves,  E.  201 ;  Lt. 

L.  B.  708 
Remington,      CapL 

W.  E.  704 
Remono,  J.  E.  92 
Repington,  Gen.  C. 

A. a  C.  590 
Rew,  C.  96 
Reynardson,    H.  B. 

327  ;  Mrs.  B.  199 
Reynolds,  E    703 
Rhodes,  H.  110, 198 
Riach,  J.  232 
Riccard,  F.  J.  709 
Rice,  I).  112;    F.  A. 

694-;    Hon.    Mrs. 

S.  329;   Hon.  VV. 

C  S.  452 ;    Mrs. 

F.  W.  566 


Rich,  J.  331 
Richards,  C.  A.  569; 
E.  96;    R.   112; 
S.    M.    A.    455; 
W.  P.  583 
Richardson,    C.   L. 
201;    E.  E.  96; 
Mrs.  H.  C.  567  ; 
P.  230 ;  W.  232 
Richmond,  Mrs.  H. 

454 
Rickards,  Capt.  VV. 

352 
Ricketts,   T.    H.  J. 

0.229 
Ricky,  Col.  B.  227 
Riddell,  Gen.  H.  J. 

473,  589 
Riddle,  W.  114 
Ridgway,  J.  113 
Rigby,  A.  N.  570 ; 

Dr.  E.  230 
Riley,  D.  97 
Ripley,  Mrs.  W.  N. 

693 
Rivers,  J.  C.  691 
Roberts,  A.  474;  F. 

233 
Robertson,    Dr.    J. 
113;   H.  P.  470; 
J.  M.  328;  Maj.- 
Gen.  W.  D.  200; 
M.    S.    E.    454; 
Rear-Adm.    589  ; 
T.    H.   704;    W. 
568 
Robinson,  Capt.  T. 
P.    708;     C.    T. 
468  ;      E.     709  ; 
Miss  C.  590;  W. 
B.  468 
Roche,  A.  694 
Roden,     C'te«s    of, 

471 
Rodney,  Mrs.  W.  P. 

330 
Roffey,  W.  473 
Rogers,  E.  T.  328  ; 
Mrs.   R.   94;    P. 
W.452 
Rolfe,  A.  F.  95 
Rolland,Mi*sP..587 
Hollo,  Rt  Hon.  Lady, 

330,  453 
Rolls,  A.  K.  331 
Romaine,  W.G.331 
Romney,  J.  473 
Romsey,  Mrs.  J.  566 
Roney,  Lady  E.  A. 

233 
Roper,  W.  J.  708 
Rose,   A.   113;     E. 
590 ;  G.  M.  233  ; 
H.   J.  96;    Mrs. 
H.  198 


Ross,  C.  G.  202  ;  F. 
231  ;      G.     474  ; 

Mrs.  J.  F.  330 
Rossmore,     H.     R. 

113 
Rothes,     C'tess    of, 

202 
Rothschild,    Sir  A. 

327 
Rous,    Mrs.   T.    B. 

353 
Rowe,  G.  R.  351 
Rowland.  C.  B.  331 
Rowley,  S.  G.  201 
Roxby,  T.  M.  97 
Royal,  J.  471 
Royley,  A.  E.  96 
Rudverd,    Mrs.    H. 

E.'  S.  693 
Rumsey,  H.  H.  709 
Rush  ton,  R.  470 
Rush  worth,    E.    E. 

452 
Russell,  H   J.  228  ; 

J.  232;    R.  452; 

T.  F.  J.  455 
Rust,  Mrs.  G.  199 
Sadler,  E.  696 ;  H. 

M.  455 
Sadlier,  F.M.McV. 

570 
Sage,  A.  588 
St.  Aubyn,  Lady  E. 

94 
St.  George,  Maj.  T. 

G.  694 
St.  John,  F.  A.  350; 

Mrs.  H.  C.  453; 

Mrs.  J.  H.  329 
St  Leonard's,     Rt. 

Hon.  Lady,  710 
Salis,    Col.   R.   de, 

452 
Salmon,  Ens. C.704; 

G.  R.  584;  Mrs. 

H.  T.  93 
Sampson,   Don.   M. 

B.  565 
Samuel,  Capt  E.  P. 

474 
Samuelles,  E.  A.  229 
Sanderson,  His  Hon. 

E.  D.  705 
Sandford,  L.  F.   G. 

568 
Sandys  -  Lumsdaine, 

Mr*.  F.  G.  94 
San   Juan,  Don   R. 

328 
Salterthwaite,   C.  J. 

202 
Savile,  H.327;  Hon. 

Mrs.  A.  199 
Sawhridge,  Mrs.  C. 

199 


Sayce,  A.  A.  570 
Sayer,  S.  231 
Scarsdale,  Lady,  567 
Schmiedern,  A.   C. 

96 
Schneider,  J.  P.  328 
Schreiber,H.W.331 
Schuster,  Lady  1.  93 
Sclater- Booth,  Mrs. 

G.  693 
Scotland,  C.  H.  452 
Scott,    A.    Ill  ;    G. 

349;  Mrs.  J.  693; 

Rear-Adm.  E.  H. 

709;    S.  584;  T. 

832;    Vice-Adm. 

W.    I.   228;     W. 

202  ;  W.  Q.  332 
Scovell,  Geu.  Sir  G. 

349 
Seaton,  Col.  D.  114 
Senior,  CoL  H.  232 
Serjeantsou,    F.   M. 

709 
Severn,  J.  328 ;  M. 

695 
Severne,  J.  E.  327 
Sewell,  C.  C.  201 
Seymour,  A.  E.  200;. 

L.   W.   331;    W. 

D.  452 
Shackell,  F.  B.  703 
Shadwell,  L.  233 
Shakerley,  G.  97 
Shand,  Mrs.  329 
Shapcote,  Coram.  T. 

350 
Sharpey,Dr.  W.565 
Shaw,    C.    A.   202; 

J.  201;  J.R.  703; 

Mrs.  C.  J.  K.  93 
Shawe,  Mrs.  R.  L. 

93 
Shee,  E.  586 
Sheen,  C.  R.  202 
Shephard,  E.  C.  A. 

708 
Shepherd,  J.  229 
Sheppard,   Capt  T. 

W.   832;     M.    S. 

332;  Mrs.  H.  F. 

693 
Sheridan,    Mrs.   H. 

B.  454 
Sheriff,  J.  W.  452 
Sherman,  S.  114 
Sherwood,   Mrs.   T. 

H.  565;  T.  589 
Shirley,  Mrs.  E.  P. 

454 
Shortland,  C.T.472 
Shuckburgh,  Col.  H. 

A.  229 
Shum,  E.  M.  114 
Shute,  Capt  H.  D. 


734 


9  Index  to  Names. 


M.  704 ;  Mrs.  C. 

C.  199;  Mrs.  N. 

565  ;  T.  H.  2S0 
Siddons,  H.  F.  584 
Silver,  £.  569 
Simeon,  Sir  R.  201 
Simond*,E.W.472; 

H.G.  Ill  ;  R.95 
Simpson,  A.  C.  349, 

E.J.696;  J. Ill; 

J.  H.  346;   Mrs. 

H.  T.  692 
Sinclair,     Hon.     J. 

232;  Mrs.  198 
Singleton,  Mrs.  W. 

566 
Sismey,  T.  97 
Sitwell,  Lady,  454 
Skally,  R.  J.  569 
Skinner,  M.  A.  380 
Sladen,  R.  704 
Slater,  G.  J.  96 
flatter,   E.   W.  95; 

G.  J.  95 
Smale,  J.  328 
Smart,  Mrs.  329;  S. 

234 
Smerdon,  J.  706 
Smith,  B.  E.  S.200; 

C.   853,  703  ;    C. 

J.  95;  H.  C.  97; 

I.  850;    J.  232; 

J.    G.     331  ;     J. 

W. 452  ;   L.  588  ; 

Lady,  453 ;  Lady 

A.   710;    M.   A. 

331 ;  M.  C.  696  ; 

Mrs. C.  329;  Mrs. 

H.  453;  Mrs.  J. 

G.   93;    Mrs.   S. 

L.  567 
Smith-Neill,     Mrs. 

W.  694 
Smithers,  Dr.  W.C. 

468 
Smyth,    M.    E.    S. 

696;  Mrs.  H. 693; 

V.  B.  696 
Smythies,  R.  B.847 
Snagg,  Lady  A.  470 
Snape,  F.  K.  569 
Soames,  J.  97 
Sockett,  G.  Ill 
Somers,  Mrs.  H.  94 
Somerset,    Mrs.   E. 

454 
Somerville,  Mrs.  D. 

453 
Southesk,    Earl    of, 

95 
Southey,  Maj.  C.  G. 

705 
Spain,  J.  229 
Spearman,     A.    H. 

568;  A.  Y.568 


Speer,  F.  231 
Spence,  C.  J.  227; 

M.  E.  G.  G.  568 
Spencer,  G.  J.  T.  92 
Sperling,  C.  G.  232 
Spiller,  Col.  G.  588 
Spratt,  M.  705 
Spnrin,  Capt.  232 
Squire,  C.  96;  R.J. 

585 
Stacey,  M.  A.  351 
Stacy,  G.  710 
Stafford,    Marq.  of, 

565 
Stamford,   Mrs.   H. 

329 
Stanbrough,  M.  E. 

568 
Stanfield,  H.  T.  201 
Stanhope,  Lord  H  on. 

G.  P.  C.  A.  92; 

Mrs.  W.  S.  199 
Stanley,  C.  G.570; 

E.  M.  569;  Mrs. 

234  ;  RL  Hon.  E. 

H  452 
Stanton,  Lt.-Col.  E. 

92 
Stapleton,  E.  H.  201 
Stapylton,  M.  B.  96 
Starkie,  A.  96 
Starr,   Mrs.    E.    H. 

692 
Staudigl,  J.  587 
Staunton,   M.   382; 

Mrs.  93;  Mrs.  J. 

B.  234 
Staveley,  M.  332 
Steevens,  Lt.-Col.  C. 

473  ;  Mrs.  N.  98 
Steggall,  Dr.  E.  G. 

707 
Steiger,  A.  M.  C.  de 

95 
Stein.Brig.-Gen.lll 
Stephen,  E.  E.  584 
Stephens,    A.    470, 

708;  A.   J.  452; 

M.  J.  97  j  Mrs.  T. 

S.  329 
Steuart,  D.  202 
Stevens,  L.  709;  S. 

112 
Stevenson,  O.  A.  568 
Stevenson-  Bushnan, 

G.  O.  455 
Stewart,  C.  112  ;  D. 

469 
Stirling,  F.  M.  201  ; 

H.  A.  201 
Stockdale,   E.  200; 

Mrs.  H.  M.  330 
Stocken,  H.  703 
Stokes,  Dr.  W.  198; 

E.  586 


Stotherd,  E.  A.  332 
Strachey,   Mrs.    R. 

693 
Stradling,  Mrs.  93 
Strange,  Capt.T.  G. 

584  ;  Mrs.  C.  453 
Strangways,  Mrs.  F. 

453 
Strattnn,  L.  M.  468 
Straabenzee,      Mrs. 

F.  van,  198 
Streatfield,   Col.  H. 

C.  230 
Streeter,  G.  T.  P.  97 
Strickland,  K.  McC. 

569 
Stuart,  L.  353 ;  Mrs. 

A.  453;  Mrs.   J. 

K.  198;  Mrs.  W. 

J.  693  ;  S.  M.  332 
Stubbs,  G.  472 
Studley,  Mrs.  J.  S. 

93 
Sturgess,  C.  W.  455 
Sturt,  J.  F.  202 
Suckling,  R.  R.  225 
Suffield,  Lady,  329 
Sumner,  Mrs.  A.  H. 

567 
Surtees,  S.  F.  96 
Sutcliffe,  A.  234 
Suter,  L.  G.  95 
Sutherland,      Dow. 

Duchess  of,  691  ; 

G.  G.  Duke  and 
Earl  of,  471;  Most 
Noble  G.  G.  W. 
Duke  of,  691 

Suttie,  Lady  S.  G. 

566 
Sutton,  R.  327 
Swaftleld,  L.  E.  5. 

332;    R.    H.    O. 

327,  565 
Swaine,  J.  227 
Swan,  Mrs.  C.T.  453 
Swanne,  E.  233 
Swannell,  C.  97 
Sweden,   D.   Queen 

Dow.  of,  114 
Sykes,  Lady,  352 
Symons,  C.  352 
Synge,  Mrs.  F.  566 
Taaffe,  Capt.  G.  704 
Talbot,    Hon.   Mrs. 

567;  Miss,  354 
Tarver,  C.  E.  707 
Tasker,  J.  704 
Tattnall,  Mrs.  566 
Tayler,  M.  C.  568 
Tayleure,  J.  586 
Taylor,  C.  M.  696 ; 

H.  3*7,  692 ;  M. 

853;  Mrs.  A.  565; 

W.849 


Teed,  A.  H.  331  ;  C. 

M. 201 ;  H.  331 
Teissier,  Baron   de, 

569 
Teleki.Count  L.  709 
Temple,  C.  455  ;   G. 

W.  201 ;  S.  469  ; 

T.  R.  S.  331 
Tennant,  P.  831 
Terry,  M.  583 
Thackeray,    Lt    C. 

W.  584 
Thellusson,  Mrs.  566 
Thelwall,  Mrs.  566 
Theobald,    Mrs.    J. 

453 
Thomas,     J.     474 ; 

Lady,    330 ;     M. 

352;  R.473 
Thompson,  C.  354; 

J.  225,  473;  Lt.- 
Col.   S.  455;  M. 

455;  R.  350;  S. 

709 
Thomson,  A.  S.  227; 

Dr.   A.    471  ;  E. 

348;  M.  114;  M. 

G.  694;  Mrs.  A. 

D.  or,  586 ;   Mrs. 

W.  692;    O.   H. 

332 
Thornhill,  Mrs.   E. 

B.  453 
Thornton,    Mrs    R, 

329;  Mrs.   F.  V. 

453 
Thorp,  R.  705  ;  W. 

111,225 
Thwaites,  J.  452 
Tichborne,  A.J.694 
Tiddeman,  A.F.331 
Tierney,  Lt.-Col.  Sir 

M.  E.  230 
Tighe,   Mrs.   J.    A. 

692 
Timm,  K.  695 
Tixard,  W.  H.  227 
Todd,  E.  St.  L.  568 
Tolfree,  T.  472 
Tollemache,  Lady  E . 

710;  Mrs.  J.  94; 

Mrs.    R.   W.    L. 

199 
Tomkinson,    E.    H. 

569  ;  J.  588 
Tomlinson,  M.  228 
Tonge,  W.  J.  695 
Tottenham,     C.    J. 

327 ;  G.  95 
Townsend,M.S.200; 

Mrs.  S.F.  A.  567; 

R.  468 
Towsey,  Comm.  G. 

N.  455 
Toynbee,  Mrs.  J.  567 


Index  to  Names.  735 

Tozer,  Capt  R.  M.  Vivian,     Maj.- Gen.  Waterfield,  A.  3£0  White,     Mr.     350; 

J.  586  Sir  R.  J.  H.  452  Waters,  T.  470  Mrs.  R.  M.  693 

Trafford,  Sir  H.  de,  Vizard,  Mrs.  H.  B.  Wat  hen,  Lady  E.349  Whitehead,  Mrs.  A. 

327  692  Walking,  M.  455  453 

Travers,     Mrs.     B.  Vyner,   H.  350  ;  R.  Watson,  J.  229;  J.  Whitley,  H.  110 

199  ;  M.  708  A.  198  K.95;  Lt.  J.  228;  Whitman,  C.  691 
Treasure,  E.  350  Vyse,  F.  H.  92  M.  694  Whittaker,  T.  110 
Tredcroft,  E.  S.  331  Vyvyan,  H.  F.  96  Watts,  E.  C.  696  ;  Whittington,      Mia. 
Treherne,  E.  707  Waddell,    Capt.   C.  T.  471  R.  693 
Trench,  A.J.  HI  D.  201  Waugh,  Lt.-Col.  A.  Whyte,    C.    A.    L. 
Trevenen,  J.  586  Waddingham,J.327  S.  92;  Mrs.  J.  C.  694;  W.  569 
Trevilian,   Maj.   M.  Wade,  T.  F.  691  565  Wight,  R.  708 

C.  471  Wainwright,  A.  471  Wawn,  Mrs.  E.  B.  Wigley,  F.  S.  328 

Trevor,  Mrs.  S.  S.  93  Waite,  J.  E.  202  566  Wilbrahara,  R.  233 

Trimlestown,    Dow.  Wake,   E.   B.  331 ;  Weare,  Mrs.  IV  W.  Wilde,  T.  703 

Lady  A.  1 12  Mrs.  C.  330  9 1  Wilkes,  Mrs.  R.  692 

Trotter,  A.  A.  589  ;  Wakefield,  Capt.  E.  Webb,  Mrs.  A.  693;  Wilkie,  H.  696 

J.  708  708  Mrs.    C.    J.   94;  Wilkins,  L.  S.  455 

Trubner,  N.  695  Walch,  C.  E.  455  Mrs.  D.  P.  692  ;  Wilkinson,     C.    E. 

Tucker,  J.  327  Waldegrave,     Hon.  V.  97  710;  F.  H.  703; 

Tuckwel),  Mrs.  W.  G.  202  Webber,  Mrs.  W.  G.  H.J.  234;  M.  E. 

692  Walker,  A.  234 ;  E.  E.  566  696 ;  Mrs.  G.  A. 

Tufnell,  E.  M.  200  696;  G.331;  Mrs.  Weber,  Mrs.  F.  94  453;  Mrs.    H.  J. 

Tupper,  F.  691  ;  G.  233;  Mrs.  R.  H.  Webster,  G.  M.  225  199;  Mrs.    H.  J. 

LeM.  696  693  Weeden,  Mrs.  W.  D.  W.   829;    M.   T. 

Turnbull,    Mrs.    G.  Wall,    W.  W.  114;  94  831 ;  W.  M.  569 

A.  329  W.  709  Weekes,  Mrs.  A.  W.  Williams,    A.   688  ; 

Turner,  Lieut.  C.  B.  Wallace,  A.  97 ;  H.  P.  566  B.   97 ;   D.   327  ; 

348;  R.  695-,  S.  R.   95;  Mrs.    H.  Weeler,  Mrs.  G.  D.  E.    114;    F.    A. 

W.  200  199  94  229 ;  J.  E.   568 ; 

Twining,  J.  T.  110  Waller,  Mrs.  C.  E.  Weguelin,  T.    569;  J.  S.  351 ;  Maj.- 

Twiss,  a  W.  F.  570  94  Mrs.  T.  M.  566  Gen.  W.  F.  114, 

Tyler,  E.   O.   569;  Wallis,  E.  583;  F.  Wellden,  Mrs.  E.  I.  228;  Mrs.  E.  A. 

G.  G.  694;  Mrs.  S.  705;   Mrs.  A.  566  199  ;  Mrs.  W.  L. 

453  B.  567  Wellford,  G.  468  329 ;  T.  T.  586 
Tynte,  Col.  K.  112  Walmesley,  V.  696  Wellesley,  R.  710  Williamson,       Mrs. 
Upperton,    Mrs.  C.  Walpole,  C.M.569  ;  Wellington,  D' chess  588  ;  Mrs.  G.  93 ; 

S.  693  F.    233;    F.    M.  of,  691  S.  Ill;  Sir  H. 706 

Urquhart,   A.   112;  586;   Mrs.  R.  94  Wells,   E.   112;  E.  Willis,   E.    694;  J. 

M.  H.  568;  Mrs.  Walrond,  Hon.  Mrs.  F.    M.    332;  N.  T.  695 

W.  692  454  709  Willy,  A.  709 

Utlay,   Capt.  J.   T.  Walsh,  A.588;  Lady  Welsh,  Gen.  J.  351  Willoughby,    F.    E. 

470  E.  454  Welstead,  J.  R.  455  96 ;  Hon.  Mrs.  C. 

Vacher,  Maj.  F.  S.  Walter,  J.  201 ;  Mrs.  Wemyss,  S.  351  J.  93 

200  H.  692  West,   C.   227 ;    E.  Willyams,  A.  C.  P. 
Vail,  E.L.I  11  Walters,  M.  A.  332 ;  M.  568  ;    G.    H.  567 

Vallance,    Capt.  T.  M.D.C.  95  354;  J.  R.  831  Wilmot,  Mrs.  F.  E. 

W.  695  Walton,  M.  R.  696  Westmorland,  J.  W.  692 

Valletort,  Lady    K.  Warburton,  G.  Ill  281  Wilmot  -  Chetwode, 

454  Ward,   E.  708;  G.  Weston,  E.  G.  234  Lady  J.  710 
Vandeapar,  Maj.  W.  B.  328 ;  Mrs.  G.  Westropp,     E.     H.  Wingate,    Mrs.   W. 

C.  584  565 ;  Maj.  B.  E.  332  693 

Vaughan,  C.  694  200 ;    Mrs.  O.  F.  Whalley,  A.  J.  95  Winn,  Miss  L.  706 

Velluti,  472  94  Whannell,    Lt.-Col.  Winton,  Mrs.  H.  de, 

Verdier-Latour,  M.  Warde.C.  354;  Capt  G.  707  692 

M.  F.  E.  691  J.  R.  T.  232 ;  Lt.-  Wharton,  K.  A.  570 ;  Wilson,  A.  455  ;  C. 

Vernon,   G.   E.   H.  Col.  W.  708  Mrs.  J.  C.  453  227;  E.  327  ;  J. 

353  ;    Gen.    585  ;  Warner,  F.  692  ;  R.  Whately,    Mrs.  W.  569  ;  J.  A.  583  ; 

Hon.  Mrs.  G.  93  H.  L.  327  J.  692  J.  I.  348 ;  M.587; 

Verschoyle,Mrs.693  Warn  ford,  Lady  H.  Whatton,  Mrs.  A.  B.  Miss  E.  710  j  S. 

Vesey,  Capt.  C.  97  E.  W.  473  693  233,710 

Vidal,  E.  E.  709  Warre,  Mrs.  F.  693  Wheeler,  T.  452  Wimberley,  E.  B.  95 

Vigors,  E.  A.  708  Warren,  Capt.  J.  T.  Whish,  F.  T.  97  Winchester,    C.    A. 

Villiers,  W.225, 346  353  ;  M.  229  Whitbread,  Lady  I.  565;  Marchioness 

Vincent,  J.  694  Warter,  F.  97  329  of,  454 ;  W.  332 


736 


Topographical  Index. 


Wing,  J.  468 
Wingfield.Hon.Mrs. 

E.  567 
Wingbam,  C.  280 
Winn,  Hon.  Mrs.  R. 

93;  Mrs.  R.  199 
Wise,   D.  W.  568; 

F.587 
Wodehouse,  Maj.  J. 

H.  331 
Wolff,  J.  696 
Wollaston,     A.    H. 

227;  Mrs.  199 
Wombwell,    Sir   G. 

O.  327 
Wood,  A.  P.  565 ; 


E.    R.   327;    H. 

W.   200;  J.  229, 

471;  Mrr.W.W. 

453;  Mrs.  A.5u7; 

R.  F.  569 
Woodgate,  Col.  W. 

233 
Woodroffe,  A.  709 
Woolfe,  K.  G.  455 
Woolnough,  A.  568 
Woolridge,M.A.227 
Worsley,  H.  J.  352 
Wray,  E.  705;  W. 

R.  708 
Wrench,  E.  M.  569; 

Lt.  C.J.  584 


Wright,  Mr?.  T.  B. 

693 
Wrotteslev,  Lt.-Col. 

Hon.  C*.  A.  471 
Wyatt,  A.   A.  350; 

B.  F.  455 ;  Capt. 

F.  D.  570 ;  C.  F. 

69 
Wyld,  Mrs.  B.  199 
Wylde,    M.    J.    G. 

710 
Wyndham,  A.  200 
Wynn,  Lady  A.  W. 

329 
Wynne,Mrs.E.693; 

P.  349 


Wynniatt,     Comm. 

R.  J.  228 
Yardley,  Lady,  199 
Yates,    E.    R.  114: 

F.  471 
Yeates,  D.  328 
Yeatman,  H.  F.  70S 
Yelloly,  S.  T.  230 
Yolland,  B.  S.  570 
Yorke,  M.  V.  471 
Young,  J.  C.   112,; 

J.  W.  232;  MrV. 

93;  Mrs.  F.1&9; 

Rt.   Hon.   Sir  J. 

452;  S.  H.  228; 

W.92 


TOPOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Africa:  Algiers,  196;  Egypt,  510,  663 

America :  Pennsylvania,  536 

Asia:  Australia, 411  ;  Bunnah,  90 ;  Can- 
ton, 483,  673  ;  China,  653,  663 ;  Cy- 
prus, 690;  Georgia,  171,  667;  India, 
420,  652,  663  ;  Martund,  57  ;  Pagan, 
557  ;  Persia,  652 ;  Smyrna,  421 

Europe:  Abbeville,  437;  JSgina,  272; 
Aix-la- Chapelle,  538;  Amiens,  121, 
192,  437;  Antwerp,  619;  Ardennes, 
371;  Athens,  686;  Avignon,  542;  Bel- 
gium,  538,655 ;  Bernieres-sur-Mer,  372  ; 
Bruges,  543;  Brussels,  538 ;  Caen,  288, 
364;  Carcassonne,  25;  Chalons  -sur- 
Marne,  121  ;  Champlieu,  191  ;  Chartres, 
120;  Cologne,  303,  542;  Constantinople, 
656  ;  Copenhagen,  539  ;  Dax,  672 ;  De 
la  Delivraude,  373 ;  Denmark,  432,  508 ; 
Dieppe,  449;  Douvres  St  Remy,  373; 
Etran,  56;  Flanders,  305,  360,  558; 
France,  610,  628;  Gastinel,  252;  Ge- 
neva, 69 ;  Genoa,  644;  Germany,  184; 
Granada,  404;  Haut  Allemagne,  374; 
Heronville,  374;  Holland,  655;  Ifs, 
374 ;  Italy,  652  ;  Konigsfelden,  536  ;  La 
Fresne  Camille,  374  ;  Langrune,  372  ; 
Liege,  300,  538 ;  Lubeck,  68 ;  Luc, 
374;  Lucca,  121  ;  Lion-sur-Mer,  374; 
Malta,  553;  Mathieu,  374;  Mayence, 
40,  55;  Mentoni,  511;  Monaco,  511; 
Munich,  276;  Naples,  63,  409 ;  Nether- 
lands, 520,  619;  Nice,  411;  Normandy, 
123  ;  Norrey,  374  ;  Norway,  432;  Notre 
Dame,  374;  Noyers,  181  ;  Oistreham, 
374;  Paris,  69,  79,  189,  254;  Poitiers, 
121;  Pontigny,  123;  Ravenna,  429; 
Rheims,  121,  302;  Rome,  63,  119,  419, 
535,  686;  Rosel,  374;  Rouen,  41,  44, 
255  ;  Russia,  304  ;  St.  Omer,  121  ;  Sens, 
121,  654;  Spain,  546;  Sweden,  184; 
Switzerland,  561 ;  Toulouse,  25  ;  Vienna, 
653;  Vivoin,  125;  Walcheren,  639 


Anglesey :  Plas  Coch,  827 

Bedfordshire:  Ampthill,386;  Asplev  Guise, 
386;  Barford,386;  Bedford,  386;  Bid- 
denham,  387  ;  Biggleswade,  387 ;  Biun- 
ham,  387;  Bromham,  387  ;  Caddingtoo, 
387;  Moggerhanger,  157;  Pavenham, 
327;  Sandy,  159 

Berkshire :  Abingdon,  304  ;  Beech-hill*. 
327  ;  Cookbam,  67  ;  East  Hendred,  439; 
Ilsley,  East,  667 ;  Long  Wittenham, 
164;  Morton,  North,  539;  Newbury, 
158;  Reading,  421;  Shottesbrook,  8,70; 
Windsor,  407,  539 

Brecknockshire:  Trallong,  662 

Breconshire  :  Talwen,  327 

Buckinghamshire :  Aston  Clinton,  327 ; 
Aylesbury,  306;  Clifton  Reynes,  66; 
Horton,  118;  Tingewick,  307;  WaVen- 
don,  663  ;  Weston  Turville,  307 

Cambridgeshire:  Burwell,170;  Cambridge, 
5,  69,  169,  429,  442,  541,  662,  666; 
Ely,  158,  170,  287;  Grantchester,  170; 
Hauxton,  170;  Orwell,  535;  Tadlow, 
170;  Westley  Waterless,  382  ;  Wilbra- 
ham,  Great,  327;  Wratting,  191 

Cardiganshire  :  Castell,  541 ;  Gogerddan, 
327 

Carmarthenshire :  Penlre,  327 

Carnarvonshire :  Sygunfawr,  327 

Cheshire:  Backford  Hall,  327;  Birken- 
head, 156  ;  Bowdon,  159  ;  Chester,  162, 
442,  543  ;  Congleton,  156 

Cornwall:  Callington,  685,  689;  Chy- 
sauster,  65;  Constantine,  168;  Mara- 
zion,  303  ;  St  Ives,  420  ;  St.  Michael's 
Mount,  685  ;  Tehidy,  327 

Cumberland :  Flosh,  327  ;  Keswick,  162 ; 
Penrith,  161 

Denbighshire :  Llangollen,  327  ;  Wrexham, 
541 

Derbyshire:  Bamford,  158;  Bradley,  66  j 
Buxion,    102;     Derby,   594;     Hotsley, 


Topographical  Index. 


737 


160;    Spondon   Hall,  327;   Swan  wick, 
158 

Devonshire:  Awliscomb;»,310;  Bovey  Tracy, 
685;  Brixham,  254;  Clyst  St.  George, 
2,  160  ;  Dartmoor,  68;  Devonport,  663; 
Ermington,  686  ;  Exeter,  309,  419.  541, 
6>6;  Gittisham,  310;  Paignton,  685; 
Plymouth,  442 ;  Holcombe  Court,  685 ; 
Talatou,  160,  311  ;  Topaham,  327  ; 
Westdown,  66 

Dorsetshire  :  Bridport,  160 ;  Corfe  Castle, 
160 ;  Fontmell,303  ;  Lyme  Regis,  309  ; 
Swan  age,  160;  Wyke  Regis,  327 

Durham:  Barnes,  327;  Brancepeth,  66; 
Durham,  158,  302,  398,  542,  654; 
Greencroft,  Little,  65  ;  Hartlepool,  651  ; 
Piersbridge,  422  ;  Shincliffe,  662  ;  Stain- 
drop,  66 

Essex:  Audley  End,  538;  Berdon,  58; 
Colchester,  311,  651;  Danbury,  66; 
Dunmow,  563;  Elmstead,  66  ;  Grays 
Thorrock,  412;  Hatfield  Broad  Oak, 
827  ;  Leighs,  Little,  66  ;  Paylesham, 
663;  Saffron  Walden,  651;  Tendring, 
301;  Twinstead,  158;  Waltham  Abbey, 
184,  159,  449  ;  Widford,  303  ;  Wiven- 
hoe,  160 

Flintshire :  Broughton  Hall,  327  ;  St 
Asaph's,  156 

Glamorganshire:  Cardiff,  160;  LI  an  da  fF, 
158;  Oystermouth,  160;  Pontardawe, 
157  ;  Stouthall,  827 

Gloucestershire:  Abenhall,  291;  Bristol, 
162,  655;  Bourton-on- the- Water,  53; 
Cheltenham,  3^0  ;  Cirencester,  391, 420 ; 
Deerhurst,  303,  632,  662;  Down  Ha- 
therley,  160;  Eastington,  390;  Fair- 
ford,  422;  Falfield,  156;  Gloucester, 
66, 296,  631, 632,  653  ;  Guiting  Grange, 
327 ;  Newland,  291  ;  Pauntley,  8 ;  Stoke, 
156  ;  Woodchester,  663 

Hampshire:  Bournemouth,  663 ;  Buckholt 
Farm,  301 ;  Christchuxch,  308  ;  Elve- 
tham-house,  663;  Idsworth,  426;  Isle 
of  Wight,  300 ;  Netley  Abbey,  172, 657, 
683,  684;  Portsmouth,  69;  Purbrook 
Park,  327;  Romsey,  78,  298;  Shor- 
well,  46 ;  Silchester,  419  ;  Southampton, 
656  ;  Winchester,  158,  298,  391 ;  Yar- 
mouth, 156 

Herefordshire:  Belmont,  161 ;  By  ton,  156; 
Devrchurch,  661;  Hereford,  67,  158, 
298,  539;  Holmer,  662;  Leominster, 
442;  Much  Marcle,  66;  Newport,  162; 

.     Tiberton  Court,  327 

Hertfordshire :  Abbots  Langley,  327 ;  Am- 
well,  Great,  56;  Bishop  Stortford,  162; 
541  ;  Harpenden,  662 ;  Hatfield,  287 ; 
Hoddesdou,6o2;  Kiinpton,  662;  Roys- 
ton,  288,  421;  Watford,  390;  Wheat- 
ham  stead,  387 

Huntingdonshire:  Huntingdon,  58 

Kent :  Ashford,  142 ;  Bekesbourn,  140 ; 
Canterbury,  69,  78,  122,  164,  301,  405, 
427,   663  ;    Chatham,    158  ;    Cobham, 

Gent.  Mao.  Vol.  CCX. 


542  ;  Cowling  Castle,  141 ;  Ditton,  160  ; 
Dover,  159,  651;  East  Mailing,  70; 
Foley  -  house,  327  ;  Folkestone,  142  ; 
Gravesend*  442 ;  Hartlip,  78 ;  Hythe, 
424;  Maidstone,  191,  303;  Margate, 
478 ;  Milton -next- Sittingbourne,  162  ; 
Plaxtol,  140;  Reculver,  148,  534;  Ro- 
chester, 141,  542  ;  Ryarsh,  303  ;  Sand- 
hurst, 413  ;  Slieppey,  140  ;  Sibertswold, 
164;  Stone,  387;  Thanet,  3C4;  West- 
borough,  142;  Wilbraham,  Little,.  164; 
Wrotham,  542  ;  Willesborough,  142 

Lancashire  :  Droylsden,  162  ;  Fumesa 
Abbey,  684 ;  Lancaster,  327 ;  Levens- 
hulme,  157;  Liverpool,  49,  156,  161, 
162,  190,  317  ;  Manchester,  157,  158,. 
161,  162;  Preston,  162;  Trafford-park, 
327;  Warrington,  68 

Leicestershire:  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  391; 
Belgrave,  547  ;  Fenny  Drayton,  547  i 
Keythorpe-hall,  66 ;  Leicester,  54,  80, 
160,  441,  442,  546,  547  ;  Pickwell,  547; 
Skeflington,  327,  547  ;  Thurlaaton,  302  ; 
Welby,  547  ;  Whit  wick,  542 

Lincolnshire :  Boston,  169  ;  Bottesford, 
441  ;  Cawthorpe,  Little,  541  ;  Epworth, 
162;  Grimsby,  Great,  55,  413;  Hack- 
thorn,  327;  Kirmington,  160;  Lincoln, 
2,  158,  177,  237,  312,  547,  551,  674; 
Louth,  158,  303;  Ludborough,  160; 
Market  Deeping,  428;  Purfleet,  513; 
Torrington,  West,  541  ;  Waleby,  683 

Merionethshire:    Corris,    156;    Dendraeth. 
Castle,  327 

Monmouthshire :  Abergavenny-,  66,  161  ; 
Chepstow,  327  ;  Kentchurch,  662 ;  Llan- 
dogo,  662 ;  Nash,  662  ;  Penhow,  66 

Montgomeryshire :  Cross  wood,  327 

Middlesex :  Aldersgate,  543  ;  Barking, 
450;  B  romp  ton,  155;  Chelsea,  161; 
Chiswick,  286  ;  Clerke»well,  428  ;  Ed- 
monton, 34;  Finsbiuy,.  542 ;  Hackney, 
33,  428 ;  Haggerstoner..l54 ;  Hammer- 
smith, 155  ;  Hampton.  Court,  407  ;  Har- 
row, 53  ;  Highgate,  161  ;  Islington,  33, 
155;  Kensington,  32;  K.  South,  302; 
Knighubridge,  156 ;  London,  8,  56,  58, 
69,  71,  154,  162,  167,  245,  286,  3»4, 
361,  404,  426,  533,  5*3,  64*,  646,  654, 
657,  663  ;  Paddington,  155 ;  Paul's 
Cross,  70  ;  Sunbury,  663;  Tiburne,  31 ; 
Tottenham,  38;  Westminster,  58,  72, 
120,  146,  159,  238,  239,  303,  305,  359, 
422,  479,  594,  654 

Norfolk:  Aylmer-hall,  69  ;  Barningham, 
327  ;  Deieham,  West,  286,  428;  Easton, 
655;   Harleston,  442;  Norwich,  442 

Northamptonshire :  Braybrooke,  66  ;  Karl's 
Barton,  563  ;  Gayton,  66 ;  King's  Sut- 
ton, 40*,  419;  Northampton,  160; 
Peterborough,  64,  400;  Thenford,  327; 
Woodford,  66 

Northumberland:  Alnwick,  665, 683 ;  Bead- 
nell,  669;    Corbridge,   669;    Hexham,. 
542;   Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  156,  161, 

4U 


738 


Topographical  Index. 


162,  399,  431,  668;  Shawdon,  327; 
Tosson,  173;  Whitfield,  150 

Nottinghamshire  :  Baaford,  Old,  159,  New, 
1*7;  Blyth,  128,  131;  Nottingham, 
3U0,  406 ;  Ru  fiord  Abbey,  327 

Oxfordshire:  Adwell,327;  Ditchley,<304 ; 
Islip,  4, 285 ;  Littlemore,  3 ;  Overworton, 
401 ;  Oxford,  3, 5,  7,  62,  70,  76, 127,  290, 
29G,  819,  414,  437;  Waterperry,  440, 
594;  Woolvercot,  160 

Pembrokeshire:  Hean  Castle,  327;  Kil- 
cheyden,  541  ;  Monnington,  541  ;  St. 
David's,  156 

Radnorshire :  Abernant,  327 

Rutlandshire :  Ashwell,  66  ;  Ayston,  827  ; 
Oakham,  546 

Salop:  Benthall,  119;  Broseley,  327; 
Linley-hall,  68 ;  Ludlow,  540  ;  Pitoh- 
ford,  66 ;  Shrewsbury,  68,  657 ;  Stock- 
ton, 159;  Sundorne  Castle,  656 ;  Wrox- 
eter,  630,  652 

Somersetshire :  Barton  Grange,  327  ;  Bath, 
301,657;  Chew  Ma^na,  66, 160;  Clapton- 
iu-Gordano,  495  ;  Clevedon,  489  ;  Coker, 
West,  654  ;  Congresbury,  495  ;  Frome, 
414;  Nunncy,  166,690;  Publow,  159; 
Ticketiham,  491 ;  Wells,  158,  651  ; 
Worle-hill,  65;  Yatton,  4ft7 ;  Yeovil, 
159 

Staffordshire :  Heybridge,  327 ;  Lichfield, 
159,  296  ;  Rolleston,  44  ;  Wolverhamp- 
ton, 161 

Suffolk:  Bradley,  Little,  387;  Felixstow, 
303;  Hadleigh,  150;  Hoxne,  255 ;  Ips- 
wich, 442;  Ixworth,  663;  Lowestoft, 
450;  Mel  ford,  327;  Rendlesham-park, 
304;  Southwold,  68;  Sudbury,  67; 
Wratting,  191 

Surrey :  Battersea,  68 ;  Carshalton,  327  ; 
Cobham,  543,  663 ;  Ewell,  288 ;  Kings- 
ton-on-Thames,  442 ;  Lambeth,  803  ; 
Reigate,  53  ;  Streatham,  278 

Sussex:  Boxgrove,  44;  Chichester,  158, 
302,  526,  540,  541,  155;  Felbridge- 
park,  327  ;  Hurstpierpoint,  662;  Lanc- 
ing, 541;  Lewes,  69;  Offham,  157; 
Sompting,  563 

Warwickshire:  Baddesley  Clinton,  410; 
Birmingham,  157,  162;  Coventry,  358, 
535 ;  Kenilworth,  52  ;  Long  Compter), 
420;  Warwick,  327 

Westmoreland:  Appleby,  327 

Wiltshire:  Aldbourn,  384;  Alton,  885; 
Barford  St.  Martin,  385  ;  Berwick  Bas- 
set, 885 ;  Boy  ton,  159;  Bradford,  157, 
385  ;    Bromham,  385  ;   Broughton  Gif- 


fard,  385;  Buckkigton,  156;  Charlton, 
385;  Chiseldon,  385;  Clyffe  Pypard, 
884 ;  Colerne,  421 ;  Collingbourne,  386; 
Compton  Camberlaine,  827  ;  Danteey, 
285;  Devizes,  384,  385,651  ;  DraycoU, 
384  ;  Durnford,  Great,  385  ;  Forant,  884; 
Great  Bedwin,  385 ;  Lacock,  386 ;  Land* 
ford,  342;  Long  Newnton,  384;  Met*, 
885;  Minety,  385.;  Ogbourne,  333; 
Oxenwood,  663;  Pewsey,  663;  Pret- 
hute,  385  ;  Salisbury,  383 ;  Seend, 
385;  Stockton,  385;  Tisbury,  335  x 
Wanborough,  385 ;  Westbury,  383 ;  Wert 
Dean,  385 ;  West  Laviugton,  385  ;  Wil- 
ton, 385;  Woodford,  883;  WooUon 
Rivers,  663;  Wraxhall,  North,  76; 
Upton  Lovell,  384 

Worcestershire :  Abberley  Hall,  327 ;  Aba, 
Great,  175;  Barbourne,  175;  Bewdley; 
651;     Bromsgrove,    176,    642;     Cow 
Honey  bourn,  175,684;  Doverdale,  IVt 
Malvern,  1 75 ;  M.  Great,  539 ;  Persbor*  J 
42;    Redditch,   177;    Rye- court,  44** 
478,  594;  Shelsley  Walsh,  176;  Stefcte 
Prior,  175;  Wide,  175;  Witley,  I7J; 
Worcester,  158,  175;  Wollaston,  167  J 
Upper  Sapey,  1 75 

Yorkshire :  Danby,  498 ;  Felifkirk,  180* 
Glaisdale,  498  ;  Guisborough,  438 ; 
Halifax,  304 ;  Hambarton,  663  ;  Load* 
162;  Malton,  318,  446;  Newburgfc- 
park,  327  ;  Norton,  446 ; '  Notaell,  303| 
Richmond,  159;  Ripon,  120;  Roariap 
ton,  641  ;  Salterhebble,  303 ;  Scar- 
boroagh,442;  Sheffield,  66;  Skelton,49fc 
Tickhill,  129;  Wentbridge,  238  j  Wwt- 
erdale,  498;  Whitby,  498;  WfcitVfll,  ' 
157;  Yarm,  161  ;  York,  48,  177,  &% 
434,  594,  497,  672 

Ireland:  Antrim,  430 ;  Ballylarkin,  17* J 
Cork,  530;  Dublin,  73,  430;  tf«*- 
shaughlin,  133;  Glassmullagh,  172* 
Kilkenny,  171,  172,  429,  646  ;  Kinsala, 
631;  Waterford,  172;  Youghal,  546 

Scotland:  Aberdeen,  648;  Belhelvie,  174| 
Blair  Drummond,  174;  Brechin,  441* 
549;  Briggs,  433;  Broughty  CaaU* 
548 ;  Burghhead,  548 ;  Bute,  133; 
Cardross,  17;  Culbin,  174;  Ciilna* 
5(8;  Dennistoun,  14;  Dolphinton, 301 1 
Duffus,  548;  Dumbarton,  13;  EdSs> 
burgh,  73,  277,  433,  547,  670;  Firth  ** 
Forth,  547  ;  Harris,  173 ;  Iuoh  Mare* 
671;  Inveramsay,  548;  Kirkheugh,  433g 
Lewis,  173, 434 ;  Ruth  well,  433 ;  Si 
550;  Taransay,  434  ;  Udny,  174 


FEINTED  BY  MESSUS    PARSED,  COEHVaBEET,  OlFOBD. 


JUNE,  1861.  Price  2l.  6d. 


THE 

GENTLEMAN'S   MAGAZINE 

AND 

HISTORICAL   REVIEW. 


TIIE  RESIDENCE 


LONDON: 

PUBLISHED  BY  JOHN  HENRY  uta  JAMES  PAltKER, 

37T,  STRAND. 

J.  MKNZIE3,  EDINBURGH ;  It.  GRIFFIN  akd  Co.,  GLASGOW  j 

HODGES  amb  SMITH,  DUBLIN; 

WILEY    aho   HALSTED,  NEW  YORK. 

All  Commit sicai-iokb  to  M  uu>HIBBn>  to  Mb.  Ukbah,  377,  Sthakb,  W.C. 


^s^ 


!**••»*: 


WHITE  AND  SOUND  TEETH 

Are  indispensable  to  PERSONAL  ATTRACTION,  and  to  health  and  longevity  by  the 

proper  mastication  of  food. 

ROWLANDS'  ODONTO. 

T!is  Unique  White  Powder  is  of  inestimable  value 
in  Preserving  and  Beautifying  the  Teith. 
Strengthening  the  Gums,  and  in  imparting  a  Dn.i- 
cate  Fragrance  to  the  Breath.  It  eradicates  Tartar 
from  the  Teeth,  removes  spots  of  incipient  decay,  and 
polishes  and  preserves  the  enamel,  to  which  it  impart*  a 
Pearl-like  whiteness.  Its  Antiseptic  and  Anti- 
scorbutic Properties  exercise  a  highly  bemficial  and 
salutary  influence ;  they  arrest  the  further  pro;rre$s  of 
the  decay  of  Teeth,  induce  a  healthv  action  of  the  Gun-.*, 
and  cause  them  to  assume  the  brightness  and  colour 
indicative  of  perfect  soundness;  while,  by  confirming 
their  adhesion  to  the  Teeth,  they  give  unlimited  enjoy- 
ment and  fresh  zest  to  appetite,  by  perpetuating  effective 
and  complete  mastication.     It  speedily   removes  these 

ravages  which  children  sustain  in  the  Teeth  owing  to  the  improper  use  of  sweet  and  acid 

suhstr.nces. 

As  the  most  efficient  and  fragrant  aromatic  purifier  of  the  Breath,  Teeth,  and  Gums  ever 
known,  Rowlands'  Oponto  has  for  a  long  series  of  years  occupied  a  distinguished  place 
at  the  Toilets  of  the  Sovereigns  and  the  Nobility  throughout  Europe;  while  the  general 
demand  for  it  at  once  announces  the  favour  in  which  it  is  universally  held. 

Sold  at  20,  Hat  ton-garden,  and  by  Chemists  and  Perfumers. 
tsT  Ask  for  "  ROWLANDS'  ODONTO." 


ROWLANDS' 
£'0'-D'b:N'-'TQ;' 


rFEARLDSNTJQlUT^fJljl 


^@8B28j 


'.MattoiiCar  Jci 


RUPTURES.— By  Royal  Letters  Patent. 

WHITE'S  MOC-MAIN   LEVER  TRUSS, 

Perfected  and  exhibited  iti  the  Great  Exhibition,  1851, 

Is  allowed  by  upwards  of  200  Medical  Gentlemen  to  be  the  most  effective 
invention  in  the  curative  treatment  of  HERNIA.  The  use  of  a  steel  spring, 
so  often  hurtful  in  its  efflcts,  is  here  avoided — a  soft  bandage  being  worn 
round  the  hodv;  while  the  requisite  resisting  power  is  supplied  bv  the  MOC- 
MAIN  PAD 'and  PATENT  LEVER,  fitting  with  so  much  ease  and  close- 
ness that  it  cannot  be  detected,  and  may  be  worn  during  sleep.  A  descriptive 
circular  may  be  had,  and  the  Truss  (which  cannot  fail  to  fit)  forwarded  by 
post,  on  the  circumference  of  the  body  two  inches  below  the  hips  being  sent 
to  the  Manufacturer, 

MR.  WHITE,  228,  PICCADILLY,  LONDON. 

Price  of  a  Single  Truss,  16s.,  21s.,  26s.  6(1.,  and  31s.  tid.     Postage,  Is. 
Price  of  a  Double  Truss,  31s.  6d.,  42s.,  and  52s.  ihl    Postage,  Is.  8d. 
Post- office  Orders  to  be  made  payable  to  JOHN  WHITE,  Post-office, 

Piccadilly. 

ELASTIC  STOCKINGS,  KNEE-CAPS,  &c. 

The  material  of  which  these  are  made  is  recommended  by  the  Faculty  a*  being  peculiarly 
ELAS'lIC  and  COMPRESSIBLE,  and  the  best  invention  for  giving  efficient  and  perma- 
nent support  in  all  cases  of  WEAKNESS  and  SWELLING  of  the  LEGS,  VARICOSE 
VEINS,  SPRAINS.  &c.  It  i*  porous  light  in  texture,  and  inexpensive,  and  ia  drawn  on 
like  an  ordinary  stocking.     Price  4s.  6d.,  7s.  6d.f  10s.,  and  16*.     Postage,  6d. 

Manufacturer,  JOHN  WHITE,  228,  Piccadilly,  Louden, 


SPECIMENS  MAY  BE  SEEN  AT  THE  CRYSTAL  PALACE. 


JUNE,  1861. 


In  8vo.,  with  a  Portrait  and  two  Facsimiles,  price  14s. 

THE  LIFE  OF  EI  CHARD  PORSON,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Greek  in  the 
-*•  University  of  Cambridge  from  1792  to  1808.  By  the  Rev.  John  Selbt  Watson, 
M.A.,  M.R.S.L. 

London ;  Longman,  Green,  Lonoman,  and  Roberts. 

Now  ready,  in  4to.,  with  Nine  Plates,  price  15s.,  cloth, 

pOLLECTANEA  ARCHJEOLOGICA :  Papers  communicated  to  the  British 

^  Archaeological  Association.    Vol.  I.,  Part  I. 

Also  in  8vo.,  with  twenty-six  Plates  and  other  Illustrations,  price  Sis.  6d. 

JOURNAL  OF  PROCEEDINGS  FOR  1860. 

London :    Longman,  Oreen,  Longman,  and  Roberts. 

In  square  Fcap.  8to.,  with  a  Map,  geologically  coloured,  and  ninety-six  Illustrations  drawn 
and  engraved  on  the  wood  by  the  Author,  price  6s.  6d.  cloth, 

A    WEEK  AT  THE  LANDS  END.    By  J.  T.  Blight,  Author  of  " An- 

■**■  cient  Crosses  and  other  Antiquities  of  Cornwall:"  assisted,  in  Ornithology,  by 
E.  H.  Rodd,  Esq. ;  in  Ichthyology,  by  R.  Q.  Couch,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S. ;  and  in  Botany,  by 
J.  Ralps,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S. 

London :  Longman,  Green,  Longman,  and  Roberts. 

LORD  MACAULAY'S  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND- 

In  seven  Vols.,  Post  8vo.,  price  42s.  cloth,  or  separately,  6s.  eacb, 

THE  HISTORY  of  ENGLAND  from  the  ACCESSION  of  JAMES  the 

1-   SECOND.    By  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Macaulay. 

LORD  MACAULAY'S  HISTORY  of  ENGLAND  from  the  Accession  of 

James  the  Second.     Library  Edition  of  the  first  Four  Volumes.     Vols.  I.  and  II.,  8vo., 
price  82s.  ;  Vols.  III.  and  IV.,  8vow,  price 36s. 

THE  FIFTH  and  CONCLUDING  VOLUME  of  LORD  MACAULAY'S 

HISTORY  of  ENGLAND,  edited  by  his  Sister,  Lady  Trevelyan,  with  a  copious 
Index.    8vom  price  12s. 

London :  Longman,  Green,  Longman,  and  Roberts. 

Just  published,  in  Post  8vo.,  price  5s.,  cloth, 

r» AEDMON.    THE  FALL  of  MAN  or  PARADISE  L08T  of  CAEDMON, 

^  translated  in  Verse  from  the  Anglo-Saxon :  With  a  new  metrical  arrangement  of  the 

lines  of  part  of  the  original  Text,  and  an  Introduction  on  the  Versification  of  Catdmom.    By 

William  H.  F.  Bosanquet,  Esq. 

amongst  the  minor  minstrelsy  of  the  day.  He  has 
shewn  admirable  skill  in  rendering  the  severe  sim- 
plicity of  the  Whitby  monk's  poem.  He  has  not 
only  shewn  himself  s  faithful  translator  in  the 
skill  with  which  he  has  brought  out  this  quality  of 
old-world  simplicity,  but  he  has  elucidated  his 
author."— Joan  Bull. 


"  No  Englishman  has  a  right  to  be  indifltrent 
to  the  poems  of  Caedmon.  There  does  not  appear 
to  be  any  reason  to  doubt  that  Milton  took  directly 
from  Caedmon.  We  may  thank  Mr.  Bosanquet  for 
his  useful  book."—  Guardian. 

"  Mr.  Boflanquet's  very  meritorious  translation 
of  Caedmon's  Epic  ought   hardly  to  be  classed 


London:  Longman,  Green,  Longman,  and  Roberts. 


m  GENTLEMAN'S  MAGAZINE  ADVERTISER,  JUNE,  1861. 

Just  ready,  Feap.  800.,  cloth  lettered,  price  6#. 

3Kn  Infroburfion  fo  fljp  jSfabg  of 
(Jofftr  SErr^ifprfupp. 

By  JOHN  HENRY  PARKER,   F.S.A. 

Seoond  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged,  with  170  Illustration*. 


NOTICES. 

"  The  attention  which  of  late  years  has  been  given  to  Oothic  Architecture,  especially  by 
men  who  are  not  professional  architects,  renders  necessary  some  sure  and  safe  guide  to  the 
study  of  the  art  Such  a  hook  is  that  by  Mr.  Parker,  a  second  edition  of  which  has  just 
made  its  appearance.  The  new  matter  and  illustrations,  incorporated  with  the  old,  combine 
to  make  it  the  most  comprehensive  and  practically  useful  treatise  upon  the  subject  which 
can  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  any  one  desirous  of  being  taught  the  principles  of  Oothic 
structure.  It  was  written,  as  the  author  says,  not  so  much  '  for  architects  aa  for  their  em- 
ployers, the  gentry  and  clergy  of  England/  " — Art  Journal. 

"  By  a  careful  and  diligent  study  of  its  pages,  a  reader  "previously  wholly  ignorant  of 
architecture  would  acquire  an  available  knowledge  of  a  study  which  is  rapidly  becoming 
very  general  with  all  persons  who  lay  claim  or  aspire  to  be  considered  well-informed;  while 
a  person  who  possesses  the  most  advanced  knowledge  in  the  subject  will  welcome  this 
agreeable  handbook  and  invaluable  summary  of  dates.  ...  It  is  a  book  of  facts,  not  of 
theories  and  fancies ;  technicalities  have  been  rendered  easily  intelligible,  and  during  the 
coming  summer  we  should  recommend  no  person  to  visit  a  cathedral  or  an  abbey  ruin,  at 
home  or  abroad,  without  this  volume  in  his  portmanteau,  or,  better  still,  with  ita  content! 
committed  to  memory*'*— Literary  Gazette. 

"  We  are  very  glad  to  have  the  opportunity  of  welcoming  the  re-issue  of  Mr.  Parker's 
admirable  little  book  on  Gothic  Architecture. ...  A  better  introduction  to  the  study  of 
Gothic  Architecture  could  not  be  placed  in  the  student's  hands." — Spectator,  April  30, 
1861. 

"  The  study  of  Gothic  Architecture  has  made  such  wonderful  progress  during  the  last 
twenty-five  years,  and  has  now  become  so  popular,  that  we  are  led  to  wonder  how  it  could 
have  lain  dormant  so  long.  . .  .  The  volume  may  be  pronounced  a  complete  and  compre- 
hensive grammar  of  Gothic  Architecture,  furnishing  everything  that  the  beginner  cat 
desire."—  Bookseller,  April  26,  1861. 

"This  clear  an  J  comprehensive  manual 'has  become  so  general  a  favourite  that  any 
recommendation  of  it  at  this  time  would  be  quite  out  of  date. . . .  The  work  contains  some 
very  interesting  notices  of  foreign  Gothic,  and  is  altogether  so  complete  a  manual  that  the 
student  who  has  mastered  its  contents  will  find  himself  thoroughly  conversant  with  the 
principles  of  this  beautiful  art  and  the  course  of  their  historical  development." — Chester 
Courant,  April  24,  1861. 

"  It  is  needless  to  say,  considering  the  source  from  which  it  emanates,  that  the  book  is 
well  got  up.  The  illustrations  are  extremely  good,  and  are  profusely  scattered  over  the 
volume.  It  is  of  a  convenient  size,  and  will  no  doubt  prove  an  acceptable  companion  to 
many  a  summer  tourist.  '  The  book,'  as  Mr.  Parker  says,  '  is  one  of  facts,  not  of  theories, 
or  fancies,'  and  in  this  lies  one  of  its  great  merits.  We  can  heartily  recommend  it  to  the 
young  student  of  architecture,  and  we  are  confident  that  any  one  who  masters  this  readable 
little  volume  will  not  only  follow  in  his  architectural  pursuits,  when  he  closes  it,  but  will  be 
led  on  deeper  in  the  fascinating  study." — English  Churchman,  May  2,  1861. 


\ 

GENTLEMAN'S  MAGAZINE  ADVERTISER,  JUNE,  1861.  567 


Notice*  (continued), 

"  The  writing-,  printing:,  and  abundant  illustrations  of  this  little  volume,  the  first  edition 
of  which  appeared  some  years  back,  leave  little  to  be  desired,  as  a  careful  and  complete, 
though  popular  account  of  the  successive  developments  of  architecture,  since  Roman  times, 
In  England,  with  a  closing  chapter  on  the  parallel  stages  of  progress  and  decline  in  the 
French,  German,  and  Italian  styles." — Globe,  May  IS,  1861. 

"  Mr.  Parker,  the  author  of  this  little  hook,  has  laboured  long  and  lovingly  to  diffuse 
more  correct  notions  on  this  important  subject,  and  to  this  and  other  works  that  have  ap- 
peared, the  greater  prevalence  of  a  correct  taste,  particularly  in  Gothic  Architecture,  ia 
mainly  to  be  attributed.  . . .  An  amateur  may  acquire  from  this  little  book  a  great  deal  of 
useful  and  very  accurate  historical  as  well  as  axchitectural  in  formation." — Nottingham 
Journal,  May  17. 

"  Mr.  Parker  has  done  his  work  well.  We  have  long  looked,  and  looked  in  vain,  for  a  book 
which  might  be  read  with  interest  by  the  scholar,  and  with  benefit  by  the  student ;  one 
which  would  be  both  a  text- book  and  a  primer.  This  is  the  character  of  Mr.  Parker's  little 
book.  The  learned  archaeologist  will  find  in  it  much  to  gratify  him,  while  the  learner  cannot 
fail  to  become  learned  if  he  will  add  observation  to  reading.  With  this  guide  in  his  hand, 
Indeed,  any  man  may  understand  our  churches ;  and  thus  find,  if  not  sermons,  certainly 
history,  perhaps  not  less  useful  and  more  entertaining,  in  stones." — Gloucester  Chronicle. 

"  As  a  valuable  guide  to  the  study  of  (to  our  mind)  the  noblest  style  of  architecture  in 
the  world,  we  earnestly  recommend  this  excellent  book.  Nearly  200  neat  wood-engravings 
illustrate  the  arches,  buttresses,  mouldings,  &c,  of  the  various  periods  and  the  different 
national  modifications  of  Gothic  Architecture." — Hastings  and  St.  Leonard's  News,  May  3. 

"For  completeness,  compactness,  and  beauty  in  typography  and  woodcut  illustrations 
has  never  been  surpassed,  if  equalled.  More  than  two  hundred  fine  illustrations  adorn  the 
work,  which  will  be  found  a  complete  handbook  to  the  study  of  what  most  be  regarded  at 
our  national  style  of  architecture." — Manchester  Courier,  May  4,  1861. 

"  The  study  of  architecture  is  no  longer  confined  to  a  select  few.  Within  the  last  few 
years  architectural  and  archaeological  societies  have  done  much  to  popularize  it,  and  a  know- 
ledge of  architecture  is  now  so  essentially  a  portion  of  anything  approaching  what  is  termed 
a  liberal  education,  that  many  who  are  ignorant  of,  affect  to  be  acquainted  with  it  This  is 
the  first  sign  of  a  better  state  of  things  with  reference  to  this  subject,  for  it  is  invariably 
found  that  when  men  learn  to  be  ashamed  of  their  ignorance  they  have  taken  the  first  step 
on  the  road  to  knowledge. ...  To  those  who  are  disposed  to  enter  upon  the  study  of  the 
subject,  as  well  as  to  those  who  are  well  acquainted  with  it,  no  more  desirable  companion 
can  be  had  than  Mr.  Parker's  *  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Gothic  Architecture,'  a  work 
as  useful  to  the  mere  learner  as  it  is  interesting  to  the  mora  advanced." — Northampton 
Herald,  May  18, 1861. 

"  In  the  present  work  the  historical  periods  of  Gothic  Architecture  are  clearly  traced,  and 
the  distinctive  characters  of  each  style  pourtrayed  with  a  master  hand.  The  chapters  are 
not  exclusively  devoted  to  English  architecture,  but  the  French  and  continental  Gothic 
occupies  a  considerable  portion  of  the  book. . .  .  There  is  a  mass  of  valuable  information 
compressed  within  a  small  space." — Cambridge  Chronicle. 

In  the  Press. 

Inspiration  and  Interpretation : 

Seven  Sermons  preached  before  the  University  of  Oxford ;  with  an  Introduction,  being  an 
Answer  to  a  Volume  entitled  "ESSAYS  and  REVIEWS."  By  the  Rev.  JOHN  W. 
1 UUGOX,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Oriel  College,  and  Select  Preacher.    8vo. 

OXFORD;  AND  377,  8TRAND,  LONDON:  J.  H.  AND  JAS.  PARKER. 


668  GENTLEMAN'S  MAGAZINE  ADVERTISER,  JUNE,  1861, 


|.  f.  anb  J.  $  arhtr's  fltto  ^nbltcsdumi. 

Christian  Vestiges  of  Creation. 

By  WILLIAM  SEWELL,  D.D.,  late  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  the  University 
of  Oxford.    Post  8vo.,  cloth,  price  4e.  6d. 

A  Letter  on  the  Inspiration  of  Holy  Scripture, 

Addressed  to  a  Student.  By  WILLIAM  SEWELL,  D.D.,  Late  Professor  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Oxford.    8vo.,  sewed,  price  3s. 

Sermons  on  the  Beatitudes, 

With  others  mostly  preached  before  the  University  of  Oxford ;  to  which  is  added  a  Preface 
relating  to  the  recent  volume  of  "  Essays  and  Reviews."  By  the  Rev.  GEO.  MOBERLY, 
D.C.L.,  Head  Master  of  Winchester  College.    Second  Edition,  8vo.,  price  10s.  6d. 

Some  Remarks  on  "  Essays  and  Reviews." 

Being  the  Revised  Preface  to  the  Second  Edition  of  "Sermons  on  the  Beatitudes,"  by 
GEORGE  MOBERLT,  D.C.L.,  Head  Master  of  Winchester  College.    8vo„  sewed,  2s. 

The  Reviewers  Reviewed  and  the  Essayists  Criticised: 

An  Analysis  and  Confutation  of  each  of  the  Seven  "  Essays  and  Reviews."  (Reprinted 
from  the  Litxsabt  Cmubchmax.)    8vo.  sewed,  price  2s.  6d. 

A  Grammar  of  the  Greek  Language. 

By  WILLIAM  EDWARD  JELF,  B.D.,  late  Student  and  Censor  of  Christ  Church. 
Third  Edition,  enlarged  and  improved,  with  an  additional  Index  to  the  Constructions  of 
the  Gospels,  Acts,  and  Epistles.     Third  Edition,  2  vols.,  8vo ,  price  £1 10s.,  cloth. 

Oxford  Pocket  Classics. 

Texts,  with  Short  English  Notes  for  the  Use  of  Schools. 

Iavy,  Books  XXI.— XXIV. 

16mo.,  price  4s.  6d.  cloth. 

Cicero,  Orationes  in  Gatilinam. 

16mo.,  sewed,  Is. 

Cioero,  Oratio  pro  Milone. 

16mo.,  sewed,  Is. 

Csesar  de  Bello  Gallico,  Books  I. — HI. 

16ma,  sewed,  Is. 
In  the  Press. 

The  "  Essays  and  Reviews." 

JtfESSRS.  J.  H.  and  JAS.  PARKER  beg  to  announce  that  they  have  in  the  Press 
a  Volume  of  Replies  to  the  "  Essays  and  Reviews,"     The  following  are  the  names  of 
the  contributors  as  far  as  can  at  present  he  announced  : — 

THE  REV.  DR.  GOULBURN,  THE  REV.  DR.  H.  J.  ROS^ 

THE  REV.  DR.  HEURTLEY,  THE  REV.  DR.  WORDSWORTH, 

THE  RLV.  DR.  IRONS,  Ac  Ac 

With  a  Preface  by  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford. 
OXFORD  t  AND  377,  STRAND,  LONDON. 


GENTLEMAN'S  MAGAZINE  ADVERTISER,  JUNE,  1861.  66* 


NEW  WORKS. 


Post  8vo. 

FORAYS  AMONG  SALMON  AND  DEER.    By  J.  CONWAY.     [ In  June. 

Post  8vo.,  with  Illustrations, 

A  CRUISE  in  the  "CLAYMORE"  on  the  COAST  of  SYRIA  during 
the  Present  Troubles,    By  Mrs.  HARVEY.  [i»  June. 

New  Serial  by  Mr.  Anthony  Trollope.  With  Illustration*  by  J.  E.  Xillais,  A.R.  A. 

On  June  1st  will  be  published,  Part  IV.,  price  Is.,  of 

ORLEY  FARM:  a  Tale.  By  ANTHONY  TROLLOPE,  anthor  of 
"  Framley  Parsonage,"  "  Dr.  Thorne,"  "  Barchester  Towers,"  Ac.  With  Illustrations  by 
J.  E.  MiLLUB,  A.R.A. 

Fcap.  8vo.,  3s.  6d. 

TANNHAT7SER ;  or.  The  Battle  of  the  Bards.  A  Poem.  By  NEVILLE 
TEMPLE  and  EDWARD  TREVOR.  [This  dag. 

2  vols.,  Post  8tom  18s.    * 

THE  ENGLISH  AT  HOME.  Essays  from  the  "  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes." 
By  ALPHONSE  ESQUIROS.    TransUted  and  Edited  by  Lasobxlks  Wraxalijb. 

*•  It  will  be  inferred,  from  our  notice  of '  The  English  st  Home,'  that,  with  no  pretensions  to  a  really 
philosophical  treatment,  the  subject  has  been  handled  cleverly,  amusingly,  and  reflectively.  The  author 
has  limited  himwlf  to  the  outward  forms  and  surroundings  of  English  life,  painting  what  he  has  seen, 
what  has  interested  himself,  and  what  is  likely  to  interest  others,  with  rare  fidelity,  and  great  de- 
scriptive power.  The  motive  which  has  animated  him  in  the  composition  of  bis  Essays  is  the  high  and 
honourable  one  of  assisting  to  remove  prejudice  and  enlighten  ignorance,  and  thus  to  reader  the  two  fore- 
most empire*  of  the  earth  as  majestic  in  weir  friendship  as  they  have  been  magnificent  in  their  rivalry. 
A  task  so  generously  undertaken,  and  so  coniidentiously  executed,  deserves  the  doable  success,  material 
and  moral,  which  we  desire  to  predict  for  it."— Spectator. 

"  M.  Esquiros  himself  is  a  sort  of  a  French  Washington  Irving,  in  his  sealous  pursuit  and  his  cordial 
appreciation  of  the  latent  characteristics  of  English  life ;  though  at  the  same  time  that  he  views  English 
manners  and  institutions  sympathetically,  even  those  that  dissent  from  him  must  allow  that  he  Judges . 

them  with  a  frank  independence. We  can  go  further  with  M.  Esquiros  in  de«iring  that  a  better 

agreement  on  the  spirit  of  the  institutions  which  rule  civil  life,  will  tend  to  approximate  the  character . 
and  genius  of  the  two  peoples  still  nearer,  and  as  his  own  book  is  unquestionably  an  effort  in  this  direc- 
tion, it  has  our  warmest  sympathy  and  our  cordial  approbation."— Timet,  May  25, 1861. 

2  vols.,  Post  8vo.,  16s., 

LA  BEATA :   a  Novel.    By  THOMAS  ADOLPHTJS  TROLLOPE. 

"  *  La  Beats'  is  a  novel  of  which  there  is  nothing  to  say  but  what  is  good.  It  is  a  charming  story,  and, 
though  the  theme  is  as  old  as  the  world,  it  has  the  eternal  and  ever-renewed  freshness  of  life  itself.  The 
story  required  to  be  very  skilfully  handled ;  and,  in  his  management  of  poor  Bests,  the  author  has  shewn 
himself  an  artist  as  well  as  a  thorough  gentleman.  It  is  a  story  in  which  the  narrator  reveals  himself 
and  his  own  nature  more  than  the  incident*  and  characters  with  which  he  has  to  deaL  As  a  picture  of 
Italian  domestic  and  interior  life  and  manners  it  is  excellent."— Athenmwm. 

"  Mr.  Adoiphus  Trollope  has  written  a  most  charming  tale— one  which  most  persons  will  read  with 
tears,  and  which  none  but  a  person  utterly  devoid  of  feeling  ean  peruse  without  being  deeply  affected  .... 
We  know  of  no  more  charming,  tender,  and  pathetic  story  than  that  of  *  La  Beats/"— London  Rmritw. 

New  Sporting  Novel.    €econd  Edition.    Post  8to.,  9b^ 
MARKET  HARBOROUGH;  or,  How  Mr.  Sawyer  went  to  the  Shires. 

"  From  the  very  beginning  of  the  hero**  adventures  a  certain  interest  is  experienced  which  never  falls 
off,  and  the  only  annoyance  felt  is  thst  the  visit  of  Mr.  Sawyer  to  the  Shires  terminates  so  soon.  Indeed, 
the  fault  here  perceptible  may  with  equal  truth  be  urged  against  Major  White  Melville  in  some  of  bis 
previous  writings,  his  finishing  being  too  abrupt."— Press. 

On  June  1st,  price  7s.  6d. 

MARTIN  CHTJZZLEWIT.  Vol.  I.  With  the  Original  Illustrations. 
Forming  the  New  Volume  of  the  "  Illustrated  Library  Edition  of  Mr.  Charles  Dickens's 
Works." 

In  Fcap.  8vo.,  4s. 

OURSELVES,  OUR  FOOD,  AND  OUR  PHYSIC.  By  BENJAMIN 
RIDQE,  M.D.  [This  da$. 

CHAPMAN  ajtd  HALL,  198,  PSocadilly. 


870  GENTLEMAN'8  MAGAZINE  ADVERTISER.  JUNE,  1861. 


Jf.  p.  anir  |f.  |)arlur's  nttxd  ^ubluathms. 

A  Manual  of  Monumental  Brasses : 

Comprising  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  these  Memorials,  and  a  List  of  those  remain- 
ing in  the  British  Isles.  With  200  Illustrations.  By  the  Rev.  HERBERT  HAINES, 
M.A.,  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  Second  Master  of  the  College  School,  and  Chaplain  of 
the  County  Asylum,  Gloucester.  (With  the  Sanction  of  the  Oxford  Architectural  Society.) 
2  vols.,  medium  8vo.,  21s. 

'  "  Mr.  Haines's  Manual  is  really  what  it  purports  to  he — an  introduction  to  the  profitable 
study  of  monumental  brasses,  and  a  guide  in  fixing  their  dates  and  styles,  and  appreciating 
their  beauties.  The  work  appears  to  contain  all  that  is  known  of  the  history  of  brasses ;  the 
contents  are  also  lucidly  arranged,  which  is  not  always  the  case  with  antiquarian  books. 
The  title  of  the  book  is  not  very  attractive  to  the  general  reader;  but  he  will  make  a  sad 
mistake  if  he  puts  it  aside  as  dry.  The  book  furnishes  an  interesting  account  of  the  cos- 
tume, arms,  heraldry  of  old  England  during  many  centuries,  and  now  and  then  we  catch 
plea.^ant  glimpses  of  history.  The  profusion  of  illustrations  heightens  the  value  of  the 
work.  Mr.  Haines  furnishes  a  list  containing  notices  of  upwards  of  three  thousand  brasses 
out  of  the  four  which  have  escaped  destruction  ;  the  compilation  must  have  involved  much 
research  and  toil.  He  has  thus  not  only  done  much  for  the  preservation  of  those  ancient 
monuments,  but  has  facilitated  the  study  of  ancient  art,  manners,  and  history." — Gloucester 
Chronicle,  March  23,  1861. 


A  History  of  the  Church, 


From  the  Edict  of  Milan,  A.D.  813,  to  the  Council  of  Chalcedon,  a.d.  451.  By  WILLIAM 
BRIGHT,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  University  College.  Oxford;  late  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
History  in  the  Scottish  Church.    Post  8vo.,  cloth,  price  10s.  6d. 

Memoir  of  Joshua  Watson, 

KditM)  by  EDWARD  CHURTON,  Archdeacon  of  Cleveland.  Two  Vols.,  Pott  8t&, 
doth,  with  Portrait,  15*. 

Pass  and  Class : 

An  Oxford  Guide-Book,  through  the  course  of  LUera  tfumaniores,  Mathematics,  Natural 
Science,  and  Law  and  Modern  History.  By  MONTAGU  BUKROWS,  M.A.  Second 
Edition,  with  tome  of  the  latest  Examination  Papers.    Fcap.  8vo.,  cloth,  price  5s. 


St.  Paul  in  Britain ; 


Or,  The  Origin  of  British  as  Opposed  to  Papal  Christianity.  By  the  Rev.  R.  W.  MORGAN, 
Author  of  "  Verities  of  the  Church/'  "  The  Churches  of  England  and  Rome,"  "  Christianity 
and  Infidelity  Intellectually  Contrasted,"  Ac.    Crown  8vo.,  cloth,  4s. 

"  This  work,  which  is  dedicated  by  permission  to  the  Lcrd  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  is  of 
more  than  ordinary  interest.  It  is  a  short  but  comprehensive  narrative  of  the  oriyin  of 
native  British  Christianity  as  opposed  to  the  Papal  system,  first  introduced  into  this  country 
in  the  fifth  century  by  Augustine.  This  history  is  not  a  mere  collection  of  names  and  date*; 
it  embraces  a  variety  of  subjects,  which  the  author  has  interwoven  in  the  narrative  with 
consummate  skill,  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  acceptable  to  the  general  reader." — The 
Welshman,  March  22, 1861. 


Our  English  Home : 


Its  Early  History  and  Progress.  With  Notes  on  the  Introduction  of  Domestic  Inventions. 
Crown  8vo.,  price  6s. 

"  It  contains  the  annals  of  our  English  civilization,  and  all  about  our  progress  in  social 
and  domestic  matters,  how  we  came  to  be  the  family  and  ne  »ple  which  we  are.  All  this 
forms  a  lxwk  as  interesting  as  a  novel,  and  our  domestic  history  is  written  not  only  with 
great  research,  but  also  with  much  spirit  and  liveliness." — Christian  Remembrancer. 

OXFORD)  AND  377,  l9T  RAND,  LONDON. 


GENTLEMAN'S  MAGAZINE  ADVERTISER,  JUNE,  1861.  571 

THE  ECCLESIOLOGIST.     Published  under  the  superintendence  of  the 

*•    Kcclesiological  Society  every  alternate  month.     Is.  6d. 

Eighteen  Volumes  are  now  published,  and  may  be  had  at  a  reduoed  price  on  taking 
the  set. 

This  work  forms  the  only  complete  history  of  the  improrements  in  Church  Architecture, 

New  Churches,  Restorations,  and  all  Ecclesiastical  Buildings,  works  of  Art,  Art  Societies, 

Architectural  Societies,  since  1841. 

"  The  good  of  the  Church  is  the  one  great  end  to  which  all  the  Society's  resources  and  all  its  energies 
nave  hitherto  been,  and  will  continue  to  be,  devoted."— Address,  No.  1. 

A  HISTORY  OF  ARCHITECTURE.     By  Edward  A.  Fbebmajst,  Esq., 

M.A.    8vo.,  10s.  6d. 

41  No  one  can  open  his  pages  without  deriving  the  greatest  benefit  and  instruction,  both  from  the  large- 
ness of  his  views,  and  the  ability  with  which  he  supports  them."—  Christian  Remembrancer. 

"  Worthy  to  take  its  place  on  the  same  shelf  with  the  few  that  can  be  looked  upon  as  standard  works 
on  architecture."— Morning  Pott. 

"  The  examination  into  the  artistic  history  of  Gothic  architecture  is  acute  and  philosophical."—  Build*. 

"  Evidently  the  result  of  much  and  original  thinking."— Jthetueum, 

HISTORY  OF  ECCLESIASTICAL  ARCHITECTURE  IN  ENGLAND. 

By  the  Rev.  G.  A  Poole,  M.A.     Large  8vo.  vol.,  price  7s.  6"d. 

The  author  has  endeavoured  to  combine  a  general  history  of  the  greater  English  eccle- 
siastical architects  of  the  Middle  Ages,  with  an  equally  general  view  of  their  works,  and  of 
the  characters  which  distinguish  the  buildings  of  their  respective  ages, 

CHURCHES   OF    SCARBOROUGH   AND    THE   NEIGHBOURHOOD. 

By  J.  W.  Huoall,  Architect.    Cloth,  3s.  6d. ;  paper,  2s.  6d. 

It  contains  a  history  of  Scarborough  Church,  Seamer,  Fil.  y,  Muston,  Hunmanby,  &c, 
with  fifty  beautiful  engravings  by  Jewitt,  with  tabular  arrangement  of  styles,  &e. 

CHURCHES ;  their  Structure,  Arrangement,  Ornaments,  &c.    By  the  same 

Author.     Is.  6d. ;  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

Contents:— Primitive  Church  Architecture;  Account  of  the  most  ancient  Churches  in 
England  ;  Gothic  Architecture  and  its  Symbolism  ;  the  Entrance,  the  Steeple,  Fonts,  Pews, 
Roof,  Floor,  Walls,  Windows,  Alms-chest,  Lectern,  Pulpit,  Chancel,  Altar,  Sepulchral 
Monuments,  &c. 

THE  HANDBOOK  OF  ENGLISH  ECCLESIOLOGY.    A  Companion  for 

Church  Tourists.     Cloth,  5s. ;  or  limp  calf  interleaved,  9s. 

This  work  is  intended  for  travelling  Ecclesiologists,  to  be  the  companion  of  their  Church 
tours  along  with  their  portfolios,  scheme,  lead,  tape,  &c.  It  is  wanted  to  point  out  what  is 
most  worthy  of  observation,  and  how  to  observe  it  best ;  to  assist  them  to  know  the  more 
important  features  of  Churches,  with  tables  of  the  various  dates  and  styles  of  Architecture, 
and  examples,  with  Appendix  of  the  best  Churches  divided  under  their  counties. 

MONUMENTAL  MEMORIALS;  being  Designs  for  Headstones  and  Mural 

Monuments.    By  J.  W.  Hall  am,  Architect.     In  Two  Parts,  Imp.  8vo^  2a.  6d.  each. 

Part  I.  contains  designs  for  twelve  Churchyard  Crosses,  one  Slab,  and  four  Mura) 
Monuments. 

Part  II.  contains  twenty -one  designs,  ten  of  Churchyard  Crosses,  Stone  and  Wood,  four 
Coped  Tombstones,  three  larger  Crosses,  and  five  Mural  Tablets. 

"  Certainly  far  better  than  those  with  which  we  are  so  painfully  familiar."— 4rf  Journal/ 

"  The  simpler  forms  of  stone  crosses  seem  to  us  the  most  successful.    The  descriptive  account  will  be 

useful  to  the  mason»  woo  will  execute  the  designs.    We  wish  Mr.  Hsllam  the  success  he  deserres.*' — 

Etvleviologist. 

"  Part  II.  completes  a  useful  and  able  work."— Ecclesiol ovist. 

London  :  J.  Masters,  Aldersgate-street  tad  New  Bond-street. 


672  GENTLEMAN'S  MAGAZINE  ADVERTISER,  JUNE,  1861. 


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% 


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8s  Gd  17U> 


164  EURIPIDIS  Hecuba,  Orestes,  Medea  et 
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166  EURIPIDIS  Supplioes,  Iphigenia  in  Aulide 
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167  EUSEBII  Historia  Eceleriastica,  car* 
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168  EVIDENCE  of  Profane  History  to  the 
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169  FABER'S  Horn  Mosaic®,  a  Dissertation  on 
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170  FABRICII  BibliothecalGrsBca,  live  Notitia, 
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173  FELL'S  Annotations  anl  Paraphrase  on  all 
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edgee,  £1  16i                                            1798  214  HARE'S  (A.  W.)    Sermon,   to  a  Coattn 

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194  GRATES'  (Rot.   R.)   on  the  Pentateuch,  216  HARRIS'S   (James)  Works,    Harms*,  tft, 

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198  GRESWELL'S  (Dr.  Edw.)  Eipodtion  of  216  H,AT,8ELL!S  1£S5!*jLSP",ir*J? 
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(W.1B84  ■0AW]"                                                        "« 

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199  OROTE-S  Hbtory  of  Greece,  12  rob.  8to.  ...  „J£  mb7wZZ1.i  „  J!Z 
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199  OROnoa  d.  «eritte  Rdlgtob  Christiana,,  C*rtm*'  *""•  3  toU"  "•  **  ol»^  *« 
earn  Notts  Clorid,  12mo- doth,  U6d  220  HEEBEN'S  African   Nattow,  2  Tob.  (m* 

200  ODIOCIARDINI  Hbtoria  tflwfilO  IS  „,  *£££+*  M                         °*  "" 

Sro.  hf.  ealf  neat,  16s                               1822  ^1  HEEREN'S  Aslatie  Nations,  2  toIs.  Sra. 

201  ODIZOrS  Hbtory  of  CiTilbatlon,  Broh.  m  SSJSSS^J  °*  .  1MI 
foap.  oloth  lettd.  6s                                   1866  222  H KEREN'S   Manual  of  Ancient   Hbtory, 

202GDMERSALL'S    Tables  of    Dboount  8to.  oloth  lettorod,  4s  6d                           I8fe 

Simple  Intorestat  6,  4t,  4,  31,8,  and  2,  rwr  223  HEINECCII    Antlqnitatnra     Roraananss, 

Cent,  Bro.  hf.  oslf  neat,  6*  6d                  1880  Jurbprudentinm    illustrantlnm     Sntsfisa 

20S  GTMNASIALWESEN,  Zdtaohrift  far  das,  TTn??!  »*•  ■iwl??,7"^h*  "V*' 

2  thick  rob.  8to.  hf.  oalf  gilt,  4s  fld  ""f?  ™,2M  rt  M»hl««,l>™ah.  royal  ore. 

1847—48  calf  neat,  6a                                           1S41 

204  HAKLUYT3  Principal  NnTigatloos,  Toy-  22*  ?lSDV  ^^  9*  Inl»*»«>oo,  Treatiaa.  as. 

ages,  Trafflque*  and  Discorerie.,  2  rob.  In  L  bT  Co'obrooke,  4to.  hf.  bound.  15a         IBrt 

folio,  »UE*  Jttttec,  £1  la, imperfect  1690  225  HOBBES'S  Works,  by  Moleawortb,  1G  •oh. 

£06  HALES'S  (Dr.  W.)  Now  Analysb  of  Chro-  B*°-  ne'  doth  lettered,  £2  10s 


HALES'S  (Dr.  W.)  Now  Analysi.  of  Chro-  H*°-  ■»"  doth  lottered,  £2  10a  18U 

oology  and  Qeogrsphy,   Hbtory  and  Pro-    226  HOFFMAN'S  Course  of  Legal  Studr  Irtb. 
phooy,  1  vob.  8to.  cloth,  £1  18s  1880  royal  8ro.  bd>.  7s  1« 


> 


V.  BfiAIH,  *W,  OXFORD  STRICT.  LONDON. 


r  HOPM  AITS  Legal  eaarbjee,  detf  rend  ta 
Qrana  Of  Lecture*  in  the  Unlreraity 
Maryland,  Sto.  bit.  Se  18 

B  HOMEEI  OmOgnta,  ana.  M  &*y> 
aetndant  Scholia  Minor*,  4  fob,  8*9.  at 
011,  IBs  nlw  oopj  Own.  1821- 

9  HOMER1  IHu,  wild  eepeaaa  Bojlbh  Nol 
by  TaoUona,  8**.  bda.  «a  18 

9  HOMILIES,  with  the  Oumxu  Mid  Co 
'    "        "      «otb,8i6d  Otf.W 


M  OdjeaM  «t  Open  Minors,  m 
VeterfW,  1  rob.  8TO.bcU.7iU 
OtaM.lt 


4  HOBATII  Open,  em  Motb  Bitter,  2  to 

8to.  wnd,  7  s  181 

(  HORATII    Open,  sum  Notb  Kirefaaerl, 

rob.  8to.  la  8,  Mvad,  Si  U  1865—1 


1   Bookiof  th.0 

Tertament,  Ao.  4  rob.  8to.  bt  doth.  14§  18 

7  H0R5LETS  BfblloU  CritWnB,  the  bw 
edition,  2  vol*.  Sto.  doth,  lot  18 

8  HOBSLET-S  (Bp.)  SntMM,  8  rob.  8* 
eelf  neat.  Si  0d  18 

•  HOESLET  on  the  Book  of  P*lnu.  8. 

NlfMMWSlOd  181 

0  HOW&RD  (Dr.  H.  E.  J.)  Book  of  Genes 
irenelated  from  the  Septaaglnt,  with  Now 
or.  Sto.  doth  lettered,  4i6d,  1866—  Bool 
of  Namberi  and  Deuteronomy,  6e  18. 

11  HUBERI  Prariecttonn  Jorb  CMIb  m«o 
dam  institutional  et  digeite  Jnitlnhwl,  en 
Manekenll,  S  voli.  In  1,  4to.  Tullnm  nei 
8a  U  17< 

2  HOME'S  Hbtory  of  England,  8  rob.  Si 
bdi.  ba  6d  18 

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neet,£l  Ba  17' 

4  HOME  and  Smollett's  History  of  Eorlau 
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5  HUMPHRY  on  tha  Book  of  Cotnmi 
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8  H0TT0N*8  (Jamat)  DUaartation  npoo  t 
Philosophy  of  Light,  Haat  and  Fin,  6* 
M.eejrnee,t,3aM  171 

7  HUTTON'S  Theory  of  the  Earth,  aril*  prof 
mid  OhutralitHU,  3  rob.  8to.  of.  nt.  1( 
aOAaoa  171 

8  IN  WOOD'3  Tabba  of  Interest  tad  Anna 
tba,  12uo.  bda.  4a  181 

V  IRISH  PULPIT,  8  toIi.  8ro.  doth.  ID*  I 


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rf  llwKeetbJt  In  Qlery  and  Majesty,  2  roll. 

8ro.bda.18i  1827 

1  JAHMB  Arebanlogaa  Btblbe,  ■  Memoir  of 

HbOaal  Antiqnitiee,  by  Upbun,  8m,  bda. 

0a6d  Oxford,  im 

t  JAKES   (Dr.  John)  on  tbo  Morning  end 


r,  tritApt  .  „    .         ...... 

aaJfgUt,£2  2s  1887 

4  JANTO  Art  of  Lata  Poetry,  8*0. 2a     1838 

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8  JUVENAL  and  Parrin*.  Lett*  and  Englbh 
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4  KATE'S  History  of  the  War  In  Afgbaab- 
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279  LE  BAS'  (C.  W.)  Sermons,  2s  IB2 

280  LELAND,  BEARNE  and  Anthony  a'Woo 
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847  MULLER'S  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
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10 


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866  NEWMAN'S  Arians  of  thefourth  Oentary, 
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866  NEWMAN  on  Romanism  and  Popular 
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867  NEWMAN*  History  of  Insects,  with  plaits, 
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869  NIEBUHR'S  History  of  Rome,  by  Hare 
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860  NOTES  and  QUERIES,  both  Series,  to 
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861  OLIPHANrS  Russian  Shores  o€  the  Black 
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416  RICH'S  Illustrated  Companion  to  the  Let! 
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1787 


16 


W.  HEATH,  497,  OXFOBD  STREET,  LONDON. 


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x 


68*  BRITTOITS  (J.)  Autobiography.-- A  De- . 
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65  BROWNE'S  (H.)  Ordo  Saeclorum.— A  Trea- 
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118  CHARLES  II.  A  circumstantial  Account 
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126  CHAUCER.— The  Glossary  explainini 
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129  COLES's  (C.)  Memoirs  of  Affairs  of  S 
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188  COTTINGHAM's  (L.  H.)  Plans,  Elevat 
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G  J.  SAGS,  BooktalUr,  4,  Fmrnnan't  Mow,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fiddt,  Ionian. 

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141  CRUISE'S  (R.  A.)  Journal  of  a  Hoaidenc 
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1(3  ORtJDEN's  (R.  P.)  History  of  the  Town  o 

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143  CUNNINGHAM 'a  (J.   D.)  History  of  th 

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114  DALRYMPLE'e  (Sir  J.)  Memoiri  of  Qrea 

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off  La  Hogne,  and  continued  to  the  Capture  o 

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1781 

146  DANSET'a  (Rev.  W.)  Hone  Docanion  Ru 
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147  rCANVlLLE's  Complete  Body  of  Ancient 
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1S8  DAVIS  (Sir  J.  Francis)  China  :  a  General 
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157  DEM09THENI8  Gneca  et  Latino,  edidrt 
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158  DEMOSTHENES  flt-EinhiniaqmBeiatant 
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161  DICKENS  (Charles)  Bleak  House,  iUtttn 
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162  DICKINSON'S  (W.)  Antiquities,  Historici 
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published,)  plata  and  pedigree*,  (to,  board*,  0"n  t< 

ISO 
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186  DODWELL's  (E.)  Claaslcal  and  Topogrs 

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168  D'OYLEFs  (0.)  Life  of  William  Bancroft, 

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171  DUNBAR  4  BARKER'S  Greek  and  English, 
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172  DOPOIS  (J.)  Journal  of  a  Residence  in 
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173  DU  TEIL's  Commentary  on  the  Acta  of 
he  Apostles,  edited  by  Dr.  Cox,  Svo,  doth,  (s 

IS51 

174  RCTON's  State  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 

Corporation  of  the  Governors  of  the  Bounty  of 
rueen  Anne,  Svo,  eld  Morocco,  gilt  edge*,  2s  fid 

17M 

175  ELLIS'  (Q.)  Specimens  of  the  F-arly  En- 
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ketch  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 
'ootry  and  Language,  8  vols,  post  Svo,  calf  neat. 


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176  EDINBURGH  Cabinet  Library— a  Serin*  CD.  Becking, portrait,  3  vols,  4to,  ccdf  gilt,  n 
if  Works  comprising  Account*  of  the  Polar  Seas  bled  edges,  7l  6d  1 
rod  Regions,  Africa,  Egypt,  Palestine,  Early  Ed-  1ST  EDRIPIDIS,  Opera  Omnia  oi  eiitionll 
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■f  America,  Baron  Humboldt's  Travels,  Life  of  tiono,  Scholiia  Antiquif,  et  Eruditorum  obw 
3ir  W.  Raleigh,  Nubia,  Abyssinia,  Arabia,  Persia,  tionibus  illuatrata,  with  Trollope'n  Notes,  togei 
Lives,  of  Eminent  Zoologist*,  China,  Circumnavi-  1}  Tola,  8»o,  cloth,  24s  Olasgou,  185 
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177  ELLIOTT  *  ROBERTS.— Views  in  India,  edge*,  by  C.  Lewis,  (1  UafvaMing)  9a 
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idanoe,  by  Dugald  Stewart,  Haokiutoah,  Play  fair,  Forest  Trees,  and  the  Propagation  of  Timber 

xaa\Lee\iB,i*mtBniOH,ito,koJfbowri,Mlfgilt,  WW*  la  added  the  Terra,  a  Philosophical 

Joth  sides,  marbled  tdget,  Be                              1853  cou™»  of  Earth,  with  Notes  by  Dr.  Hunter,  t> 

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17B  ENGLEFIELDs  (Sir  Henry)  Descriptions  27s                                                          JTor*  1 

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u^aiolo^  PhenopaDa  of  the  Ida  of  Wight,  .     ^  ^    h^    ^  fta^   ^^j, 

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L'inoi,  some  coloured,  imperial  4to,l  msam  ixtra,  t- oa                    "      ■    "    '                     j 

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.      ,.                  ,                     ,,.  large  paper,  2  vols.  8to.  ealfmlt,  12s               1 

i  J5°,"TT"  ^°*    **  M?7,  ^f^lJ%  19*  FANCOURTs  (C.)  History    of  Yuoa 

to/  cioiA,  fefersay  puce,  uncut  (pub  £10  10.)  23.  from  iu  DiKOVery  to  tho  oloee  of  to,  Ba^te. 

w181  S^ar^?H/?,,0,S?L^9r'  W<257  C"w^'AWKE8S-7w'Tch^nolo,y0ftl..m.i 

yenerabili,  Bodce  Opera  Historie  Minora,  edidit  rf  Modgm  a             from  ^  Extinction  of 

Joseph    Stevenson-Codex   Diplomatics    JBtl  WMMn  Empire,  Vd.  475  to  the    Death  of  L 

Saiomct,  opera  Johanna  M.  Kemb  e,  Tola  8  to  6,  xyl            17B3  j    T8n  e^^,  4t0  ^  8,  a 

i^!^Un*ndmT'maT,c%T5'rTt?,*ni  PriMotpr+aoiTTw*,! 

Biitomium  oubv Appendioe  edidit  H.  0. ^Coie,  G  1M  FiTZCLARENCE'slLieut-Col.)  Joura. 

Tola-MchoW  Tnvet,  de  Ordm.  Fratia  Pndiu.  ^^  Acr0M  lndi    tbrou(  h  K       t  J.  Kr^ 

torum  Annaks  aei  Regum  Anglias,  1180  to  1307,  fa  ]817.18    ^p   OBd  coloured  ^(.»,  4to, 

recensuit  Hog-Adami  MurimutheDsis  Cbroruc.  ^^  -tdrt.^l0.(&r.  o/XaWswpril 

km  Tempons,  1830  to   1880,  edidit  Hog-Oesta  MJ  FLEEf  WjOd's  (BP.)  Compl.at  Colleo 

Stephani,  ltegi.  Anglorum  et  Ducis  Hormanno-  of  3ermon     Twoti  ,nd  pi8M11  ot  .n  ki^   , 

rum,  recensuit  R.  C.  Sewsli  D.C.L.— Chroruque  ealj%tal    j,  fld      ' 

da  la  Traiaon  etKort  de  Biohart  Dm .Roy  d'An-  ]08  poRBEg.,  [Dr.)  Fall  view  of  the   Pn 

Sletorre    par    Williams-FlorentU ^  Wigornienaia  r^^^^  to  &1  Reign  «f  Que.o  EUmImU 

HS?IMSaS,,S*,1iS?"  "  ?hr^nlC,?n.ad  l^ui;  a  Particular  Account  of  all  the  Memorable  At 

SIS.,edidit  a.  Thorpe,  2  Toli-Chronicon  Walteri  rf  thnt  QnMQ    2  7oL>_    toU      u>e4((    (|()J  a   ^ 

de  Heminburgh  de  Gestia  Regum  Angluo,  ad  fidem  —-„*  17,                                                        17 

Si^i  ."? !  rB11n")!t  H-  C:  Hamilton,  3  Tola—  ,99  K0SBR0KE's  (ReT.  T.  D.)  Eaoycbpedi 

HCTric.QulnUAngu^ReBu.ae.U.rao.n.uita  Anti     itie.     and     Elem.nt.      if     Aromnol 

SfSfT!'  n,8,^HJ?t0^*J,R?I'SW  AB«[lle,™m  Classical  and  Mediaeval,  with  the  Foreign  T 

Wilbelmi  Parv1,8.T.D    Ordn,  Saneti  Agustoni  Q          Encylopediok  Account,  alphSetic 

Canomoi  Regulan,  iu  Caraobio  Bo.to  Marl.  Ko.  ^^^  of  u,*  jSriwrt  Kstnilin;  in  ^       t 

Toburgo  is  Argn  Eboracenai,  recensuit  H.  C.  Ham-  and  Euro        ,UBl<rMH  _/„,„  .  ,„(,    4to    , 

iltoo,  a  vols,  together  21  vols,  tarne  paper,  royal  .     b  £8  fa.  a5f            '                              18 

8vo,  vtllvnbwrai,  Uttered,  £&                 1338—1856  200  F0SBIt0KE.a   (ReT_  T_  rj.)   Original   . 

182  ENGLISHWOMAN  (The)  in  America,  poet  tory  of  the  City  of  Gloucester,  almost  wl 
8to,  »e<c  cloth,  2s  fid                                                1856  compiled  trim  New  Materials,  and   correcting 

183  li  tT3'  (Dr.  J.)  Life  of  John  Walker,  M.D..  Errors  of  Preceding  Accounts,  including  alsi 
Bvo,  luan^,  2s                                                         18S2  Original  Tapers  of  the  late  11.    Bigland,   Esq. 

184  ETCHINGS— Nineteen  Fac-similae  of  rare  plutct,  i.aiujb  l'Arrn,  royal*  to,  new  nalfboand, 
Etchings,  by  Early  German  and  ether  Artists,  on  tides,  uncut,  16s 

ti*unpap«r,2sttd  201 Foreign  Topography,  an  Acooui 

185  EUKIl'IDIS  Tragcadia,  Bippolytua,  a  Vale-  the  Ancient  Remains  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Af 
kenaer,  4to,  wUmM,  2s  fld                  luy.  Bat.,  1708  platft,  «to,  nee  half  bound,  uitcvt,  7s  9tl           1 

186  EURIPIDIS,  Tragmdiai,  Fragments,  Epis-  202  FORSTTHs  (R.)  Beautlas  of  Sootli 
•qIm  ox  editions  J.  Bmmsii  uuno  recoaa,  onnrlt  numeral*  ptatet,  5  rols,  8to,  calf  gilt,  IBs 


8  J.  Sage,  BookseUor,  4,  ffewmm't  Roto,  Ianeohit  Inn  Fields,  London. 

203  FOX'*  (Right  Hon.  C.  J.)  Hlatcry  of  the  220  GREENE  (V.)  Hutory  and  Anti< 
Early  Put  of  the  Reign  of  June!  II.,  portrait,  the  City  and  Suburbs  of  Worcester,  pa 
lahqk  papek.,  royal  4to,  bdt,  5a                            1808  }ilt!tes,  2  voU,  royal   4t0,  ia//  DOsiiat,     * 

204  FOXEb  (J.)  Book  of  Martyrs,  with   Pre 

liminary  diaaertation  bj  the   Rot.  G.  TownMnd,        221  GRESWELL'a     (Rot.    E.)    Dia 

edited  by  the  Re*.  Stephen   Reed  CatUej,  platrt,  upon  the  Principles    and  Management  t 

8  to]*,  thick  8vo,  doth,  (pub  £i  16a)  S6«  1S41  mony  of  the  Gonpela,  3  vola,  Sro,  boardi, 

205  FRANKLAND'.  (CeptC.)  Personal  Nar.  Ox) 
rative  of  Trayels  to  and  from  Conatantinopl*,  SE  222  GRIFFITH'S  New  Historical  D 
engravingi,  2  Tola,  8vo,  bdt,    7s                           1830  of  Cheltenham  and  it*  Vicinity,  nuntro 

206  FRASBR'a     (J.    B.)    Journal    of  a    Toul  '/raving,,  royal  4to,  half  bound,  10*  6d 
through  part  of  the  Snowy  Range  of  the  Himal*        2M  QMpprrH.,  (J  «  Muwnm  of  ^ 
Mountains,  andto  th.  Source  of  th.  Kirer*  Jumn.  „men^  „  „  HUtor;cal  and  Chrooolo; 
"^^f8*^J^/M,;';-:                     ''°r    ito^  «*ptlon    of    the    Monument*    collects 
calf  ^U,  marbled  edge,,  IS,                                  182C  MuWm  at  Paris,  ("1  1,  all  publUbod), 

f'."Z^K,7Ior?Ba'*fTM?   mt°    ""i  royal  8vo,^o(A,  3a  6d  " 

r^mtlie,earel821-22,moludmg  immwi         '224  0iIMBL0Te  (P.)  Letter,  of  WII 

ofth.CouBtr.a.to^North-e«tofPer«^witl,  „d  r^j,  £iV.,  and  of  their  Miaiater. 

Homarki  upon  the   National  Character,  Govern  y^  of  fc  Dome,t[(.    Md    Forai^    p 

iX  7"8d  '  "*       '  ^  'lBM  En8Und' from  18S7 to  1700'  2  V0,^TO* 

rJSL^Sffi  W  N«tu™l  Hirtorj  of  th«  ^GtJERNSEy,    Hirtory  of,      by 

Coun^of  Stafford,  oompnaiug  it.  Geology,   Zoo  ^        ^  the  remotest  period  of   An! 

l^,Botwy,  and  Meteorology ,  alao  ita  Antiquitie.,  th, /^SU,  containing  an  fataMtfau, 

Topography,  Manufacture*,  4c.,  plate. and  cuU,  0f  tuat  I.land  it*  Gov^omeota,  Prirt? 

8ro,  etotA,  (pub  21s)  10s  6d  Fan  Voortt,  1844  t„„.   .     _.,/  „JK.,i._:  „f  .u  '  t.i.„jJ 

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OirmuaArtldeafrom,contaminBRaaeaMheaH»-  ^T^o,  >Mii.W  ylaMt,  from   th. 

toncal  and  AntiquarUn  4  fdj,  8vo,  ItfM  j^  ^d  a,  P^  reUtiog  'to  th.  U. 

coi/wry™*,  awroWadVc  18.  1809-11  g«£,(  ^y  ^        ((ri     §, 

210  GELL'a  (Sir  W.)  Geography  and  Aotiqui.  „„  „„™T ,  rL„,„  ,„  .  ,  „  . 
tie.  of  Itbaoa,mop  mrnipSS,  4to,  M*  G.      1807  ,   226  GOICCIARDINr-fFraucia)  M^j. 

211  GEMS  of  the  Cryatal  Palace,  being  a  Bet  hU«l  by  Martin,  aquare /awy  ooarrf.,  2a 
of  144  Beautiful  EngraTing*,  obiefly  from  Photo-  „_  „„■._—.  „  „„  i**"?» 
graph.,  proof  mSZmSZ  on  folio  paper  in  «  ■*  QBBBOK.  Voyage  Pittoreaque  d. 
portfolio,  (pub  £7  4a)  30i                               Tallu  ?*?  *"«V»" ,«"•***■**  2  f8^,  "<% 

212  GENT— Lifa  of  Thotnaa  Gent,  Printer  of  fol,°-  wAofe  k*™*  nuno  »*■  *™  tdSm 
York,  written  by  himielf,  Bva,  cloth,  2a          1882  ""gj L"""^f,2  *    „r  ,  „       ,Pa?*'.1 

218  GIBBON'.  (E.)  Mi^elUneou.  Work.,  with        ?28  HALES'*  (Dr  W.)  No-  Analyn. 

Memoir*  of  hia  Life  and  Writing*,  and  NoUa,  ttd  *$»&  "■  "*"»  »"  Attempt  i.  made  to 

Narrative,  by  Lord  Sheffield,  mrtraiUimd  pUtiet,  the  Hiatal  and  Antiq.mtia.rf  th.  Prwn 

E  toU,  8vo  calf  <tUi   80.  1814  tiona  of  the  World,  and  the  PropheoiM  r 

214  GILLSs-     (Dr.  J)    Hi.tory    of   Anei.nt  them,  4  vol.,  4to,coy  t<ry  ncK,  28. 
Greece,  ita  Colonie*,  and  Conqueata,  including  the         229  HALL'*  (Bp.  J.)  Works,  with   an 
History  of  Literature,  Philoaophy,  and  the   Fine  of  his  Life  and  Suffering*  by  himself,  an 
Arts,   mopf    bat  edition,    8  Tola,   8to,   calf  gilt,  revised  with  Index  and  Notes  by  Joaji 
marbUd  edgit,  IS*                                      Cadcll,  1820  portrait,  10  vols,  8vo,  half  bound  rtuaia 

216  GLASSFORrr.  Essay  on  the  Priodplaa  of  **»!£- 
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218  GRANVILLE'*  (Dr.JTheSpasofGermony,  O^t  L^Choo  I»laQd.  with^Append,: 

With  Supplement,  «W  and    OlZtrlin*,  thick  i?|  Ch.rta  and  vrnoua  Hydrogmphieal  a 

8TO,  deCS  '   181S  tifie  Notice*  end  .  Vn.bnUry  of  th»  1 

217  GRAr.Poenw,  to  which  are  added  Me-  JW*"  **S"Ju  2^'  ** 
moirs  of  hi.  Life  and  Writing.,   by  W.  Maaon,  <*"■  *'•  or  <°(/  W  e»  8d 

portrait,  4  toIs,  .m.  8to,  calf  neat,  4.  1778        231  HALL's  (It.)  Work*,  with  s  Briol 

218  GREENWOOD'S  (CoL  G.JThe  Tree-Lifter,  of  hi*  Life  by  Dr.  Gregory,  and  Obser». 
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215  GREENWICH— ASTRONOMICAL  OB-  232  HALL's  (J.  C.)  Interesting  Facts  ( 
8ERVATIONS  from  the  Year  1336  to  1844,  with  with  the  Animal  Kingdom,  with  acme 

^^b.  Appendixes  to  1838—7,  and  1342   (Catalogue  on  the  Unity  of  our  Specie*,  plain,  Sro, 
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•jmtions  of  Planet*  from  ITfiO   to   1830,   all  of  England,  collected  from  Royal  Arc! 

Bubed  under  the  Superintendence  of  G.   B.  other  Authentic  Sources,  Public  and  Prr 

fcy.  Eaq.,  Astronomer  Royal,  IS  Tola,  toy.  4to,  m    Historical    Introduction   and   Note 

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234  HAT1T1AM  (Henry)  Letters  addressed  to, 
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235  HALLAM's  (A.)  View  of  the  state  of  Eu- 
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286  HALL's  (Bp.)  Life  and  Times,  by  Rer.  J. 
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287  BLALL's  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  A.  Hofer, 
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288  HAMILTON'S  Geographical,  Statistical, 
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289  HANWAY's  (Jonas)  Historical  Account  of 
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240  HAMMOND'S  Practical  Catechism,  and  the 
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243  HARDY's  (F.  D.)  Description  of  the  Patent 
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246  HARDY's  (Thomas  Duflus)  Memoirs  of  the 
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247  HARM ER's  (Rev.  T.)  Observations  on 
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248  HARGROVE'S  (W.)  History  and  Descrip- 
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249  HARRIS  (Major  W.  Cornwallis)  Highlands 
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250  HARVEY^  (W.)  Sketches  of  Hayti,  from 
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251  HATSELL's  (J.)  Precedents  of  Proceedings 
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252  HAWEIS's  (Rer.  T.)  History  of  the  Rise, 
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253  HAWKIN*s  (W.)  Treatise  on  the  Pies 
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254  HAWKER's  (Dr.  Robert)  Works,  Sen 
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255  HAWKINS'S  (Lsetitia  Matilda)  collet 
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1724,  reprint : 

259  HEBER's  (Bp.)  Journal,  being  a  Nam 
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260  Another  copy,  plates,  3  vols, 

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Forming  the  last  4  vols  of  the  14  volume  edition. 

262  HENRY'S  (Dr.  R.)  History  of  Great  Bri 
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178 

268  HENSHALL's  (S.)    Topographical,  ( 

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264  HERODOTE  Histoire  de,  traduite  au  < 
avec  des  Remarques,  Historiques  et  Critiques, 
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265  HERODOTUS,  translated  from  the  T. 
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6s  6d  1 

266  Larcher's    Notes    on    Herodc 

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267  HERTSLET's  (Lewis)  Collection  of  1 
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268  HISTORIC  GALLERY  of  Portraits 
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269  HISTOIRE  de  Manon  Lescaut  et  du  ( 
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270  HOGARTH'S  Works  Moralised,  port. 
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'.  SAQE%  BooktaOer,  4,  ffeumm'a  Bern,  Lineotm't  Inn  FitM*,  London. 


10 

271  HODGSKIN's  (T.)  Travels  in  the  North  of 
Germany,  2  Toll,  Svo,  Ms.,  S»  Sd  Jcfino.,  1820 

272  HOFFMElSTER'a  (Dr.  W.I  Travels  in  Cey- 
lon and  Continental  India,  including  Nepal  sod 
parti  of  the  HimslFW",  to  the  borders  of  Thibet, 
translated  from  the  German,  thick  poit  Svo,  cloth, 
3e  1818 

273  HOLLAND'S  (J.)  History  and  Description  of 
Fossil  Fuel,  the  Collieries,  and  Coal  Trade  of 
Great  Britain,  ewft,  8to,  Arte  doth,  Es  1841 

27*  HOLY  BIBLE,  with  the  Apocrypha,  lirm 
raiicr,  royal  folio,  mf/pill,  17a  OjyW,  1827 

276  HOLYBIBLE\containingtheOldandNew 
Testameuta,  with  a  few  Select  Notes,  and  cmbel- 
luhed  with  tngravingi  yroei  detignt  by  Corbpuld, 
fine  tstprunoiu,  2  vols,  imp.  4to,  red  morocco  gilt, 
gilt  edges,  Sffa  Btpintidl,  179- 

278  HOLT  BIBLE,  containing  the  Old  and 
Now  Testament,  with  tbe  Text  according  to  the 
Authorised  Version,  and  Marginal  Readings  and 
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277  HOLY  BIBLE,  with  a  Critical  and  Prao 
tieal  Commentary,  and  Illustrations  from  Esateri 
Literature,  Ac,  by  the  Re*.  S.  Burder,  nvneron. 
plain,  1  vols,  Ito.  calf  gill,  25a  1801 

278    Opinions  on  the  Bible,  by  the  mot 

Learned,  Eminent,  and  Pious  Men,  on  its  Truth 
Style,  and  Importance,  plate,  12mo,  cloth,  2s  183: 

279  HOLY  BIBLE,  and  Commentary  fron 
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B.  T.  Society,  185- 

280  HOME'S  (Sir  Everard)  Lectures  on  Cod: 
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porstiona  in  the  Huntarian  Collection,  with  Suj 
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Ito,  new  copy,  half  cloth,  18s  1811—2 

281  HOMERI  IliMctOdyBsoy,  Grace,  pirtrai 
2  vols,  ISmo,  cloth,  Pickering't  btaiiliful  diaman 
edition  (pub  12s)  3s  6d  183 

282  HOMER's  Iliad  and  Odyssey;,  translate 
into  English  Blank  Verse,  with  copious  Alter 
tioca  and  Notes  by  W.  Cowper,  1  vols,  8ro,  ca 
extra,  marbled  edga,  17s  18C 

288  HORTUS  ANCLICUS,  or  the  Model 
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of  all  the  Plants  which  are  cultivated  in  Ore. 
Britain,  Ac,  2  vols,  bdt,  2s  ud  18'. 

234  HOOKEKs(R.)  Works,  with  an  Accoui 
of^hii  Life  and  Death  by  Isriac  Walton,  2  Til 
8vo,  doth,  10»  Oxford,  18J 

285  HOIlNE'a  [Up.)  Commentary  on  the  Boc 
of  Psalms,  bcit  edition,  8vo,  nea  half  bound,  ca 
neat.  As  181 

280 Discourses,  B  vols,  8vo,   nea  ho 

bound,  ealfnent,  uniform,  7s  Od  18' 

2S7  HORNEK's  (Francis,  M.P.|  Memoirs  ai 
Corrotpoudoncp,  edited  by  his  brother  Leooai 
Horner,  portrait,  »  vols,  8vo,  cloth,  8a  18- 

283  HORSLEY'i  (Up.)  Sannons,  3  yobj,  8i 
talfpilt,  7a  18 


290  HOUSEHOLD  BOOKS— Privy  Purss  Er- 
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290' Privy  Purse  Expenses  of  the  Prin- 

,ss  Mary,  Daughter  of  King  Henry  the  Eighth, 
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rinosss,  and  Notes  by  Sir  Frederick  Madden, 
ro,«WA,4s  1311 

291  HOUSEHOLD  WORDS,  conducted  by 
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ro,  xeic  cloth  lettered,  19a  1850-4 

292  vol   19  (the  last),  8vo,  calf  gilt, 

1 3d  1859 

293  HOSKINS's  (G.  A.)  Visit  to  the  Great 
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nth,  3s  6d  1837 

291  HULSEAN  LECTURES  for  1851-2-3,  by 
eoson,  on  Scripture  Difficulties  and  the  K»i- 
onces  of  Christianity,  and  by  Franks,  on  Apos- 
)lical  Preaching  and  Evidences   of  Christianity, 

vols,  Svo,  calf  gilt,  15s  1821-5 

295  HUME's  (J,  B.,  Secretary)  Statement  to  the 
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enist  of  the  Royal  Mint  in  former  time*,  folio, 
loth,  2s  fid 

296  HURD's  (Bp.)  Introduction  to  Prophecy, 
:  vols ;  Horace,  with  Notes,  eta.,  3  vols ;  Cowley'a 
Vorks,  with  Notes,  2  vols  ;  Dialogues,  Moral  sail 
'olitlcsl,  3  vols,  together  10  vols,  small  Svo,  uni- 
urm,  calf  neat,  14s  1778—7 

297  HUTCHINSON.— Memoirs  of  the  Life  of 
Colonel  Hutchinson,  with  original  Anecdotes  of 
lie  most  distinguished  of  his  Contemporaries, 
.nil  a  Summary  View  of  Public  Affairs,  also  a  Life 
if  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  written  by  herself,  portrait 
aid  platci,  4to,  bvanli,  3s  Sd  1803 

298  HUTTONe  (W.)  History  of  Blackpool,  in 
Lancashire,  frequented  for  Baa  Bathing,  thin  8ve, 
incut,  la  1817 

299  HTJTTON'.(Dr.)  Philosophical  and  Mathe- 
matical Dictionary,  platci,  bat  edition,  2  vols,  4 to. 
half  bound  calf  neat,  2Ss  1815 

300  HUTTON's  Course  of  Mathematics,  by 
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301  HUTTuKs  (C>  Cours.  of  Mathematics, 
3  vols,  Sto,  calf  very  neat,  9a  1S11 

302  HYETTs  (W.  H.)  Sspnlchral  Mamorisla. 
being  a  Series  of  17  Engravings  from  the  most 
Interesting  Effigies,  Altar-tombs,  and  Ifonameota 
contained  within  the  County  of  Northampton, 
with  letter-press  descriptions,  la  Rue  1'apf.b, 
proofs  oil  IsDn  paper,  royal  folio,  new  half  bud, 
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303  IHNE's  (Dr.  W.)  Researches  into  the  His- 
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upon  Roman  Knights,  Svo,  cloth,  2s  1851 

301  INSIDE  SEBASTOPOL  and  Experiences 
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from  Sebsstopol,  Svo,  cloth,  2«  6d  1S5I 

305  INCUMBERED  E-tatea  in  Ireland,  Rents! 
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situate  in  the  King's  County  and  (Queen's  County 
and  Counties  of  Dublin,  sleuth,  We*tmcath,  anc 
Cavnn,  u  divided  Into  04  Lots,  04  plaui,  and  de 
■oriptions,  oblong  folio,  Is  IBS] 


J.  SAGE,  Bootxelkr,  4,  Newmans  Bow,  Lincoiri*  Inn  Fields,  London. 


.    INDIA. 

306  BARCHOU  DE  PENHOEN,  l'Inde  sous 
La  Domination  Anglaise,  2  voli,  8vo,  IwXf  bound, 
russia  extra,  marbled  edges,  4s  Paris,  1844 

307  CARRACCIOLPs  (C.)  Life  of  Lord  Robert 
Clive,  oontaining  a  Narrative  of  his  Transactions 
In  India,  Civil  and  Military,  with  Anecdotes  of 
bis  Private  Life  and  the  particular  circumstances 
of  his  Death,  portrait  and  map,  4  vols,  8vo,  neat, 
•caret,  10s  6d  1775-6 

308  CRAUFORD'b  Sketches  of  the  Hindoos, 
relating  to  their  History,  Religion,  Learning,  and 
Manners,  2  vols,  8vo,  boards,  8s  6d  1792 

809  CAMPBELLS  (G.)  Modern  India,  a  Sketch 
of  the  System  of  Civil  Government,  with  some 
Acoount  of  the  Natives  and  Native  Institutions, 
also  a  Scheme  for  the  Government  of  India,  in  1 
thick  vol,  8vo,  half  bound,  calf  gilt,  4s  (pub  16s) 

1852—3 

810  India,  as  it  may  be,  an  outline  of  a 

proposed  Government  and  Policy,  8vo,  cloth,  3s 

1853 

811  FURAIZ-I-IRTAZERAH.— A  Treatise  on 
the  Mohammedan  Law  of  Inheritance,  by  Moula- 
vee  Mohammud  Irtaza  Alec  Khan  Bahadoor 
Mooftee,  folio,  red  morocco,  5s  Madras,  1825 

812  HISTORY  of  the  Arabs,  and  Account  of 
the  Life  of  Mohammed,  {from  the  Universal  His- 
tory) 8  vols,  8vo,  half  bound,  calf  neat,  3s  6d  1759 

813  MARTIN'S  (M.)  History,  Antiquities,  Topo- 
graphy, and  Statistics  of  Eastern  India,  numerous 
plates  of  Deities,  Temples,  and  Costumes,  3  vols, 
thick  8vo,  cloth,  15s  1838 

814  MEAD's  (H.)  The  Sepoy  Revolt,  its  Causes 
and  Consequences,  8vo,  new  cloth,  (pub  at  9s)  3s 

1857 

815  NADER  CHAH  connu  sous  le  nom  de 
Thammas  Kuli  Khan,  Histoire  de,  traduite  d'nn 
Manuacrit  Penan  aveo  des  Notes  Chronologiques, 
Historiques,  Geographiques  et  un  traite  sur  la 
Poesie  Orientale  par  M.  Jones,' 2  vols,  4 to,  calf  nt, 
8e  6d  1770 

810  ORIENTAL  Translation  Fund  Society.— 
life  of  Sheikh  Mohammed  Ali  Hazin,  translated 
from  the  Persian,  by  C.  Belfour,  8?o,  boards,  2s  6d 

1880 

817 Persian  Text  of  the  above,  with  the 

various  Readings,  8vo,  boards,  2s  6d  1831 

318  LIFE  of  Hafts  Orl-Moulk  Hafis  Retimut 
Khan,  translated  by  Charles  Elliott,  8vo,  boards, 
2a  1831 

819  HISTORY  of  Hydur  Naik,  otherwise 
called  Nawab  Hydur  Ali,  translated  by  Col.  W. 
Miles,  maps,  8vo,  boards,  3s  6d  1842 

820  HISTORY  of  Gujarat,  translated  from  the 
Persian  of  Ali  Mohammed  Khan,  by  James  Bird, 
royal  8vo,  cloth,  3s  6d  1835 

821  CUSTOMS  and  Manners  of  the  Women  of 
Persia,  and  their  Domestic  Superstitions,  front., 
royal  8vo,  cloth,  2s  1832 

822  ZAILI  and  MAJNUN,  a  Poem,  translated 
from  the  Persian  of  Nasami,  by  J.  Attkinson, 
frontispiece,  royal  8vo,  cloth,  2s  1836 

323  TUCKER's  (Henry  St  George)  Memorials 
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Kaye,  8vo,  cloth;  3s  6d  1853 

324  SELECTION  of  Paper*  from  the  Records 
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Police,  and  Civil  and  Criminal  Justice  in  In 
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325  INDIAN  Law  Commission,  Penal  C< 
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326  WILKINS's   (Charles)    Grammar   of 
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327  WILSON'S  (Horace  Hayman)  Narrativ 
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1 

823  INWOOD's  (H.  W.)  The  Erechtheion 
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329  IRISH  QUESTION  (The)  Considered 
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830  JACKSON'S  (J.  G.)  Account  of  the  Em] 
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331  JAMES's  (Rev.  T.  J.)  The  Flemish,  Dui 
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832  JARVIS's  (Dr.  S.  F.)  Chronological  In 
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333  JEFFERY's  (Francis)  Contributions  to 
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834  JOHNSON'S  (Dr.  Samuel)  Dictionary 
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4to,  cat f  gilt,  15s  1 

884* Another  copy,  2  vols,  4to,  calfi 

15s  l 

885  Another  copy,  2  vols,  4to,  ealf\ 

maiblcd  edges,  18s  1 

335* Another  edition,  with  a  List  of 

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336  JONES's  (Sir  W.)  Works,  with  Life, 
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837  JONES's  (Rev.  J.)  Plea  for  Christian  Pi 
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888  JORTIN's  (Rev.  J.)  Sermons,  Charges, , 
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339  JOURNAL  of  a  Naturalist,  plates,  U 
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340  KANE'S  (Paul)  Wanderings  of  an  Ai 
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341  KAYE's  (Bp.)  Ecclesiastical  History  of 
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12        J.  SAGE,  BooheHer,  4,  N#mmC$  Saw,  Line6M$  Inn  Fields,  London. 


x: 


842  KEATE's  (G.)  Accounts  of  the  Pelew 
Islands,  map  and  16  plates,  royal  4 to,  calf  neat, 
4s  1788 

848  KELLY'S  (P.)  Universal  Cambist  and  Com- 
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844  KENNION's  (E.)  Essay  on  Trees  in  Land- 
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845  KEPPEL's  (Capt.  the  Hon.  G.)  Personal 
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map  and  coloured  platet,  2  toIs,  8vo,  half  bound 
morocco,  4s  6d  1827 

846  KEPPEL's  (Capt.  the  Hon.  H.)  Visit  to  the 
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Journals  of  Sir  James  Brooke,  coloured  platet, 
and  maps,  2  vols,  roy.  8vo,  cloth,  12s  1858 

847  KERR's  (R.)  General  History  and  Collec- 
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Origin  and  Progress  of  Navigation,  Discovery,  and 
Commerce  by  Sea  and  Land,  from  the  Earliest 
Ages,  with  Stephenson's  Catalogue  of  Voyages 
and  Travels,  map  and  platet,  18  vols,  8vo,  halfbnd. 
&dfy  **y  "">*»  marbled  edges,  £8  8«  1811-24 

848  KIDD's  (Professor  S.)  China,  or  Illustra- 
tions of  the  Symbols,  Philosophy,  Antiquities, 
Customs,  Superstitions,  Laws,  Government,  Edu- 
cation and  Literature  of  the  Chinese,  platet,  8vo, 
new  cloth,  4s  6d  1841 

849  KING,  FITZROY,  and  DARWIN'S  Narra- 
tive of  the  Surveying  Voyages  of  |H.M.  Ships  Ad- 
venture and  Beagle,  between  the  Years  1826  and 
1889,  describing  their  Examination  of  the  Southern 
Shores  of  South  America,  aud  the  Beagle's  Circum- 
navigation of  the  Globe,  map  and  platet,  4  vols, 
royal  8vo,  cloth,  clean  tct,  88s  1889 

850  KIRKE  WHITEy(Henry)  Remains,  with  an 
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851  LABILLARDIERE— Relation  du  Voyage, 
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rassemble  Constituante,  2  vols,  4  to,  cfgt,  5s  1800 

852  LABILLARDIERE  (M.)  Voyage  in  Search 
of  La  Perouse  during  the  years  1791-4,  among  the 
Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  translated  from  the 
French,  map  and  46  platet,  4to,  half  bound,  ruttia 
neat,  6b  1800 
•  853  LAS  CASES  (Le  Comte  de)  Journal  de  la 
Vie  privee  et  des  Conversations  de  l'Empereur 
Napoleon  a  Sainte  Helena,  platet  and  plant,  4  vols, 
8vo,  half  bound,  french  calf  gilt,  8s  6d             1 823 

854  LA  HAKPE  (J.  F.)  Lycee,  ou  Cours  de 
Litterature,  Ancienne  et  Moderne,  16  vols,  8vo, 
french  calfgiltt  18s  Parit,  1818 

855  LEAKE's  (S.  M.)  Historical  Account  of 
English  Money,  from  the  Conquest,  num.  plates, 
8  vo,  calf  neat,  7s  6d  1 745 

356  LEAKE'S  [(.W  M.)  Travels  in  the  Morea, 
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357  LE  BRUN  (Corneille)  Voyages  de  par  la 
Moscovie,  en  Perse  et  aux  Indes  Orientales,  port, 
and  upwards  of  320  beautiful  platet  of  antiquities, 
Natural  History,  and  the  Inhabitants,  2  vols,  folio, 

"neat,  7s  Amsterdam,  1718 


358  LETTERS  from  Head  Quarters,  or  tin 
Realities  of  the  War  in  the  Crimea,  by  an  Office 
on  the  Staff,  portrait  and  plans,  post  8vo,  boardt 
(pub  6s)  2s  6d  1851 

859  LEWI  S's  (J.)  Complete  History  of  tb 
several  translations  of  the  Holy  Bible  and  Net 
Testament  into  English,  both  MS.,  and  in  prist 
folding  plate,  8vo,  original  edition,  old  calf  gilt,  ft 

860  L'HERITER  Stirpes  No  vie,  aut  minus  cog 
nitoe  quas  Descriptionibus  et  Iconibus  IllustravH 
89  beautifully  coloured  plates,  imp.  folio,  new  Isij 
morocco,  uncut,  £2  2s  Paris,  1784-81 

861  LIBRARY  of  Entertaining  Knowledge- 
Pompeii,  illustrations,  2  vols,  12 mo,  cloth,  8s  1834 

362  The  Townley  Gallery  in  the  Britisl 

Museum,  illustrations,  2  vols,  12mo,  cloth,  8s  18S< 

863  LINCOLN'S  INN  and  its  Library,  with  ai 
Account  of  the  Ancient  and  Modern  Buildingi 
by  W.  H.  Spilsbury,  plates,  12mo,  new  cloth,  2s 

Picleringt  18fl 

364  LIVES  of  all  the  Lords  Chancellors,  Lord 
Keepers,  and  Lords  Commissioners,  of  the  Grn 
Seal  of  England,  from  the  Time  of  William  th 
Conqueror,  but  more  at  large  of  Edward,  Esrl  o 
Clarendon,  and  Bulstrode,  Lord  Whitlocke,  2  vol 
8vo,  calf,  3s  170 

365  LODGE'S  (E.)  Illustrations  of  British  flii 
tory,  Biography,  and  Manners  in  the  Reigns  c 
Henry  VIII,  Edward  VI,  Mary,  Elizabeth,  in 
James  I.,  exhibited  in  a  Series  of  Original  Papen 
from  the  Manuscripts  of  the  Noble  Families  c 
Howard,  Talbot,  and  Cecil,  containing  also  mad 
of  Elizabeth's  Correspondence  regarding  Mar 
Queen  of  Scots,  portraits  and  facsimiles,  8  voli 
royal  4 to,  clean  copy,  bds,  uncut,  14s  179 

366  LONDON,  edited  by  Charles  Knight,  as 
merous  illustrations,  6  vols,  imp.  8vo(  half  bound 
calf  gilt,  doth  sides,  35s  1841—4 

867  WOODHOUSELEE's  (Lord)  Memoirs  o 
the  Life  and  Writings  of  the  Hon.  Henry  Horn 
(Lord  Karnes),  portrait,  2  vols,  4to,  bds,  unnu 
3s  6d  18a 

368  LOWTH's  (Bp.)  Sermons  and  other  Re 
mains,  with  an  Introductory  Memoir  by  the  Rev 
P.  Hall,  portrait,  8vo,  bds,  3s  6d  183 

869  MALCOLM'S  (J.  P.)  Anecdotes  of  the  Mao 
ners  and  Customs  of  London,  from  the  Romai 
Invasion  to  the  year  1700,  including  the  origin  o 
British  Society,  Customs,  and  Manners,  with  : 
General  Sketch  of  the  State  of  Religion,  Super 
stitions,  Dress,  Amusements,  and  Literature 
of  the  Citizens  of  London  during  that  period,  I 
plates,  mostly  coloured  costumes,  3  vols,  8vo,  cf  gi 
7s  6d  181 

370  MALCOLM'S  (Col.  Sir  J.)  History  of  Pei 
sia,  from  the  earliest  Period,  containing  an  acccun 
of  the  Religion,  Government,  Usages,  and  Chi 
racter  of  the  Inhabitants  of  that  Kingdom,  ma\ 
and  plates,  2  vols,  royal  4to,  calf  gilt,  28s      181 

871  MARIOTTI's  (L.)  Historical  Memoir  o 
Fra  Dolcino  and  his  Times,  being  an  account  of  i 
Struggle  for  Ecclesiastical  Reform,  and  of  ai 
Anti-Heretical  Crusade  in  Italy  in  the  early  par 
of  the  Fourteeth  Century,  post  8vo,  cloth,  2s  1851 

372  MEARES's  (J.)  Voyages  from  China  to  th 
N.-West  Coast  of  America,  with  an  Introductor] 
Narrative  of  a  Voyage  from  Bengal,  and  Obeero 
tions  on  the  probable  existence  of  a  North-wcf 
Passage,  port,map,  &  plates,  4to,  cfgt,6n  6d    17* 


J.  SAQE,  Bookseller,  4,  Nmomaris  Row,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London*       13 


873  MARSHALL'S  Rural  Economy  of  York- 
•hire,  the  Midland  Counties,  Gloucestershire,  Nor- 
folk, Southern  Counties,  West  of  England,  and 
Review  of  the  Landscape,  with  an  Essay  on  the 
Picturesque,  map  and  plates,  15  vols,  8vo,  calf  gilt, 
uniform,  12s  1786—99 

374  MAN's  (J.)  History  and  Antiquities,  An- 
cient and  Modern,  of  the  Borough  of  Reading, 
map  and  plates,  4to,  boards,  8s  6d  1816 

875  MARTIN'S  (T.)  History  of  the  Town  of 
Thetford,  in  the  Counties  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk, 
portrait  and  plates,  4to,  boards,  5s  1779 

376  MAUNDRELL's  (H.)  Journey  from  Aleppo 
to  Jerusalem,  at  Easter,  AJD.  1697,  also  a  Journal 
from  Grand  Cairo  to  Mount  Sinai  and  back  again, 
translated  from  a  MS.  of  the  Prefetto  of  Egypt, 
by  the  Rev.  R.  Clayton,  numerous  plates,  royal  8vo, 
boards,  8s  1810 

877  McCULLOCH's  (J.  R.)  Principles  of  Poli- 
tical  Economy,  with  a  Sketch  of  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  Science,  8vo,  cloth,  2s  6d        1830 

878  MAURICE  (Landgrave  of  Hesse)  Monu- 
mentum  Sepulcrale  ad  D.  W.  Mauritii  Hassiffi, 
Landgravii,  large  plates  of  the  Funeral  Procession, 
costume,  portraits  of  the  Family,  Coats  of  Arms,  etc. 
2  parts  in.l.  folio,  vellum,  10s  6d    Crepellis,  1688 

879  MEMOIRS,  of  Horace  Walpole  and  his 
Contemporaries,  including  numerous  original  Let- 
ters from  Strawberry  Hill,  edited  by  E.  Warbur- 
ton,  portraits,  2  vols,  8vo,  boards,  7s  1851 

880  MENGIN  (F.)  Histoire  Sommaire  de 
l'Egypte  sous  la  gouvernment  de  Mohammed  Aly, 

Jrecedee  d'une  introduction  sur  1' Arabic  par  M. 
omard,  map,  8vo,  half  bound,  calf  extra,  2s  1839 
381  MILLERs  (G.)    History    Philosophically 
considered  from  the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
to  the  French  Revolution,  4  vols,  8vo,  nice  copy, 
vellum  gilt,  russia  lettering  pieces,  15s  1832 

882  MOLTEE's  (Baron  Yon)  The  Russians  in 
Bulgaria  and  Rumelia  in  1828-9,  during  the  Cam- 
paigns of  the  Danube,   the    Seiges  of  Braiton, 
Varna,  Silistria,  Shumba  and  the  Passage  of  the 
Balkan,  maps  and  plans,  8vo,  cloth,  2s  6d         1854 

883  MONTESQUIEU,  (Euvres  de,  edition 
revue,  corrigee  et  augmentee  par  l'Auteur,  maps, 
8  vols,  4to,  french  calf  gilt,  5s  175-8 

884  MORELL's  (J.  R.)  Algeria,  the  Topography 
and  History,  Political,  Social  and  Natural,  of 
French  Africa,  plates.  8vo,  new  cloth,  3s         1854 

885  NAPIER's  (Sir  C.)  History  of  the  Baltic 
Campaign  of  1854,  edited  by  C.  Butler  Earp,  8vo, 
new  cloth,  4s  6d  1857 

386  NARES's  (R.)  Glossary  or  Collection  of 
Words,  Phrases,  Names  and  allusions  to  Customs, 
Proverbs,  Ac,  which  have  been  thought  to  require 
Illustration  in  the  Works  of  English  Authors, 
particularly  Shakespeare  and  his  Contemporaries, 
4to,  vellum  gilt,  21s  1822 

887  NEWENHAM'b  (R.)  Picturesque  Views  of 
the  Antiquities  of  Ireland,  112  plates,  2  vols  in  1, 
4to,  half  bound,  uncut,  18s  1830 

388  NICOLSON's  (Bp.)  Correspondence  on 
various  Subjects,  Literary,  Political,  and  Ecclesi- 
astical, including  the  Correspondence  of  many 
eminent  Prelates  from  1683 — 1727  inclusive, 
printed  from  the  originals  and  illustrated  with 
Literary  and  Historical  Anecdotes,  by  John  Ni- 
chols, 2  vols,  8? o,  calf  extra,  marbled  edges,  5a  1809 


889  NOBLE'S  (Rev.  M.)  Continuation  to  Gran- 
ger's Biographical  History  of  England,  from  the 
Revolution  to  the  end  of  George  I.'sJ  Reign, 
3  vols,  8vo,  boards,  8s  1806 

890  NORFOLK— Bryant's  Large  Map  of  Nor- 
folk,  coloured  and  mounted  on  canvass,  4to,  in  case, 
bound  in  calf  gilt,  5s  1 826 

897  OUTLINE  Maps  of  the  World,  on  Mer- 
cator's  Projection,  86  copies,  folio,  Is  6d 

392  OLDMIXON's  History  of  England,  during 
the  Reigns  of  the  House  of  Stuart,  in  which  many 
errors  of  Clarendon,  Burnet,  Echard,  and  others 
are  corrected,  folio,  calf  neat,  5s  1730 

393  OLIPHANTs  (L.)  Narrative  of  the  Earl 
of  Elgin's  Mission  to  China  and  Japan  in  the 
Years  1857-8-9,  plates,  many  coloured,  2  vols,  8vo, 
clean  copy,  cloth,  12s  1859. 

394  O'REILLY'S  (Bernard)  Greenland,  the  ad- 
jacent  Seas,  and  the  North- West  Passage  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  maps  and  plates,  some  of  natural 
history,  4tof  new  half  bound,  calf  neat,  8a        1818 

395  OTTER'S  (W.)  Life  and  Remains  of  the 
Rev.  Edward  Daniel  Clarke,  portrait,  4to,  boards, 
4s  1824 

396  PELLEWs  (Hon.  G.)  Life  and  Correspon- 
dence of  the  Right  Hon.  Henry  Addington,  first 
Viscount  Sidmouth,  portraits,  3  vols,  8vo,  cloth, 
9s  6d  1847 

897  PERSIAN  MS.—Sujar  al  Mutaaih-Khirin, 
or  History  of  the  Mohammedan  Power  in  India, 
by  Mir  Ghulam  Husain  Khan  in  Persian,  beau- 
tifully written,  vol  1,  thick  4to,  oriental  bind- 
ing, 18s 

Embracing  a  period  of  about  eighty  years,  and  afford- 
ing a  clear  and  complete  insight  into  events  which 
caused  the  fall  of  the  Mohammedan  Power  and  ele- 
vation of  the  Mahrattas. 

898  TAB  A  K  ATI-AKBARSH  AI,  a  General 
History  of  India,  by  the  Khajah  Niiam-ad  Diu 
Ahmad  Ben  Mohammed  Mukimal  Harawi,  thick 
4to,  beautifully  WRITTEN,  oriental  binding,  21s 

One  of  the  moat  important  of  the  historical  works  on 
India. 

399  PICTORIAL  History  of  England ;  being  a 
History  of  the  People  as  well  as  a  History  of  the 
Kingdom,  illustrated  with  many  hundred  woodcuts, 
from  the  earliest  period  to  the  death  of  George 
II.,  4  vols,  thick  royal  8vo,  whole  bound  calf,  tooled 
bands,  marbled  edges,  34s  1838—41 

400  PALLADIO's  (Andrew)  Architecture,  in  4 
Books,  in  English,  Italian,  and  French,  with  Notes 
and  Observations  by  Inigo  Jones,  revised,  designed, 
and  published  by  G.  Leoni,  front,  port,  and  up* 
wards  of  200  plates,  4  vole,  royal  folio,  calf,  21s 

London,  1715 

401  PORTLOCK's  (Capt.  N.)  Voyage  round  the 
World,  but  more  particularly  to  the  North-West 
Coast  of  America,  in  1785 — 8,  portrait  odd  plates, 
large  paper,  royal  4 to,  hf  bnd,  russia  gt,  6s  1789 

402  PREVOST  (H.  F.)  Histoire  General*  des 
Voyages,  ou  Nouvelle  Collection  de  toutes  les  rela- 
tions de  Voyages  par  mer,  et  par  terre,  qui  sont  ete 
publiees  contenant  oe  qu'il  y  a  de  plus  remarkable, 
de  plus  utile,  et  de  mieuz  avere  dans  les  pays  ou 
les  Voyageurs  ont  penetre  avec  les  mceurs  et  les 
usage  des  habitans,  leur  religion,  leur  gouverne- 
ment,  et  leur  commerce,  portrait,  maps,  and  nu- 
merous views,  plates  of  antiquities,  natural  history, 
etc,  18  vols,  4to,  strongly  bound  vellum,  £2 

1747—63 


14       mJ.  SAQE,  JJoofcdfor,  4,  Newman9*  Rmo\Linootn%$  Inn  Fields,  London. 


402  POULSON's  (G.)  History  and  Antiquities  of 
the  Seigniory  of  Holderneu,  in  the  East  Riding  of 
York,  including  the  Abbiea  of  Meaux  and  Swine, 
with  the  Priories  of  Nuukuling  and  Burstall, 
plates,  2  vols,  royal  4to,  cloth,  20s  1840 

40 1  PROGRESS  of  Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria 
and  His  Royal  Highness  Prince  Albert  to  Burghley 
House,  Northamptonshire,  November,  1SH,  plates, 
with  illuminated  borders,  thin  4to,  «*.?  .4,  2s  Gd 

405  RENNIE's  (J.)  Insect  Architecture,  to 
which  are  added,  Miscellanies  on  the  Ravages,  the 
Preservation  for  Purpo**s  of  Study,  and  the  Clas- 
sification of  Insects,  numerous  illustrations,  post 
8vo,  new  cloth  (p-b  5b)  3s  1S57 

400  RBUVEN's  (C.  J.  C.)  Lettres  de,  a  M.  Le- 
tronne,  sur  les  Papyrus  Bilioguis  et  Grecs  et  sur 
quehjues  autres  Monumens  Greco-Egyptiens  du 
jIuKee  do  I' Antiquities  de  l'Universite  de  Leide, 
atlas  of  plates,  together  2  vols,  4to,  new  half  bnd, 
calf  neat,  marbled  edges,  8s  (id        St.  Leidc,  1830 

4U7  REYNOLDS'S  (Bishop)  Whole  Works, 
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Li  Co  of  the  Author  by  Alexander  Chalmers,  port., 
0  vols,  8vo,  calf  gilt,  gilt  edges,  £2  2s  182G 

408  RIDDLE'S  (Rev.  J.  E.)  Manual  of  Christian 
Antiquities,  or  an  Account  of  the  Constitution, 
«i  iu i* ten,  Worship,  Discipline,  and  Customs  of 
;,io  Anoicnt  Church,  particularly  during  the 
'Inird,  Fourth,  and  Fifth  Centuries,  with  an  Ana- 
lysis of  the  Writings  of  the  Ante-Nicene  Fathers, 
compiled  from  the  Works  of  Augustl  and  other 
sources,  thick  8vo,  new  cloth  (pub  18s)  6s        1843 

409  RIDDLE's  (J.  E.)(Biunpton  Lectures.  The 
Natural  History  of  Infidelity  and  Superstition  in 
contrast  with  Christian  Faith,  thick  8vo,  new  cl, 
(pub  12*)  3s  6d  Oxford,  1852 

410  ROXBURGHE  Ballads,  Book  of,  edited  by 
John  Pay  no  Collier,  small  4  to,  half  bound  morocco, 
9s  1847 

411  RUSSELL's  (A.)  Natural  History  of  Alep- 
l>o,  containing  a  description  of  the  City  and  the 
principal  Natural  Productions  of  its  Neighbour- 
hood, together  with  an  Account  of  the  Climate, 
Inhabitants,  and  Diseases,  particularly  of  the 
Plague,  plates,  best  edition,  2  vols,  royal  4 to,  half 
bound  russia  neat,  uncut,  15s  1794 

412  RUSSELL  (R.)  North  America,  its  Agri- 
culture and  Climate  of  Canada,  the  United  States, 
aud  the  Island  of  Cuba,  map*,  8vo,  cl,  3s  fid  1857 

413  SCAPULAE  (J.)  Lexicon  Urroco  Latinuin 
a  probatis  auctoribus  locupletuin  cum  Indicibus 
auctio  et  correctio,  folio,  calf  gilt,  12s  O.couii,  182U 

414  SCOTT's  (Sir  Walter)  Waverley  Novels, 
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sary, People*!*  Edition,  portrait  and  facsimile, 
complete  in  5  vols,  imp.  8vo,  half  bound,  calf  nt., 
contents  lettered,  £2  1847 

415  SCOTT's(Sir  W.)  Completo  Poetical  Works, 
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ReodingB,  and  tho  Editor's  Notes,  imp.  8vo,  new 
cloth,  7s  Cd  Mink,  1853 

416*  SHAKESPEARE'S  Plays  and  Poems,  with 
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417  SHAKSPERE.  RoUsch's  Outlines  to  Mac- 
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cloth,  6s  1833 

418  Outlines  to  King  Lear,  thirteen 

Ptofcs,  royal  4to,  cloth,  5s  tfd  1838 


419  SHAKSPEAR's  (John)  MuntaUubol-I. 
Hindi  or  Selections  in  HindoBtani  with  verbal 
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of  Students,  2  vols,  small  4to,  half  bound,  calf 
neat,  3s  fid  1S17 

420  SHARP'S  (T.)  Dissertation  on  the  Pageant! 
or  Dramatic  Mysteries,  anciently  performed  at 
Coventry,  by  the  Trading  Companies  of  that  City, 
chiefly  with  reference  to  the  Vehicle,  Characters, 
and  Dresies  of  the  Actors,  to  which  are  added  the 
Pageant  of  the  Shearmon  and  Taylors'  Company, 
and  other  Municipal  Entertainments  of  a  Public 
Nature,  laaqest  paper,  plates  on  india  paprr 
(some  coloured),  imp.  4to,  cloth,  (pub  £6  6s)  30i 

1325 
Only  three  copies  printed  this  sUo. 

421  SHAW*  (George)  Zoological  Lectures, 
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paper,  2  vols,  royal  8vo,  half  bound,  russia  gilt, 
9a  1S*i9 

422  SHEPHERD'S  (J.)  Critical  and  Practical 
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8vo,  half  bound,  calf  gilt.  6s  1S17 

423  SHERLOCK'S  (Bp.)  Discourses  preached  at 
tho  Temple  Church,  5  vols,  Svo,  oalf  gilt,  10s  Cd 

1772—6 

424  SHUCKFORD's  (Dr.)  Sacred  and  Profane 
History  of  the  World  connected,  maps,  3  vols,  and 
the  Creation  and  Fall  of  Man,  maps,  together 
4  vols,  8vo,  old  red  mor.,  gilt  edges,  18s    1743— 53 

425  SHUCKFORD's  (S.)  Sacred  and  Profane 
History  of  the  World,  maps,  3  vols,  8vo,  good  copy, 
calf  very  neat,  8s  6d  1731 

426  SIKHS  and  AFGHANS  in  connexion  with 
India  and  Persia,  immediately  before  and  after 
the  Death  of  Rangheet  Singh,  &&,  by  Sahamet  All, 
post  8vo,  cloth,  (pub  12s)  2s  6d  I  $47 

427  SKELTON's  (J.)  Ancient  and  Modern  His- 
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account  of  the  Visit  of  Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria 
and  Her  Royal  Consort  to  Louis  Philippe,  the 
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large  paper,  India  proof*,  atlas  folio,  half  bound 
morocco,  oilt  edges,  cloth  sides,  21s  1844 

428  SKELTON's  (Rev.  P.)  Works,  consisting 
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Life  by  Burdy,  edited  by  Rev.  R.  Lynam,  6  vol*, 
8vo,  half  cloth,  (pub  £2  12s)  17s  1824 

429  SMITH'S  (J.  R.)  Bibliotheca  Cantiana,  s 
Bibliographical  Account  of  what  has  been  pub- 
lished in  tho  History,  Topography,  Antiquities, 
Customs,  and  Family  History  of  the  County  of 
Kent,  facsimiles,  8vo,  calf  extra,  marbled  edge*, 
6s  6d  1837 

430  SMITH'S  (John  Pye)  Scripture  Testimony 
to  the  Messiah,  3  vols,  8vo,  calf,  fall  gilt,  Ids  1829 

431  SMITH'S  (J.  P.)  The  Relation  between  Holt 
Scriptures  and  some  parts  of  Geological  Science, 
8vo,  cloth,  4s  6d  1845 

432  SMITH  (Sir  James  Edward)  Memoir  and 
Correspondence  of,  edited  by  Lady  Smith,  port, 
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433  SMALL  BOOKS  on  Great  Subjects,  edited 
by  a  few  well  wishers  to  Knowledge,  20  volt, 
12mo,  cloth,  30s  Pickering  <L-  Parker,  184W2 

434  SOPHOCLIS  Tragosdhu  septem  cum  ami 
madversioiu'bus  S.  Musgravii,  accodunt  Var.  Led 
et  Index  Verborum,  2  vols,  8vo,  cloth,  6s 

Oxonii,  1300 


/.  SAGE,  Bookseller,  4,  Newman')  Sow,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London. 


15 


.     .      .  •     .  -    ■  » 

436  S0AME3*  (H.)  Bampton  Lectures,  a 

Suirj  luto  the  Doctrine*  of  the  Anglo-i: 
buret,  8vo,  doth,  4e 

457  SOCRATES'  Ecclesiastical  History,! 
latedfrom  the  Greek,  with  an  Account  of  ihi 
mid  Writings  of  the  Author,  five,  cloth,  H* 

458  SOUTHEY's  (R.)  History  of  the  Per 
IflT  War,  first  4  vols,  8vo,  odi,  10s  fid 

439  SOUTHEY's  (R,)  Common-Place  ] 
second  icrict,  "Special  Collections,"  edited 
W.  Warter,  Svo,  cloth  lettered,  14a 

440  SORROWS  Sacred  to  the  Memor 
Penelope,  cnyraningt  after  Sir  J.  Reynold*, 
folia,  half  bound,  gran  morocco,  5*     Bitlmer, 

441  SOUTHEY's  (R.)  Sir  Thorn**  Moi 
Colloquies  on  the  Progress  nnd  Prospect*  o 
niety,  portrait  and  plate*,  %  Tola,  Svo,  ealf  i 
marbled  edge*,  IBs 

443  SPARROW*  (Dr.)  Kationala  upon 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  of  the  Church  of 
land,  12mo.  doth,  2s  Oxford, 

44S  SPENCE's  (Rev.  J.)  Poly  metis,  on  an 
quiry  cyuoornlng  the  Agreement  between 
Works  of  the  Roman  Poet*,  and  the  Remaii 
the  Ancient  Artiste,  being  an  attempt  to  illui 
them  mutually  from  one  another,  pur  (rail  ai 
plate*,  folio,  caff  neat,  17s 

444  SPENCER'S  (E.)  Works  with  Obserra 
on  bis  Life  end  Writing),  a  Glossary,  ftc,  ; 
royal  8vo,  cloth,  Tl 

445  SPOTSWOOD'a  (J.)Hifltory  of  the  Ct 
of  Scotland, Jhs  portrait  of  the  author  by  B 
and  one  of  Okartt*  /.,  folio,  fine  copy,  neioly  J. 
priulteti  calf,  very  neat,  9a 

440  STAUNTON's  Account  ofEarlMatart 
Embassy  from  the  KiDg  of  Great  Britain  U 
Emperor  of  China,  2  vole,  4 to,  half  bound  coi\ 
and  folio  atlas  of  ehartt  and  plata,  half  b 
12a 

447  8TANHOPE*a  (J.  S.)  Olympia,  or '. 
graphy  Illustrative  of  the  Actual  State  ol 
Plain  of  Olympia,  and  of  the  Ruins  of  the  C 
Ellis,  fine  engravings,  imp.  folio,  A alf  bound: 
13* 

448  STANHOPE's  (G.)  Paraphrase  and 
ment  upon  the  Epistles  and  Gospels  appoint 
be  need  In  the  Church  of  England  on  all  Su: 
and  Holy  Daji  throughout  the  Tear,  4  role, 
ne*  half  bound,  calf  gilt,  10s  fld 

449  STATUTES  of  the  moat  Honourable ' 
of  the  Bath,  4to,  rnnia  near,  2s  3d 

450  STEMMATA  Chieheleane;  or  a  Oei 
gical  Account,  of  soma  of  the  Familiea  de 
from  Thorns*  Chichele,  of  Higham  Ferrara,  ; 
In  1,  royal  4to,  one  half  bound  morocco,  vnn 

451  STEBBING'b  (Dr.  H.)  History  o 
Church  of  Christ,  from  the  [Diet  of  Augsl: 
1530,  to  the  Eighteenth  Century,  3  vols, 
clot*,  (pub  36a)  8a  6d 

452  STEVENSON'S  (W.  B.)  Hialorical 
Descriptive  Narrative  of  Twenty  Years'  Rosi 
In  South  America,  plate*,  S  tola,  8to,  nets  hal 
calf  gilt,  li,  BA 


4G8  STBYPE'e  (John)  Annals  of  the  B 
tion  and  Establishment  of  Religion,  and  other 
various  Occurrences  in  the  Church  of  England, 
during  Queen  Elizabeth's  Happy  Reign,  together 
with  an  Appendix  of  Original  Papers  of  State 
Records  ana  Letters,  7  vale,  Svo,  calf  gill,  marb. 
tdget,  £2  10a  Oxford,  1834 

454  STRYPE'a  History  of  the  Life  and  Acta  of 
Arohbiehop  Grind*!,  (no  portrait)  laruI  pai'Er, 
folio,  calf  neat,  8s  fld  1710 

455  STRYPE'a  (J.)  Memorial*  of  Archbishop 
Crsnmer,  with  Appendix,  fine  portrait!  by  Blurt, 
Ac,  folio,  calf  neat,  10a  6d  .  1694 

456  Life  and  Acta  of  Abp.  Parker,  with 

Appendii,  portrait   by   Virtue,   folio,   calf     neat, 
10*  Gd  1711 

457  STRYPE-e(J.)  Memorials  of  Ahbp.  Cran- 
mer, wherein  the  History  of  the  Church  and  the 
Reformation  of  it  during  the  Primacy  of  the  Arch- 
bishop are  greatly  illustrated,  3  vol*,  royal  Svo, 
calf  extra,  marbled  edge*,  10s  (Id  Oxford,  1812 

458  STUABT's  (J.)  Three  Years  in  North 
America,  mop,  2  vols,  Svo,  new  half  bound  calf  gt, 
5. 6d  1838 

459  STUEELEY'i  (W.)  Abury.s  Temple  of  the 
British  Druids,  with  some  others  described,  40 
nlatts,  (wanting  plate  1,  front.),  folio,  original  edi- 
tion, uncut,  12s  1743 

460  STUART  PAPERS— Print*  from  the  Ori- 
ginals in  the  Possession  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen 
— Correlpondence,  voL  1  (all  printed),  oompriaiog 
Letters  of  Bishop  Atterbury  to  the  Chevalier  de 
St.  George,  and  eotne  of  the  adherent*  of  the 
House  of  Stuart,  edited  by  J.  H.  Glover,  Esq., 
pp.  604,  Svo.  new  hoard*,  Sa  fld  1817 

Only  a  tun  copies  gf  a  very  limited  impression  left 

461  STEUART"*  (J.  R.)  Description  of  the 
Ancient  Monuments,  with  Inscriptions,  still  Exist- 
ing in  Lydiu  end  Phrygia,  several  of  which  are 
supposed  to  be  Tomb*  of  the  Early  King*,  17 
plate$,  folio,  half  bound,  7a  fld  1842 

462  8TOCKDALE'*  (F.  W.  L.)  Excursions  in 
"        p  and  68  a 


9a 

488  STOWELL'i  (Rev.  W.  H.)  History  of  the 
Puritan*  in  England;  and  WILSON'*  Pilgrim 
Fathers,  in  1  vol,  thick  post  &i a,  cloth,  frontitpiece, 
2s  fld  1849 

464  STOWELL  (Rev.  Hugh)  Life  of  Dr.  Tho*. 
Wilson,  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  portrait,  Bvo, 
half  bound  gilt,  2s  fld  1819 

465  BTRUTT'e  (J.)  Hon)*  Angal-Cynnu ;  or 
View  of  the  Manners,  Customs,  ete.,  of  the  Inha- 
bitants of  England,  platu,  vol  !,  royal  4to,  cloth, 
cdga*ncut,H*  1778 

466  SUETONII  Tranquitli  d«  XII  Csesaribu* 
Commcotarii  ad  usum  eta  P.  Almeedam,  4 to, mlf 
gilt,  marbled  edge*,  6e  fld  Bag.  Com.,  1727 

4S7  SUTTON'*  (Dr.  C.)  Godly  Mod  ft*  tion. 
upon  the  Holy  Sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper, 
new  edition,  I2tno,  cloth,  3*  fld  Oxford,  1839 

468  SUUNER's  (Bishop)  On  the  Evidence  of 
Christianity,  derived  from  it*  Nature  and  Recep- 
tion, post  Svo,  cloth,  2*  1836 

469  SURRY  and  WYATI's  Poetical  Works, 
portrait,  la.hqe  fsl'eh,  2  vol*,  post  Svo,  cloth,  7* 

"  -■-*■  -  >o,  1881 


16  J.  Sage,  BooktaUer,  i,  S~mrrmar?a  Boo,  Lincoln'*  Inn  Field*,  London. 

470  SYSTEMATIC  Education,  or  Elementary  485  TILLOTSON.  Another  edition,  with  Lb 
Instruct: ou  in  the  various  Department!  of  Litera-  by  Birch,  and  a  copiuu*  Index,  13  vol*,  8*0,  hm 
ture  and  Science,  platei,  2  Toli,  8vo,  doth,  3s  6d  ctoth,l2  2*                                                         1SS 

1817  438  TOWNSENDs  (G.)  Eceleaiaitioal  and Cii 

471  TASSO's  Jerusalem  Delivered,  translated  History  from  the  Ascension  of  our  Lord  to  tfc 
by  U.ou\ts,  platei,  18mo,  veot.gilt  rdtja,  Is  fld  1822  Death  of   Wicliffe,  Philosophically  considered, 

472  TEARS— Illustrated  in  Fifteen  Designs  vols,  8*o,  cloth,  5s  Bd  IN 
by  Miss  Macleod,  with  Descriptive  Poems  by  487  TOWNSEND's  (W.Charles,  Esq.)  Memoii 
Mary  Elizabeth,  impL  4to,  doth,  7s  Sd  of  ths  House  of  Commons,   from  the  Conventiii 

Aekermcmn,  1851  of  Parliament  of  1888— 9,  to  the  Passing  of  ti 

47S  TATLORI   (Jno.,  LL.D.)  Opuscule  Com-  Reform  Bill  in  1832,  portrait,  and  viae  of  Ou  It 


it  ad  L.  Decimviralem  do  Debitors  diseecsndu  (trior  of  the  Boiac  of  C'ontnoniin  1741,  2  Toll,  8m 

— Notioad  Marmor  Boaporanum  Jovi  Yrio  sacrum  new  half  calf  gilt,  10a  Sd                                   IK, 

— Diaaertatio  de  Voce  Yotiane— Directions  for  the  48S  TRIVETI  (N.|  Annales  aez  regum  Angle 

Study  of  English  Antiquities — Marmor    Satidvi-  cum  Continuatione,   Murimuthaiud    at  Beaton 

cense  cum  Commentario  et  Not!*,  platts,  in  1  vol,  2  Tola,  8vo,  calf  neat,  7l  6d               Oxonii,  1T1S-S 

**%?■£  fvi™*'1™   nm-.         .^u*^-743  48S  TBOTTEIfs  (J.  B.)  Memoir,  of  ths  latta 

474  TAYLOR'.  <W.  B.)  History  of  the  Umver-  ot  ^  Right  Hon.  Chart*.  Janw.  Fox,  Svs 

sity  of  Dublin,  ita  Origin,  Progrcas,  and  Present  ^u  bjjm  2a                                                      IgU 

Condition,  with  Biographical  Notices   of   many  i90  TROLLOPE-s  (Rev.  W.)  Hlrtory  of  tin 

eminent  Men  educated  therein, Viae,  of.li  fiuii  ^^  Foundation  of  Chrirt's  Hospital,  pW  ito 

tngt,  and  platii  of  tW  Academic  Cottwne,  8to,  cloth,  ^{l  8s  Bd                                       Pickering  IB* 

the  Life  and  Correspondence  of,  by  his  son,  Lord  „,;,  og,                                                              <>•< 

Teignmouth,  portrait,  2  stout  vols,  8vo,  ctcd,  Se  jag  TURNER'.  (D*w*on)  Sepnlehnl  Rernini* 

1 S4S  cenoea  of  a  Market  Town,  aa  affbrded  bv  a  I  in  (J 

476  TEMPLE  CHURCH-niuriration.  of  the  ZtotS»wS  m  the  Pan£  C^«7fcm?W 

Arjhitoetaral    Ornament*,    and    Estabbahmenta,  ]„,  Great  Yarmouth,  jteAgrw*,  8to,  dort,  2i  M 

and  Painted  Qlass  of  the  Temple  Church,  London,  Yarmouth  1843 

from  Drawing*  by  W.  R.  H.  Eaaaj, with  en  Ao-  m  TURNOR.  (E.)  Collection,  from  the  B* 

count  of  the  Restoration  of  the   Church,   by  S.  tory  of  the  Town  and  Soke  of  Grantham,  contain 

Smirke,  27  plata,  tome  txwUfuUy  coloured,  4to,  mg  authentic  Memoirs    of    Sir   Iaaac   Newtoa 

istessss  ~.pd£*.  m. « »r  *-*■•—•  i*-.  <~»  «-.  »-*  « 

aiooe  Lindenburgii,  a  Zeunius,  portrait,   2  vole,  tai  TWEDDELL's  (Rev,  R.)  Remains  of  Job 

^^T&lSkSnti  n         ji      ..            .P"?  l?-7*  Twoddell,  being  a  Selection  from  hia  Correepon 

478  TERENTII  Commduo  ad  exemplar  Frnmia-  fa^  ^d  Republication  of  hia  Prolnaione.  Jure 
num,  recen*  Notia,  a  Hare,  4to,  calf  extra,  gtU  nilea/with  Appendix,  pertmtJ  and  plat*,  4to,  bd, 
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1  Empire,  7  vol*,  8vo,  new  half  bound  morocco,  32*  being  Sketches  of  Italian   Life,   Literature    and 

»„.,.„        «     ,            fina.,  1845— 63  Religion,/™**,  8vo,  cloth,  2*                          184! 

480  THOMAS  of .  Readmg,  or  the  Six*  Wor-  "J&  TURNER'*  (L.)  History  of  the  Ancient 
thi*  Yeomen  of  the  West,  4to,  board, ,3.  fld  Town  „,<!  Borough  of  Hertford,  map  **d  plait* 

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Collation  of  Msps  and  Charts  of  the  h-mp.re.,  ^  ol  ao%'„BOT  ^ma>  &..,  by  Col.  A.  J.  Kta> 

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cnlHolatione:     he  Supplement  oompr»ea  Exeur-  ^   8 T0,  cZoiAi  fa                     "*                    lg3( 

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of  the  Author,  compiled  from  hie  Original  Paper.  Egypt,  in  the  year*  1802  to  1808,  nap*  and  plain, 
and  Letter*,  by  Birch,  portrait,  3  vol.,  folio,  tine  S  voU,  royal  4to,  new  half  bound  morocco,  Marblti 
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ARMS,  CRESTS,  &c. 

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PROSPECTUS  AND  LIST  OF  THE 

OXFORD    POCKET  CLASSICS. 

New  Series  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Classics  for  the  use  of  Schools. 

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AlUSIOlKLIS  ETHICA 

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KT  DE  AMIC.IT1A  . 
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In  1ht>  jm-ni. 
Cornelius  Xepos  . 
Demosthenes  j>e  Corona  et  *Es- 

c  UINKS  IN  CtESIPHONTEM  . 

Euripides.     3  vols. 
Euripiius  Traoosdlk  VI. 
Herodotus.     2  vols. 


a.  1 

0  I   Homert  Ilia  a 


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